Phulai Newsletter Secondary Wing June 2018

“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

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“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

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Sinner

Seeing nothing beyond your cradling lap

Piercing does it seem to your heart

Satiated with broken bleeding glass

Where barrier is the veil Visible not to you but to Him

Blood and betrayal

Where truth shall not be your liberator

A new chapter to unfold

But manacles of the Armageddon

Harbinger of my torn love

Where shield He will be

Where our blood runs free and cold

not yours

But of those whom you mocked

Down the stone walls and Through the feet trodden grass

Shrill shall it seem to your ears Where retribution will be fire

Grey and grim

Eternal companion to your soul

The dirge of the sky

Where you shall stand insignificant

Pouring down on your naked back

Among myriads of your brethren

A soft touch

as the dirt embraces you

Where no one can call you back And where terror shall consume you

Neither hurt nor heard

Body and soul

A songbird of the heaven.

apocalypse of a sinner.

Ransom- martyrs

Morning in the Mist

Frail and fragile

Drifting white and red

So seems this land

Two worlds apart, where At the time of convergence

Wires and wounds

Shall they meet

Wrought into your soul Lilting does it smell

your scent

And deceitful it is to the blind “Phulai� Designed By:Javaid

My love, extend your hand Towards my heart, and Page 3

By the Oath that binds us

Drifting white and red

Shall you take it back

Drifting smoke and blood.

Soiled it will be By my blood, sweet and pure

Poems by: Hayaan Naim [SID:4741]

Drifting you and me A Question from an Innocent Two worlds apart, where At the time of convergence Shall we meet

And return when I will to you Embrace me for I have waged A war in your name Embrace me for I am shrouded in white Lowered into your arms Embrace me as a mother would to her son

Drifting white and red Two worlds apart, where At the time of convergence Shall they meet

And they did, as the sky tore apart As the wind wailed For it was a morning in the mist One of many to come

“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

Education is the basic need of everyone and has been since ancient times. One needs education, to fulfill his needs, to make difference between good and bad, to stand in the society and other things. I think everyone in today’s world wants education, the light of education.

But, can one living in a war situation attain the light of education. Can he achieve success in this situation, in this environment? Some noble man has said absolutely right that environment is must for education. It applies here in Kashmir. Can a boy or girl achieve success, can he/she fulfill his/her dreams?

All these questions need to be answered.

But, when asked are not answered and are repeatedly ignored. For what reason? Are we not their children, are we not innocent.

Another thing, if someone wants to achieve success, he/she is not supported nor is motivated. Here education is all about passing the exams from the KG’s to B.Ed or M.Ed or more like KAS and ending with a good, respectful job. Not an inch after that.

Now if he has the support, can he overcome the situation in the valley? The shutdowns, Page 4

curfew, attacks, crackdown? Every now and then the schools are shut. In fact, it has much risen since 2016. You won’t believe but it is true that the schools and colleges or simply educational institutions were almost shut for ¾ of year in 2016 and only were open for ¼ of year i.e. 3 or 4 months. What can a child learn in 4 months? Think of students in colleges, what they could learn in 4 months. Don’t they deceive the students?

We in Kashmir, have many unpleasant pasts.

We had massacres, we had killings and we had attacks. Think about a second, what all they have in common? “Murder of humanity”. Well, how can we tell if those among the murdered were all some foolish or illiterate people? There could have been a brilliant mind in them, there could have been an Einstein, and there could have been a Newton. It must be understood that our past, present and future is ruining. We won’t know when the time will past and we will be like empty vessels. Going abroad to study is not the solution of the problem; it is only running away from the problem. Who can give our precious childhood back? Daily shutdowns are just like putting oil to the fire.

But, my questions remain the same; can I be educated in such an environment? Can I achieve success like those people in other countries, states or towns? These questions need to be answered and I am just waiting to get the answer of these questions. Just waiting to get the right man who can give the answer of these questions!

“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

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Prize Distribution ceremony Delhi Public School,celebrated its Prize Distribution ceremony on thursday,14th june ,2018. The programme commenced with the morning prayer in the indoor stadium to invoke the divine blessings.Inorder to make the event successful many preparations were made by the staff members and the students.

ourselves and not the other people.He also made it clear that every accomplishment begins with a dream and for those who dream, there is no such word as IMPOSSIBLE.

Students who performed well in the last academic year were given coupons worth Rs 300 each and 15% discount on books purchased from Gulshan books.

The Annual Report was read out by Ms Arjumand Ma'am for class VII and VIII and Ms Ms Asima khanam for class IX and X , gave a clear and detailed account of the achievements & laurels won by the students. The ceremony culminated with the vote of Thanks by our worthy principal and vice principal. They appreciated all the students for their hard work and dedication to attain their goals and congratulated students for their remarkable and outstanding performance.

Also,Principal sir instructed the students to keep in mind that key to success in life is to get ahead of “Phulai� Designed By:Javaid

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“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

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PTM OF SECONDARY WING Education being a tripolar process involves efforts from teachers, students and parents. All put their efforts and complete the biggest wealth i.e Education.Role of parents is of immense importance as they are involved with their children not only during their education but through out their life.

Taking into the consideration the role of parents, a PTM was held on 20-62018 in secondary wing. Parents of class 9th and 10th attended the PTM enthusiastically and were satisfied with the staff and management. Some of them put forward their suggestions before the home room teachers and they were adhered keenly.Over all it was a successful PTM as everyone was satisfied.

“Phulai� Designed By:Javaid

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“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: an useful tool in today’s world.

Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered to be a subset of information and communications technology (ICT).Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed w riting in about 3000 BC, but the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, and ecommerce.

HISTORY: Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick.

The Antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer, and the earliest known geared mechanism.

“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. The electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the world's first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. Colossus, developed during the Second World War to decrypt German messages, was the first electronic digital computer. The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I. PERSPECTIVES: There are different perspectives of different people related to IT. The important and most talked about are mentioned below: ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE: In an academic context, the Association for Computing Machinery defines IT as "undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations .... IT specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization’s computer users.

COMMERCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT PERSPECTIVE: Companies in the information technology field are often discussed as a group as the "tech sector" or the "tech industry”. In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or Page 10

management of computer-based systems”.

The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded and replaced.The business value of information technology lies in the automation of business processes, provision of information for decision making, connecting businesses with their customers, and the provision of productivity tools to increase efficiency.

ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE: The field of information ethics was established by mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s. Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include: Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders.

Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage Unsolicited mails Hackers accessing online databases ISSUES AND CHALLENGES: As computing systems and capabilities continue expanding worldwide, data overload has become an increasingly critical issue for many IT professionals. Efficiently processing huge amounts of data to produce useful business intelligence requires large amounts of processing power, sophisticated software, and human analytic skills.

Teamwork and communication skills have also become essential for most businesses to manage the complexity of IT systems. Many IT professionals are responsible for providing service to business users who are not trained in or other information technologies but who are instead interested “Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

in simply using IT as a tool to get their work done efficiently.

System and network security issues are a primary concern for many business executives, as any security incident can potentially damage a company's reputation and cost large sums of money.

FUTURE OF IT: The biggest challenge to IT in the future is security. Security could negatively impact connectivity to public networks. If these problems cannot be successfully addressed, I envision a time of closed, private networks and less information sharing. The risks now are so great and getting worse every day that we even see foreign governments toppling superpowers the way Russia toppled the US and put its puppet in charge because of weak controls and poor security. The biggest problem isn’t the machines, it’s the people involved at every level, inside and out. In many cases IT doesn’t even rescind authentication privileges of employees fired for as long as six months. The biggest threats are not from the outside - they are insider threats, both innocent and malicious.

Even well meaning people in Government, for example, leave lap tops with classified information on buses by accident. People in the office find security too inconvenient and find ways to get around it. Malicious people shoulder-surf or use social engineering.

IT IN INDIA: Information technology in India is an industry consisting of two major components: IT services and business process outsourcing (BPO). The sector has increased its contribution to India's GDP from 1.2% in 1998 to 7.5% in 2012. According to NASSCOM, the sector aggregated revenues of US$160 billion in 2017, with export revenue standing at US$99 billion and domestic revenue at US$48 billion, growing by over 13%.

USA accounts for more than 60 per cent of Indian IT exports. India's IT Services Page 11

industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of the Tata Group in partnership with Burroughs. The first software export zone, SEEPZ – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s. The Indian IT market currently focuses on providing low-cost solutions in the services business of global IT. The presence of Indian companies in the product development business of global IT is very meager, however, this number is slowly on the rise. The other prominent trend is that IT jobs, once confined to Bangalore, are slowly starting to experience a geographical diffusion into other cities like Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. According to Google estimates, the Indian community of developers will be the largest in the world by 2018.Some major IT hubs in India are Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai and Pune. The IT sector has also led to massive employment generation in India. The industry continues to be a net employment generator — expected to add 230,000 jobs in fiscal year 2012, thus directly employing about 2.8 million people and indirectly employing 8.9 million, making it a dominant player in the global outsourcing sector. However, it continues to face challenges of competitiveness in the globalised and modern world, particularly from countries like China and Philippines. India's growing stature in the Information Age enabled it to form close ties with both the United States and the European Union. However, the recent global financial crises have deeply impacted Indian IT companies as well as global companies. As a result, hiring has dropped sharply, and employees are looking at different sectors like financial services, telecommunications, and manufacturing, which have been growing phenomenally over the last few years… LABEBAH 10TH G “Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

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�रशीक वैभव

जाड़� का मौसम …

-

लो, �फर आ गया जाड़� का मौसम ,

10TH

पहाड़� ने ओढ़ ल� चादर धूप क�

�करण� करने लगी अठखेल� झरन� से

A

चुपके से �फर दे ख ले उसम� अपना रूप ।

प्रकृ�त

ओस भी इतराने लगी है

सुन्दर रूप इस धरा का,

जो उसके हाथ लगी है ।

पवर्त िजसका ऊँचा मस्तक,2

सब ु ह के ताले क� चाबी

भीगे प�� को अपने पे गरू ु र हो चला है

आजकल है मालामाल

जेब� मो�तय� से भर�ं ह� । धुंध खेले आँख �मचोल� हवाओं से

�फर थक के सो जाए

आँचल िजसका नीला आकाश, उस पर चाँद सूरज क� �बं�दय� का ताज न�दय�-झरनो से छलकता यौवन

सतरं गी पुष्प-लताओं ने �कया श्रंग ृ ार खेत-ख�लहान� म� लहलाती फसले �बखराती मंद-मंद मुस्कान हाँ, यह� तो ह�,……

इस प्रकृ�त का स्वछं द स्वरुप

प्रफुिल्लत जीवन का �नष्छल सार

वा�दय� क� गोद म� ।

�रशीक-वैभव 10TH A

आसमान सवरने म� मसरूफ है

�हंद� सा�हत्य का इ�तहास

सरू ज इक ज़रा मस् ु कुरा दे तो शाम को

शरमाके सुखर् लाल हो जाए । बफ�ल� हवाएं दे ती थप�कयाँ रात को चुपचाप सो जाए वो करवट लेकर …

“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

�हंद� सा�हत्य भारत म� बड़ी संख्या म� लोग� द्वारा बोल� जाने वाल� �हंद� भाषा क� शास्त्रीय संस्कृत भाषा म� इसक� जड़�

ह�। �हंद� सा�हत्य को मध्ययग ु ीन काल म� दे खा जा

सकता है जब ब्राजभाषा और अवधी जैसी भाषाओं म� Page 13

क�वय� को बनाया जाता है , िजन्ह� अब �हंद� क� बोल�भाषा माना जाता है । प्रोज लेखन बहुत बाद म�

सा�हित्यक काय� को नष्ट कर �दया गया। बहुत कम ग्रंथ�,

आया, और �हंद ू गद्य का पहला काम आम तौर पर दे वक� नंदन खत्री द्वारा �ल�खत फंतासी उपन्यास चंद्रकांत के रूप म� माना जाता है ।

इस अव�ध से संबं�धत कुछ �सद्ध और नाथपंथी

क�वय� के काम भी पाए जाते ह�, ले�कन उनक�

वास्त�वकता �फर से संदेह है । �सद्धास बाद म� बौद्ध �हंद� क�वता चार प्रमख ु रूप� या शै�लय� म� �वभािजत

पंथ वज्रयान से संबं�धत थे। कई लोग तकर् दे ते ह� �क

है , भिक्त (भिक्त - कबीर, रस्कन); श्रंग ृ ार (स�दयर् -

�सद्ध क�वता क� भाषा पहले �हंद� नह�ं है , बिल्क

केशव, �बहार�); वीर-गथा (बहादरु योद्धाओं का �वस्तार); और आधु�नक (आधु�नक)।

मगधी प्रकृ�त है । नथपंथी योगी थे िजन्ह�ने हठ योग

का अभ्यास �कया था। कुछ जैन और रसौ (वीर क�व)

क�वता कायर् इस अव�ध से भी उपलब्ध ह�। आ�द काल प्राचीन काल या आ�द काल (1400 ईस्वी से पहले) म� , �हंद� सा�हत्य कन्नौज, �दल्ल� और अजमेर राज्य� म� �वक�सत �कया गया था। पथ् ृ वीराज चौहान द्वारा �दल्ल� पर शासन �कया गया था और उनके अदालत के क�व चांद बदार्ई थे। पथ् ृ वीराज चौहान पर उनक�

स्तु�त ने पथ् ृ वीराज रस को �हंद� सा�हत्य के इ�तहास

म� पहले काय� म� से एक माना जाता था। कन्नौज का आ�खर� राठौर शासक जयचंद था, िजसने संस्कृत को

और अ�धक संर�ण �दया (जो अब आम आदमी क�

भाषा नह�ं थी)। उनका अदालत क�व हषर् था (िजसका प्रमख ु काव्य कायर् नाइश�धया च�रत था)। इस अव�ध म� महोबा के शाह� क�व जगन्याक (या जग�नक) और अजमेर के नाला अन्य सा�हित्यक आंकड़े थे। हालां�क, पथ् ु म्मद ृ वीराज चौहान क� हार के बाद, मह

घोर� के अ�भयान म� इस अव�ध से संबं�धत अ�धकांश

“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

द��ण भारत म� दक्कन �ेत्र म� , द��णी या �हंदवी का इस्तेमाल �कया गया था। यह �दल्ल� सल्तनत के तहत और बाद म� है दराबाद के �नजाम के तहत �वक�सत हुआ। यह फारसी �ल�प म� �लखा गया था।

�फर भी, �हंदवी सा�हत्य को प्रोटो-�हंद� सा�हत्य के रूप म� माना जा सकता है । शेख अशरफ, मल् ु ला वाजाह� जैसे कई डेक्कानी �वशेष�� ने इस बोल� का वणर्न करने के �लए �हंदवी शब्द का इस्तेमाल �कया। रूस्तमी, �नशाती आ�द जैसे अन्य लोग इसे दक्कानी कहते ह�। शाह बह ु रनद् ु द�न जनम बीजापरु � इसे �हंद� कहते थे। पहला दक्कानी लेखक ख्वाजा बांदावाज जीसद ु राज मोहम्मद हसन था। उन्ह�ने तीन गद्य काय� - �मराज़ल ु आश�कनी, �हदायतनाम और �रसाला सहवाड़ा �लखे। उनके पोते अब्दल् ु ला हुस�ै न ने �नशातुल इश्क को �लखा था। पहला दक्कानी क�व

�नजामी था।

Page 14

इस अव�ध के प्रारं �भक भाग और प्रारं �भक भिक्त कला म� , रामानंद और गोरखनाथ जैसे कई संत-क�व प्र�सद्ध हो गए। कुछ �वद्या�पती के मै�थल� काय� म� �हंद� का सबसे पुराना रूप भी दे खा जा सकता है ।

भिक्त काल

स्कूल थे - �नगण ुर् ा स्कूल (एक �नरथर्क भगवान या

एक अमत ू र् नाम के �वश्वा�सय�) और सगन ु ा स्कूल

(�वष्णु के गण ु � और उपासक� के साथ भगवान के

�वश्वा�सय� अवतार)। कबीर और गरु ु नानक �नगण ुर् ा स्कूल से संबं�धत ह�, और उनका दशर्न आ�द

शंकरचायर् के महान आद�वता दशर्नशास्त्र से काफ�

प्रभा�वत था। वे �नगण ुर् �नराकार ब्रैम या बेकार फॉमर्लेस वन क� अवधारणा म� �वश्वास करते थे।

मध्ययग ु ीन �हंद� सा�हत्य भिक्त आंदोलन और लंबी, महाकाव्य क�वताओं क� संरचना के प्रभाव से �चिह्नत है । अवधी और ब्राज बोल�भाषाएं थीं िजनम� सा�हत्य �वक�सत �कया गया था। अवधी म� मख् ु य कायर् म�लक मह ु म्मद जयसी के पद्मावत और तुलसीदास के रामच�रतमान ह�। ब्राज बोल� म� प्रमख ु कायर् तुलसीदास के �वनय प�त्रका और सरू दास सरु सरु गर ह�। साधुद्द� भी आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल क� जाने वाल� भाषा थी, खासकर कबीर दास ने अपनी क�वता और दोहा म� । भिक्त काल ने संस्कृत स्कूल

और फारसी स्कूल म� क�वता के पुराने रूप� के �मश्रण

से मख् ु य रूप से क�वता रूप� म� महान सैद्धां�तक

�वकास को भी �चिह्नत �कया। इनम� दोहा, सोथर्, चौपाया इत्या�द जैसे श्लोक पैटनर् शा�मल थे। यह वह उम्र भी थी जब �व�भन्न रास� के तहत क�वता का �करदार �नभाया गया था। आ�द काल (िजसे वीरगाथा

सगन ु ा स्कूल का प्र�त�न�धत्व मख् ु य रूप से वैष्णव

क�वय� जैसे सरू दास द्वारा �कया गया था, तुलसीदास और अन्य और �दवाता और �वशाता अद्वैत दशर्नशास्त्र का ता�कर्क �वस्तार था, जो माधवचायर् आ�द क� पसंद से प्रे�रत थे। यह �वद्यालय मख् ु य रूप से वैष्णव था, जैसा �क रामकृष्णमान, सरु सरवल�, सरु सागर जैसे भगवान राम और भगवान के मख् ु य

संस्कार� म� दे खा गया था कृष्णा। यह अब्दरु �हम खान

जैसे कई मिु स्लम भिक्त क�वय� के आगमन के साथ कला म� �हंद ू और इस्लामी तत्व� के बीच जबरदस्त

एक�करण क� उम्र भी थी, जो मग ु ल सम्राट अकबर के �लए एक अदालत क�व थे और भगवान कृष्ण का एक

बड़ा भक्त था। भिक्त क�वता का �नगण ुर् स्कूल प्रकृ�त म� भी धमर्�नरपे� रूप से धमर्�नरपे� था और कबीर

और गरु ु नानक जैसे इसके समथर्क� ने जा�त या धमर् के बावजूद बड़ी संख्या म� अनय ु ा�यय� क� थी।

काल भी कहा जाता है ) के �वपर�त, िजसे वीर रस (वीर क�वता) म� क�वता के अत्य�धक मात्रा म� �दखाया गया था, भिक्त यग ु ने क�वता का एक और अ�धक

ऋित्वक काल

�व�वध और जीवंत रूप �चिह्नत �कया िजसने ं ारा से रस� के पूरे मैदान को फैलाया रस, वत्सल्य �शग

ऋित्वक्य या ऋ�तवादग्रा क�वता काल म� , कामक ु

रस, वीर रस, प्रेमा रस इत्या�द .. भिक्त क�वता म� दो

सा�हत्य �हंद� सा�हत्य म� पूव-र् प्रभावशाल� बन गया।

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इस यग ु को ऋ�त (िजसका अथर् है 'प्र�क्रया') कहा

(भिक्त), नीती (नै�तक नी�तय�) और �श्रंगार (प्रेम) के

जाता है क्य��क यह वह उम्र थी जब क�वता रूप और

बारे म� दोहा का संग्रह है ।

�सद्धांत परू � तरह से �वक�सत हुए थे, जैसे

सैद्धां�तक पहलओ ु ं और एक कला प्रपत्र के रूप म� क�वता लेखन क� प्र�क्रयाओं म� बहुत उच्च स्तर तक

आध�ु नक काल

पहुंच गया था। ले�कन क�वता �सद्धांत पर इस पर

जोर ने क�वता के भावनात्मक पहलओ ु ं को बहुत कम

कर �दया जो भिक्त आंदोलन का मख् ु य पहलू था और क�वता सामग्री धीरे -धीरे खराब हो गई। भिक्त यग ु का सगन ु ा स्कूल भिक्त और र�ती इरस के अंतराल म�

कह�ं दो स्कूल� (राम भिक्त और कृष्ण भिक्त) म�

�वभािजत हुआ। र�ती यग ु ने कृष्णाभाट� बैनर के

तहत अपना अ�धकांश काम दे खा, ले�कन काम� को कुल भिक्त के शुद्ध रूप� से द्�वप�ीय सव�च्च

व्यिक्त के दाशर्�नक सामग्री म� बहुत अ�धक �गरा

�दया गया था, कृष्ण के जीवन के श्रंग ु ं के ृ ा�रक पहलओ कामक ु �ववरण क� ओर, उनके ल�ला, ब्राज म� गोपी के

मराठा, �ब्र�टश और अफगान प्रभाव� के कारण, मध्य भारत का �हंद� प्रभा�वत हुआ था। अवधी और ब्राज ने

अपनी प्र�तष्ठा को सीखा क� भाषा के रूप म� खो �दया

था। खार� बोल� मख् ु य सा�हित्यक भाषा बन गई। कुछ

औसत सा�हत्य 18 वीं शताब्द� क� शुरुआत म� बनाया गया था। कुछ उदाहरण ह� गंगाभढ़ द्वारा चांद चंदण वणर् क� म�हमा, रामप्रसाद �नरं जानी द्वारा योगव�शष्ठ, जाटमल द्वारा गोरा-बादल क� कथा, बेनामीराम द्वारा र�वशेनाचायर् के जैन पद्मपुरन का अनव ु ाद (1824 �दनां�कत)।

साथ उनके प्रशंसक�, कानर्ल का �ववरण / राधा क� सद ंु रता के भौ�तक पहलओ ु ं (कृष्णा के कंसोटर् )।

1857 म� , �ब्र�टश ईस्ट इं�डया कंपनी ने कलक�ा म�

�बहार�, घनानंद दास क� क�वता इस �बल म� �फट है ।

फोटर् �व�लयम कॉलेज क� स्थापना क�। कॉलेज के

इस यग ु क� सबसे प्र�सद्ध �कताब �बहार� (क�व)

अध्य� जॉन �गल क्राइस्ट ने प्रोफेसर� को �हंद� और

द्वारा �बहार� सत्साई है जो भिक्त (भिक्त), नीती

उदर् ू म� �कताब� �लखने के �लए काम पर रखा। इनम� से

(नै�तक नी�तय�) और �श्रंगार (प्रेम) के बारे म� दोहा का

कुछ �कताब� लालू द्वारा प्रेम सागर (या प्रेम सागर),

संग्रह है । �बहार�, घनानंद दास क� क�वता इस �बल म�

सदाल �मश्रा द्वारा ना�सकोपापाख्यान, �दल्ल� के

�फट है । इस यग ु से सबसे प्र�सद्ध पुस्तक �बहार�

सदासख ु लाल के सख ु सगर और मश ुं ी इशल्लाह खान

(क�व) द्वारा �बहार� सत्साई है जो भिक्त (भिक्त),

द्वारा रानी केतक� क� कहानी थीं।

नीती (नै�तक नी�तय�) और �श्रंगार (प्रेम) के बारे म� दोहा का संग्रह है । �बहार�, घनानंद दास क� क�वता इस �बल म� �फट है । इस यग ु से सबसे प्र�सद्ध पस् ु तक �बहार� (क�व) द्वारा �बहार� सत्साई है जो भिक्त “Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

इस समय तक, �हंदस् ु तान आम जनता क� भाषा बन गया था। आम जनता से खुद को अलग करने के �लए, सीखे मस ु लमान उदर् ू (फारसी और अरबी शब्दावल� से भरे हुए) म� �लखते थे, जब�क खाद�बोल� �श��त Page 16

�हंदओ ु ं म� प्रमख ु बन गए थे। खाद�बोल� भार� संस्कृतकृत शब्दावल� या सा�हित्यक �हंद�

जैन�द्र कुमार, फनेश्वर नाथ रे णु और अजनी

(सिच्चदानंद �हरानंद वत्सयान) इस समय के अन्य

(सा�हित्यक �हंद�) के साथ स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती,

लोक�प्रय आंकड़े ह�। जैन�द्र कुमार ने सन ु ीता और

भार� द ु ह�रश्चंद्र और अन्य के लेखन से लोक�प्रय थे।

त्यागापत्रा जैसे उपन्यास� म� मानव मान�सकता क�

भार� द ु हर�शचंद्र ने क�वता के �लए ब्राज बोल� को

खोज क�। रे नु का मेला आंचल इस अव�ध के प्रमख ु

प्राथ�मकता द�, ले�कन गद्य के �लए, उन्ह�ने

काय� म� से एक है । अजनी ने �हंद� सा�हत्य म�

जानबूझकर खाद�बोल� का इस्तेमाल �कया। इस

प्रयोगात्मकता (प्राथर्नागोवा) लाई। उनका सबसे

अव�ध के अन्य महत्वपूणर् लेखक� म� महावीर प्रसाद

प्र�सद्ध उपन्यास शेखर एक िजवानी (1941) है ।

द्�ववेद�, मै�थल� शरण गप्ु ता, आरएन �त्रपाठ� और गोपाल शरण �सन्हा ह�। समाचार पत्र� और प�त्रकाओं

-�रशीक वैभव 10TH A

क� बढ़ती संख्या ने खाद�बोल� को �श��त लोग� के बीच लोक�प्रय बना �दया। दे वक� नंदन खत्री द्वारा �ल�खत चंद्रकांत और इसके अनक्र ु म चंद्रकांत संताती को आधु�नक काल (आधु�नक काल) म� गद्य का पहला प्रामा�णक काम माना जाता था। जादई ु पात्र�, राजाओं और साम्राज्य� क� एक कहानी, यह �रंग्स श्रंख ृ ला के भगवान म� से एक को याद �दलाती है और

सफलतापूवक र् एक अ�ात ट�वी सी�रयल म� प्रकट हुई

थी।

वह व्यिक्त िजसने �हंद� गद्य सा�हत्य म� यथाथर्वाद लाया वह मश ुं ी प्रेमचंद था, िजसे �हंद� कथा और प्रग�तशील आंदोलन क� द�ु नया म� सबसे सम्मा�नत व्यिक्त माना जाता है । प्रेमचंद से पहले, �हंद� सा�हत्य पर� या जादई ु कहा�नय�, मनोरं जक कहा�नय� और धा�मर्क �वषय� के आसपास घम ू गया। प्रेमचंद के उपन्यास� का अनव ु ाद कई अन्य भाषाओं म� �कया गया है ।

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“Phulai” Designed By:Javaid

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