Issuu

Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2016 = 6.17, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.49366, JAN-FEB 2018, VOL- 5/43 https://doi.org/10.21922/srjis.v5i43.11211

ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa Ekk/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u Ramdhan Nautiyal1 & Deepti Uniyal2, Ph. D. 1

Research Scholar, Ph.D (Education), Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun, Uttrakhand

E.Mail: ramdhannautiyal@gmail.com 2

Assistant Professor, Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun, Utterakhand

izLrqr ‘kks/k v/;;u esa ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk ds lanHkZ esa v/;;u fd;k x;kA ‘kks/k v/;;u esa CykWd UkkSxako] mRrjdk’kh ¼mÙkjk[k.M½ ds ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 11oha ,oa 12oha d{kk ds 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks U;kn’kZ ds :Ik esa fy;k x;k ftlesa ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds 50&50 Nk= ,oa 50&50 Nk=kvksa dks ;kn`fPNd fof/k }kjk p;u fd;k x;kA ‘kks/kdk;Z esa vkadM+ksa ds ladyu gsrq MkW0 rkfgjk [kkrwu ,oa efudk ‘kekZ }kjk fufeZr ,oa ekudhd`r dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ,oa vkadM+ksa ds fo’ys”k.k gsrq e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA bl v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

çLrkouk(Introduction) f’k{kk ,oa lekt dks x<+us esa dEI;wVj vkSj dEI;wfVax VSDuksykWth dk izHkko egRoiw.kZ gSA orZeku f’k{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns’; gS fd euq”; tkfr dh csgrjh ds fy, izkS|ksfxdh dk izHkkoh bLrseky djukA blhfy, bl ckr dks le>k tk jgk gS fd Kku ds bu {ks=ksa dks Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ esa txg feyuh pkfg,AMªseczksV ,oa vU; ¼1985½] gkosZ ,oa foYlu ¼1985½] QQ&’kkW ,oa vU; ¼1986½] dksfyUl ,oa vksfyyk ¼1986½] dksfyl ,oa foy;El ¼1987½ us vius ‘kks/k v/;;u esa efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa iq:”kksa dk dEI;wVj ds i{k esa >qdko vf/kd ik;kA bldk lcls egRoiw.kZ Li”Vhdj.k iq:”kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds varj lkekthdj.k ij dsfa nzr gS ftlds ifj.kke Lo:Ik LVhfj;ksVkbi LksDl Hkwfedk,sa egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSAa QsVyj ¼1985½ us vius ‘kks/k v/;;u esa dSfyQksfuZ;k esa 7oha vkSj 12oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij ,d v/;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fd nksuks a XkzM s esa yM+dksa us yM+fd;ksa dh rqyuk esa dEI;wVj ds izfr vf/kd ldkjkRed n`f”Vdks.a k vkSj csgrj izn’kZUk fd;kA xqIrk ,oa vU; ¼1991½ us vius ‘kks/k v/;;u Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Ramdhan Nautiyal & Dr. Deepti Uniyal 9276 (Pg. 9275-9283)

esa d{kk&6 ls d{kk&9 rd i<+kbZ djus okys yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dk dEI;wVj f’k{kk ds izfr n`f”Vdksa.k dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fd lHkh xzsM esa YkM+dksa dh rqyuk esa yM+fd;ksa dk dEI;wVj f’k{kk ds izfr n`f”Vdks.a k ,oa :fp vf/kd ik;h x;hAfueZyk lqna jjkt ¼2005½] us rfeyukMq eqDr fo’ofo|ky; ds ch0,M0 izf’k{kqvksa dh dEI;wVj f’k{kk ds izfr n`f”Vdks.k ij ‘kks/k v/;;u fd;kA ‘kks/k fu”d”kZ esa mUgksus ik;k fd dEI;wVj f’k{kk ds izfr iq:”k ,oa efgyk ch0,M0 izf’k{kqvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kAosfny ,oa [kVdj ¼2016½ us ljdkjh vkSj futh Ldwy ds ek/;fed fo|ky; ds Nk=ksa ds dEI;wVj ds izfr vfHko`fÙk ds lanHkZ esa ‘kks/k v/;;u fd;kA v/;;u gsrq U;kn’kZ jksgrd tuin ds fofHkUu Ldwyksa ls 100 Nk=ksa ¼50 Ikq:”k ,oa 50 efgyk½ dks fy;k x;kA rkfgjk [kkrwu ,oa efudk ‘kekZ }kjk fufEkZr dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk ekiuh dk iz;ksx vkadM+ksa dks bdB~Bk djus ds fy, fd;k x;kA fyax ds vk/kkj ij iq:”k vkSj efgyk Nk=ksa dk dEI;wVj ds izfr vfHko`fÙk esa lkFkZd vUrj ugh ik;k x;kA ljdkjh vkSj futh Ldwy ds iq:”k ,oa efgykvksa dk dEI;wVj ds izfr vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh ik;k x;kA gkWykafd dbZ ns’kksa us dEI;wVj foKku ;k lwpuk izkS| ksfxdh ikB~;p;kZ vius Ldwyksa esa ykxw fd;s gS]a ysfdu gesa mu pqukSfr;ksa dk /;ku j[kuk gksxk tks Hkkjrh; fo|ky;ksa ds lkeus gSAa ;g

pqukSrh dEI;wVj foKku ds fy, rduhdh lk/kuksa dh deh dh gSA

rduhdh vHkko

,oa dq’ky rduhdh izf’kf{krksa ds dkj.k fo|ky;ksa esa Nk=ksa esa rduhdh vfHko`fÙk fodflr dj ikuk ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gSA 21 oha lnh ds bl fMftVy bafM;k ds lius dks lkdkj djus ds fy, Nk=ksa esa izkFkfed ,oa ek/;fed Lrj ls gh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk dk fodkl djuk vR;Ur vko’;d gSA blds fy, O;kogkfjd fodYi <wa<us gksxa s tks Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksAa oSf’od ;qx esa ckyd dks lS}kfUrd Kku ds lkFk&lkFk dEI;wVj] OkSKkfud] O;kolkf;d ,oa O;kogkfjd f’k{kk dh furkar vko’;drk gSA bl vko’;drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr f’k{kk dk lekos’k ek/;fed f’k{kk ds ikB~;dze esa visf{kr gSA mn~ns'; (Objective) ‘kks/k dk;Z dks Li”V ,oa fuf’pr fn’kk iznku djus gsrq mn~ns’; fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSaA izLrqr ‘kks/kdk;Z esa fuEu mn~ns’; fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s ga& S 1- ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dhdEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u djukA 2- xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u djukA Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Ramdhan Nautiyal & Dr. Deepti Uniyal 9277 (Pg. 9275-9283)

3- ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u djukA ifjdYiuk;sa (Hypothesis) mn~ns’;ksa ds vk/kkj ij orZeku ‘kks/k esa ‘kks/kdrkZ }kjk fuEu ‘kwU; ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS & 1- ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA 2- xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA 3- ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA fof/k (Method) ‘kks/k v/;;u esa ‘kks/kdrkZ }kjk CykWd ukSxkao ds ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vkadM+ksa ds laxzg.k ds fy, orZeku ‘kks/k dk;Z gsrq o.kZukRed fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA vkadM+ksa ds fo”ys’k.k ds fy, e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA U;kn’kZ (Sample) izLrqr ‘kks/k v/;;u esamRrjdk’kh tuin ds ukSxkao CYkkWd ds ljdkjh,oa xSj&ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky; ls 11oha ,oa 12oha Lrj ds 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u ;kn`fPNd fof/k }kjk U;kn’kZ ds :Ik esa fy;k x;kA U;kn’kZ ds :Ik esa ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky; ds 100 Nk=ksa esa 50 Nk= ,oa 50 Nk=kvksa dks fy;k x;k rFkk xSj&ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky; ds 100 Nk=ksa esa 50 Nk= ,oa 50Nk=kvksa dks fy;k x;k ftldk o.kZu fuEu U;kn’kZ rkfydk esa fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ rkfydk(Sample Table) CykWd ukSxk¡o ¼ftyk&mÙkjdk’kh½

fo|ky; ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky; xSj&ljdkjhek/;fed fo|ky;

Nk= 50 50

Nk=k,sa 50 50

dqy ;ksx 100 100

LkEiw.kZ ;ksx 200

‘kks/k midj.k(Tool) ‘kks/kdrkZ}kjk ‘kks/k v/;;u esa vkadM+ksa ds ladyu gsrq rkfgjk [kkrwu ,oa efudk ‘kekZ }kjk fufeZr ekudhd`r dEI;wVj vfHko`fRr ekiuh dks ‘kks/k midj.k ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;k x;kA Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Ramdhan Nautiyal & Dr. Deepti Uniyal 9278 (Pg. 9275-9283)

vkadM+ksa dk fo’ys”k.k(Analysis of Data) ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk Lrj fuEu izdkj ik;k x;kA 1- CykWd UkkSxkao] mRrjdk’kh ds xSj&ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk 11oha ,oa 12oha Lrj ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk Lrj fuEuor gSA dz0l0 1234567-

dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk Lrj Above average Average Below average Ext.High Ext.Low High Low Total

vko`fÙk 26 45 16 1 5 5 2 100

Private Secondary school

Izfr’kr 26 45 16 1 5 5 2 100

5% 5%

26%

16%

45%

Above Average

Average

Below Average

Ext.High

Ext.Low

High

Low

2- CykWd UkkSxkao] mRrjdk’kh ds ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk 11oha ,oa 12oha Lrj ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk Lrj fuEuor gSA dz0l0 1234567-

dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk Lrj Above average Average Below average Ext.High Ext.Low High Low Total

vko`fÙk 14 47 26 0 3 1 9 100

Izfr’kr 14 47 26 0 3 1 9 100

Ramdhan Nautiyal & Dr. Deepti Uniyal 9279 (Pg. 9275-9283)

Govt. Secondry School 3% 0%

14%

26% 47%

Above average

Average

Below average

Ext.High

Ext.Low

High

Low

vr% mn~ns’;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr ‘kwU; ifjdYiukvksa dk fo”ys”k.k fuEuor~ gS & 1- ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA mns~’;&1 ds fy, fufeZr ifjdYiuk ds fy, vkadM+ksa dk fo”ys”k.k ,oa ifj.kke fuEu rkfydk la[;k&1-1 esa iznf’kZr gS& rkfydk la[;k&1-1 ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk izkIrkdksa dk e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&eku School Govt

Students Female Male

N 50 50

M 72.74 73.6

SD 6.96 7.69

‘t’ Value 0.59

mijksDr Rkkfydk la[;k&1-1 ls Li”V gS fd ljdkjh

Remark NS*

fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~

Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk dk Vh&eku 0-59 izkIr gqvk tks fd lkj.kh;u eku -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 1-98 rFkk -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2-63 ls de gSA vr% nksuks gh lkFkZdrk Lrj ij ifjdYiuk&1 ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gS ] Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA vkadM+ksa ds e/; vUrj dks xzkQ ds ek/;e ls fuEu :Ik ls rkfydk la[;k&1-1 esa Hkh izLrqr fd;k x;kA

Ramdhan Nautiyal & Dr. Deepti Uniyal 9280 (Pg. 9275-9283)

Computer Attitude Score

Graph.1.1: Computer Attitude Score of Govt Female & Male Students 80

73.6

72.74

60 40 20

Series 1

Series 2 Female

Male

Govt. Secondary School

2- xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA mns~’;&2 ds fy, fufeZr ifjdYiuk ds fy, vkadM+ksa dk fo’ys” k.k ,oa ifj.kke fuEu rkfydk la[;k&1-2 esa iznf’kZr gS& rkfydk la[;k&1-2 xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk izkIrkdksa dk e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&eku School Private

Students N Female 50 Male 50

M 77.56 78.2

SD 9.32 7.37

‘t’ Value 0.38

mijksDr Rkkfydk la[;k&1-2 ls Li”V gS fd xSj&ljdkjh

Remark NS*

fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~

Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk dk Vh&eku 0-38 izkIr gqvk tks fd lkj.kh;u eku 05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 1-98 rFkk -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2-63 ls de gSA vr% nksuks gh lkFkZdrk Lrj ij ifjdYiuk&2xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gS] Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA vkadM+ksa ds e/; vUrj dks xzkQ ds ek/;e ls fuEu :Ik ls rkfydk la[;k&1-2 esa Hkh izLrqr fd;k x;kA

Ramdhan Nautiyal & Dr. Deepti Uniyal 9281 (Pg. 9275-9283)

Computer Attitude Score

Graph. 1.2: Computer Attitude Score of Private Male & Female Students 100 80 60 40 20 0

78.2

77.56

Series 1 Series 2 Female

Male

Private Secondary Schools

3- ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA mns~’;&3 ds fy, fufeZr ifjdYiuk ds fy, vkadM+ksa dk fo’ys” k.k ,oa ifj.kke fuEu rkfydk la[;k&1-3 esa iznf’kZr gS& rkfydk la[;k&1-3ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk izkIrkdksa dk e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&eku School

Students N

‘t’ Value

Remark

Govt &

Female

100

75.15

8.57

0.56

NS*

Private

Male

100

75.9

7.88

mijksDr Rkkfydk la[;k&1-3 ls Li”V gS fd ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk dk Vh&eku 0-56 izkIr gqvk tks fd lkj.kh;u eku 05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 1-97 rFkk -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2-60 ls de gSA vr% nksuks gh lkFkZdrk Lrj ij ifjdYiuk&3 ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gS] Lohd`r dh tkrh gSAljdkjh fo|ky; esa v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa us ¼e/;eku&75-90½ xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky; esa v/;;ujr~ Nk=ksa dh vis{kk ¼e/;eku&75-15½ de dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk izkIrkad izkIr fd;sA vkadM+ksa ds e/; vUrj dks xzkQ ds ek/;e ls fuEu :Ik ls rkfydk la[;k&1-3 esa Hkh izLrqr fd;k x;kA

Ramdhan Nautiyal & Dr. Deepti Uniyal 9282 (Pg. 9275-9283)

Graph.1.3: Computer Attitude Score of Govt. & Private Students Computer Attitude score

75.9

75.15

70 60 50 40 30

Series 1

Series 2

10 0 Female

Male

Govt & Private Secondary Schools fu”d”kZ(Conclusion) ‘kks/k v/;;u esa fu”d”kZ :Ik esa ‘kks/kdrkZ }kjk ik;k x;k fd ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA blh izdkj xSj&ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk Lrj esa Hkh dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh ik;k x;kA vr% ifjdYiuk&1 ,oa ifjdYiuk&2 Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ Nk=ksa ds dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk izkIrkad ¼Ek/;eku&75-9½ ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ Nk=kvksa ds dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk izkIrkad ¼e/;eku&75-15½ ds e/; Vh&eku 0-56 izkIr gqvk tks fd -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 1-97 ,oa -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2-60 ls de gS vr% ifjdYiuk&3 ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVj vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gS] nksuksa gh lkFkZ drk Lrj ij Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA lanHkZ (References) Indrani das (2003). Computer education in the secondary schools of Assam, a thesis submitted to the university of Gauhati for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the faculty of arts : department of education, Gauhati University Fetler, M (1985). “Sex differences on the Californi. state-wide assessment of compute literacy” , Journal of Educations Technology, Vol. XII, No. 13, pp. 19-21. Gupta, K. A. and Baliya, J. N.(1991). “Components of Computer Education” , Journal The Primary Teacher, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 20-22. January, Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Ramdhan Nautiyal & Dr. Deepti Uniyal 9283 (Pg. 9275-9283)

The present investigation proposed to study status of ICT utilization in secondary schools: practical challenges and future recommendations (a case of north coastal districts in Andhra Pradesh).

jk”Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005] i`- 52&53 Parik,K., Meena.(2015). Soochna va sanchar prodhogiki se shiksha ka badalata swarup. Anweshika: adhyapak shiksha ki shodh patrika, vol-10,40-46 Sindhu,I.S, Vikal,J.K.(2009).Soochna prodhogiki adharik shiksha ka pragatishil swarup.bhartiya adhunik shiksha , vol-IV,68-80. Kiran Bedi1, Kusum Khatkar2 (2016). A Study of Computer Attitude among Secondary School Students of Government and Private Schools, International Journal of Enhanced Research in Educational Development (IJERED) ISSN: 2320-8708, Vol. 4 Issue 6, November-December, 2016.