BHARATIY SANDARBH ME NARI SHIKSHA

Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2019: 6.251, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, OCT-NOV, 2020, VOL- 8/42

भारतीय संदभभ में नारी शिक्षा

vfer jRu f}osnh1 & xksiky —".k Bkdqj2 , Ph. D. 1¼'kks/kkFkhZ½ ]

f'k{kk fo|kihB] egkRek xka/kh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofo|ky; ¼dsæa h; fo'ofo|ky;½] o/kkZ]

egkjk"Vª Email: amitrdwivediau@gmail-com 2¼'kks/k

funs'Z kd½] f'k{kk fo|kihB] egkRek xka/kh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofo|ky; ¼dsaæh; fo'ofo|ky;½]

o/kkZ] egkjk"Vª

Abstract

f'k{kk çfØ;k ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og vius esa lexzrk dks lekfgr djs flQZ fdlh oxZ fo'ks"k rd gh f'k{kk dh igq¡p uk gksdj lekt ds çR;sd oxZ rd fdl lhek rd bldh igq¡p gS vkSj D;k gksuk pkfg, bl fo"k; ij bl 'kks/k i= esa fopkj çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA nksgjh uhfr dh f'kdkj jgha vkfnoklh lekt dh fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk fdl çdkj dh gS \ çLrqr 'kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls ;g fo'ysf"kr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tk,xh fd vkfnoklh lekt ds fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk dh D;k fLFkfr gS] D;k&D;k leL;k,a gSa vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk dkSu&dkSu lh ;kstuk;sa pyk;h tk jgh ftlds ek/;e ls L=h f'k{kk esa mUufr fd;k ldsA Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa fL=;ksa dks lnSo gh lEekutud LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA mUgsa nsoh] ek¡ ;k lgpjh dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gSA L=h f'k{kk çkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk jgh gSA thou ds çR;sd {ks= esa fL=;ksa dks iq#"kksa ds l–'k gh vf/kdkj çkIr FksA _Xosn dh vusd _pkvksa dh jpuk fL=;ksa us dh gSA vusd nk'kZfud vkSj fonq"kh efgyk,a gqbZ ftUgsa czãokfnuh dgk tkrk FkkA bUgksus f'k{kk ds fy, gh viuk lEiw.kZ thou lefiZr dj fn;kA egf"kZ ;kKoYD; vkSj xkxhZ ds chp gq, laokn ls o`gnkj.;d mifu"kn dk fuekZ.k gqvk ogh¡ ^oSKkfud v/;kRe dh mn~xkrk& _f"k fo'ookjk gS] yksikeqæk

wikipedia.orglopamudra)] fo'ookjk Wikipedia.org>vishvavara)] fläk

fuokokjh vkSj ?kks"kk Wikipedia.org>ghosa) vkfn dqN _f"kdk,¡ gSa] ftUgksua s _Xosn ds lwäksa dh jpuk dh gSA yksikeqæk& çFke e.My dk 179oka lwä] fo'ookjk vk=s;h& iape e.My dk 28oka lwä]vikyk vk=s;h& v"Ve e.My dk 91oka lwä] ?kks"kk dk{khorh& n'ke e.My dk 39oka rFkk 40 oka lwä] 'kph ikSykseh& n'ke e.My dk 149oka lwä ¼vkReLrqfr½] lw;kZ lkfo=h& n'ke e.My dk 85oka lwä gSSA osnk/;;u ds vfrfjä bl le; fL=;ksa dks jktuhrh] ;q)fo|k] laxhr] u`R;] yfyr dykvksa dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10519

L=h f'k{kk vius pje :i esa 200 bZå iwå rd cuh jgh ftldh otg ls ukjh psruk vius mRd"kZ ij Fkh blds mijkar tSls&tSls lekt esa fL=;ksa dk egRo de gksrk x;k] fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk dk iru gksrk x;k oSls&oSls ukjh psruk dh fLFkfr n;uh; gksrh x;hA ¼mik/;k;] 2009½ çkjaHk esa tc ekuo dk mn~Hko gqvk Fkk] L=h&iq#"k ds dk;ksZa esa dksbZ Hksn ugha FkkA tSls&tSl s ekuo fodkl dh vksj c<+rk pyk x;k mlds dk;ksZa esa foHkktu Hkh gksrk pyk x;k] bu dk;ksZa esa fo'ks"khdj.k vk;k rFkk L=h&iq#"k esa Je foHkktu gqvkA eqxydky esa /khjs&/khjs fL=;ksa ds Åij çfrcU/k dM+s gksrs x;s fL=;ksa ds Lora=rk esa deh vkSj f'k{kk dh ladqfprrk ds dkj.k L=h f'k{kk mis{kk dk f'kdkj gksrh x;hA ckS) dky esa ;g deh c<rh x;h] /khjs&/khjs dqN lkekftd ifjorZu ds QyLo:i fL=;ksa dks ckS) eBksa esa ços'k fn;k tkus yxk ftlls mues lkekftd&lkaL—frd psruk dk fodkl gks lds vkSj os viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku lekt dks ns ldsA ¼vxzoky ts lh] 2009½ eqfLye dky esa lkekU; fL=;ka f'k{kk ls misf{kr jgh] bl dky esa cky fookg rFkk inkZ çFkk dk çpyu gksus ds dkj.k NksVh&NksVh ckfydkvksa ds vfrfjä vU; fL=;ka f'k{kk ls oafpr jgha ftldk fuf'pr rkSj ij muds O;fäRo ij çHkko iM+k vkSj mUgksua s [kqn dk {ks= lhfer dj fy;k D;ksfa d fL=;ksa ds eu esa vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk iuius yxh] D;ksfa d lekt mu ij ukuk çdkj ds çfrcU/k yxkus esa [kqn dks çfrf"Br le> jgk Fkk vkSj mu ij vusdksusd vR;kpkj fd;s tk jgs Fks ,sls esa vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk dk tUe gksuk LokHkkfod lh ckr gSA Hkkj}kt],u -¼2008½ fczfV'k dky esa ukfj;ksa dh psruk dk fodkl çkjafHkd o"kksZa esa n;uh; gh jgk D;ksfa d ml ij fczfV'k 'kklu }kjk dksbZ fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;k 'kk;n mUgsa Hkh fL=;ksa ls fdlh çdkj ds ykHk dh vk'kk u jgh gksxh D;ksfa d vaxzsth 'kklu esa T;knkrj dk;Z iq#"kksa }kjk gh fd;s tkrs Fks A ¼vxzoky ts lh 2009½lu 1947 esa Lok/khurk çkfIr ds mijkar efgykvksa dh lkekftd rFkk 'kSf{kd fLFkfr esa vusd ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu gq,A vKkurk] ijra=rk] :f<+okfnrk] rFkk vlgk;rk ds cU/kuksa ls eqä gksdj Hkkjrh; fL=;ka vkt ,d lEekutud thou th jgha gS fQj Hkh bldk foLrkj lHkh HkkSxksfyd {ks= esa vHkh ugha gks ik;k gS D;ksfa d fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk dk foLrkj vHkh Hkh bruk ugha gks ik;k gS fd oks gj oxZ vkSj {ks= ls mBdj vk;s vkSj lekt esa vius mÙkjnkf;Ro¼ftls oks igys gh fuHkk jgha gSa½ dks Li"V :i ls O;ä dj ldsaA gekjs lekt esa ekuoh; çkS<+rk fo'ks"kdj fL=;ksa ds çfr çR;qr lnL;rk] lfg".kqrk o lekurk dh vFkok vHkh Hkh e/;dkyhu vlH;rk vkSj ccZjrk ls LoLFk ugha gks ikbZ gS A geus LokFkhZ cudj ;g dSlh lH;rk vkSj dSlh lkekftdrk dks Lohdkj dj fy;k gS ftles ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks /oLr dj fn;k gS] vkMEcj rks cgqr gS ij mu ewY;ksa dks vkpj.k esa ykus dk fopkj lHkh ds Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10520

eu efLr"d ls xk;c gSA vkpj.k esa ewY; dk gksuk egt dksjh dYiuk cu ds jg x;k gSA xqIrk],lih-¼2015½ /keZ vkSj laL—fr dh xyr O;k[;k,a fL=;ksa ds Lrj rFkk Hkwfedk dks vkSj Hkh fuEu cuk nsrh gSa bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd cgqr lh efgykvksa dk Lo;a ds fo"k; esa xyr fopkj cuus yxrk gS vkSj os [kqn dks f'k{kk ls nwj dj ysrh gSa] ftldk nwjxkeh ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd ukjh psruk tks vHkh vius 'kS'kokoLFkk esa gh gkrh gS mldk xyk ?kksV fn;k tkrk gS] fdUrq ukjh ds fo#) gks jgs bl vR;kpkj vkSj vekuoh; O;ogkj ds f[kykQ tks igyh vkokt mBh og Hkh fdlh iq#"k dh gh FkhA iq#"kksa dk ,slk oxZ Hkh gS tks ukjh ds çfr ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k j[krk gS vkSj ukjh ds fujarj fodkl ds fy, ç;Ru'khy Hkh gSA ¼feJ] ,l- 2012½ orZeku le; esa çkFkfed rFkk mPprj ek/;fed esa yM+fd;ksa dh fLFkfr esa ek=kRed :i ls rks o`f) gqbZ gS fdUrq blesa xq.kkRed :i ls fdruh o`f) gqbZ gS ;g vkt Hkh xaHkhj ç'u gS tutkrh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh d{kkvks ds ukekadu dks fuEufyf[kr rkfydk ds ek/;e ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA rkfydk la[;k&1 tutkfr oxZ ds fo|ky; NksM+ pqds fo|kFkhZ d{kk 1&5 d{kk 1&8 d{kk 1&10 yM+ds yM+fd;ka dqy yM+ds yM+fd;ka dqy yM+ds yM+fd;ka 36-1 34-4 35-3 57-3 57-1 57-2 64-4 67-6

dqy 65-9

Source: Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General, India 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k dh 48-9 djksM+ dh efgyk dh vkcknh esa ek= 65-46 lr efgyk,a gh lk{kj Fkh bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh 16 djksM+ efgyk,a fuj{kj gS lSaiy jftLVªs'ku flLVe cslykbu losZ 2014 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds 6100000 cPps vHkh çkbejh Ldwyksa esa Hkh ugha ftlesa yM+fd;ksa dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh [kjkc gS 15 ls 17 lky dh yxHkx 16% yM+fd;ka Ldwy chp esa gh NksM+ nsrh gSa A yxHkx 2200000 ls Hkh T;knk yM+fd;ksa dh 'kknh de mez esa gks tkrh gS ftlls Qwy vkSj vkxs dh i<+kbZ Hkh NwV tkrh gS tgka f'k{kk cPpksa dk ewy vf/kdkj gS ogka 10 vf'kf{kr cPpksa esa ls 7 yM+fd;ka gSaA 1&5 ,llh48-4

rkfydk la[;k& 2 yM+fd;ksa ds ukekadu dk çfr'kr 2011&12 6&8 9&10 11&12 ,l-Vh- dqy ,l,l-Vh- dqy ,l,l-Vh- dqy ,l,l-Vhlhlhlh48-5 48-1 48-3 48-1 47-4 46-8 45-6 45-5 46-2 43-3

dqy 44-8

Source: Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General, India mi;qZä lkj.kh ds ek/;e ls vuqlfw pr tkrh ,oa vuqlfw pr tutkfr dh yM+fd;ksa dk ukekadu dk cks/k gks jgk gS fdUrq ukekadu ds lkFk gh lkFk fo|ky; NksM+us okyh yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k Hkh yxHkx Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10521

oSlh gh gS vFkkZr ftruh yM+fd;ksa dk ukeadu gks jgk gS os tYnh gh fo|ky; NksM+ dj pyh tkrh gSA vkfnoklh tutkfr f'k{kk & çkphu dky ls gh Hkkjrh; laL —fr esa vkfnokfl;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA vkfnoklh] tutkfr ds yksx gekjh ijaijk vkSj bfrgkl dh vfHkUu vax gSA fczfV'k 'kklu esa tks QwV Mkyks vkSj jkT; djks dh uhfr viukdj vkfnokfl;ksa dks eq[;/kkjk ls vyx dj fn;k x;k rHkh ls eq[;/kkjk vkSj vkfnoklh lekt ds chp ,d [kkbZ cu xbZ tks vkt rd cuh gh gqbZ gSA ;s tutkfr;ka nwjLFk] ,dkar vkSj çfrdwy okrkoj.k esa jgus dks ck/; jghaA ;gka dh HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka vR;ar fodV FkhA mUgsa cM+s la?k"kZ vkSj fiNM+is u esa thou thuk iM+kA vkt orZeku lekt vkSj muds chp xgjh [kkbZ cu xbZ gS tks [kRe gksus dk uke ugha ys jgh gSA Hkkjr dh egku ijaijk ds ewy rRo bUgha tutkfr;ksa ds }kjk thoar gSa A bUgha tutkfr;ksa esa gekjs iwoZtksa }kjk /kkfjr mPp ewY; tSls fo'okl ik=rk] bekunkjh] lfg".kqrk] LokLF;] lekurk rFkk fL=;ksa ds fy, lEeku vkfn vkt Hkh fo|eku gS ftlus Hkkjro"kZ dks lalkj dh ,d egku lH;rk dk LFkku fn;kA ;gh gekjs iwoZtksa us vius oa'ktksa dks ,d xkSjoiw.kZ /kjksgj ds :i esa gLrkarfjr fd;k ;g ewY; vkt Hkh vius fo'kq) :i esa bu vkfnokfl;ksa ds thou esa fo|eku gSa Avkt lalkj dh cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dk fodkl gksus ds dkj.k ;krk;kr] tulapkj rFkk m|ksxksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gS ftlds dkj.k gh vkfnoklh vius vki dks vyx] ,dkar j[kus esa lQy ugha gks ik jgs gSaA vc os /khjs&/khjs eq[; /kkjk ls nwj ugha jg x, gSa vkfnokfl;ksa ds {ks= esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk çR;; vHkh u;k gSA vHkh rd vkfnokfl;ksa ds chp ,slh laLFkk,a jgh gS ftUgksua s vukSipkfjd :i ls f'k{kk çnku fd;k gSA ¼flag] oh-,u- & tuest;2013] jk"Vªh; vuqlfw pr tutkfr vk;ksx½ vkfnoklh efgyk,a Hkkjr] fo'o dh lcls vf/kd tutkrh; efgykvksa okyk ns'k gS- o"kZ 1991 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa tutkrh; tula[;k yxHkx 6-77 djksM+ Fkh- bl tual[;k dk yxHkx vk/kk Hkkx vFkkZr 33 djksM+ tutkfr efgykvksa dk gS- tutkfr tula[;k esa efgykvksa dk çfr'kr xSj&tutkfr tual[;k esa efgykvksa ds çfr'kr ls vf/kd gS- ljy 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks vkfnoklh lekt esa iq#"k&L=h dk fyax vuqikr vU;ksa ls dkQh csgrj gS- tc ge buds lq/kkj dh ckr djrs gSa rks vkfnoklh efgykvksa dks dbZ t:jh igyqvksa ij çf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gS- efgykvksa dks jkstxkj ds lk/ku miyC/k ugha gS vkSj Je dk ewY; Hkh fnu&c&fnu ?kV jgk gS- eSfVªd ikl yM+fd;ka 1500&2000 #i;s rd dekus ds fy;s ckgj tkus dks rS;kj jgrh gSa- i<+h&fy[kh yM+fd;ka cktkj&gkV esa gafM;k ihrh fey tk,axh tks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd laL—fr Hkh çnwf"kr gks jgh gS- ns'k dh vkcknh dk vkB çfr'kr vkfnoklh gS- Hkkjr dh Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10522

lk{kjrk nj 52 çfr'kr gS tcfd vkfnokfl;ksa esa ;g 39-6 çfr'kr gS ,oa vkfnoklh efgykvksa esa ;g 18 çfr'kr gh gS- vkfnoklh efgykvksa dks f'k{kk nsuk vke efgykvksa dh rjg t:jh gS exj iyk;u vkSj vU; otgksa ls cgqr lkjh efgyk,a f'kf{kr ugha gks ikrh gSa - de i<+& s fy[ks gksus ds ckotwn vkfnokfl;ksa esa yM+fd;ksa dks ysdj Xykfu djus dh ijaijk ugha gS- vkfnokfl;ksa esa H:.k gR;k dk pyu ugha ds cjkcj ns[kk x;k gS- ,d fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd 20 Qhlnh /kuh ?kjksa esa H:.k gR;k c<+h gS tcfd lekt ds lcls fupys rcds ds 20 Qhlnh xjhc ?kjksa esa dU;k f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k c<+h gS A (Source- Registrar General of India) egkjk"Vª jkT; ds vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh 'kSf{kd vk[;k& rkfydk la[;k&3 Øela[;k 12-

tutkfr;ksa ds uke lHkh Hkhy

iwoZ çkFkfed 41-7 49-9

çkFkfed

ek/;fed

25-7 23-5

vij çkFkfed 15-6 8-6

3-

xksM a

4567-

dksfyekgsnks ojyh dksduk Bkdqj

Lukrd

13-4 9-7

mPprj ek/;fed 2-1 1-3

40-3

26-2

16-9

13-0

1-4

-

35-3 52-7 38-9 43-8

35-3 26-8 13-1 25-8

28-2 10-1 26-1 12-4

15-2 6-0 16-3 12-2

15-9 0-7 2-5 2-6

2-6 -

-

Source – Selected Educational Statistics MHRD 2010-11 mi;qZä rkfydk ls ;g fofnr gksrk gS fd xksM a tutkfr dh lk{kjrk] xksM a tutkfr dh lk{kjrk ¼,sls yksx tks i<+usa ds lkFk gh fy[kuk Hkh tkurs gks½a 25 çfr'kr egkjk"Vª esa rFkk 15 çfr'kr ls Hkh de e/; çns'k esa gSa e/; çns'k esa xksM a efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk 4 çfr'kr ls Hkh de gS A dqN gh Nk= gSa tks çfrfnu fo|ky; tkrs gSa vkSj Nk=k,a dHkh&dHkh fo|ky; tkrh gSa vkSj /khjs&/khjs muls fo|ky; NwV tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 550 tutkfr;ka gSa- tc ge l'kfädj.k dh ckr djrs gSa rks blesa fopkjdksa] 'kklu ,oa o`gÙkj lekt dh Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gS- ftu efgykvksa esa vkt ge l'kfädj.k ns[k jgs gSa oks vf/kdrj 'kgjh] lk{kj] e/;eoxhZ; gSa- ijUrq yxHkx 80 çfr'kr efgyk,a xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jgrh gSa - buesa ls vf/kdrj —f"k etnwj ;k jstk ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa- buds fy;s thou ,d Øwj la?k"kZ gS D;wfa d thfor jgus ds fy;s dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk bUgsa lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ;fn ukjh dks iw.kZ pkSrU; cukuk gS rks vko';d gS fd ukjh dks f'kf{kr fd;k tk, ysfdu orZeku le; esa ukjh f'k{kk es Hkh fofHkUu leL;k,a çdV gksrh gSa ;wfulsQ }kjk çdkf'kr iqLrd fpYMªu ,aM

oqeu bu bafM;k 1990 Hkkjrh; L=h f'k{kk ds ekxZ esa fuEufyf[kr ck/kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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10523

ftlesa L=h f'k{kk dks fofHkUu lkekftd&lkaL—frd vkfFkZd rFkk euksoSKkfud ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA L=h f'k{kk ds laca/k esa lkekftd ijaijkxr iwokZxzg ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSa ,d vkn'kZ ijaijkxr efgyk og L=h gS tks fu"Bkoku] Lokeh Hkä] Mjiksd] la?k"kZ'khy] vius dks nq[k le>us okyh rFkk R;kxebZ gSA¼mik/;k;] 2009½ Hkkjr esa fookg ,d ,slk vuq'kklu gS tks fL=;ksa dh Hkwfedk dks ,d iRuh] ,d eka] ,d x`g.kh ds #i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, fL=;ka ;fn [ksrksa esa etnwjh djrh gSa rks mUgsa cgqr de ru[okg feyrk gS dqiks"k.k rFkk ckj ckj xHkZorh gksus ls mudk thou ywVk gqvk gks tkrk gS tks Hkh gks mls cPpk iSnk djus dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gh iM+rh gSA /keZ vkSj laL— fr dh xyr O;k[;k,a L=h ds Lrj rFkk Hkwfedk dks vkSj Hkh fuEu cuk nsrh gSa QyLo:i cgqr lh efgykvksa dk vius fo"k; esa cM+k fuEu fopkj mRiUu gks tkrk gS vkSj f'k{kk ds laca/k esa mudh varj çsj.kk lekIr gks tkrh gSA orZeku 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk lkekftd oxhZdj.k gh iSnk ugha djrh cfYd fyaxHksn dks Hkh c<+kok nsrh gSA ge L=h dks pSrU; cukus ds fy, L=h psruk ls tqM+h gqbZ L=h f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr ;wfulsQ }kjk mYysf[kr L=h f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa fd dqN foLrkj ls ppkZ dj ldrs gSa & lkekftd leL;k&lkekftd dqjhfr;ka rFkk va/kfo'okl tSls inkZ çFkk] cky fookg] yM+ds yM+dh esa varj] ngst çFkk vkfn ,sls lkekftd dkj.k gS ftudh otg ls yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk ij /ku O;; djuk vfHkHkkod O;FkZ le>rs gSaA lkekftd ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ç;kl dh vko';drk gS lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus dh –f"V ls fo/ks;d ykxw fd, tkus pkfg, cky fookg ngst çFkk vkfn dks nwj djus dh –f"V ls tks vf/kfu;e cus gq, gSa mUgsa l[rh ls ykxw djuk vko';d gSA lkaL—frd leL;k Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh xfjek iw.kZ ukjh dh mis{kk djrs gq,] iq#"k ç/kku lekt laL—fr dh xyr O;k[;k djrk gS vkSj L=h dks dsoy csVh vFkkZr ijk;k /ku] cgw vFkkZr yTtk'khy] eka vFkok x`g.kh] vFkok ekufld foink dks le>us okyh fujhg çk.kh gh le>rk gSA lekt vius ladqfpr fopkj/kkjk ds dkj.k L=h f'k{kk ds çfr mnklhu gSA L=h f'k{kk ds fodkl dh xfr vHkh /kheh gSA ukjh psruk tkx`r djus dh –f"V ls laL—r ds uke ij ladfq pr eukso`fÙk;ksa va/kfo'oklksa rFkk xyr ijaijkvksa ds çfr tuekul dk –f"Vdks.k cnyuk gksxkA blds fy, O;kid Lrj ij tu dk;ZØe pykus dh vko';drk gS ukjh psruk tkxzr djus dh –f"V ls tulapkj ek/;e] lekpkj i=&if=dkvksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls fd ukjh Lo;a ls ifjfpr gksdj lekt esa Lo;a ds lkFk gks jgs vR;kpkj ds f[kykQ vkokt mBk ldsA Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10524

euksoSKkfud leL;k Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk vius çfr –f"Vdks.k ;k vkReLo:i cgqr gh ladqfpr gks x;k gS ftlds dkj.k og Lo;a iq#"k dh ç/kkurk pkgrh gSa A Hkkjrh; lekt esa L=h lekt dk ,d cgqr cM+k oxZ gS tks Lo;a gh mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus esa ladksp dk vuqHko djrk gSA fL=;ka gh L=h f'k{kk ds i{k esa ugha gSA ukjh psruk ds fy, efgyk laxBuksa dks vkxs vkuk pkfg, vkSj bl iwokZxzg dks nwj djus ds fy, lekt dh çkS<+ efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls og vius vkxs dh ih<+h dh efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr gksus ls oafpr uk j[ksaA vkfFkZd leL;k L=h f'k{kk ds ekxZ esa lcls cM+h ck/kk vkfFkZd leL;k gS /kukHkko ds dkj.k L=h f'k{kk ds fodkl ds fy, ftruh /kujkf'k dh vko';drk gS mruh /ku dh O;oLFkk djus esa gekjh ljdkj vleFkZ gS A bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, dsæa h; o jkT; ljdkj dks ckfydkvksa ds fy, vPNs Ldwy o d‚yst LFkkfir djus ds fy, vkfFkZd lgk;rk rFkk ;Fks"V vuqnku dk çca /k djuk pkfg,A bl laca/k esa ljdkj dks ,sfPNd rFkk O;fäxr ç;klksa dh lgk;rk Hkh ysuh pkfg, rFkk mUgsa ;FkklaHko çksRlkgu Hkh nsuk pkfg,A viO;; vkSj vojks/ku dh leL;k rkfydk la[;k&4 o"kZ]d{kk,a d{kk 1 ls 5

d{kk1 ls 8

d{kk 1 ls 10

Nk=

Nk=k,a dqy

Nk=

Nk=k,a

dqy

Nk=

Nk=k,a

dqy

2011-12

36-1

34-4

35-3

57-3

57-1

57-2

64-4

67-6

65-9

2012-13

33-3

31-2

32-3

50-6

47-5

49-2

63-2

62-2

62-7

2013-14

31-9

30-7

31-3

49-8

46-4

48-2

63-2

63-3

62-4

Sources: Educational Statistics at a glance, Department of school of Education, MHRD lkekftd] lkaL—frd] euksoSKkfud o vkfFkZd rRo gh L=h f'k{kk esa viO;; vkSj vojks/ku ds dkj.k gS fu/kZurk] fuj{kjrk] vui<+ vfHkHkkod] nwf"kr ijaijk,]a yM+fd;ksa ds çfr ladqfpr –f"Vdks.k] uhjl 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k] nks"kiw.kZ ikBîØe o ijh{kk ç.kkyh] vPNh efgyk f'kf{kdk dh deh L=h f'k{kk esa viO;; vkSj vojks/ku dh leL;k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA ç'kklfud leL;k,a orZeku le; esa iq#"kç/kku ç'kklu L=h f'k{kk ds çfr mnklhu jgrk gS nwljs og fL=;ksa dh HkkSfrd o ekufld vko';drkvksa dks le> Hkh ugha ikrkA L=h f'k{kk ds ç'kklu esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk gS] Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10525

L=h f'k{kk dk ç'kklu efgykvksa dks gh lkSaik tk, rks ;g vf/kd U;k; laxr gksxk efgyk,a gh efgykvksa dh vko';drkvksa dks T;knk vPNh rjg le> ldrs gSa D;ksfa d mudh #fp L=h f'k{kk esa gksxh ftlls L=h f'k{kk ds çpkj&çlkj dk dk;Z og vf/kd euks;ksx ls djsx a hA L=h f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, Lora=rk çkfIr ds mijkar ls gh Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu dk;ZØe pyk, tk jgs gSaA efgyk lek[;k & ;g dk;ZØe 1989 esa çkjaHk gqvk tks efgyk dks vf/kdkj laiUu cukus dh fn'kk esa lQy jgk gS ;g 8 jkT;ksa dh 53 ftyksa ds 8000 ls Hkh vf/kd xkao esa fØ;kfUor gS ;g jkT; gSa& vka/kz çns'k] vle] fcgkj] xqtjkr] dukZVd] dsjy] e/; çns'k rFkk mÙkj çns'kA efgykvksa dk Lo&lEeku vkSj Lo&fo'okl dks c<+kukA  efgykvksa ds lekt] jkt 'kklu vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dks ;ksxnku dh igpku djds mudh ldkjkRed /kkj.kk cukukA  xaHkhj :i ls lkspus dh {kerk fodflr djukA  fu.kZ; ysus dks rst djuk vkSj lkewfgd çfØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls dkjZokbAZ  {ks=ksa tSls f'k{kk] jkstxkj vkSj LokLF; ¼fo'ks"k :i ls iqu:Riknd LokLF;½ esa lqfopkfjr p;u djus ds fy, efgykvksa dks leFkZ cukukA  fodklkRed çkslslksa esa leku lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djukA  vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, lwpuk] Kku vkSj dkS'ky çnku djukA  lHkh {ks=ksa esa cjkcjh dk ntkZA ¼ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj½ loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku& bl dk;ZØe dk mís'; lHkh ekuuh; vkfFkZd rFkk laLFkkxr lalk/kuksa dks tqV k dj çkFkfed f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSehdj.k ds y{; dks çkIr djuk gS bl dk;Z ds fy, dsæa h; ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=h dh v/;{krk esa ,d jk"Vªh; lfefr cukbZ xbZ gS ftlds lnL; jkT;ksa ds f'k{kk ea=h gSaA f'k{kkfon çks- ,l Jhfuokl us dgk fd ,d vuqeku ds eqrkfcd] ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa 11 djksM+ cPps tkrs gSa tcfd futh Ldwyksa esa 7 djksM+ cPps i<us tkrs gSa A ftyk çkFkfed f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk mís'; ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk dks fo'ks"k #i ls çksRlkfgr djuk gS rFkk ySafxd fo"kerk rFkk lkekftd fo"kerk dks de djuk gSA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds fy, ljdkj dh ;kstuk,a csVh cpkvks csVh i<+kvks ;kstuk ;g ,d lkekftd vfHk;ku gS ftldk y{; efgyk HksnHkko ds mUewyu vkSj ;qok Hkkjrh; yM+fd;ksa ds fy, ljdkjh lsokvksa ij tkx:drk c<+kuk gS bls 22 tuojh 2015 dks 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk efgyk Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10526

vkSj cky fodkl ea=ky;] LokLF; vkSj ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky; rFkk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; dk la;qä miØe gSA ou LV‚i lsaVj Ldhe bl ;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr 1 vçSy 2015 dks fuHkZ;k QaM ds lkFk ykxw dh xbZ Fkh ;g ;kstuk mu efgykvksa dks 'kj.k nsrh gS tks 'kkjhfjd çdkj dh fgalk dh f'kdkj gks pqdh gksrh gS blds rgr fMLd dkuwuh vkSj ijke'kZ lsok,a nsus dk dke fd;k tkrk gS ;kstuk dk gsYiykbu uacj 181 gS A ofdax Z owesu g‚LVy bl ;kstuk dks dkedkth vkSj ukSdjhis'kk efgykvksa ds fy, Nk=kokl dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus ds mís'; ls 'kq: fd;k x;k tgka ij dh t:jr ds lkeku Nk=kokl ds vklikl gh miyC/k gks A efgykvksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k vkSj jkstxkj dk;ZØe dk mís'; dkS'ky dk fodkl djuk gS ftlds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds fy, jkstxkj ds }kj [kqy ldsa ;g ;kstuk efgykvksa dks m|eh cuus esa l{ke cukrh gS —f"k ckxokuh] [kk| çlaLdj.k] gFkdj?kk] flykbZ] d<+kbZ] gLrf'kYi] vkSj vkbZVh dk;ZLFky ds fy, dkS'ky fl[kk;k tkrk gSA ukjh 'kfä iqjLdkj ukjh 'kfä iqjLdkj jk"Vªh; Lrj dk iqjLdkj gS LFkkiuk 1999 esa dh xbZ dsæa ljdkj us Hkkjr esa efgyk l'kfädj.k ds fy, vkSj laLFkkuksa }kjk fd, lsok dk;Z dks ekU;rk çnku djus gsrq ukjh iq"dj dh LFkkiuk dh ;g iqjLdkj efgyk vkSj laLFkkvksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls detksj vkSj ihfM+r efgykvksa ds tks vPNk dke djrs gSa ;k ,slh efgyk,a vius gkykr ls ckgj vkdj vyx djrh gSa mUgsa udn iqjLdkj vkSj çek.k i= çnku fd;k tkrk gSA Lok/kkj x`g dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa efgykvksa dh iquokZl ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 2002 esa efgyk vkSj cky fodkl ea=ky; us Lok/kkj ;kstuk dh LFkkiuk dh ;g efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dh t:jr ds vuqlkj Hkkstu diM+s rFkk vU; lkekuksa dh O;oLFkk djrh gSA efgyk 'kfä dsæa ;kstuk ;g ;kstuk efgykvksa ds laj{k.k vkSj l'kfädj.k ds fy, mejsyk fe'ku Ldhe fe'ku ds rgr efgyk ,oa cky fodkl }kjk lapkfyr dh xbZ FkhA bl ;kstuk ds rgr efgykvksa dks lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh ds ek/;e ls l'kä cukus vkSj {kerk dk vuqHko djkus dk dke fd;k tkrk gSA efgyk bZ gkV bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; ?kj ij jgus okyh efgykvksa dks muds gquj ds ek/;e ls vk; ds lzksr cuuk gSA Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10527

mTtoyk ;kstuk- mTToyk-;kstuk ds rgr xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou ;kiu djus okyh 2 djksM+ ls vf/kd efgykvksa dks xSl flysaMj forfjr fd, x, ljdkj us ç/kkuea=h mTToyk ;kstuk ds varxZr vxys 3 lkyksa esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgus okys 5 djksM+ ls vf/kd efgykvksa dks u, ,yihth dusD'ku miyC/k djkus ds fy, 8djksM+ :i;s dh eatjw h nh gSA ,d-yM+dh ds fy, lhch,lb esfjV Ld‚yjf'ki lsaVªy cksMZ v‚Q lsdaMjh ,tqds'ku us ,d yM+dh ds fy, ,d Nk=o`fÙk ;kstuk 'kq: dh gSA bl ;kstuk dks 'kq: djus dk eq[; mís'; Hkkjr esa yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dks c<+kus ds fy,] yM+fd;ksa dh fLFkfr fodflr djuk] Ldwy Vîw'ku Qhl esa dqN NwV nsus ds fy,] ,dy yM+dh dks c<+kok nsuk gSA ;g Nk=o`fÙk ;kstuk dsoy ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh yM+fd;ksa ds fy, 'kq: dh xbZ gSA vkfnoklh lekt dh yM+fd;ksa tks v/;;u dj jgh gSa] gsrq Nk=kokl rhljh ;kstuk ls vkjaHk dh xbZ yM+fd;ksa gsrq Nk=kokl ;kstuk] mu vuqlfw pr tutkfr dh yM+fd;ksa ds chp f'k{kk ds çpkj gsrq cgqr mi;ksxh gS ftudh lk{kjrk nj 2011 tux.kuk vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj lkekU; efgykvksa dh 54-28% lk{kj nj dh rqyuk esa 34-76 gSA ;kstuk ds rgr]jkT;ksa rFkk la?k jkT; {ks=ksa dks dsaæ }kjk u, Nk=kokl dk fuekZ.k djus rFkk ekStwnk Nk=kokl dk foLrkj djus gsrq dsUæh; lgk;rk nh tkrh gS] bl ;kstuk esa Nk=kokl ds fuekZ.k dh ykxr dks 50:50 vuqikr esa leku :i ls dsUæ rFkk jkT;ksa ds chp lk>k fd;k tkrk gSA fdarq la?k jkT; {ks= ekeys esa] dsUæ ljdkj fuekZ.k dh iwjh ykxr ogu djkrh gSA Nk=kokl ds fuekZ.k dh ykxr jkT; ihMCY;wMh dh njksa ;k LFkkuh; lhihMCY;wMh dh njksa] buesa ls tks Hkh de gks]ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA rFkk Nk=kokl ds j[kj[kko lacaf/kr ftEesnkjh jkT;ksa rFkk la?k jkT; {ks=ksa dh gksrh gSA Nk=kokl esa lhVksa dh la[;k 100 rd gS A Nk=kokl vuqlfw pr tutkfr dh yM+fd;ksa ds fy, çkFkfed] e/;] ek/;fed] egkfo|ky; rFkk fo'ofo|ky; rd dh f'k{kk gsrq miyC/k gSaA ¼tutkfr dY;k.k ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj½ mijksä dk;ZØeksa ds vfrfjä v‚ijs'ku CySd cksMZ ] jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk fe'ku] uoksn; fo|ky;] O;kolkf;d f'k{kk vkfn ;kstukvksa esa Hkh L=h f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k /;ku dsfa ær gS A fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx Hkh ,slh laLFkkvksa dks vkfFkZd vuqnku nsrk gS A xjhch js[kk ds uhps dh efgykvksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k jkstxkj lgk;rk dk;ZØe o"kZ 1987 esa çkjaHk fd;k x;k ftldk mís'; mu efgykvksa ds dkS'ky vkSj jkstxkj ds voljksa dh o`f) djuk gS tks igys ls gh ijaijkxr {ks= esa dk;Zjr gSa] tSls& —f"k i'kqikyu] Msjh] eNyh ikyu] gSaMywe] gLrf'kYi] dqVhj o xzke m|ksx rFkk js'ke m|ksx vkfnA Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10528

;g [ksn dk fo"k; gS fd vc rd fd, x, ç;klksa ds ckotwn Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr o çfLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gS dU;k H:.k gR;k] ngst mRihM+u] efgyk fuj{kjrk] efgyk f'k{kk ds çfr udkjkRed –f"Vdks.k] ;kSu mRihM+u] ifjokj esa efgykvksa dh mis{kk] jkstxkj ds voljksa dh deh] lkekftd jktuhfrd fØ;kdykiksa esa efgykvksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dh deh vkfn ds dkj.k efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vHkh Hkh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ <ax ls vLr O;Lr gSA Rofjr osx ls gks jgs lkekftd lkaL—frd ifjorZu ds ifjçs{; esa ukjh psruk dh tkx`fr dh vksj /;ku nsus dh orZeku le; esa fo'ks"k vko';drk gSA vk/kqfud oSf'od lekt esa iq#"k rFkk efgyk dks çR;sd –f"V ls leku çfLFkfr çnku dh tkrh gS bl –f"V ls efgykvksa dks leku :i ls tkx`r djus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd efgykvksa dk l'kfädj.k fd;k tk, ftlls os vius vf/kdkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa dks tku lds ,oa mUgsa çkIr djus vFkok mudk fuoZgu djus ds ;ksX; cu lds A lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh iq#"koknh ekufldrk dks cnys fcuk efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djuk egt ,d dksjh dYiuk ek= cudj jg tk,xhA ukjh psruk ds y{; dks çkIr djus esa f'k{kk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh gS ftlds ek/;e ls efgyk lk{kjrk esa o`f) ]yM+fd;ksa dh çkjafHkd f'k{kk dk lkoZtuhdj.k] yM+fd;ksa ds 'kkyk R;kx ij jksd] dU;k f'k{kk dks fo'ks"k çksRlkgu rFkk jkstxkj gsrq çf'k{k.k vkfn mik;ksa ls efgyk l'kfädj.k ds dk;Z dks ,d ubZ xfr o fn'kk fey ldrh gS ftlls fuf'pr rkSj ij ukjh psruk esa mÙkjksÙkj o`f) dh tk ldrh gSA ukjh psruk ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd efgykvksa dk l'kfädj.k fd;k tk, vkS j efgyk l'kfädj.k f'k{kk ds fcuk laHko ugha gS] fdarq dsoy dqN fxus pqus ifjokjksa dh efgykvksa rd vFkok lekt ds rFkkdfFkr laHkzkar oxZ rd lhfer ugha j[kk tkuk pkfg,A oju lekt ds fupys o e/;e rcdksa dh efgykvksa dks Hkh f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj ds volj miyC/k djkdj mUgsa Hkh l'kä cukuk gksxkA fdarq /;ku jgs efgyk l'kfädj.k dk rkRi;Z efgykvksa dks vkMacjiw.kZ vk/kqfudrk ds <kaps esa <kydj fdlh ikfVZ;ksa esa Hkkx ysus] lkSan;Z çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa tkus] cu&laoj dj pgy&dneh djus ek= rd lhfer ugha gSA oju efgyk l'kfädj.k efgykvksa ds uSlfxZd xq.kksa] es/kk o lkeFkZ~; dks iksf"kr djus ,oa u dsoy muds O;fäRo fodkl esa cfYd laiw.kZ ifjokj] lekt og jk"Vª ds fodkl esa mudk vf/kdre laHko ;ksxnku lqfuf'pr djkus dk ek/;e gSA blfy, vkt gekjs lekt dk ;g fo'ks"k drZO; curk gS fd og efgyk l'kfädj.k ds çfr ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k viukdj efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr dj ukjh psruk esa viuk lg;ksx çnku djsa ftlls fd uk dsoy ikfjokfjd vfirq lkekftd vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl dks Hkh xfr fey ldsA Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

vfer jRu f}osnh & M‚- xksiky —".k Bkdqj (Pg. 10518-10529)

10529

lUnHkZ lwph Hkkj}kt],u -¼2008½] efgyk l'kfädj.k] t;iqj % lkxj ifCy'klZ] xqIrk],l-ih-¼2015½] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl fodkl ,oa leL;k,a] bykgckn % 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou ] ^^tsMa j vkSj f'k{kk jhMj^^ Hkkx&1 ¼2011½ ^^tsMa j vkSj f'k{kk jhMj^^ Hkkx&2 ¼2011½ feJ] ,l-¼2012½] Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk] esjB % vkj-yky cqd fMiks] flag] oh-,u- & tuest;-¼2013½] ukjhokn] t;iqj % jkor ifCyds'ku frokjh] vkj-ih-&Mh-ih-'kqDy-¼2008½ Hkkjrh; ukjh] orZeku leL;k,a vkSj Hkkoh lek/kku] ubZ fnYyh % ,- ih- ,p-ifCyf'kax dkjiksjs'ku] mik/;k;] ih-¼2009½ Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa mnh;eku ço`fÙk;ka] bykgkcn % 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou vxzoky ts lh ¼1 January 2009½- Hkkjr esa ukjh f'k{kk- çHkkr çdk'ku- 978&81&85828&77&0 Educational Statistics at a glance, Department of school of Education,MHRD tutkfr dY;k.k ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj dh vk[;k ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dh vk[;k jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx dh vk[;k http://hi.m.wikipedia.orgczkã.k http://hi.m.wikipedia.org>yksikeqæk http://hi.m.wikipedia.org>vikyk http://hi.m.wikipedia.org>xkxhZ http://hi.m.wikipedia.org>fo'ookjk http://hi.m.wikipedia.org>?kks"kk http://hi.m.wikipedia.orglw;kZlkfo= http://hi.m.wikipedia.org'kphikSykseh https://www.governmentschemesindia.in/girls-government-schemes-india/ https://hindi.goodreturns.in/personal-finance/2018/02/10-indian-governmentschemes-women-empowerment-003904.html https://aajtak.intoday.in/gallery/modi-govt-will-be-remembered-for-these-10schemes-1-10479.html https://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/government/schemes-launched-bymodi-government-in-2018 Registrar General of India file:///F:/National%20policies%20of%20Education/Report%20of%20enrollment %20in%20schools.pdf https://yourstory.com/hindi/d73ff2befb-how-will-india-create

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