THE FORGOTTEN FOUNDERS How t heBl ackCommuni t yofCar y Pavedt heW ayf orDor casMi ni st r i es
ByKat i eBi ddl e
PREFACE I i ni t i al l yt ookont heDor cashi s t or ypr oj ectasmyf i nal gr ade f orAPU. S.Hi s t or yundert hemai nr eas oni ngt hat ,s i nceI woul d ber equi r edt os pendal otoft i mer es ear chi nganobs cur et opi c, I mi ghtaswel l us ei tasanexcus et ovi s i tmyf r i endsatDor cas dur i ngt hes chool week.Myknowl edgeofDor cashi s t or ywas r oughl yasf ol l ows :agr oupofChr i s t i anwomenatt heFi r s tUni t ed Met hodi s tChur chi nCar ywer el edbyMar gar etKel l eri ncr eat i ng aki nder gar t enf orl owi ncomechi l dr en.Whi l et hi si st echni cal l y t r ue,asI woul dl at ergoont odi s cover ,t hi ss t or ywhol l ydi s r egar ds notonl yt hecont r i but i onsofmanydedi cat edBl ackl eader sand chur chesi nCar y ,buti tal s of ai l st or es pectj us thow pr ogr es s i ve Chr i s t i anCommuni t yi nAct i on( now Dor casMi ni s t r i es )andCar y wer e,gi venbot ht hei rt i meper i odandl ocat i on.I nnowaydoI bel i evet hatt hi sl i mi t ednar r at i vewast her es ul tofanyoneper s on orgr oupher eatDor cas ,however ,I dobel i evet hatnow i sabout t het i met hatwepr oper l yr ecogni z et hef ew whoal l owedDor cas t os ur vi vei ni t sear l i es tyear s .I havef oundgr eatenj oymenti n l ear ni ngt hi ss t or yandI ver ymuchhopet hatyouf i ndt hes ame. i
1
THETI MES “ You’ vegott opi ct ur eCar y ,t hi sl i t t l e,al mos tvi l l ageoff ourt hous andpeopl e I mean—nott hi satal l ,youknow,andpr obabl yf ur t heraheadt hanmuchoft he Sout hi nr acer el at i ons .St i l l s egr egat ed,but ,youknow,wedi dmakei tver ycl ear 2 t hatwewer eanor gani z at i onofal l peopl e. ”
1
-NancyMcNi t t ,CCAf ounderandf or merexecut i vedi r ect or
NOTATYPI CAL TOWN
3
Al t houghs egr egat i onanddi s cr i mi nat i onver ymuchexi s t ed,Car y al wayshadver yuni quer acer el at i onsf orat owni nt heSout h.Si ncei t s f oundi ng,Car yhadanact i vecommuni t yofpeopl eofcol or ,manyof whom wer el andowner sandl ocal l eader s .Ar chAr r i ngt on,Sr . ( gr andf at herofEl l aWi l l i ams Vi ns on) ,f orexampl e,wasel ect edmayor ofCar yi nt he1 920sandownedabus i nes sdownt own,whi chs er ved 4 bot hwhi t ecus t omer sandcus t omer sofcol or . I n1 965,t hemovement
ofI BM t ot hear eabr oughtmanyNor t her ner st oCar y ,al ongwi t ht hei r vi ewst owar dsequal i t y .Manyoft hes epr ogr es s i vei deaswoul dbe 5 r ef l ect edbyt hei nt er r aci al Chr i s t i anCommuni t yi nAct i on.
I BM movedt ot heRes ear chTr i angl ei n1 965, caus i ngal ar gemovementofNor t her ner st ot heRal ei ghar ea
6
2
“ Car yi snotat ypi calt own,youknow. . . Ver y f ew peopl ei nCar y[ i n1 968]wer el ocal ,ver y f ew.Mostofuswer et r anspl ant s. ”2 -NancyMcNi t t
“ Wegr ew upwi t ht hei rki ds. . .Ist ayedbesi de whi t es.Wegotal ongf i ne.I fsomet hi ng happenedwi t hmypar ent s,t heywer er i ght t her e.Andt hesamewayi fsomet hi ng happenedt ot hem.Iwoul dn’ tsayal loft hem, butwedi dn’ thavenopr obl ems. ”7 -Jeanet t eEvans “ Mt .Zi onandEvansRoadwer e—t hesewer e Af r i canAmer i canswhoownedt hei rown homes,youknow,andhadbeenher esi nce 8 Car y’ sbeenher e. ”
-Kat har i nePar r i sh
3
VOI CESOF
“ Ast heymovedi nt ot hemor epr ogr essi ve t ownofCar y ,t heEar l yCol or edSet t l er s est abl i shedanunshakabl ef oundat i on, i nsur mount abl et oal lexceptGod.They j oi nedf or ceswi t ht hewhi t ecommuni t yt o makeCar ywhati shasbecome. . .They j oi nedi nhear t ,mi nd,andr esour cest o makeabet t erpl acef oral lofi t speopl e andf orot hergener at i onst ocome. ”4 -El l aWi l l i amsVi nson 4
“ Thepr obl emscr eat edbysegr egat i onand r aci alt ensi onswer eneverasbadi nCar yas t heywer ei nmanysout her nt ownsand ci t i es,Mr s.Fer r el lsai d.Car ywassosmal l i nt he1 950sand1 960s‘ ever yoneknew ever yone. ’ ” -“Dai syFer r el lLooksBackatCar y”
FOUNDERS
4
DESEGREGATI ON Des pi t et hel andmar kdeci s i onofBr ownv .Boar dofEducat i on havi ngbeenmadeal mos tadecadepr i or ,des egr egat i ondi dnot occuri nWakeCount ys chool sunt i l 1 963,whens i xBl acks t udent s wer echos ent oat t endCar yHi ghSchool undert hecount y’ s“ f r eedom ofchoi ce”pl an.I n1 966,t hes l ow paceofi nt egr at i onbegant opi ckup ast heDepar t mentofHeal t h,Educat i onandWel f ar e( HEW)t ol dt he WakeCount yBoar dofEducat i ont hatt hei rpr ogr es swasi ncr edi bl y , i ns uf f i ci ent .UnderHenr yAdams ,al ocal andcount yboar dmember as t r at egi cpl anwasdevel opedt ocr eat ef ul l yi nt egr at edoneyear s chool s ,s t ar t i ngwi t hWes tCar yHi ghSchool and Ki ngs woodEl ement ar ySchool . I nt egr at i onwasnotcons i der ed compl et eunt i l 1 976,when t hei nt egr at edApexHi gh . 9 School wasopened.
1 0
Theol dCar yCol or edSchool ,whi chbur neddowni nt he1 930s andwasr ebui l tast hes egr egat edKi ngs woodEl ement ar ySchool
5
1 2 1 1
Thef i r s ts i xBl acks t udent satCar yHi gh s choolaf t erdes egr egat i on( 1 963)
Apr ot es ti nCar yagai ns t t heHEW des egr egat i onpl an
4
Thef i r s tcl as satBr i ar cl i f fEl ement ar ySchoolaf t erdes egr egat i on( 1 9691 970) , t eacherEl l aWi l l i ams Vi ns ons t andi ngi nt heback
6
CHRI STI AN COMMUNI TY I NACTI ON Chr i s t i anCommuni t yi nAct i on( CCA)wasf or medundert hel eader s hi pof Mar gar etKel l eri nJuneof1 968.Fr om t hever ybegi nni ng,CCAwascl ear l ydef i ned asbot hani nt er r aci al andi nt er denomi nat i onal or gani z at i onwi t ht hegoal “ t obes t s er veournei ghbor si nneed. ”13 Whi l emos ti nt heDor cascommuni t yknow ofCCA’ sor i gi nasaki nder gar t en enr i chmentpr ogr am,f ew mayr eal i z et hatt hi spr ogr am wasact ual l yadi r ect r es ul toft hel ar germovementofdes egr egat i oni nCar y .Theneedf ors ucha pr ogr am onl ybecamet r ul yappar entwhent hewhi t eandBl ackchi l dr en wer ephys i cal l ys har i ngacl as s r oom.Year sofr aci al andeducat i onal i nequal i t y i nCar ywer ebegi nni ngt omani f es tasmanychi l dr enofcol orwer ef al l i ngbehi nd bef or et heyevens t ar t eds chool .Wi t hherf el l ow char t ermember sBecky Swans on,AnnRobi ns on,andNancyMcNi t t ,Mar gar etappr oachedMr . Wal t er s , pr i nci pal oft hens egr egat edKi ngs woodEl ement ar y ,hopi ngt oi dent i f y“ f ami l i es wi t hchi l dr enwhowoul dbei nt er es t edi na[ ki nder gar t en]pr ogr am f orCol or ed chi l dr en. ”4 Member sDai s yFer r el l ,El l aWi l l i ams Vi ns on,andJeanet t eEvans woul dl at erbei ns t r ument al t owar dsgai ni ngt hos ef ami l i es ’t r us t .
7
8
4
THEPLACES “ Ki ngs woodwasar eal par tofourbegi nni ngsbecaus ewewer ecent er edi n t hatar ea. . .wecoul dn’ thavemanagedwi t houtt hos epeopl e. . .t heyj us tmadet hei r 8 of f i ceandal l t hatavai l abl et ous . ”
9
-Kat har i nePar r i s h,f or merCCApr es i dentandvol unt eers i nce1 969
f a c i l i s i s .
MT.ZI ON BAPTI STCHURCH I n1 968,t heMt .Zi onBapt i s tChur chwast hef i r s tl ocat i ont ohos tt he CCAki nder gar t en.Att het i me,t hepr ogr am wasl ocat edi nt hechur ch’ s bas ement ,whi chhadt obes peci al l yr edonebymenf r om t hecommuni t y i nor dert oaccommodat et hechi l dr en.Thechi l dr ens t i l l hadt obebr ought t oGr eenwoodBapt i s twheneveri tr ai ned,however ,ast hebas ement 2 waspr onet of l oodi ng.
1 4
Rever endEugeneMas on,Jr .andMt .Zi onBapt i s tChur ch( 1 971 )
1 0
CARYFI RST CHRI STI ANCHURCH I n1 969,t heCar yFi r s tChr i s t i anChur ch( att hatpoi ntcal l edCar yUni t ed Chur chofChr i s t )wast hes econdl ocat i ont ohos tt heCCAki nder gar t en.Thi s movewasachi evedmai nl yt hr ought heef f or t sofJeanet t eEvansandher hus bandHer ber tEvans .Att hatt i me,t hechur ch’ sbas ementwasi ncompl et e, 2 buti twasl at ervot edt obecompl et eds peci f i cal l yf ort hepr ogr am.
1 4
Rever endJos ephM.Bur wel landCar yUni t edChur chofChr i s t( 1 971 )
1 1
KI NGSWOOD ELEMENTARY Ki ngs woodEl ement ar ySchool wasi ns t r ument al t ot hes ucces soft hef i r s t ki nder gar t enpr ogr am.Pr i nci pal Wal t er s ,El l aWi l l i ams Vi ns on,andt hes ecr et ar yat Ki ngs woodi dent i f i edmanyoft hef ami l i eswhocoul dbenef i tf r om t hepr ogr am,and 2 al s opr ovi dedof f i ceands chool s uppl i es . Addi t i onal l y ,t heKi ngs woodbui l di ngwas
us edbyt heBl ackcommuni t yt ohos tanannual Chr i s t masdi nnerwi t hCCA.
1 4
Pr i nci palJos ephH.Wal t er sandKi ngs woodEl ement ar ySchool( 1 971 )
1 2
THEPEOPLE “ Ther ewass omucht hatwer eal l ydi dn’ tr eal i z e,t hatEl l aandal l t hes eAf r i can 8 Amer i canmot her sandgr andmot her s —how t heyhadpavedt hewayf orust ogoi n. ”
-Kat har i nePar r i s h
1 3
DAI SY FERRELL 1 9202003
Dai s y“ Ma”Fer r el l act edasani mpor t antconnect i ont ot hef ami l i es ofcol ori nCar y .Shewasknownast hemai n“ l i ai s on”oft heMt .Zi on communi t y ,wher et heki nder gar t enwasf i r s tl ocat ed.Atat i meof t ens er acer el at i ons ,Dai s yandot herBl ackl eader s( e. g.El l a Wi l l i ams Vi ns onandJeanet t eEvans )wentbef or et heCCAdr i ver st o 8
gai nt r us tf r om Car y’ smot her sofcol or .Wi t houtt hei rcont r i but i ons ,t he ki nder gar t enwoul dl i kel ynothaves ur vi vedoratl eas tbeenas s ucces s f ul asi twas . AsaBl ackCar ynat i ve,f or mers t udentof t heCar yCol or edSchool ,andt hedaught er oft obaccoands ugar canes har ecr opper s , Dai s y’ swor kcannotonl ybevi ewedas havi ngcombat edpover t y ,butal s o havi ngf oughtt her aci al i nequal i t yt hats he wasf or cedt oendur egr owi ngup. 1 4
1 5
ELLA WI LLI AMSVI NSON 1 931 201 3
Thr oughherconnect i onswi t hKi ngs woodEl ement ar yandt heMt . Zi oncommuni t y ,El l aAr r i ngt onWi l l i ams Vi ns oncont r i but edgr eat l yt o t heor i gi nal CCAki nder gar t enpr ogr am.I n1 968,s hewast eachi ngat Ki ngs woodEl ement ar yandvol unt eer i ngweekl ywi t ht heHeadSt ar t pr ogr am,whi chwasas epar at ef eder al pr ogr am underLyndonB. Johns on’ sWaronPover t yt hatpr ovi deds i mi l areducat i onal enr i chmentf orl owi ncomechi l dr en.El l avol unt eer edt ohel pt he ear l i es tmember sofCCAf or mt hepr ogr am af t ert heycamet oMr .Wal t er s ,pr i nci pal of Ki ngs woodatt het i me,i ns ear choff ami l i es ofcol ori nt hecommuni t ywhocoul dbenef i t 4 f r om t heki nder gar t en. Herconnect i onwi t h
t heMt .Zi oncommuni t ywasal s o i ns t r ument al i nbr i ngi ngabouts uppor tand 2 t r us tf r om mot her sofcol ori nCar y .
1 5
El l aWi l l i ams Vi ns onwont he1 976Who’ sWhoAwar di nNor t hCar ol i naf orher wor kasat eacherandf orhers er vi cet ot heCar ycommuni t y
I n1 996,El l apubl i s hedherf i r s tbook,Bot hSi desoft heTr acks , APr of i l eoft heCol or edCommuni t y ,Car y ,Nor t hCar ol i na,i nwhi ch s hedet ai l edt hehi s t or yofCar y’ scol or edcommuni t y ,whi chdat esback pr i ort o1 868whent hePageWal kerhot el wasbui l t .Sheal s ocover ed ear l ycol or eds et t l er sandt hei rf ami l i es ’ cont r i but i onst oCar y ,i ncl udi ngt he Ar r i ngt ons ,Evans ,andTur ner s .Fi veyear s l at er ,s hepubl i s hedBot hSi desoft he Tr acksI I :Recol l ect i onsofCar y ,Nor t h Car ol i na1 8602000,whi chal s of ocus ed onCar y’ sout s t andi ngf ami l i esandci t i z ens , i ncl udi ngas ect i onont hemember sof Chr i s t i anCommuni t yi nAct i on. 1 6
JEANETTE EVANS 1 931 2021 Li kel yt hemos tdedi cat edvol unt eeri nal l ofDor cashi s t or y ,Jeanet t e ReavesEvanss er vedasas s i s t antandheadvol unt eermanageroft he Dor casThr i f tShopf r om t hes hop’ sf oundi ngi n1 972t hr ough1 990,at whi chpoi nts her et i r edasmanager ,buts t i l l cont i nuedt ovol unt eerf or mor et hant went yyear saf t er war ds .Dur i ngt het i meoft heki nder gar t en pr ogr am,Jeanet t eal s oact edast hemai nt i ewi t ht hef ami l i esofcol or i nt heEvansRoadcommuni t yands peci f i cal l yhel peds etupt he ki nder gar t en’ smovet ot heCar yFi r s tChr i s t i an 8 Chur chonEvansRoad.
Jeanet t ewasdi r ect l yr el at edt ot heear l i es t peopl eofcol ori nCar yandl ear nedt of i ghtf or t hebet t er mentofhercommuni t y .Herpar ent s wer ebot hpar tofTheNew Col or edEl ement ar y School Commi t t eet hates t abl i s hedKi ngs wood 1 6 El ement ar y ,andJeanet t el edapet i t i ont hatgotEvansRoadpaved.
1 7
Jeanet t ewasr ecogni z edon
4
mul t i pl eoccas i onsf orhers er vi ce anddedi cat i ont ot heDor cas communi t y .I naddi t i ont o r ecei vi ngaCer t i f i cat eof Appr eci at i onf r om Nor t hCar ol i na Gover norJohnHunt( pi ct ur ed her e) ,Jeanet t ewasal s o nomi nat edf oraGover nor ’ s Vol unt eerAwar df ors er vi ngas t headmi ni s t r at i vecoor di nat or f orvol unt eer satCCA.
I n1 988,Jeanet t e r ecei vedanawar d f r om Mar gar etKel l er i ns peci al r ecogni t i on ofher20year sof s er vi ceasvol unt eer manageroft he Dor casThr i f tShop. 1 8
THEJOURNEY “ Andt henwemovedacr os st hes t r eet . . .andwet hought ,‘ Thi si shuge. ’Andt hent hat was n’ tbi genough,andt henwemovedt woort hr eemor et i mes ,andwhent heydeci ded 8 t obuyt hebui l di ngonMaynar dRoad,wes ai d,‘ Noo,no. . . That ’ st oomuchs pace! ’ ”
1 9
-Kat har i nePar r i s h
1 972 TheDor casThr i f tShopf i r s t openedi nas mal l apar t ment i nDownt ownCar y .
1 974 Thef i r s tpubl i cki nder gar t en i nWakeCount ywascr eat edand t hef i veyear ol dpr ogr am endedasar es ul t .
DORCAS AFTER1 968
1 976 TheDor casThr i f tShopt ookon i t sf i r s tvol unt eerdaymanager s .
1 975 TheDor casThr i f tShopmoved t o1 23W.Chat ham St r eet .
Thef r amewor kf ort heSoci al Concer nsOf f i cewasdevel oped.
1 980 TheDor casThr i f t Shopmovedt o1 28 Eas tCedarSt r eet .
1 983 CCAwasgr ant ed501 ( c) ( 3) nonpr of i ts t at usbyt heI RS. Jeanet t eEvansbecamet hehead vol unt eermanageroft he Dor casThr i f tShop.
1 987 The Dor casThr i f tShopmovedt o 600DEas tChat ham St r eet Keni t aSher mant ookont he f i r s tpai dpos i t i onasSoci al Concer nsDi r ect or . 20
1 996 CCAbeganbui l di nganew f aci l i t yon1 231Maynar dRoad. Gover norJamesHunt pr ocl ai medApr i l 1 7,1 996as “ Chr i s t i anCommuni t yi n Act i onDay”i nNor t hCar ol i na.
1 998 TheCar yi ngPl aces epar at ed f r om CCAandbecamei t sown or gani z at i on.
1 992 CCAs pons or edt he APOLLO Cent er ,a wr i t i ngwor ks hop andl i t er acy pr ogr am t hat hel pedadul t s obt ai nGEDs .
1 7
1 993 CCAf or medt heCar yi ngPl ace, at r ans i t i onal andemer gency hous i ngpr ogr am f ort he homel es s . 1 990 TheDor casThr i f t Shopmovedt o600E Eas tChat ham St r eet . 21
2005 Kennet hBr ads haw namedf i r s t pai dexecut i vedi r ect orofCCA. Howar dManni ngnamedDor cas Thr i f tShopmanager .
2007 TheSoci al Concer nsof f i ce becamet heCr i s i sMi ni s t r yunder t hel ar gerOut r eachPr ogr ams .
2006 Howar dManni ngnamed execut i vedi r ect orofCCA. 2008 CCApur chas edt heCar yPl az awi t h t hegoal t ocr eat ea“ nonpr of i thubi nCar y . ” 1 8
CCAr ebr andedasDor casMi ni s t r i es .
2009 Dor casMi ni s t r i esmovedt o1 87 Hi ghHous eRoad.
201 2 Dor casMi ni s t r i espar t ner edwi t h Ar gandEner gyandYes !Sol art o i ns t al l s ol arpanel sonCar yPl az a. 201 5 TheEmer gencyHous i ngpr ogr am wasl aunched. TheCar yPl az awasof f i ci al l yr enamedt ot heDor casPl az a. 22
CARYBLACKHI STORY Di dyouknow t hati n1 899,t het ownofCar y’ sbor der swer e r edr awnaspar toft hewhi t es upr emaci s t“ r eds hi r tmovement , ” whi chr educedt heBl ackpopul at i on,att hatt i meaboutonet hi r d oft het own,t oj us t7%?19Ort hati twas n’ tunt i l 1 973,f ouryear s af t erBl acks t udent shadf i r s tas ked,whent hewor d“ Whi t e”was f i nal l ydr oppedf r om t heCar yHi ghSchool mas cot ,Whi t eI mps ?
Unf or t unat el y ,al t houghnotwhol l yunexpect ed,t hi st hemeof f or got t enBl ackhi s t or yi snotones peci f i ct ot hef oundi ngofDor cas Mi ni s t r i es .Pr ef er abl yt hi ss t or ywoul dhavei ncl udedmuchmor e aboutt heBl ackhi s t or yofCar y ,however ,t hati sbeyondt hes cope oft hi spr oj ect .Fort hi sr eas on,I ver ymuchi mpl or eyou,t her eader , 21 t ol ookbeyondCar yas“ Jus taHor s eSt oppi ngPl ace, ” andi ns t ead
s eekhonort heunr el ent i ngBl ackcommuni t ywhos uppor t edt he bet t er mentoft hei rt ownf r om i t sf oundi ngt hr oughi t sdes egr egat i on. Fur t her mor e,t or emembert hewhi t ei ndi vi dual s ,s uchast hechar t er member sofChr i s t i anCommuni t yi nAct i on,whos aw beyondt he pr ej udi ceoft hei rt i mesandchos et os er vet hei rnei ghbor si nneed, r egar dl es sofr aceorbackgr ound.
BLACKHI STORYSOURCES Bot hSi desoft heTr acks :APr of i l eof t heCol or edCommuni t yCar y ,Nor t h Car ol i naIandI I I nhert wopar tbook,t eacherEl l aWi l l i ams Vi ns on det ai l edCar yBl ackhi s t or y ,cover i ngt opi css uch ast he“ ear l yCol or edSet t l er s ”( dat edasf arback ast he1 840s ) ,exper i encesunderJi m Cr ow,t he des egr egat i onofs chool s ,andCar y’ sCent enni al
22
Cel ebr at i on.Hers t or i espr ovi desi nval uabl edet ai l s andper s pect i vesofBl ackhi s t or y ,manyofwhi ch 21
cannotbef oundi nanyot herhi s t or ys our ces .
Des egr egat i ngCar y I nt hi scol l ect i onofor al hi s t or i es ,PeggyVan Scoyoc,t he2023wi nnerofCar y’ sannual Homet ownSpi r i tAwar d,t el l sacompr ehens i ve s t or yoft hedes egr egat i onofCar y .Byi ncl udi ng bot hBl ackandwhi t es t or i es ,Scoyocef f ect i vel y cover si nt egr at i onf r om al l per s pect i ves . Coi nci dent al l y ,Jeanet t eEvansi soner es i dent whos es t or yi si ncl udedwi t hi nt hebook. 22
I nt er vi ewswi t hBl ackCar yr es i dent s( i ncl udi ngJeanet t eEvans )conduct edbyt heFr i endsoft he PageWal kerHot el ar eavai l abl eatf r i ends of pagewal ker . or gandcanal s obef oundi nt he UNCChapel Hi l l Di gi t al Col l ect i onsRepos i t or yasapar toft heSout her nOr al Hi s t or yPr ogr am.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thi spr oj ectwasmadepos s i bl et hr oughi nf or mat i onobt ai ned i ni nt er vi ewsconduct edwi t hMs .Kat har i nePar r i s handMs .Nancy McNi t tatDor casMi ni s t r i es .I am ver ygr at ef ul f ort hei rki ndnes s andf oral l owi ngmet os i tdownands peakwi t ht hem.I al s o gr eat l yappr eci at eal l oft hes uppor tandr es our cespr ovi dedby Ms .Shel l eyHobbs ,Di r ect orofMar ket i ngandPubl i cRel at i onsat Dor cas ,whohel pedmegets t ar t edont hi spr oj ectand al l owedmebot ht oacces st heDor casar chi vedmat er i al sandget connect edwi t hMs .NancyandMs .Kat har i ne.
21
Fr i endsf r om Ms .Nancy’ sI nt er vi ew DonHami l t on,Kat i eBi ddl e,NancyMcNi t t ,AndeCur r y
NOTES 1 .“ WhenCar y( NC)WasCar y . ”201 1 .Facebook. ht t ps : / / www. f acebook. com/ gr oups / 1 89908807730394/ . 2.Bi ddl e,Kat i e.I nt er vi ew wi t hMs .NancyMcNi t t .Per s onal ,December 21 ,2023. 3.HI Sdes i gn.Rai l r oad.June24,2021 .Pi xabay . ht t ps : / / pi xabay . com/ i l l us t r at i ons / r ai l r oadt r acks woodwoodent r acks 63621 23/ . 4.Vi ns onWi l l i ams ,El l aAr r i ngt on.Bot hSi desoft heTr acks :APr of i l eoft he Col or edCommuni t y ,Car y ,Nor t hCar ol i na.Car y ,NC:E. A.Wi l l i ams Vi ns on,1 996. 5.Byr d,Thomas ,andJer r yMi l l er .Ar oundandaboutCar y .AnnAr bor ,MI : Edwar dsBr ot her s ,1 994. 6.Mi l l er ,Davi d.“ I BM’ sar r i val i nt heRes ear chTr i angl ePar k. ”1 994.I nThomas Byr d,Ar oundandAboutCar y ,96.AnnAr bor ,MI :Edwar dsBr ot her ,I nc. ,1 994. 7.VanScoyoc,Peggy .I nt er vi ew wi t hJeanet t eEvans .Ot her .UNCUni ver s i t y Li br ar i esDi gi t al Col l ect i onRepos i t or y ,Oct ober8,201 1 . 8.Bi ddl e,Kat i e.I nt er vi ew wi t hMs .Kat har i nePar r i s h.Per s onal ,December22, 2023. 9.Byr d,Thomas ,andJer r yMi l l er .Ar oundandaboutCar y .AnnAr bor ,MI : Edwar dsBr ot her s ,1 994. 1 0.Zel l ,Cat her i ne.“ Car yCol or edSchool . ”1 996.I nEl l aAr r i ngt onWi l l i ams Vi ns on, Bot hSi desoft heTr acks :APr of i l eoft heCol or edCommuni t y ,Car y ,Nor t hCar ol i na. Car y ,NC:E. A.Wi l l i ams Vi ns on,1 996. 1 1 .“ OurHi s t or y . ”CARYSENI ORHI GHSCHOOLALUMNI ASSOCI ATI ON,LLC, 2022.ht t ps : / / www. car yhi ghs chool al umni r euni on. com/ about . ht ml .
NOTES 1 2.Byr d,Thomas .n. d.Res ear chNot esFol der1 0-Educat i onSi nce1 950. Acces s ed1 6Febr uar y ,2024.Res ear chnot es .ht t ps : / / l i b. di gi t al nc. or g/ r ecor d/ 1 01 569? l n=en#? xywh=375%2C0%2C7769% 2C4506&cv=87. 1 3.Dor casMi ni s t r i es .n. d.“ WhoWeAr e. ”Dor casMi ni s t r i es .Acces s edFebr uar y 1 6,2024.ht t ps : / / dor cas nc. or g/ whowear e/ #mi s s i onval ues . 1 4.Byr d,Thomas ,andEvel ynHol l and.Car y' s1 00t hAnni ver s ar y . 1 971 .Fi r s t Edi t i oned.Car y ,NC:Ar eaCent enni al Cor por at i on. 1 5.El l aa.Wi l l i ams Vi ns on.June24,201 3.TheNews&Obs er ver .ht t ps : / / www. l egacy . com/ us / obi t uar i es / news obs er ver / name/ el l awi l l i ams vi ns onobi t uar y? i d=1 2390664. 1 6.“ Af r i canAmer i canHi s t or yDr i vi ngTour . ”Car y1 50,2021 .ht t ps : / / www. car y 1 50. or g/ wpcont ent / upl oads / 2021 / 02/ AA_Dr i vi ngTour _FI NAL_Mar 1 9_2021 . pdf . 1 7.TheCar yi ngPl ace.TheCar yi ngPl ace.n. d.ht t ps : / / www. t hecar yi ngpl ace. or g/ . 1 8.Manni ng,Howar d.Howar dManni ng-Execut i veDi r ect oratDor casMi ni s t r i es . n. d.Li nkedI n.ht t ps : / / www. l i nkedi n. com/ i n/ howar dmanni ng060266220? t r k= peopl egues t _peopl e_s ear chcar d. 1 9.Scoyoc,PeggyV.201 0.Des egr egat i ngCar y .N. p. :Pas s i ngTi mePr es s . 20.VanScoyoc,Peggy .1 994.Jus taHor s es t oppi ngPl ace:AnOr al Hi s t or yof Car y ,Nor t hCar ol i na.N. p. :Pas s i ngTi mePr es s . 21 .Hobbs ,Shel l ey .2023.Di gi t al i mage. 22.Des egr egat i ngCar yPaper back–Febr uar y3,201 0.Febr uar y3,201 0. Amaz on.ht t ps : / / www. amaz on. com/ Des egr egat i ngCar yPeggyVanScoyo / dp/ 0578046245. ( Al l ot heri magesandi nf or mat i onobt ai nedf r om Dor casMi ni s t r i esar chi ves . )
“A Col or edper son’ ssuccessdoesnotdependonwhatt he whi t eper sonsaysabouthi m orwhathedi d.Hi ssuccess l i vesi nt hef actt hathehi msel fknowswhathedi d.Ast he t eacher susedt ot el lt heCol or edchi l dr en:‘ A manmi ght t r yt or obyouofyourdi gni t y,buthecanneverdest r oy whatyouknow. ’ ” El l aAr r i ngt onW i l l i amsVi nson( 1 931 201 3) ,f or mervi ce chai r manofCar yChr i st i anCommuni t yi nAct i on,W akeCount y Publ i cSchoolt eacher ,andaut horofBot hSi desoft heTr acks: A Pr of i l eoft heCol or edCommuni t y,Car y,Nor t hCar ol i na
Chr i st i anCommuni t yi nAct i on June26,1 968 NancyMcNi t t( f r ontl ef t ) ;Mar gar etKel l er( f r ontmi ddl e) ;El l aW i l l i amsVi nson( secondi nmi ddl er ow)