The Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) in the United Arab Emirates

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‫‪The Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock,‬‬ ‫‪1934) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in the United Arab Emirates‬‬ ‫‪By: Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad‬‬ ‫‪Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa‬‬

‫‪An Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) at the Arabia's Wildlife Center‬‬ ‫‪in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 28.03.2016.‬‬ ‫‪https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157205063594831&set=a.127745184830&type=3‬‬ ‫‪&theater & https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/arabian-striped-hyaena-hy-dr-norman-ali‬‬‫‪khalaf-von-/42575208‬‬

‫ينتشر الضبع ال ُمخطط العربي (‪ )Hyaena hyaena sultana‬والذي يُعتبر من الحيوانات الثديية القارتة في جنوب‬ ‫عمان واليمن والسعودية ‪ ..‬وفي دولة اإلمارات العربية ال ُمتحدة يُعتبر من‬ ‫شبه الجزيرة العربية في اإلمارات و ُ‬ ‫الحيوانات ال ُمنقرضة ‪ ،‬على الرغم من وجود بعض التقارير الغير ُمؤكدة عن ر ؤيته في المنطقة ما بين ليوا ودُبي ‪..‬‬ ‫هذا وقد تمت رؤيته آلخر مرة بشكل ُمؤكد في البرية في العام ‪ .. 2002‬ويُمكن رؤية الضباع ال ُمخططة العربية في‬ ‫الحفية لصون البيئة الجبلية في‬ ‫األسر في اإلمارات في مركز حيوانات شبه الجزيرة العربية في الشارقة ‪ ،‬ومركز ِ‬ ‫كلباء ‪ ،‬وحديقة حيوانات العين ‪ ،‬وفي جزيرة صير بني ياس التابعة إلمارة أبو ظبي ‪ ،‬حيث تم على الجزيرة في‬ ‫ديسمبر ‪ 2009‬وألول مرة منذ إنقراض الضباع في اإلمارات والدة فرغلين (ال ُمفرد فرغل صغير الضبع) في وجار‬ ‫في برية الجزيرة من أبوين تم جلبهما من الشارقة من مركز حماية وإكثار الحيوانات العربية البرية ال ُمهددة‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020‬‬

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‫باإلنقراض ‪ ...‬ويتراوح طول جسم الضبع ال ُمخطط ما بين ‪ 130 – 85‬سنتيمترا ً ‪ ،‬وطول الذيل ما بين ‪40 – 25‬‬ ‫سنتيمتراً ‪ ،‬وإرتفاع الجسم عند الكتفين من ‪ 80 – 60‬سنتيمترا ً ‪ ،‬ويتراوح وزن البالغين من ‪ 55 – 22‬كيلوغراما ً ‪،‬‬ ‫ب ُمتوسط وزن ‪ 35‬كيلوغراما ً ‪ ..‬ويتميز بلونه الرمادي إلى البُني الشاحب وبوجود ‪ 9 – 5‬خطوط عمودية على جانبي‬ ‫عرف (لبدة) على الرقبة واألكتاف ‪ ،‬وذيل أزغب كث (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪ .. )2020‬تتغذى الضباع‬ ‫الجسم ‪ ،‬وبوجود ُ‬ ‫على الجيف والثدييات الصغيرة والزواحف والطيور والحشرات والفواكه (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪ .. )2020‬ويُمكن أن‬ ‫تتزاوج الضباع طوال العام ‪ ،‬وتكون فترة الحمل ما بين ‪ 92 – 88‬يوما ً ‪ ،‬وتلد من ‪ 5 – 1‬فراغل (جمع فرغل) ‪،‬‬ ‫وتُفطم الفراغل بعُمر ‪ 4‬أشهر ‪ ،‬وتُرافق أمهاتها في البحث عن الغذاء بعُمر ‪ 6‬أشهر ‪ ،‬وتصل إلى مرحلة البلوغ بعُمر‬ ‫عمر ما بين ‪ 12 – 10‬عاما ً ‪ ،‬وفي األسر ما بين ‪ 25 – 20‬عاما ً (خلف ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 3 – 2‬سنوات ‪ ،‬وتعيش في البرية إلى ُ‬ ‫مارس ‪ ... )2020‬وقد نُسجت حوله الكثير من القصص الشعبية وأنه "يضبع" الناس ويجعلهم يتبعونه إلى وكره‬ ‫ليتغذى عليهم ‪ ،‬وكلها بالطبع ال تمت إلى الحقيقة ال ِعلمية بصلة (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪ 2016‬ومارس ‪ .. )2020‬وهو‬ ‫يتعرض لألسف للقتل وال ُمالحقة والدهس في العديد من مناطق إنتشاره في شبه الجزيرة العربية مما يُهدد بإنقراضه‬ ‫(خلف ‪ ،‬يناير ‪ 2014‬ومارس ‪ .. )2020‬باإلضافة إلى أنه يُصطاد ويُؤكل لحمهُ في المملكة العربية السعودية حيث‬ ‫يُعتبر لحمهُ حالالً ‪ ..‬والنوع ُمصنف عالميا ً ك ُمهدد باإلنقراض (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪. )2020‬‬

‫‪An Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) at the Arabia's Wildlife Center‬‬ ‫‪in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 28.03.2016.‬‬ ‫‪https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/arabian-striped-hyena-hya-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von‬‬‫‪/42575342‬‬

‫‪Main Characteristics‬‬ ‫‪Striped Hyenas are medium-sized animals with a body length range from 85 – 130 cm, a‬‬ ‫‪tail length range from 25 – 40 cm, a shoulder height is between 60–80 cm, and adult‬‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020‬‬

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weight range between 22 and 55 kg, averaging at about 35 kg (Wikipedia). They are grey or pale brown in colour with 5 - 9 dark coloured, vertical stripes on their flanks.

The clearer black transverse and horizontal stripes are on the legs. They have a pointed muzzle, pointed ears, a mane on their neck and shoulders and a bushy tail.

Their head is rounded and they have a black, pointed muzzle. Their ears are pointed and they are set high on their head. On each foot they have four toes with blunt, nonretractable claws. Their front legs are longer than their hind which gives their back a sloping appearance and they have powerful jaws with strong teeth (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020).

Striped Hyenas have excellent senses of vision, hearing and smell. They are usually silent but will vocalize if excited or threatened. When they feel threatened they are able to erect their mane and the hairs on their back to make themselves appear much larger than they are (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020).

Arabian Striped hyaena mother with cup on Sir Bani Yas Island in Abu Dhabi. 02.02.2010. https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/hyena-cubs-born-in-uaes-sir-bani-yas-island1.577340

Habitat Striped Hyenas are found in the open savannahs, grasslands, arid mountainous regions and scrub woodlands of west, north and east Africa and west to south Asia (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020).

They are mainly solitary but sometimes they form small family groups. They are active Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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at night and they spend their days sleeping in a burrow or cave (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020).

Diet Striped Hyenas mainly feed on carrion (carcass) but they also catch live prey such as insects, rodents, birds, lizards and rabbits. They will also supplement their diet by eating a variety of fruits (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020).

Breeding Striped Hyenas breed at any time during the year and after a gestation period of 88 - 92 days, 1 - 5 cubs are born in a den. Between 5 and 9 days old the cubs will open their eyes and at 30 days old they will begin to eat solid food (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020).

The young are weaned at 4 months old and begin to accompany their mother on foraging trips at 6 months old. They reach sexual maturity at 2 - 3 years of age. Life expectancy in wild is 10-12 years, and 20-25 years in captivity (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020).

The two striped hyaena cubs on Sir Bani Yas Island in Abu Dhabi. 02.02.2010. https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/hyena-cubs-born-in-uaes-sir-bani-yas-island1.577340

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Predators Predators of Striped Hyenas include humans. They are not favoured prey of larger carnivores such as lions and tigers and they tend to keep themselves at a safe distance (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020).

Subspecies There are 5 subspecies of Striped Hyena: Indian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758) – India, Iraq, Iran, Turkey.

Barbary Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena Barbara de Blainville, 1844) - North West Africa.

Sudanese Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena dubbah Meyer, 1793) - North East Africa.

Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) - Arabian Peninsula.

Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900) – Levant, Iraq, Turkey (Khalaf, March 2020).

Striped Hyaena in UAE The Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) was present in the United Arab Emirates, but is now thought to be extinct (Al Ain Zoo, 2019). While there have been reports of striped hyaenas spotted between Liwa and Dubai, the last official sighting in the UAE was in 2002 (The National, 03.02.2010). Arabian Hyaenas still exist in Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen (Al Ain Zoo, 2019).

The two striped hyaena cubs on Sir Bani Yas Island in Abu Dhabi. 03.02.2010. https://www.thenational.ae/uae/environment/wild-hyenas-return-to-the-uae-1.551316

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In captivity, the Arabian Striped Hyaena can be seen in the UAE, at the Arabia’s Wildlife Center in Sharjah, Al Hefaiyah Mountain Conservation Centre in Kalba, Al Ain Zoo, and on Sir Bani Yas Island in Abu Dhabi Sea. In February 2010, local UAE news announced that two striped hyena cubs have been born in excellent health on December 2009 in a den on Sir Bani Yas Island following a very successful breeding programme that is part of Abu Dhabi's Desert Islands Destination campaign.

The births are of particular significance to the UAE as the striped hyena is extinct in the UAE and is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the body which monitors the status of wildlife globally, as 'near threatened' worldwide, with only an estimated 5,000 to 14,000 in the wild (Gulf News 02.02.2010 & The National 03.02.2010). These are the first hyenas to be born wild in the UAE for many years (Gulf News, 02.02.2010).

A striped hyaena cub on Sir Bani Yas Island in Abu Dhabi. 02.02.2010. https://www.arabianbusiness.com/first-wild-hyenas-hit-uae-tourist-resort-9023.html

The mother and father hyena, named Phiri and Arnold respectively, were themselves raised in captivity at the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah, and relocated to Sir Bani Yas Island in 2008 as part of a conservation programme after being taught to be self-sufficient in order to survive in the wild (Gulf News, 02.02.2010).

"It was only through perseverance that we managed to find them on the island," said Mr. Marius Prinsloo, the manager of conservation and agricultural services at the Tourism Development & Investment Company (TDIC). "The mother was very clever."

To protect her young ones from danger, she had chosen her den's location with care. "It is a very difficult area; it is all ravines and loose stones. In addition, no one can Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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approach the den without being seen," said Mr. Prinsloo. The birth of the hyena cubs was a huge event in the world of conservation, he said. "None of the parents has ever tasted freedom, and now they are free, breeding and raising their young independently." The mother in particular "never knew her own kind", only humans (The National, 03.02.2010).

"It is the first time in the Middle East and possibly in the world that a hand-raised animal is raising pups in the wild," Mr. Prinsloo claimed. Although striped hyenas can still be seen in Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia, it is widely believed that they are extinct from the wild in the UAE (The National, 03.02.2010).

While there have been reports of striped hyenas spotted between Liwa and Dubai, the last official sighting in the UAE was in 2002. The striped hyenas were brought to Sir Bani Yas Island to help control the number of antelopes and gazelles, complementing the presence of the island's top predator, the cheetah. "Hyenas are much too slow to catch a healthy animal," said Mr. Prinsloo, explaining that hyenas usually feed on the remains of animals killed by larger predators (The National, 03.02.2010).

But more importantly, they help keep populations healthy by removing sick animals.

"Their instinct tells them who is sick, injured or weak, and these are the animals they go for," he said. Sir Bani Yas Island is a very closely monitored ecosystem. Veterinarians are always close at hand and the antelopes and gazelles are given food and water. But the striped hyenas are free to roam and hunt for food, and for them this makes the island closely resemble life in the wild (The National, 03.02.2010).

The island's two new arrivals are, of course, blissfully unaware of the fuss caused by their births. They are just starting to find their feet and are becoming aware of the world around them. Their mother, however, is keeping a close watch nearby. Her tiny cubs would be a tasty snack for large birds and cheetahs that roam around the 4,100-hectare Arabian Wildlife Park on Sir Bani Yas Island. Meanwhile, the creatures are still under the care of their mother, who now supplements their diet of milk with meat (The National, 03.02.2010).

They are still too young to venture out of the den, but that would soon change, Mr. Prinsloo said. "As they grow bigger they will go bold. In another month from now, they will start wandering with their mother." Exploring the island, the cubs will have a chance to encounter the Arabian Oryx, some 4,000 Gazelles and Antelopes, more than 30 Giraffes and other assorted creatures that share their new home. The gender of the two cubs will not be known until they are six months, when the animals will be mature enough to be handled by the staff " (The National, 03.02.2010).

People are invited to help name the babies. But Mr. Prinsloo is determined to ensure that the newborns grow up as truly wild creatures. "We are merely spectators. We do not interfere with the babies," Mr. Prinsloo said, explaining that staff never gets within 40 meters of the animals. "They must see us humans as intruders into their world" (The National, 03.02.2010).

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The Desert Islands is a collection of eight pristine islands, which are popular for their scenic landscapes, dynamic wildlife reserves, untouched marine ecologies and ancient archaeological sites (Khaleej Times, 03.02.2010).

Illegally selling of Striped Hyaena In May 2010, fifteen baboons and two striped hyenas, all endangered species, have been confiscated in Abu Dhabi for being sold illegally and without proper documentation (Arabian Business, 19.05.2010).

The animals were seized after the Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi was tipped off about a group of animals being kept in a small cage inside a house behind Khalidiya Park in Abu Dhabi (Arabian Business, 19.05.2010).

A team from EAD and the Ministry of Environment and Water investigated and the owner is now facing court action, news agency WAM reported (Arabian Business, 19.05.2010).

All the confiscated animals are listed as endangered species and it is prohibited to sell them or display them in public, without the necessary registration, according to laws published in 2002 (Arabian Business, 19.05.2010).

Abu Dhabi Police seized the animals which were transferred to Abu Dhabi Wildlife Centre where they will undergo medical checks (Arabian Business, 19.05.2010).

EAD spokesman said: "UAE is intensifying its fight against the illegal trade in endangered species and is implementing strict legal procedures to control this trade and penalise violators" (Arabian Business, 19.05.2010).

Seized Animals: One of the striped hyenas seized from a house in Abu Dhabi (Photo: WAM). https://www.arabianbusiness.com/15-baboons-2-hyenas-seized-from-abu-dhabi-house270202.html Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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Striped Hyaena Range (Khalaf, March 2020). https://www.theanimalfiles.com/mammals/carnivores/hyena_striped.html

An Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) at the Arabia's Wildlife Center in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 28.03.2016. https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/arabian-striped-hyaena-hy-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von/42575371 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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Seiten. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, BonnBad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/& eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59405994/book-gazelle-thepalestinian-biological-bulletin-a-scientific-journey-in-palestine-arabia-and-europebetween-1983-2004-by-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2004 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

An Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) at the Arabia's Wildlife Center in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 28.03.2016. https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/arabian-striped-hyaena-hy-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von/42575312

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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali (2005, 2006, 2007). Chapter 3: Geography, Flora and Fauna. Pages 32-39. in: Palestine: A Guide. By Mariam Shahin, Photography by George Azar. CoAuthor: Norman Ali Khalaf. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Publishing Group, 2005, 2006, 2007. xi + 471 pages. Appendices to page 500. http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/journals.aspx?id=7323&jid=1&href=fulltext Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Felidae_Palaestina.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine. / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46.

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2006, 484 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm & eBook (PDF): https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4YzoDUtvuaZeTFCV0ZzWGhTYTg/view?usp=sh aring Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine and the East Mediterranean Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 57, Twenty-fourth Year, September 2006. pp. 17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Weasel_Palestine.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2007).

Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Palaestina. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Palaestina/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia).

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth Year, September 2007 CE, Sha’ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7 %D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.

ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli (July) 2007, 300 pp. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English). Doctoral Dissertation. Ashwood University, USA. Doctor of Science Degree in Zoology (Summa Cumm Laude) on 26.09.2007. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm & Doctoral Dissertation (eBook) : https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59397999/doctorate-dissertationfelidae-arabica-by-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-doctor-of-science-ashwood-universityusa-2007 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Canis aureus palaestina Khalaf, 2008: A New Golden Jackal Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 80, August 2008,Rajab / Sha’ban 1429 AH. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstract in English). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Golden_Jackal.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. First Edition: September 2008. 396 Pages. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler,Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59551346/book-carnivora-arabica-bydr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2008 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.

Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59498633/fauna-palaestina-1-bookby-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-2009 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59546804/fauna-emiratus-part-1zoological-studies-in-the-united-arab-emirates-between-2004-2009-by-dr-norman-alibassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2010 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (15.06.2012). Striped Hyaena at Arabia's Wildlife Center, Sharjah, UAE. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwae7HCAjE8 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (14.07.2012). Spotted Hyena and Striped Hyena at Giza Zoo, Cairo, Egypt. 14.07.2012. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYnE4gJVysc

An Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) at the Arabia's Wildlife Center in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 28.03.2016. https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/arabian-striped-hyaena-hy-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von/42575275 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (15.07.2012). Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) at the Lion Village on Alexandria – Cairo Desert Road. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8MBHMQoK10 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2.

1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59602956/fauna-palaestina-part-2book-by-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2012 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (26.10.2012). Striped Hyena at Al Ain Zoo, UAE. 26.10.2012 – YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TV0JoVhemU Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (15.10.2013). Spotted Hyena at Emirates Park Zoo in Abu Dhabi – YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZrJ62MN3tw Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Two Wolf Subspecies (Canis lupus arabs Pocock, 1934) and (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 1-29. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/palestinewolf1.htm & https://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/palestinewolf2.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (January 2014).

Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in the State of Palestine in 2013. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 109, January 2014, Rabiea Al Awal 1435 AH. pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-ofpalestine.webs.com/killing-incidents-of-animals Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Vier.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Plants and Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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Animals unique to Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine-2.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Fünf.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950-383-92-0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-books.webs.com/ Khalaf, Norman Ali (March 2016). Hyaena in Palestine. ‫ الضبع يف فلسطي‬. Facebook Photo Album. 28.03.2016. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/media_set?set=a.10154160315244831 &type=3 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (March 2016). Striped Hyaena at Arabia's Wildlife Centre in Sharjah. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkzK4WOj3P0 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016).

Haywanat Falastin (Fauna of Palestine) ‫ حيوانات فلسطين‬. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 144, December 2016, pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). http://animals-of-palestine-2.webs.com/fauna-ofpalestine-arabic Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali (2018). Arabian Striped Hyaena at Al Hefaiyah Mountain Conservation Centre Kalba Sharjah 27.09.2018. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDiizrtaJN8 Khalaf, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (Abu Nora) (2018). The Family of Sharif Hajji Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Khalaf (Abu Othman). A Pictorial History Book of a Palestinian Family from Jaffa in the Twentieth Century. ISBN 978-9950-974-40-1. First Edition, October 2018, Safar 1440 Hijri. 120 pp. In Arabic. Publisher: Prof. Dr. Norman Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://family-taherkhalaf.webs.com/ & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/62242473/book-family-taher-khalaf2018 Khalaf, Norman Ali (09.06.2019). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in Palestine. ‫سوري في فلسطين‬ ُ ‫ الضبع ال ُمخطط ال‬. Facebook: Norman Ali Khalaf. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157205063594831&set=a.127745184830 &type=3&theater Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (14.06.2019). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in Palestine. ‫سوري في فلسطين‬ ُ ‫ الضبع ال ُمخطط ال‬. Facebook: Prof. Dr. Norman Khalaf Department for Environmental Research, National Research Center, State of Palestine. https://www.facebook.com/660825917404649/photos/a.1129000670587169/132426821 1060413/?type=3&theater Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (14.06.2019). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in Palestine. ‫سوري في فلسطين‬ ُ ‫ الضبع ال ُمخطط ال‬. Facebook: Prof. Dr. Norman Khalaf Department for Environmental Media, Palestine. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157219575699831&set=gm.89441630090 3771&type=3&theater&ifg=1 Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdullah Mohammad (August 2019). Presence of the Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs Pocock, 1934) in Khan Yunis Governorate, Gaza Strip, State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.

Volume 37, Number 176, August 2019, pp. 1-10. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://animals-of-palestine3.webs.com/ Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (March 2020). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Volume 38, Number 183, March 2020, pp. 1-17. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://carnivores-ofpalestine.webs.com/hyaena-in-palestine & https://issuu.com/dr-norman-alikhalaf/docs/hyaena_in_palestine-converted

Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (April 2020). The Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.

Volume 38, Number 184, April 2020, pp. 1-20. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://arabian-carnivores.webs.com/ Khaleej Times (03 February 2010). Striped Hyenas Born on Sir Bani Yas Island. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20100203/ARTICLE/302039843/1002 Khaleej Times. (26.07.2016). This Gulf restaurant was serving HYENA MEAT to customers. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/saudi-arabia/this-gulf-restaurant-was-servinghyena-meat-to-customers Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in India. http://www.walkthroughindia.com/wildlife/killing-incidents-of-wild-animals-inindia/ Kingdon, J. (1990). Arabian Mammals: A Natural History. Academic Press, London.

Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. (1999). Fauna Palaestina: Mammalia of Israel. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Keterpress Enterprises, 439 pp.

Nazzal, Nasouh (31.07.2015). Hyena stoned to death in West Bank. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/hyena-stoned-to-death-in-west-bank-1.1559358 O’Keefe, Faisal (17 March 2015). ‘Arabian Ark’ is saving UAE wildlife from extinction. Green Prophet. https://www.greenprophet.com/2015/03/arabianark-is-saving-uae-wildlife-from-extinction/ Palestine Wildlife Society. Mammals Checklist. http://www.wildlifepal.org/en/life/type/2 Palestinian Grassroots Anti-apartheid Wall Campaign (04.05.2019). Israel sets hyenas on Palestinians. https://www.stopthewall.org/2019/05/04/israel-sets-hyenaspalestinians Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1992).Review of “Mammals of Arabia” by D.L. Harrison and P.J. Bates. J. Mammal., 73: 228-229.

Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press.

Lubbock, Texas, USA. Pps. 389.

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Tatzpit. Carnivores Striped Hyena. http://www.tatzpit.com/site/en/pages/inPage.asp?catID=9&subID=542&subsubID= Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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Tristram, H. B. (1867). The Natural History of the Bible. Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Publ. London. 515 pp.

Tristram, H. B. (1884). The Fauna and Flora of Palestine. The Survey of Western Palestine. Palestine Exploration Fund, London. 455 pp.

University of Illinois Extension. Wildlife – Just One Piece of the Picture. http://urbanext.illinois.edu/ecosystems/teacherguide2.cfm Visit Palestine. Flora & Fauna. http://visitpalestine.ps/flora-fauna/ Wikipedia. Animal trapping. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping Wikipedia. Habitat destruction. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction Wikipedia. Striped Hyena. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena Wikipedia. ‫ ضبع مخطط‬. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/‫ضبع_مخطط‬ World Animal Foundation. Help Save Wildlife. http://www.worldanimalfoundation.net/wildlife.html Yom-Tov, Y. (1988). The Zoogeography of the Birds and Mammals of Israel. (pp. 389410). In: The Zoogeography of Israel: The distribution and abundance at a Zoogeographical crossroad. (ed. Yom-Tov, Y. and Tchernov, E.), Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, viii + 600 pp.

Yom-Tov, Prof. Yoram (2003). Poaching of Israeli Wildlife by Guest Workers. Biological Conservation, 110: 11-20. . ‫الحياة البرية تطالب بوقف قتل الضباع‬ 09.02.2013http://www.wafa.ps/arabic/index.php?action=detail&id=147895 ‫شبان من قرية جوريش من القضاء على ضبع شكل خطرا ً على‬ ‫المنطقة‬https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1081305 ‫في‬ ‫ضبع‬ ‫قتل‬ ‫تستنكر‬ ‫البرية‬ ‫دورا‬http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/440656

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‫تأثير اإلحتالل اإلسرائيلي على الحياة البرية‬http://www.wafainfo.ps/atemplate.aspx?id=2386 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 184 – April 2020

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