Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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‫‪The Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock,‬‬ ‫‪1934) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia‬‬

‫سعودية‬ ‫الضبع ال ُمخطط العربي في المملكة العربية ال ُ‬ ‫‪By: Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad‬‬ ‫‪Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa‬‬

‫‪An Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) at the Arabia's Wildlife Center‬‬ ‫‪in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 28.03.2016.‬‬ ‫‪https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/arabian-striped-hyena-hya-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von‬‬‫‪/42575342‬‬

‫يُس ّمى حيوان الضبع بأسماء عديدة ‪ ،‬ومنها ‪َ :‬جيْأل ‪ ،‬وجعار ‪ ،‬و َح ْفصة ‪ ،‬كما يُكنّى بعدد من ال ُك ْنيات ‪ ،‬ولع ّل أهمها‬ ‫‪ :‬أ ُ ّم خنُّور ‪ ،‬وأ ُ ّم طريق ‪ ،‬وأ ُ ّم عامر ‪ ،‬وأ ُ ّم القبور ‪ ،‬وأ ُ ّم نوفل ‪ ،‬وكنية ذكر الضبع (أبو عامر ‪ ،‬وأبو ك َْلدة ‪ ،‬وأبو ال ِه ْنبِر)‬ ‫ضبُعة ‪ ،‬وذلك َّ‬ ‫ألن مثنى ذكر الضبع هو (ضبعان) ‪ ،‬والجمع (ضباعين) ‪ ،‬ويُقال ألنثى الضبع ضبعانة ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬وال يُقال َ‬ ‫وجمعها ضبعانات ‪ ،‬وضباع ‪ ،‬وهذا الجمع يص ّح لذكر الضبع وأنثاه على حدّ سواء ‪ ،‬وتصغيرها (أُضيبع) (العالمة‬ ‫الشيخ كمال الدين الدميري ‪ ،‬المتوفي ‪ 808‬هجرية) ‪.‬‬ ‫قصة أم عامر (حكاية المثل الشهير ‪ :‬ك ُمجير أم عامر) ‪ :‬روى العالم الشيخ أبو بكر البيهقيفي في آخر شعب‬ ‫عبيدة ‪ ،‬أنه سأل يونس إبن حبيب عن المثل المشهور (ك ُمجير أم عامر) ‪ ،‬وأم عامر هي الضبع‬ ‫اإليمان ‪ ،‬عن أبي ُ‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020‬‬

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‫ويُقال لها نوش الخسيسة ‪ ،‬فقال ‪ :‬كان من حديثه في قصة أم عامر ّ‬ ‫أن قوما خرجوا إلى الصيد في يوم شديد الحرارة ‪،‬‬ ‫ي‪،‬‬ ‫وبينما هم في صيدهم إذ ّ‬ ‫تعرضت لهم أ ّم عامر ‪ ،‬وهي الضّبع ‪ ،‬فطاردوها حتى ألجأوها إلى خباء (منزل) أعراب ّ‬ ‫فقال لهم ‪ :‬ما شأنكم ؟ فأجابوه ‪ :‬صيدنا وطريدتنا ‪ ،‬فردّ عليهم ‪ :‬كال والذي نفسي بيده ال تصلون إليها ما ثبت قائم سيفي‬ ‫وقربه إلى‬ ‫ي إلى ناقته ‪ ،‬وحلبها ‪ ،‬وأحضر حليبها ‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫بيدي ألنها أستجارت بي ‪ ،‬قال ‪ :‬فرجعوا وتركوه ‪ ،‬فذهب األعراب ّ‬ ‫قرب إليها وعاء من الماء ‪ ،‬فأقبلت مرة تلغ من الحليب ‪ ،‬ومرة تلغ من الماء ‪ ،‬حتى مكثت في بيت‬ ‫أ ّم عامر ‪ ،‬كما ّ‬ ‫األعرابي وأستراحت ‪ ،‬وبينما األعرابي نائم ذات يوم في جوف بيته ‪ ،‬إذ بأ ّم عامر تثبُّ عليه ‪ ،‬فبقرت بطنه ‪ ،‬وشربت‬ ‫دمه ‪ ،‬وأكلت حشوته ‪ ،‬وتركته ؛ ث ّم أتى إبن عم األعرابي ‪ ،‬فوجده على تلك الصورة ‪ ،‬فألتفت إلى موضع الضبع فلم‬ ‫يرها فقال ‪ :‬صاحبتي وهللا ؛ وأخذ سيفه وكنانته ‪ ،‬وأتبعها فلم يزل حتى أدركها فقتلها ‪ ،‬وأخذ ينشد هذه األبيات ‪ :‬ومن‬ ‫يصنع المعروف في غير أهله ** يُالقي ما القى ُمجير أم عامر ‪ ..‬أدام لها حين أستجارت بقرب ِه ** قراها من البان‬ ‫وأظافر ‪ ..‬فقل لذوي المعروف هذا جزا ُء من ** غدا‬ ‫الغزائر ‪ ..‬وأشبعها حتى إذا ما تمألت ** فرتهُ بأنياب لها‬ ‫اللقاح‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫شاكر (موضوع ‪. )2018 ،‬‬ ‫يصنع المعروف في غير‬ ‫ِ‬

‫‪Arabian Striped Hyaena Rock Art in Saudi Arabia. http://saudi‬‬‫‪archaeology.com/subjects/striped-hyena/‬‬

‫ينتشر الضبع ال ُمخطط العربي (‪ )Hyaena hyaena sultana‬والذي يُعتبر من الحيوانات الثديية القارتة في جنوب‬ ‫ساللة العربية‬ ‫شبه الجزيرة العربية في اإلمارات و ُ‬ ‫عمان واليمن والسعودية (خلف ‪ ،‬أبريل ‪ )2020‬؛ كما تم تسجيل ال ُ‬ ‫سلطانية" بشكل نادر في فلسطين ‪ ،‬حيث تم تسجيله من جنوب البحر الميت ‪ .‬وهناك عينة ُمحنطة في الجامعة‬ ‫"ال ُ‬ ‫ساللة في فلسطين ؛ وذلك يُعتبر أقصى إنتشار‬ ‫العبرية في القدس ‪ ،‬وهي تُعتبر التسجيل ال ُجغرافي األول لهذه ال ُ‬ ‫ساللتان العربية والسورية (‪ )Hyaena hyaena syriaca‬في‬ ‫ساللة العربية ‪ .‬وبذلك تعيش ال ُ‬ ‫ُجغرافي شمالي لل ُ‬ ‫األراضي الفلسطينية (خلف ‪ ،‬يوليو ‪ ... )2006‬وفي دولة اإلمارات العربية ال ُمتحدة يُعتبر الضبع من الحيوانات‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020‬‬

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‫ال ُمنقرضة ‪ ،‬حيث تمت رؤيته آلخر مرة بشكل ُمؤكد في البرية في العام ‪( 2002‬خلف ‪ ،‬أبريل ‪ ... )2020‬وفي‬ ‫المملكة العربية السعودية عاشت الضباع العربية منذ آالف السنوات ‪ ،‬حيث يُمكننا رؤية الكثير من الرسوم المنقوشة‬ ‫على الصخور الجبلية في مناطق ُمختلفة من المملكة ‪ ...‬ويعيش الضبع ال ُمخطط في األراضي المكشوفة القريبة من‬ ‫الربع الخالي و‬ ‫المناطق الزراعية ‪ ،‬وكذلك في األودية والحرات ‪ ،‬وينتشر في معظم مناطق المملكة عدا منطقة ُ‬ ‫صحراء النفود و يكثر وجوده في المنطقة الغربية والشمالية والشرقية والمنطقة الجنوبية الغربية وأجزاء من المنطقة‬ ‫الوسطى (الحياة البرية في المملكة العربية السعودية) ‪ ...‬ويتراوح طول جسم الضبع ال ُمخطط ما بين ‪130 – 85‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫سنتيمترا ‪ ،‬وطول الذيل ما بين ‪ 40 – 25‬سنتيمترا ‪ ،‬وإرتفاع الجسم عند الكتفين من ‪ 80 – 60‬سنتيمترا ‪ ،‬ويتراوح‬ ‫وزن البالغين من ‪ 55 – 22‬كيلوغراما ‪ ،‬ب ُمتوسط وزن ‪ 35‬كيلوغراما (خلف ‪ ،‬أبريل ‪ .. )2020‬ويتميز بلونه‬ ‫عرف (لبدة) على الرقبة‬ ‫الرمادي إلى البُني الشاحب وبوجود ‪ 9 – 5‬خطوط عمودية على جانبي الجسم ‪ ،‬وبوجود ُ‬ ‫سمي بالضبع ال ُمخطط لوجود خطوط‬ ‫واألكتاف ‪ ،‬وذيل أزغب كث (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪ 2020‬وأبريل ‪ ... )2020‬وقد ُ‬ ‫سوداء على جوانب جسمه ؛ وهو ذو بُنية قوية وأرجله األمامية طويلة وأسنانه كبيرة قوية قادرة على تهشيم العظام‬ ‫وفتح الجماجم ‪ ،‬ويُغطي الجسم شعر كثيف ذا لون رمادي واألذنان طويلتان والذيل قصير أبيض ُمصفر وأسود (الحياة‬ ‫البرية في المملكة العربية السعودية) ‪ ..‬والضباع ليلية المعيشة وتخرج ليال للبحث عن الغذاء حيث تتغذى على الجيف‬ ‫والثدييات الصغيرة والزواحف والطيور والحشرات والفواكه (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪ 2020‬وأبريل ‪ )2020‬؛ كما أنها قد‬ ‫ت ُهاجم أحيانا قطعان الماشية ‪ ..‬ويُمكن أن تتزاوج الضباع طوال العام ‪ ،‬وتكون فترة الحمل ما بين ‪ 92 – 88‬يوما ‪،‬‬ ‫عل ولد الضبع) ‪ ،‬وتُفطم الفراعل بعُمر ‪ 4‬أشهر ‪ ،‬وتُرافق أمهاتها في البحث عن‬ ‫وتلد من ‪ 5 – 1‬فراعل (جمع فُر ُ‬ ‫عمر ما بين ‪12 – 10‬‬ ‫الغذاء بعُمر ‪ 6‬أشهر ‪ ،‬وتصل إلى مرحلة البلوغ بعُمر ‪ 3 – 2‬سنوات ‪ ،‬وتعيش في البرية إلى ُ‬ ‫عاما ‪ ،‬وفي األسر ما بين ‪ 25 – 20‬عاما (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪ 2020‬وأبريل ‪ ... )2020‬وقد نُسجت حوله الكثير من‬ ‫القصص الشعبية وأنه "يضبع" الناس ويجعلهم يتبعونه إلى وكره ليتغذى عليهم ‪ ،‬وكلها بالطبع ال تمت إلى الحقيقة‬ ‫ال ِعلمية بصلة (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪ 2016‬ومارس ‪ 2020‬وأبريل ‪ .. )2020‬وهو يتعرض لألسف للقتل وال ُمالحقة والدهس‬ ‫في العديد من مناطق إنتشاره في شبه الجزيرة العربية مما يُهدد بإنقراضه (خلف ‪ ،‬يناير ‪ 2014‬ومارس ‪2020‬‬ ‫وأبريل ‪ .. )2020‬باإلضافة إلى أنه يُصطاد ويُؤكل لحمهُ في المملكة العربية السعودية حيث يُعتبر لحمهُ حالال (خلف‬ ‫‪ ،‬أبريل ‪ .. )2020‬والنوع ُمصنف عالميا ك ُمهدد باإلنقراض (خلف ‪ ،‬مارس ‪ 2020‬وأبريل ‪. )2020‬‬

‫‪Hunting and killing an Arabian Striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia.‬‬ ‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YScDqT6Qo5c‬‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020‬‬

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Main Characteristics Striped Hyenas have a body length of 1.1 m (3.6 ft), a tail length of 20 cms (8 inches) and they weigh between 35 and 40 kgs (77 – 88 lbs). They are grey or pale brown in colour with 5 – 9 dark coloured, vertical stripes on their flanks. They have a mane on their neck and shoulders and a bushy tail (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

Their head is rounded and they have a black, pointed muzzle. Their ears are pointed and they are set high on their head. On each foot they have four toes with blunt, nonretractable claws. Their front legs are longer than their hind which gives their back a sloping appearance and they have powerful jaws with strong teeth (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

Striped Hyenas have excellent senses of vision, hearing and smell. They are usually silent but will vocalize if excited or threatened. When they feel threatened they are able to erect their mane and the hairs on their back to make themselves appear much larger than they are (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

Habitat Striped Hyenas are found in the open savannahs, grasslands, arid mountainous regions and scrub woodlands of west, north and east Africa and west to south Asia (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

They are mainly solitary but sometimes they form small family groups. They are active at night and they spend their days sleeping in a burrow or cave (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

Slaughtering and skinning an Arabian Striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFmClPKGuDM Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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Diet Striped Hyenas mainly feed on carrion (carcass) but they also catch live prey such as insects, rodents, birds, lizards and rabbits. They will also supplement their diet by eating a variety of fruits (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

Breeding Striped Hyenas breed at any time during the year and after a gestation period of 88 – 92 days, 1 – 5 cubs are born in a den. Between 5 and 9 days old the cubs will open their eyes and at 30 days old they will begin to eat solid food (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

The young are weaned at 4 months old and begin to accompany their mother on foraging trips at 6 months old. They reach sexual maturity at 2 – 3 years of age. Life expectancy in wild is 10-12 years, and 20-25 years in captivity (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

Predators Predators of Striped Hyenas include humans. They are not favoured prey of larger carnivores such as lions and tigers and they tend to keep themselves at a safe distance (The Animal Files; Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

Slaughtering and skinning an Arabian Striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e-V-T4jgHw

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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Subspecies There are 5 subspecies of Striped Hyena: Indian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758) – India, Iraq, Iran, Turkey.

Barbary Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena Barbara de Blainville, 1844) – North West Africa.

Sudanese Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena dubbah Meyer, 1793) – North East Africa.

Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) – Arabian Peninsula.

Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900) – Levant, Iraq, Turkey (Khalaf, March 2020, April 2020).

Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) in Saudi Arabia Classified as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), dwindling numbers of the Striped Hyena exist in Saudi Arabia today. In Saudi Arabia, the Arabian hyenas have lived there for thousands of years. We can see a lot of hyaena rock art engraved on mountain rocks in different parts of the Kingdom (see photo on page 2). They live in open land close to agricultural areas, as well as in wadis and lava fields (Harat), and spread in most parts of the Kingdom Except for the Empty Quarter and the desert of Nafud. It is abundant in the western, northern, eastern and southwestern regions and parts of the central region.

The Striped Hyena lives a nomadic lifestyle, constantly on the move. It is a popular feature in Middle Eastern folklore and there have been a few reports in the past of this animal being a delicacy amongst some families in Middle Eastern countries (Abbasi1986) including Saudi Arabia.

Slaughtering an Arabian Striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://mz-mz.net/29882/.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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Striped Hyaena is hunted for meat in Saudi Arabia The thought of hunting and eating hyena might send shivers down the spine of some, but not Saudis (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013).

Considered a unique and scrumptious delicacy, hyenas are found in small numbers in Saudi Arabia but are largely consumed by Saudis (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013).

And while people continue to gorge on the beast’s meat, they seldom realize that they are on the verge of being extinct (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013).

According to a report published in Al-Watan, hyenas are on the list of animals threatened with extinction (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013).

Hunting and killing an Arabian Striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://www.alweeam.com.sa/213375/‫لل‬-‫ويوثق‬-‫حبران‬-‫جبل‬-‫في‬-‫ضبعا‬-‫يصطاد‬-‫شاب‬/

Saudi Gazette (20.06.2013) continues: (Ahmad Al-Bouq, director of the Wildlife Research Center in Taif, said the threat to the species was dire. “Hyenas are threatened with extinction in the Kingdom. They are classified among the big beasts of prey, aside from the Arabian Leopard and Caracal”.

The ruling behind eating hyena meat in Islam is permissible. Dr. Saud Bin Mus’id AlThubaiti, member of the teaching staff at the faculty of Shariah at Umm Al-Qura University, and a former professor, said that the Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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him) has forbidden eating the meat of beasts of prey that have canine teeth and birds that have claws. However, he permitted eating hyena meat.

Al-Thubaiti further said that hyena meat is halal although it has canine teeth. “Whoever is in the state of consecration Ihram and hunts a hyena will have to slaughter a sheep as a penalty. As for other forbidden animals and birds, there is no penalty if a Muhrim hunts them”.

Nasser Al-Thubaiti said he has hunted hyenas several times. After he kills the animal, he immediately removes the viscera from his abdomen. He said that this is usually done by hyena hunters so that the offal does not emit their toxins into the meat and pollute it) (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013).

Hunting and killing an Arabian Striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://www.aksalser.com/news/2018/09/10/‫با‬-‫نادرة‬-‫برية‬-‫حيوانات‬-‫يصطادون‬-‫سعوديون‬/

Jaber Al-Otaibi said he hunts hyenas when he encounters them during a hunting trip.

He presents them as a gift to his friend who eats hyena meat, but he himself has never tasted the meat in his life (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013).

Abdulraheem Al-Otaibi said he loves eating hyena meat, as it has a special taste which distinguishes it from other animals, and championed its medicinal benefits “Hyena meat has a unique taste and has an effect that is stronger than well-known aphrodisiacs” (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013; Osborne, 2013). He said people are disgusted by hyena meat due to the shape of the animal, and the fact that it is carnivorous (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013).

Saudi Gazette (20.06.2013) continues: (On the other hand, Saudi national Ibrahim AlOtaibi expressed his disappointment and astonishment at people who eat hyena meat, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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as it feeds on dead animals.

He said that once he attended a dinner party where hyena meat was served, but he didn’t take a single bite while others voraciously ate.

Meantime, Dr. Mundhir Abdullah, a consultant internist, said there no scientific study has proven that hyena meat is beneficial to man’s health, or if it harms anyone.

He also said that eating hyena meat does not cure any disease, as some people might believe.

However, he advised that it’s better to avoid it as it feeds on animal carcasses.

Other reasons threatening the extinction of hyena is that some people kill or poison them as they threaten the lives of human beings and livestock) (Saudi Gazette, 20.06.2013).

Striped Hyaena Range. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streifenhyäne#/media/Datei:Hyaena_hyaena_map.png

Hyenas are being threatened with extinction because people across Saudi Arabia have developed a taste for the wild animal’s meat (Osborne, 2013).

In 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed the striped hyena as “near threatened” as its population was estimated to be below 10,000.

They are native to north and east Africa, the Middle East and central Asia. IUCN said that humans posed a major threat by poisoning the animals and hunting them for use in traditional medicines (Osborne, 2013).

“There is also illegal trade in skins, and body parts for use in traditional medicine, and they are often kept in cages for display purposes,” the organisation said (Osborne, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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2013). “The species is commercially hunted in Morocco for use in traditional medicine, with various parts being used, especially the brain, and may fetch very high prices.

Hunters may travel hundreds of kilometers to capture this species” (Osborne, 2013).

However, hyenas are now under threat from people using them as a food source in Saudi Arabia (Osborne, 2013).

Under Islamic law, the meat of hyenas is considered halal, or lawful, even though the animal is wild (Osborne, 2013).

Slaughtering and skinning Arabian Striped Hyaenas in Saudi Arabia. https://al-marsd.com/257915.html

Restaurant serving Hyaena meat in Saudi Arabia The municipality of Surat Obaidah in Saudi Arabia closed down a well-known restaurant and fined its owner SR10,000 for serving clients hyena meat (Arab News, 26 July 2016).

During a surprise visit, inspectors found that the restaurant along the Najran-Khamees Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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Mushait Road was closed and being guarded by a worker, while cooking was underway inside (Arab News, 26 July 2016).

The inspection team cordoned off the area and confiscated the meat, which turned out to be that of hyena (Arab News, 26 July 2016).

Arab News (26 July 2016) continues: (Said bin Saleh, a citizen, said he had once been invited to a reception where hyena meat was served. He said he was surprised to see people relished it.

Abdurrahman Al-Qahtani said he liked hyena meat, which tastes different from any other meat. He said it has a unique taste and that “its effect is stronger than that of any famous stimulant.”

Veterinary doctor Khalid Al-Qahtani said the meat of this animal is in high demand. It costs more than that of Gazelle. One kilogram of hyena meat costs SR200 or more, depending on the age of the animal, he said. No health benefits or harmful effects of this meat have been scientifically proved.

A report in ‘International Business Times (ibtimes)’ said hyenas are being threatened with extinction because people across the Kingdom have developed a taste for the wild animal’s meat.

In 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the striped hyena as “near threatened” as its population was estimated to be below 10,000.

Eating hyena meat was also permitted by Al-Shabaab militants in southern Somalia. In August 2015, a resident of Kismayo told ‘Hiiraan Online’ that since it was approved, restaurants have begun selling it and the price has raised so much so that it is now only affordable to wealthy people (Arab News, 26 July 2016).

Hyena meat is also eaten in areas of Pakistan and Iran, where it is considered halal) (Arab News, 26 July 2016).

Hunting an Arabian Striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://www.eremnews.com/latestnews/403449 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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Hunting an Arabian Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) in UAE The Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) is considered extinct in the United Arab Emirates. While there have been reports of striped hyaenas spotted between Liwa and Dubai, the last official sighting in the UAE was in 2002 (The National, 03.02.2010; Khalaf, April 2020).

Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) in Palestine The Arabian Striped Hyaena is known from southern Arabia. In Palestine, it occurs near the southern end of the Dead Sea (Neot Hakikar). A specimen in the collection of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem constitutes the first geographical record for Palestine. It may be that the Arabian race intergrades with the Syrian subspecies (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in the northern part of its range (Khalaf, July 2006).

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Slaughtering and skinning an Arabian Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

Striped Hyaena Facts 1. One of three hyena species: First species: Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are widespread across sub-Saharan Africa. They are larger and the most commonly encountered hyena on an African safari.

It is this species that has the distinctive laughing call.

Second species: Brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea) are incredibly rare, with just a few isolated populations across southern Africa. Spotting one of these would be the top of almost any safari connoisseur’s list.

Third species: Striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) are the smallest of the hyena species and are very different from their cousins (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

2. Striped hyenas are mentioned in the bible.

These incredible animals used to be widespread, especially across the Middle East.

They are mentioned in early Hebrew versions of the bible, referred to as zevoa or tzebua.

Literally translated this means “howling creature.”

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Even in the bible these animals didn’t receive any credit. They are considered powerful yet cowardly in the Book of Ecclesiasticus 13:18. Or see the original version of Jeremiah 12:9 – “Is my heritage to me like a hyena’s lair? Go assemble all the wild beasts, bring them to devour” (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

3. They are not grave robbers.

Part of their early legend was linked to cult and magic. This continues today.

Many cultures believe that striped hyenas rob graves, scavenging on dead carcasses deep in the night. This, of course, is little more than a fanciful tale.

It is true that striped hyenas scavenged on human corpses during times of war. This is illustrated in Turkey, where stones were placed on top of war graves to prevent hyenas from digging out bodies. The behaviour was also widely reported during war in Lebanon.

However, this was during wartime, when a lot of people died and many weren’t buried properly. It is natural for an expert scavenger to find a mass grave and feed from the corpses. It is not true that these animals visit village cemeteries to dig out victims (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Hyaena meat being prepared for cooking in Saudi Arabia. https://sahranews.com/news12119.html

4. They don’t transport witches.

In certain Arab cultures like in Palestine it’s believed that striped hyena can cast spells on people, before eating them alive in a cave.

In many parts of northern India, striped hyenas are known as the horse of witches.

Folklore suggests that witches ride on the back of striped hyena. When the carnivore scavenges a human carcass, the witch devours the soul of the deceased (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

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5. They are not vampires.

Even worse, Old Persian folklore considered these animals to be vampires. After mesmerising their victims using a pungent smelling liquid (see number 18), the hyena would suck blood from their necks (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Hyaena meat and rice meal in Saudi Arabia. https://sahranews.com/news12119.html

6. Striped hyena parts are used in traditional medicine.

Being touched by the devil is pretty powerful stuff, or so certain cultures believe. That’s one reason why striped hyena body parts are commonly used in traditional medicine.

In some beliefs a striped hyena penis can be used as a talisman to boost male fertility. In others, their skulls are ground up and used to heal various ailments. The feet and brains have special powers that only a traditional doctor can know about.

Their skins are also revered and can fetch a lot of money on the black market. For example, the fur is considered an irresistible charm in Iranian folklore, forcing everyone to yield to its owner.

Here are some other examples of striped hyena parts being used in folklore magic: • •

Also in Iran, a hyena bone can be worn on the upper arm as a form of protection.

Back in the times of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, wearing a striped hyena anus on the upper arm made a man irresistible to women.

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Around the Khyber Pass – between Afghanistan and Pakistan – rubbing burned striped hyena fat onto the genitals increases sexual potency.

That same fat is eaten in parts of India as a natural medicine against rheumatism.

Eating the tongue and drinking the blood can fight tumours in parts of northern India.

Keeping a striped hyena penis in vermilion powder helps its male owner have multiple lovers (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

In Saudi Arabia, it is believed that eating hyaena liver cures many diseases.

In Saudi Arabia, It is believed that using the blood of striped hyaena cures against psoriasis, and is also good to use on children skin.

Using hyaena blood on a child skin in Saudi Arabia. https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

7. Hyena meat is considered halal in Islamic culture.

Eating hyena has also been considered an aphrodisiac. Even though the animal is completely wild, its meat is seen as halal, or lawful, in Islamic culture.

This has been particularly prominent in areas of Pakistan, Somalia and Saudi Arabia where striped hyena meat has become a pricey delicacy (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

8. Less than 10,000 remain in the wild.

It really doesn’t look good for the striped hyena. They are almost universally disliked, completely misunderstood, and their body parts can be sold for decent sums of money.

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Now they are on the hit list of professional poachers as well as being regularly killed in traps set up by villagers. All that means that less than 10,000 of them remain in the wild.

Despite this incredibly low number they are only classified as near threatened on the IUCN red list (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Hunting and caging Striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

9. Living alone rather than in clans.

Spotted hyena can move in clans of over 50, especially on East Africa’s open grasslands.

They are social animals and will allow rivals to pass through their territory.

Striped hyenas live alone or in pairs. If they do live in clans the maximum number is six. That makes them very difficult to track, so the actual number of animals in the wild remains unknown. There is a good chance that the population is closer to 5000 (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

10. Striped hyenas are widespread across North and East Africa, the Middle East and India.

While living in tiny numbers these incredible carnivores still exist in almost two dozen countries. They are found deep in the Sahara, in the deserts of Saudi Arabia and Oman, plus Yemen, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Pakistan and India.

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Unfortunately, many of these countries have been hostile for humans to live. And ideas of animal conservation slip way down the list during times of war.

Kenya and Tanzania are the best countries for seeing striped hyena on a safari. Here they compete with larger spotted hyena, causing them to exist on the fringes of national parks and wilderness areas (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Slaughtering and skinning a striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

11. The ultimate scavengers.

Despite popular stereotypes, spotted hyenas hunt most of their food. They are large carnivorous predators.

Striped hyena are much smaller and don’t have the same ability to take down prey. Yet they do have an incredible capacity to find a meal.

They will eat almost anything, especially rotting flesh and the kind of filth that even pigs would avoid. In this regard they are like vultures, eating the meat and flesh that others can’t stomach (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

12. The animal kingdom’s most evolved stomach.

How is it possible to eat rotting flesh and faeces? A strong stomach is the secret.

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Striped hyenas have a high concentration of hydrochloric acid in their stomachs, as shown by a very low pH level (like other scavengers the pH level in their stomachs is less than two, compared with human stomachs that are closer to three).

This acidity destroys bacteria before it reaches the intestines. It’s like a filter that stops all the bad bacteria multiplying.

So rather than getting sick from eating rancid meat, striped hyenas find an everyday meal. Still, even though their diet is free range, it’s hard to imagine that hyena meat is palatable to humans.

Their stomach is matched by a strong jaw and teeth. They will crush skeletal remains into small pieces and crunch through the toughest skin and bone (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Cutting a striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

13. The animal that cleans our environment.

Why is scavenging always considered a bad thing?

Striped hyenas clean the environment. They eat the flesh and filth that is left behind.

This accelerates decay and destroys nasty bacteria that could filter into the soil and water.

So rather than detesting these animals for scavenging, we should be celebrating their Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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role in the cycle of life. Just think: without expert scavengers there would be more rancid bacteria for everything and everyone else to deal with (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Showing the jaws and teeth in a slaughtered striped hyaena head in Saudi Arabia. https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

14. A luxuriant mane.

Soft, dense, beautiful…it’s easy to see why the fur is so desirable. It would be a delight to stroke such a fur, except these are wild animals and they have an incredible defence (see number 18).

Despite their name, striped hyenas don’t always have clearly visible stripes upon their mane, certainly not like defined zebra stripes. The stripes are most conspicuous along their flank and legs. Some striped hyenas are more striped than others.

The coat is a soft grey brown colour, lighter around the legs and darker across the mane. It’s enlivened by a large black neck spot – it’s this distinguishing spot that is best used to identify the species from its cousins (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

15. A truly nocturnal animal.

After spending the day in their den these animals usually emerge in complete darkness.

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They explore wide territories, including coming into contact with villages. But they don’t risk being seen. Typically these hyenas will have returned to their den long before sunrise (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Slaughtered head of a striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

16. Remarkable eyesight, but a poor sense of smell.

It’s a myth that striped hyena have an excellent sense of smell, although it’s easy to understand why the myth circulated.

Most canines have great olfactory organs. However, hyenas are not canines, nor are they cats. They have their own animal family: Hyaenidae.

Rather than smell, the striped hyena relies on its acute eyesight. When the world goes dark these animals can still see very well. They find their food by sight and can pick up on the slightest movements, many miles away (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

17. Adults weigh around 35 kg (77 lb).

That’s not very big for a carnivore. Large males weigh up to 55 kg but 35 kg is the average.

They are around one meter in length and 70 cm at the shoulder. Add on a 30 cm tail and it’s still a small animal, certainly much smaller than the largest antelope species in Africa (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

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18. An ingenious defence against predators.

This small size makes them potential prey for other carnivores, including clans of spotted hyena.

They will also be attacked by lions and leopards, not just to eat but to remove competition from their territories.

Still, how is this for an ingenious defence?

Striped hyenas don’t fight back. Instead, they turn their anus inside out and spray a foul smelling liquid at their attackers!

The hyenas can’t smell it yet their attackers have finely tuned nostrils. Unfortunately, such a defence is no match for human predators with snares and guns (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

19. A monogamous relationship.

Many of Africa’s carnivores must climb to the top before getting the chance to mate.

Even worse, young males are often kicked out so they don’t have chance to develop and compete for the pride’s females.

Striped hyenas are much more like us. They develop monogamous relationships and raise their young together.

Everything is shared, from establishing the den to feeding the cubs. The cub stays with its parents until its independent and can source all its own food.

Usually the cub wanders off and the monogamous relationship breaks down, leaving all three of the family on their own (again, not dissimilar to human family relationships) (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Slaughtered meat of a striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. www.rafha-news.com/news-actionshow-id-15274.htm Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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Hunting a striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYyiHE5eT90

20. Living until the age of 12.

In captivity these animals can live until they are more than 20. It’s harder in the wild and anything over ten is considered old (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

21. Striped hyena needs our help.

While it may be humorous to read of vampires, grave robbers and talisman charms, the reality is bleak for these ancient animals.

They are being hunted and their population has been declining by 10% every 30 years.

Habitat destruction is another major problem, especially with new quarries and mines literally wiping out striped hyena dens.

These animals need our support. They need to be visible and understood. So share the word and let’s tell the world about this misunderstood legend (Africa Freak, 01 May 2019).

Long misunderstood as dim-witted, gluttonous scavengers with a demonic laugh, the hyena has a “serious PR crisis on its paws,” says Arjun Dheer, a Ph.D. student at the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Germany, who studies spotted hyenas in Tanzania’s Ngorongoro Crater ( D E L L ’ A M O R E , 2 0 1 9 ) .

Bad reputation …..That’s because centuries of literature and traditional folklore— often featuring stories of witchcraft, grave-digging, and sexual deviance—have cemented a “deep-rooted disgust for the hyena in the human psyche,” he says.

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Aristotle described the hyena as “exceedingly fond of putrefied flesh.” Hemingway labeled the animal a “hermaphroditic self-eating devourer of the dead.” And Roosevelt called it a “singular mixture of abject cowardice and the utmost ferocity,” according to a 1995 study on the hyena’s status throughout history. Pliny the Elder, an ancient Roman author, wrote that hyenas can magically freeze other animals in place; and Shakespeare writes in As You Like It: “I will laugh like a hyena, and that when thou art inclined to sleep” ( D E L L ’ A M O R E , 2 0 1 9 ) .

With such an unsavory history, it’s no surprise pop culture depictions of hyenas have followed suit. The all-new movie, The Lion King, which Disney released on 19 July 2019, again portrays a trio of spotted hyenas as evil sidekicks of the villain Scar. (The Walt Disney Company is majority owner of National Geographic Partners) (DELL’AMORE, 2019).

Slaughtering a striped Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://twitter.com/alshemasyah/status/938368623311310848

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Said/publication/257132274_Distribution_of_Striped_Hyaena_Hyaena_hyaena_syriaca _Matius_1882_Carnivora_Hyaenidae_in_urban_and_rural_areas_of_Lebanon/links/56 2e709908ae22b17035f1da.pdf Africa Freak (01 May 2019). The misunderstood legend: 21 incredible facts about striped hyena. https://africafreak.com/striped-hyena Al Ain Zoo (2019). Animals: Striped Hyena. https://www.alainzoo.ae/explorezoo/animals/mammals/striped-hyena American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (26.01.2018). Desert & Water Research: Striped Hyenas Are Disappearing. https://aabgu.org/striped-hyenasdisappearing/ Arabian Business (02 February 2010). First wild hyenas hit UAE tourist resort. https://www.arabianbusiness.com/first-wild-hyenas-hit-uae-tourist-resort-9023.html Arabian Business (19.05.2010). 15 baboons, 2 hyenas seized from Abu Dhabi house. https://www.arabianbusiness.com/15-baboons-2-hyenas-seized-from-abu-dhabi-house-270202.html Arabian Rock Art Heritage. Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena. Saudi Arabian Rock Art. Book: Stories in the Rocks. http://saudi-archaeology.com/subjects/striped-hyena/ Arab News. Hyena has last laugh: Restaurant selling its meat shut (26.07.2016). www.arabnews.com/node/959846/saudi-arabia BioLib. Subspecies Syrian Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900. https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id652395/ Brennan, Sam (30.11.2018). Lebanese groups work to protect striped hyenas. AlMonitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/11/lebanese-stripedhyena-under-threat.html Cunningham, Peter; Torsten Wronski & Khalid Al Aqeel. Predators persecuted in the asir region, western 25audi Arabia. https://www.wmenews.com/newsletters/WME_V4_I1_en_7.pdf D E L L ’ A M O R E , C H R I S T I N E ( 1 4 J U N E 2 0 1 9 ) . Hyenas have a bad rap— but they’re Africa’s most successful predator.

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Saudi Arabian citizen posing with an Arabian Striped hyaena slaughtered head. https://twasul.info/1213961/‫خالل‬-‫ونيص‬-‫ضبع‬-‫وسلخ‬-‫ذبح‬-‫مروعة‬-‫مشاهد‬/

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Supervisor: Dr. Nigel Dunstone. Unpublished scientific research and data & scientific diary. Research Notebook. Pp. 1-52.

-‫وسلخ‬-‫ذبح‬-‫مروعة‬-‫مشاهد‬/Slaughtered Porcupines and Hyaena in Saudi Arabia. https://twasul.info/1213961 /‫خالل‬-‫ونيص‬-‫ضبع‬

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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2006, 484 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm & eBook (Google Drive): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mjzf_I_b8wTX_BHd1RsuU4ykhJlIKW2/view?usp=sharing Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine and the East Mediterranean Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 57, Twenty-fourth Year, September 2006. Pp. 17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Weasel_Palestine.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2007).

Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Palaestina. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Palaestina/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu’a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia).

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth Year, September 2007 CE, Sha’ban 1428 AH. Pp. 1-4. (in Arabic).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

30

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7 %D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.

ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli (July) 2007, 300 pp. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English). Doctoral Dissertation. Ashwood University, USA. Doctor of Science Degree in Zoology (Summa Cumm Laude) on 26.09.2007. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm & Doctoral Dissertation (eBook) : https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59397999/doctorate-dissertationfelidae-arabica-by-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-doctor-of-science-ashwood-universityusa-2007 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Canis aureus palaestina Khalaf, 2008: A New Golden Jackal Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 80, August 2008,Rajab / Sha’ban 1429 AH. Pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstract in English). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Golden_Jackal.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. First Edition: September 2008. 396 Pages. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler,Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59551346/book-carnivora-arabica-bydr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2008 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.

Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. Pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59498633/fauna-palaestina-1-bookby-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-2009 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus – Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 – 2009. / Fauna Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59546804/fauna-emiratus-part-1zoological-studies-in-the-united-arab-emirates-between-2004-2009-by-dr-norman-alibassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2010 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (15.06.2012). Striped Hyaena at Arabia’s Wildlife Center, Sharjah, UAE. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwae7HCAjE8 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (14.07.2012). Spotted Hyena and Striped Hyena at Giza Zoo, Cairo, Egypt. 14.07.2012. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NynE4gJVysc Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (15.07.2012). Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) at the Lion Village on Alexandria – Cairo Desert Road. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8MBHMQoK10 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Zwei.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2.

1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59602956/fauna-palaestina-part-2book-by-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2012 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (26.10.2012). Striped Hyena at Al Ain Zoo, UAE. 26.10.2012 – YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TV0JoVhemU Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Drei.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/62740914/fauna-palaestina-part-3year-2013-by-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-isbn-978-9950-383-35-7 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (15.10.2013). Spotted Hyena at Emirates Park Zoo in Abu Dhabi – YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZrJ62MN3tw Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Two Wolf Subspecies (Canis lupus arabs Pocock, 1934) and (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

32

November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. Pp. 1-29. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/palestinewolf1.htm & https://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/palestinewolf2.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (January 2014).

Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in the State of Palestine in 2013. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 109, January 2014, Rabiea Al Awal 1435 AH. Pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-ofpalestine.webs.com/killing-incidents-of-animals Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Vier.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/view/62741122/book-fauna-palaestina-4year-2014-by-prof-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-isbn-978-9950-383-77-7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Plants and Animals unique to Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015. Pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine-2.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Fünf.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950-383-92-0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-books.webs.com/ & eBook (Google Drive): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C9Vo6oBn4AAYB7XnpeIGgEXgOBZFzar6/view?us p=sharing Khalaf, Norman Ali (March 2016). Hyaena in Palestine. ‫ الضبع يف فلسطي‬. Facebook Photo Album. 28.03.2016. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/media_set?set=a.10154160315244831 &type=3 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (March 2016). Striped Hyaena at Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in Sharjah. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkzK4Woj3P0 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016).

Haywanat Falastin (Fauna of Palestine) ‫ حيوانات فلسطين‬. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 144, December 2016, pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). http://animals-of-palestine-2.webs.com/fauna-ofpalestine-arabic Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali (2018). Arabian Striped Hyaena at Al Hefaiyah Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

33

Mountain Conservation Centre Kalba Sharjah 27.09.2018. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDiizrtaJN8 Khalaf, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (Abu Nora) (2018). The Family of Sharif Hajji Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Khalaf (Abu Othman). A Pictorial History Book of a Palestinian Family from Jaffa in the Twentieth Century. ISBN 978-9950-974-40-1. First Edition, October 2018, Safar 1440 Hijri. 120 pp. In Arabic. Publisher: Prof. Dr. Norman Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://family-taherkhalaf.webs.com/ & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/62242473/book-family-taher-khalaf2018 Khalaf, Norman Ali (09.06.2019). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in Palestine. ‫سوري في فلسطين‬ ُ ‫ الضبع ال ُمخطط ال‬. Facebook: Norman Ali Khalaf. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157205063594831&set=a.127745184830 &type=3&theater Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (14.06.2019). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in Palestine. ‫سوري في فلسطين‬ ُ ‫ الضبع ال ُمخطط ال‬. Facebook: Prof. Dr. Norman Khalaf Department for Environmental Research, National Research Center, State of Palestine. https://www.facebook.com/660825917404649/photos/a.1129000670587169/132426821 1060413/?type=3&theater Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (14.06.2019). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in Palestine. ‫سوري في فلسطين‬ ُ ‫ الضبع ال ُمخطط ال‬. Facebook: Prof. Dr. Norman Khalaf Department for Environmental Media, Palestine. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157219575699831&set=gm.89441630090 3771&type=3&theater&ifg=1 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (04.07.2019). Striped Hyaena at Kuwait Zoo 04.07.2019. YouTube. https://youtu.be/wIWps6v5MDU Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdullah Mohammad (August 2019). Presence of the Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs Pocock, 1934) in Khan Yunis Governorate, Gaza Strip, State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.

Volume 37, Number 176, August 2019, pp. 1-10. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://animals-of-palestine3.webs.com/ Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (March 2020). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Volume 38, Number 183, March 2020, pp. 1-17. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://carnivores-ofGazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

34

palestine.webs.com/hyaena-in-palestine & https://issuu.com/dr-norman-alikhalaf/docs/hyaena_in_palestine-converted Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (April 2020). The Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in the United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.

Volume 38, Number 184, April 2020, pp. 1-20. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://arabian-carnivores.webs.com/ & https://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-khalaf/docs/arabian_hyaena_in_uae-converted Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (May 2020). The Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Volume 38, Number 185, May 2020, pp. 1-38. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://arabiancarnivores.webs.com/hyaena-in-saudi-arabia

Khaleej Times (03 February 2010). Striped Hyenas Born on Sir Bani Yas Island. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20100203/ARTICLE/302039843/1002 Khaleej Times. (26.07.2016). This Gulf restaurant was serving HYENA MEAT to customers. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/saudi-arabia/this-gulf-restaurant-was-servinghyena-meat-to-customers Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in India. http://www.walkthroughindia.com/wildlife/killing-incidents-of-wild-animals-inGazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

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Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. (1999). Fauna Palaestina: Mammalia of Israel. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Keterpress Enterprises, 439 pp.

Nazzal, Nasouh (31.07.2015). Hyena stoned to death in West Bank. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/hyena-stoned-to-death-in-west-bank-1.1559358 O’Keefe, Faisal (17 March 2015). ‘Arabian Ark’ is saving UAE wildlife from extinction. Green Prophet. https://www.greenprophet.com/2015/03/arabianark-is-saving-uae-wildlife-from-extinction/ OnEarth (25.01.2018). Striped Hyenas Don’t Have Magical Powers, But Their Disappearing Act Is Real. EcoWatch. https://www.ecowatch.com/hyenas-in-india2528561632.html Osborne, Hannah (21 June 2013). Hyena Burger? Saudi Taste for Wild Meat Threatens Species Extinction. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hyena-meat-extinction-saudi-arabiaconsumption-halal-481755 Palestine Wildlife Society. Mammals Checklist. http://www.wildlifepal.org/en/life/type/2 Palestinian Grassroots Anti-apartheid Wall Campaign (04.05.2019). Israel sets hyenas on Palestinians. https://www.stopthewall.org/2019/05/04/israel-sets-hyenaspalestinians Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1992). Review of “Mammals of Arabia” by D.L. Harrison and P.J. Bates. J. Mammal., 73: 228-229.

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An Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Center in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 28.03.2016. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157205063594831&set=a.127745184830&type=3 &theater & https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/arabian-striped-hyaena-hy-dr-norman-alikhalaf-von-/42575208

Tristram, H. B. (1867). The Natural History of the Bible. Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Publ. London. 515 pp.

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Tristram, H. B. (1884). The Fauna and Flora of Palestine. The Survey of Western Palestine. Palestine Exploration Fund, London. 455 pp.

University of Illinois Extension. Wildlife – Just One Piece of the Picture. http://urbanext.illinois.edu/ecosystems/teacherguide2.cfm Visit Palestine. Flora & Fauna. http://visitpalestine.ps/flora-fauna/ Wikipedia. Animal trapping. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping Wikipedia. Habitat destruction. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction Wikipedia. Streifenhyäne. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streifenhyäne Wikipedia. Striped Hyena. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena Wikipedia. ‫ ضبع مخطط‬. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/‫ضبع_مخطط‬ World Animal Foundation. Help Save Wildlife. http://www.worldanimalfoundation.net/wildlife.html Yom-Tov, Y. (1988). The Zoogeography of the Birds and Mammals of Israel. (pp. 389410). In: The Zoogeography of Israel: The distribution and abundance at a Zoogeographical crossroad. (ed. Yom-Tov, Y. and Tchernov, E.), Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, viii + 600 pp.

Yom-Tov, Prof. Yoram (2003). Poaching of Israeli Wildlife by Guest Workers. Biological Conservation, 110: 11-20.

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YscDqT6Qo5c . ‫الحياة البرية تطالب بوقف قتل الضباع‬ 09.02.2013http://www.wafa.ps/arabic/index.php?action=detail&id=147895 ‫شبان من قرية جوريش من القضاء على ضبع شكل خطرا على‬ ‫المنطقة‬https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1081305 ‫في‬ ‫ضبع‬ ‫قتل‬ ‫تستنكر‬ ‫البرية‬ ‫دورا‬http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/440656

‫تمكن‬

:

‫الحياة‬

‫بالصور‬ ‫جمعية‬

‫تأثير اإلحتالل اإلسرائيلي على الحياة البرية‬http://www.wafainfo.ps/atemplate.aspx?id=2386 . ‫ الضبع المخطط‬: ‫ العائلة الضبعية‬: ‫ رتبة اللواحم‬: ‫ الثديات‬. ‫الحياة البرية في المملكة العربية السعودية‬ http://www.saudiwildlife.com/site/home/animal/39 .

‫الكبرى‬

‫الحيوان‬

‫حياة‬

‫كتاب‬

.

‫الضبع‬ . ‫الدميري‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫كمال‬ ‫بماذا_يلقب_حيوان_الضبع‬/https://mawdoo3.com

. “‫ سعوديون يقبلون على أكل الضباع ألن لحومها ”فياغرا طبيعية‬.)2015 ‫ ديسمبر‬24( ‫شبكة إرم اإلخبارية‬ https://www.eremnews.com/latest-news/403449 .

2018

‫مايو‬

6

.

‫الضبع‬

‫لحم‬

‫أكل‬

.

‫الجازي‬ ‫من‬

‫هايل‬

‫الحكمة‬

‫بواسطة‬ ‫هي‬

‫ما‬

.

‫ بماذا يُلقب حيوان الضبع‬. )2018( ‫موضوع‬ ‫بماذا_يلقب_حيوان_الضبع‬/https://mawdoo3.com

.)03.01.2012( ‫منتدى هوامير البورصة السعودية‬ https://hawamer.com/vb/hawamer956037

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020

‫‪38‬‬

‫صحيفة المرصد (‪ . )2018‬شاهد بالفيديو ‪ :‬أشخاص مجهولون يقتلون حيوان “الضبع” المهدد باالنقراض بطريقة بشعة! ‪.‬‬ ‫‪https://al-marsd.com/257915.html‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪)2015‬‬ ‫مارس‬ ‫(‪24‬‬ ‫نيوز‬ ‫الصحراء‬ ‫‪https://sahranews.com/news12119.html‬‬

‫لحم‬

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‫‪:‬‬

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‫جنسية‬

‫سعودية‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫صحيفة الوئام اإللكترونية (‪ 11‬يوليو ‪ . )2013‬شاب يصطاد «ضبعا» في حائل ويوثق للعملية باألول من رمضان ‪.‬‬ ‫‪/https://www.alweeam.com.sa/213375‬شاب‪-‬يصطاد‪-‬ضبعا‪-‬في‪-‬جبل‪-‬حبران‪-‬ويوثق‪-‬لل‪/‬‬ ‫عكس السير (‪ 10‬سبتمبر ‪ .)2018‬سعوديون يصطادون حيوانات برية نادرة بالرصاص و يأكلونها ( فيديو)‪.‬‬ ‫‪/https://www.aksalser.com/news/2018/09/10‬سعوديون‪-‬يصطادون‪-‬حيوانات‪-‬برية‪-‬نادرة‪-‬با‪/‬‬ ‫إخبارية رفحاء (‪ 08.04.1434‬هجري) ‪ .‬عاشقي أكل "الضباع" السعوديين يهددون حيوان "الضبع" باإلنقراض ‪.‬‬ ‫‪www.rafha-news.com/news-action-show-id-15274.htm‬‬ ‫سليمان السهلي في تويتر (‪ 6‬ديسمبر ‪ . )2017‬طريقة تذكية الضبع ‪ ..‬صارت تباع كما التيوس ‪.‬‬ ‫‪https://twitter.com/ALshemasyah/status/938368623311310848‬‬ ‫صحيفة تواصل اإللكترونية ‪ .‬مشاهد مروعة ‪ ..‬ذبح وسلخ "ضبع" و "نيص" خالل رحلة برية (صور)‪.‬‬ ‫‪/https://twasul.info/1213961‬مشاهد‪-‬مروعة‪-‬ذبح‪-‬وسلخ‪-‬ضبع‪-‬ونيص‪-‬خالل‪/‬‬

‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 185 – May 2020‬‬