Protein Producers Summer 2018

PROTEIN producers Summer 2018

TM

FILLING THE GAPS IN DISEASE PREVENTION

When commercial vaccines may not be the answer, Newport Laboratories can create a custom one. We pinpoint the problem and produce a customized vaccine specific to the herd in need. And now that Newport Laboratories is part of Boehringer Ingelheim, you have the combined resources of two industry leaders ensuring your veterinary toolbox is never left incomplete. For more information, contact Newport Laboratories, Inc. at 800-220-2522.

The Newport Laboratories Logo is a registered trademark of Newport Laboratories, Inc. ©2018 Newport Laboratories, Inc., Worthington, MN. All rights reserved. BOV-1255-NPL0518

PROTEIN producers

TM

2018 Volume 6 Issue 2

Editor: Kelly Terrell Associate Editor: Lisa Taylor Editorial Assistant: Brandi Bain

Dr. Wade Taylor Technology identification and deployment Dr. Tom Noffsinger Animal handling, staff development Dr. Doug Ford Reproduction, lameness Dr. Corbin Stevens Diagnostics and clinical evaluation Dr. Nels Lindberg Leadership development, field research Dr. Kip Lukasiewicz Animal handling, field research, facility design Dr. Jim Lowe System design and management, team education Dr. Shane Terrell Feedlot lameness, field research Dr. Kev Sullivan International veterinarian Animal handling, heat stress management

To subscribe to Protein Producers visit pacdvms.com and click on our Subscribe link!

Dr. Dan Thomson Field research, team education Dr. Tom Edwards Associate member Ultrasound technology, feedlot lameness Dr. Matt Fruge Associate member Ted Howard Animal stewardship, horsemanship Jose Valles Bilingual education & training, research monitoring Garrett Taylor Information management Kelly Terrell Marketing and communications Lisa Taylor Business and data analysis Brandi Bain Marketing and business administration

Follow us on Twitter @PACVets

YOU CAN’T AVOID

SHIPPING S T R E S S. Y O U C A N O U T S M A R T I T. Protect your calves against bovine respiratory disease (BRD) with Zactran (gamithromycin). ®

Stress can leave your cattle susceptible to performance-robbing pneumonia.

With ZACTRAN, you get a potent combination of six factors that helps you protect the genetic potential of your calves – and your profitability. Get the facts to see what makes ZACTRAN the smart choice. ZACTRAN.com Important Safety Information: For use in cattle only. Do not treat cattle within 35 days of slaughter.

Because a discard time in milk has not been established, do not use in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older, or in calves to be processed for veal. The effects of ZACTRAN on bovine reproductive performance, pregnancy and lactation have not been determined. Subcutaneous injection may cause a transient local tissue reaction in some cattle that may result in trim loss of edible tissues at slaughter. NOT FOR USE IN HUMANS. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. Merial is now part of Boehringer Ingelheim. Zactran is a registered trademark of Merial. ©2018 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. BOV-1088-ANTB0418

THE SMART CHOICE

1 Susceptibility usceptibility 2 Speed 3 Site ite of infection taying power 4 Staying 5 Safety aves money 6 Saves

150 mg/mL ANTIMICROBIAL

NADA 141-328, Approved by FDA For subcutaneous injection in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle only.

Not for use in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older or in calves to be processed for veal.

Caution: Federal (USA) law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

READ ENTIRE BROCHURE CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS PRODUCT. INDICATIONS ZACTRAN is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni and Mycoplasma bovis in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle. ZACTRAN is also indicated for the control of respiratory disease in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle at high risk of developing BRD associated with Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida.

CONTRAINDICATIONS As with all drugs, the use of ZACTRAN is contraindicated in animals previously found to be hypersensitive to this drug.

WARNING: FOR USE IN CATTLE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN HUMANS. KEEP THIS AND ALL DRUGS OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. NOT FOR USE IN CHICKENS OR TURKEYS.

Sponsors Thank you to all sponsors for supporting PAC & Protein Producers.

American Animal Health Animal Health International Bayer

The material safety data sheet (MSDS) contains more detailed occupational safety information. To report adverse effects, obtain an MSDS or for assistance, contact Merial at 1-888-637-4251.

Boehringer Ingelheim

RESIDUE WARNINGS: Do not treat cattle within 35 days of slaughter. Because a discard time in milk has not been established, do not use in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older. A withdrawal period has not been established for this product in pre-ruminating calves. Do not use in calves to be processed for veal.

Chr. Hansen

PRECAUTIONS The effects of ZACTRAN on bovine reproductive performance, pregnancy, and lactation have not been determined. Subcutaneous injection of ZACTRAN may cause a transient local tissue reaction in some cattle that may result in trim loss of edible tissues at slaughter.

ADVERSE REACTIONS Transient animal discomfort and mild to moderate injection site swelling may be seen in cattle treated with ZACTRAN. EFFECTIVENESS The effectiveness of ZACTRAN for the treatment of BRD associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni was demonstrated in a field study conducted at four geographic locations in the United States. A total of 497 cattle exhibiting clinical signs of BRD were enrolled in the study. Cattle were administered ZACTRAN (6 mg/kg BW) or an equivalent volume of sterile saline as a subcutaneous injection once on Day 0. Cattle were observed daily for clinical signs of BRD and were evaluated for clinical success on Day 10. The percentage of successes in cattle treated with ZACTRAN (58%) was statistically significantly higher (p<0.05) than the percentage of successes in the cattle treated with saline (19%).

The effectiveness of ZACTRAN for the treatment of BRD associated with M. bovis was demonstrated independently at two U.S. study sites.

A total of 502 cattle exhibiting clinical signs of BRD were enrolled in the studies. Cattle were administered ZACTRAN (6 mg/kg BW) or an equivalent volume of sterile saline as a subcutaneous injection once on Day 0. At each site, the percentage of successes in cattle treated with ZACTRAN on Day 10 was statistically significantly higher than the percentage of successes in the cattle treated with saline (74.4% vs. 24% [p <0.001], and 67.4% vs. 46.2% [p = 0.002]). In addition, in the group of calves treated with gamithromycin that were confirmed positive for M. bovis (pre-treatment nasopharyngeal swabs), there were more calves at each site (45 of 57 calves, and 5 of 6 calves) classified as successes than as failures.

The effectiveness of ZACTRAN for the control of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing BRD associated with Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida was demonstrated in two independent studies conducted in the United States. A total of 467 crossbred beef cattle at high risk of developing BRD were enrolled in the study. ZACTRAN (6 mg/kg BW) or an equivalent volume of sterile saline was administered as a single subcutaneous injection within one day after arrival. Cattle were observed daily for clinical signs of BRD and were evaluated for clinical success on Day 10 post-treatment. In each of the two studies, the percentage of successes in the cattle treated with ZACTRAN (86% and 78%) was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.0019 and p = 0.0016) than the percentage of successes in the cattle treated with saline (36% and 58%).

Marketed by Merial Limited 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA 30096-4640 U.S.A. Made in Austria ®ZACTRAN is a registered trademark of Merial. ©2016 Merial. All rights reserved. Rev. 01/2016

Daniels Manufacturing Co. Diamond V DOCTalk Elanco Lallemand Micro Technologies Midwest NetPro Newport Laboratories Norbrook Zinpro Zoetis Cover Photo Credits Thank you to Scott Stebner and Wrenn Pacheco for the cover photo.

We want to showcase unique photographs from our readers here!

Please submit your photographs to Kelly Terrell at kelly.terrell@pacdvms.com.

Flint Hills of Kansas

Arturo and Wrenn Pacheco Photo credit: Scott Stebner

Welcome

Welcome to the summer issue of Protein Producers. It’s an exciting time of year as days get longer, in-takes take off and calf-feds are shipping out of the yard. We look forward to these changes and look also to the challenges summer brings.

In this issue of Protein Producers, we cover summer-specific topics along with other issues impacting our industry. It is an issue that is full of information from PAC members and influencers in the industry.

Thanks to all our clients and friends who attended our April Summit meeting in Kearney, Nebraska. The theme for the meeting was “Dispelling Myths in the Cattle Industry.” To start off the meeting, Dr. Kev Sullivan and Dr. Tom Noffsinger of PAC discussed the power in leading new cattle to acclimate them to their surroundings upon arrival at the feedyard.

Dr. Kip Lukasiewicz followed up with the impact of handling at the first transition of life, just after birth, on health outcomes throughout the life of the animal. To finish up the morning, Nebraska state veterinarian Dr. Dennis Hughes discussed the significant changes made to foreign animal disease response plans.

After lunch, industry leader Dr. Mike Apley discussed myths about antibiotic use in beef production. The meeting wrapped up with Alex McKiernan providing an outside perspective of the challenges facing our industry in the coming years. Alex is the co-owner of Robinette Farms in Martel, Nebraska, a direct sales vegetable farm.

We look forward to our Oberlin, Kansas Summit meeting on July 11th and would like to invite each of you to attend.

We have an exciting line up of speakers including Samuel Cossio of Easterday Ranches; Burke Teichert; Mitch Holthus, the voice of the Kansas Chiefs; and PAC’s Dr. Kev Sullivan. It should be a great program focused on providing tools to make our caregiver teams more well-rounded and successful.

We are grateful for the continued opportunity to work with great clients and collaborators in a great industry. I hope this issue finds you all well and we look forward to seeing you at the Summit meeting in July.

Sincerely, Shane Terrell DVM, PhD

Contributors Thank you to all those contributing multiple stories and insights to Protein Producers.

Dave Rethorst, DVM A native of southwest Kansas and a product of the area’s ranching lifestyle, Dr. Rethorst attended Kansas State University where he received a BS in Agriculture in addition to his DVM. Upon graduation in 1978, he joined a four veterinarian mixed practice in Hastings, NE. After 10 years in this practice, he started a predominately beef cattle practice located in Red Cloud, NE. After selling the practice in 2010, he spent 2 ½ years in Oakley, KS working primarily in the beef portion of that practice.

Dr. Rethorst spent 4 years as the Director of Outreach for the Beef Cattle Institute which is part of the Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine before returning to private practice in 2017. He is currently part of Animal Health Center of Marion County which has clinics in Marion and Herington, Kansas. After 40 years of practice, Dave remains passionate about three things: God, family, and beef cattle production medicine. His preventative approach focuses on basic animal husbandry, especially nutrition in the cow herd, rather than more vaccine and more antibiotic.

Don Close Don Close is a Vice President and Protein Analyst with RaboResearch Food and Agribusiness.

If you are interested in additional insights into the beef industry, stop in to your local Rabo AgriFinance office. You can find the closest office on www.RaboAg.com. Rabo AgriFinance is an equal opportunity provider.

Justin Axman, M.S.

Jacob Mayer, P.E.

Justin Axman was raised in central Kansas on his family’s farm. He is the nutrition services manager for Hi Plains Feed, a feed manufacturer in southwest Kansas. They primarily service beef and dairy cattle producers with a variety of dry and liquid feed options. In this role, he is responsible for all formulation requests, ingredient evaluation, quality control, product development, technical services, and nutritional support. These responsibilities allow for him to fulfill his passion for the livestock industry by playing an integral role in cattle production and products thereof. Justin completed his Master’s degree in Ruminant Nutrition at Kansas State University and during this time he was also the Research Assistant at the Beef Cattle Research Center. Prior to this, he received his Bachelor’s degree in Biology from Emporia State University and his Associate’s degree in Biology from Pratt Community College.

Jacob Mayer is a Project Engineer for Settje Agri-Services & Engineering (www.settje.com) located near Raymond, NE. He is a licensed Professional Engineer and has a B.S. in Agricultural Engineering from Iowa State University and M.S. in Biological Engineering from Mississippi State University. He resides in rural Weston, NE with his wife (Katie), daughter (Kirkland), and son (Hatten). He does not wear a pocket protector and does not know how to use a slide rule.

Tony Moravec, DVM Dr. Tony Moravec is a veterinarian of 17 years who has served in private practice and consulted in industry nationally and internationally.

Dr. Tony serves on the Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association Board of Directors, and is the veterinarian on the Nebraska State Board of Health. Additionally, Tony serves as Parish Council President at St. Francis Catholic Church near David City. After living in 17 addresses during 19 years of marriage to his lovely wife, Erica, they currently reside south of David City, NE with their five children. Dr. Tony is a business owner, TV personality, entrepreneur and a shameless meat eater.

The Pot Roast

We want to showcase the talented chefs that read our magazine. In this issue we are featuring Arturo and Wrenn Pacheco who run cattle in the Flint Hills of Kansas while also maintaining a fun and unique cooking blog which can be found at cookingwiththecowboy.com. If you have a recipe that you would like to feature in The Pot Roast section of the magazine, please email us at kelly.terrell@pacdvms.com. Our goal is to continue discovering recipes from agriculture’s finest.

Disclaimer: The views, opinions, and information expressed in this magazine are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect Production Animal Consultation's policy or position.

Contents 8. Welcome Dr. Shane Terrell

46. Parable: Choose a Life That Matters

12. Q&A with PAC

50. Cartoon by Doug Gaswick

13. Your Veterinarian Knows

51. Calendar

16. Chuckles from Down Under 33. Chuckles from Down Under 36. Chuckles from Down Under 44. Training the Next Generation of Leaders in the Cattle Industry

Stewardship 15. Efficient and Effective “Pen Riding” 18. Stewardship of the Resource Entrusted to Our Care

Summer 2018 Nutrition

23. Everything in Moderation

Bilingual Training 40. “Revision de Corrales” Efficiente y Efectiva

Research 27. Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia is Becoming Typical

41. La Neumonia Intersticial Atipica Se Esta Volviendo Tipica 42. Escoja Una Vida Que Importe

Technology 31. Peas Are Not Beef. But They Do Have a Place in the Protein Market

Leadership

34. Four Key Things to Avoid in Conflict

The pot roast

48. Breakfast Burritos with Breakfast Beef Sausage

Q&A With PAC How soon should calves consume colostrum

How do calves become persistently infected

after being born?

with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD)?

A calf should receive colostrum as soon as possible after birth to avoid gut closure to immunoglobulin absorption.

For many years, gut closure was believed to occur at 24 to 48 hours of age. However, new research shows that the earlier a calf consumes colostrum the better for absorption of the immunoglobulins across the gut wall. At 6 hours post-birth, 70% of the immunoglobulins are absorbed by the calf, while at 12 and 24 hours post-birth only 47% and 12% of the immunoglobulins are absorbed across the gut wall, respectively. In a study conducted at Kansas State University, calves that lacked appropriate levels of circulating immunoglobulin in their blood 6 hours after birth never reached the appropriate immunoglobulin levels suitable for protection from disease. Therefore, producers should prioritize administering colostrum or colostrum supplement to the calf as soon as possible after birth.

There are two types of infections in which cattle can succumb to BVD virus. Transient infections (TI) are infections that calves or cows get which they fight off, recover and rid the virus from their body. Persistent infections (PI) are infections in which the animal never rids the body of the virus and constantly sheds the organism in the environment. The TI cattle shed BVD virus in the environment but only for about 14 to 21 days until they clear the viral infection. How do cattle become TI or PI animals? Cattle that are transiently infected do so through nose to nose contact or contact with body secretions from a BVD infected animal. A PI calf however must be infected as a fetus in utero prior to the fetal immune system being activated which occurs around 120 days gestation. The fetal immune system takes an inventory of cells and proteins when it is activated for the first time. If a fetal calf has BVD virus in its body at the time the immune system takes inventory, the immune system thinks that BVD virus is actually a part of the calf ’s body similar to heart cells, hair follicles, etc. Therefore, the calf never forms an immune reaction against BVD virus because it recognizes BVD as self. A persistently infected calf will have BVD virus in every cell in its body for the entirety of its life.

When should I get the breeding soundness exam done on my bulls?

A producer should schedule a veterinarian to conduct a BSE on their bulls at least 30 to 60 days prior to the breeding season. The reason we select 30 to 60 days prior to the breeding season is that if a bull fails the BSE test, a veterinarian can retest that bull again prior to the breeding season to see if the bull’s fertility has improved. Also, if the bull is found to be non-fertile, this gives the producer ample time to find a replacement bull if it is needed. Breeding soundness examinations can be conducted on the farm or at the veterinarian’s facilities. If you want to have the procedure done on your farm, make sure you have adequate facilities to handle and restrain the bulls so a veterinarian can examine the bull and collect the semen sample safely.

Your Veterinarian Knows

By: Dr. Tony Moravec DTV Services, LLC Are you treating your veterinarian like a fireman? There is certainly nothing wrong with firemen. Some of my friends are professional firemen. They have a significant role in society. Put out fires and save lives. Firemen are definitely needed.

In many respects, your veterinarian knows how to do the same with animals. Treat the sick and put out the flames of disease. Save lives. Veterinarians are definitely needed, but they can do so much more for your operation.

If you only work with your vet to put out fires, you are missing out on the real value of your vet.

Veterinarians are professionally trained in many areas of animal health: anatomy, physiology, animal behavior and husbandry, nutrition, toxicology, microbiology, immunology, pathology, pharmacology, and parasitology.

Speaking of parasitology, when is the last time you consulted with your veterinarian about the parasite control program in your cattle herd?

Literally hundreds of parasites impact the health and nutrition of our cattle. They impact the immune system and how our cattle perform. Thankfully, you don’t need to know all about them; your veterinarian knows what parasite pressure is unique to your area of the country – what kinds of parasites there are to consider and what time of the year they become a problem.

The life cycle of each of these dozens of parasites that affect cattle is unique. Once again, you do not need to know every life cycle to craft a successful parasite control program – but your veterinarian knows these life cycles. They can help

you create a parasite control program that fits the parasites found in your area.

Parasite control programs have evolved a lot in recent years. New products, some requiring a veterinary prescription, have found a prominent place in parasite control programs all over the country. Studying how these products work, their withdrawal times and restrictions is important – and your veterinarian knows it is their duty to research this information for you.

These new advances in technology mean that more tools are available to keep your cattle healthier and more productive. It can be tough to stay informed – even as a veterinarian – but this should not stop you from asking them for more information. Many times, your veterinarian knows who to ask to find the answers you are looking for.

Once you gather the facts pertaining to your animals, parasites, ecology, products, proper application, and expected return on investment, the information can be overwhelming. Lean on your veterinarian to help you make factbased decisions that rely on good scientific data, along with short-term and long-term outcomes – your veterinarian knows what has worked in some situations and what has not.

Doing something “because that’s how we have always done it” may eventually lead to a problem because parasites and products to address them evolve. And these problems can show up as… fires.

Get ahead of the fire. While some fires just happen and are a part of life, many can be avoided. Remember the 7Ps: Prior proper planning prevents pitifully poor performance!

Waiting to call your vet until your have a parasite problem means that you are not receiving the full benefit of their education. Your vet is simply not being utilized effectively and efficiently – and you are losing production dollars in the process.

Don’t wait! Call your veterinarian today to avoid problems and to ramp up health and production. Your veterinarian knows a LOT – get to know your veterinarian!

Stewardship

EffIcient and Effective “Pen Riding” By: Ted Howard Production Animal Consultation

“When we develop an efficient pen riding system, we become effective pen riders in identifying the wellbeing and health of our cattle.”

pacdvms.com 15

Who uses Google.com in their day to day life? I use it daily. Google is a powerful search engine that helps me find websites and driving distances, and it is my dictionary. So when I started this article I looked up “efficient” and “effective” in Google.

Efficient was defined as “achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense; working in a well-organized and competent way and preventing the wasteful use of a particular resource.” Effective was defined as “successful in producing a desired or intended result.”

Therefore we really can’t be effective without being efficient.

When we ride pens efficiently, we are trying to achieve maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort. We cannot ride haphazardly throughout the pen without a plan or purpose. We need to be well-organized and competent and not waste our resource of time. When we develop an efficient pen riding system, we become effective pen riders in identifying the wellbeing and health of our cattle.

When my services of low stress cattle handling through proper horsemanship are introduced to a new team, the biggest push back I hear is, “We don’t have TIME for this.”

Low stress cattle handling, when done correctly, can make your day more efficient. It is our mindset that takes time to change.

By the time I have ridden into a pen of cattle, I have already scanned the group from the alley. I am looking for the cattle to show me their natural state. I try and see any obvious illness or lameness. By recognizing who is at the bunk, who is at the water tank and who is laying down, I know where to start my closer assessment inside the pen.

In most articles I write, I make the following statement: your horse’s headset must be low and his feet must be slow to gain the trust of your cattle. I continue to reinforce that a calm and relaxed horse is essential for cattle’s acceptance.

Your proper horsemanship matters to be an effective pen rider.

Once I am in the pen with my cattle, I can accomplish numerous goals with the same effort. I observe the health of the cattle while I exercise them. I begin by looking at the cattle that are looking at me. These cattle are the leaders of the pen. Stepping toward these cattle will ask them to move.

These cattle move and take a few of their peers with them.

I continue this same process throughout the pen until I have the entire pen up on their feet and in a controlled motion.

It is essential that each animal is gotten up during the pen riding process. To accurately assess the health of each animal they must get up and walk. Many pen riders tell me this takes too long. However, if you use other cattle’s motion or energy, their movement will cause the cattle resting to get up and move without taking much of your time.

Once you implement these efficient practices into your pen riding, your cattle begin to know what you are expecting. They will start to get up when you ride into the pen and move easier on their own without as much effort from you and your horse. Our cattle are looking for positive interactions with us.

Correctly executed exercise and acclimation programs help our new cattle to begin to trust us and their environment. They will start to show us the true state of their health. Our older cattle benefit from exercise during feed transitions to minimize acidosis. Exercise also helps alleviate boredom in cattle. When cattle are stimulated, they continue eating correctly and maintain their health easier. They will go to the bunk more frequently and consistently.

Once these cattle build that trust with you, the ability to empty a pen or pull a sick animal becomes much simpler and therefore quicker. These cattle are better prepared to handle the different environments when they are processed, doctored or shipped, which also allows for some time saving efficiencies.

To be effective in our goals, we must first become efficient in our practices. Now if my pickup engine would stay as strong as the Google search engine, my worries would be few!

Chuckles From Down Under Collected By: Jane Sullivan, Bell Veterinary Services

In front of a delicatessen, an art connoisseur noticed a mangy little kitten lapping up milk from a saucer. The saucer, he realized with a start, was a rare and precious piece of pottery.

He sauntered into the store and offered two dollars for the cat. “It’s not for sale,” said the proprietor.

“Look,” said the collector, “that cat is dirty and undesirable, but I’m eccentric. I like cats that way. I’ll raise my offer to five dollars.”

“It’s a deal,” said the proprietor and pocketed the five on the spot.

“For that sum I’m sure you won’t mind throwing in the saucer,” said the connoisseur. “The kitten seems so happy drinking from it.”

“Not doing it,” said the proprietor firmly.

“That’s my lucky saucer. From that saucer, so far this week I’ve sold thirty-four cats.”

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Let’s Work Together

Stewardship of the Resource Entrusted to our Care By: Dr. David Rethorst, DVM Tri-County Veterinary Center Reprinted with permission from Cattlemen’s News.

Stewardship: the careful and responsible management of something entrusted to one’s care. What a powerful definition!

In the conversion of cellulose to high quality red meat protein (i.e., beef production) we have been entrusted with not only the careful and responsible management of our beef animals but also that of the air, water, soil, and grass that we utilize in the production of beef.

Stewardship

pacdvms.com 19

Each time an animal in our care dies, not only is that animal’s life wasted, but the natural resources that were utilized in getting the animal raised to that point in its life are wasted. The grass and water it took to get the cow pregnant and to carry the calf to term are wasted along with the resources used during the calf ’s life.

A certain amount of death loss is inevitable in the beef industry. However, there is plenty of opportunity to reduce the death loss, reduce the waste, and put more steaks, roasts, and hamburgers in the meat counter without increasing the size of the cowherd in the United States. Given that the weaned calf crop in this country averages in the eighty percent range, the opportunity exists to increase beef supply through improving reproductive efficiency rather than increasing cow numbers. An even lower hanging fruit we can harvest is reducing the weaning associated sickness and death loss caused by respiratory disease.

Five percent death loss seems to be the most common number used when calculating break-evens on high risk, mismanaged calves. Many times the death loss is much higher than that and seems to be climbing in spite of new and improved vaccines and antibiotics. I have seen closeouts with death loss several times higher than that. Folks, that is unacceptable!

So what do we do to reduce this death loss? First, in my mind, we need to admit that vaccines and antibiotics by themselves are not going to do the job. If they were going to, we would be seeing reduced rather than increased death loss due to respiratory disease. Relying on vaccines and antibiotics is similar to single trait selection when buying bulls; it isn’t going to get us where we want to be!

Careful and responsible management of cattle is based on practicing basic animal husbandry very, very well. These animal husbandry practices include: 1. Ample supply of clean water 2. Optimal nutrition 3. Colostrum 4. Shelter 5. Biosecurity 6. Low stress management 7. Parasite control 8. Vaccination A major part of sound animal husbandry practices is to get calves weaned on the farm or ranch of origin for 45 days before they are marketed. Getting this stressor dealt with prior to shipping rather than compounding it with transportation greatly improves immune system function. In today’s market there is ample opportunity to be paid well for the time and effort of weaning just from the gain on the calves

from weaning to marketing.

Another component of animal husbandry is to make sure that the calves are castrated at an early age. If castration does not occur until after the calves are sold, it becomes a bigger animal welfare concern in addition to being a major stressor. Once again, we are trying to improve immune system function by castrating early rather than compounding this stressor with weaning and/or transportation.

The adoption of low-stress livestock handling methods is essential. This is a mindset change for many producers that pays large dividends. It begins at birth and continues throughout the animal’s life. This deals with the manner in which cattle are gathered, handled, sorted, and worked.

There are several low-stress weaning methods that can be chosen from as an alternative to the abrupt weaning that has been used in the beef industry for many years. These include the two-step (nose flap) method, fenceline weaning, the Hawaiian trained weaning and the Australian yard weaning. All four incorporate low-stress handling into the weaning method.

Optimal nutrition is the nutritional management of the calf from conception to consumption. We are learning more each day about how optimal protein, energy and trace minerals during pregnancy affect the lifetime health and performance of the calf. In recent years, I have seen several studies that show that optimal nutrition during pregnancy will reduce the number of cattle that get sick and/or die due to respiratory disease in the feedyard. Proper gestation nutrition (fetal programming) allows a calf to express its full genetic potential. An adage I learned a number of years ago states that if you have problems with a set of calves, go look at the cow herd if you want to figure out what the problem is. Most times you can find animal husbandry mismanagement in the cow herd that set the calves up for problems.

Finally we can talk about vaccines. Vaccination of the cows with IBR and BVD viral vaccines certainly plays a role in controlling respiratory disease in the calves. If we have done everything right up to this point, simple vaccination programs work well to control respiratory disease because we have dealt with the major stressors and the two primary viral components of the disease. I believe we should be reducing the number of vaccines given in many situations rather than seeing how many antigens we can give to a calf.

If we can manage respiratory disease with this “system” approach rather than a “pinpoint” vaccine only approach, we can reduce the illness and death loss that we associate with weaning. This will in turn reduce our use of antibiotics and reduce the chance of antibiotic resistance which are both good in the eyes of our consumers. This approach reduces waste and allows for more efficient use of our natural resources. It is good stewardship. It is also sustainable.

Respiratory disease should not be viewed as the “problem” but, rather, as a “clinical sign” that something is wrong in the production system that the cattle came out of.

In closing, I pose a question that was posed to me recently by a close friend, “If the ranchers in Hawaii can raise a calf with low-stress handling methods, castrate, vaccinate, wean it, ship it by boat to Vancouver, British Columbia, and by truck to a Kansas feedyard where they experience less than a 2 percent death loss, why do we tolerate the death loss in high risk calves raised on the mainland that we do?”

Furthermore, is that death loss the careful and responsible management of something entrusted to one’s care? I don’t think so.

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Nutrition

Everything in MOderation By: Justin Axman, M.S. Hi Plains Feed, LLC

How can you tell the difference between your barnyard cats, dogs, and beef cattle from the inside out? Well, that can get rather technical, but I am certain the largest concern over morning coffee is not how you are going to feed your cats and dogs during drought-stricken times.

We can meet their nutrient requirements with a bag of pet food from the local feed store, whereas grazing and feeding beef cattle warrants a little more strategy.

pacdvms.com 23

Pasture and cattle management are important factors to consider to maintain nutrient dense and high integrity pasture. Unfavorable weather and overgrazing are variables that can quickly deplete pastures of nutritional value. For most areas of the Southern Plains, current dry conditions continue to persist. Therefore, depending on the goals of your beef cow breeding program, this can lead to the necessity for alternative feedstuffs to stretch an already tight hay and pasture supply, or dry-lotting and completely replacing with a total mixed ration (TMR). Turning cattle out this spring on growing grass that has not received ample moisture can promote depletion of root reserves which will hinder growth throughout the growing season and decrease longterm pasture health. One way to assess whether alternatives will be necessary is to properly assess forage demand (animal size, length of grazing period, and number of animals grazing) and forage availability (lb/acre) to calculate stocking rate. When changes are made to your current program, there are several nutritional items to keep in mind to optimize reproductive performance. Let’s be nutritionally mindful and focus on the following: dietary crude protein (CP) concentration, inorganic sulfur content, and the calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio.

The nutrient requirements of beef cattle have been outlined by the National Research Council (NRC) based on years of research encompassing the biological processes of ruminants. These recommendations have guided nutritionists and consulting professionals to develop specific feeding programs for beef cattle. However, deviations from these recommendations can potentially lead to unintended performance or adverse effects. Beef cow and post-pubertal heifer nutrition prior to and following breeding can affect embryonic development and survival. When providing supplemental feed such as distillers grains products, be aware of nutrient content and protein availability. For example, when supplementing dried distillers grains (DDG; 27.5% CP as fed, 92.5% DM) while grazing native pasture in suboptimal condition, a good rule of thumb is to target 0.50 to 1.00 lb. of CP per animal daily. This will require a feeding rate of 1.82 to 3.64 lb DDG per animal daily. However, certain conditions and stages of production may warrant deviations from this range but it is a good reference point to help stray from excessive supplementation. Additionally, if your alternative is to feed a TMR, be sure that your dietary crude protein concentration is in line with NRC recommendations. For example, you are feeding a TMR to cows weighing 1300 lbs. in late gestation and targeting dry matter intakes at 2.0% of bodyweight (26 lb.) with an approximate requirement of 7.9% CP (% diet DM). Upon viewing your bunk sample analysis, the crude protein content reads 14.0% of diet dry matter. This level would be

acceptable for feeding certain stages of growing/finishing cattle or limit-feeding; however, in theory this would equate to supplying approximately 3.64 lb of crude protein which well exceeds an approximate requirement of 2.0 lb daily for this stage of production. This initially may seem harmless since milk production and dry matter intake are stimulated by increased intake of dietary protein. However, when exceeding requirement, dietary protein that is degraded in the rumen can ultimately lead to decreased fertility. Technically speaking, when blood urea levels increase from excess dietary protein intake, this has the potential to negatively affect reproductive function and physiology by altering uterine pH. In addition, this can lead to decreased fertility by lowering plasma progesterone concentrations, which is a hormone involved in maintaining pregnancy. Furthermore, by altering secretions of the reproductive tract (progesterone and prostaglandin) and elevating levels of plasma urea nitrogen, we can create an environment with the potential to decrease fertility.

Let’s continue with the distiller’s grains example, which is a commonly used feedstuff as a supplement in pasture programs or included in a TMR in dry-lot situations and contains an appreciable amount of sulfur. Sulfur is necessary for synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids, as well as thiamin and biotin. Sulfur levels can be greatly variable across distiller’s grains sources and tend to average around 0.7% (± 0.4%) on a dry matter basis. However, excess intake can lead to unintended complications which is why it is prudent not to forget about levels of sulfur in various feedstuffs and drinking water.

How can sulfur be a detrimental factor to reproductive performance? Of the trace minerals that are supplied naturally or by producers, there are a number of antagonisms that take place. One such antagonism involves sulfur, a copper antagonist, binding a portion of available copper and rendering it unavailable for absorption. This can lead to what is known as a secondary mineral deficiency, which is caused by the consumption of one or more mineral antagonists. A common rule of thumb is if dietary sulfur concentrations are at or above 0.25% of diet dry matter, this is adequate to promote antagonism. Copper, behind phosphorus, is typically considered the second most limiting mineral in pasture cattle programs. Copper plays pivotal roles in reproductive, enzyme, hormone, and immune systems. One of the major effects of copper deficiency is decreased enzyme system productivity. In turn, this can affect reproduction by decreasing overall pregnancy rates, altered embryonic survival (especially in embryo transfer programs), altered or delayed estrous cycles, and retained placentas.

Lastly, calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is a major constituent in most commercial vitamin and

mineral supplements. Just to name a few, calcium plays a large role in milk production, nerve function, muscle contraction, and cell permeability. Harvested forages, mature pastures, small grain forages, and grains can be deficient in calcium. On the contrary, phosphorus can be rather abundant in several commonly fed co-products, such as distillers grains products and wheat middlings (0.5% to over 1% phosphorus). When phosphorus intake surpasses calcium intake, calcium absorption is decreased and causes calcium to be mobilized out of the bone. Therefore, it is prudent to keep the dietary Ca:P ratio in check to decrease your chances of hypocalcemia syndrome (also known as milk fever or the formal title parturient paresis). High risk periods for beef cattle occur most commonly in older animals during the last stages of gestation while mobilizing large portions of calcium for colostrum and fetal bone development. Symptoms include muscular weakness, incoordination, coma, and ultimately death. As a point of reference, target a Ca:P ratio range between 1.5:1 and 3:1.

The bottom line is there are many variables worth considering when building and complementing your nutrition program. To develop the most accurate goals, be sure to accurately assess your short and potential long-term circumstances, perform the necessary research for your specific operation, and consult with your nutritionist.

Research

Clinical Case Review

Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia is Becoming Typical By: Dr. Dan Thomson Production Animal Consultation

Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia, commonly known as AIP, continues to be a considerable problem in the beef industry.

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We don’t know a lot about AIP, but we do know the following:

Figure 1

1. The highest incidence rate is in July and August.

2. It occurs more frequently in heifers than in steers.

3. Most cattle will have been on feed at least 90 days.

4. There is no effective treatment for AIP. Atypical interstitial pneumonia was commonly confused with Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) because lungs from cattle that die from both look very similar. It was once thought that BRSV was the cause of AIP, but that has been ruled out because diagnostics on cattle dying from AIP or non-AIP causes had the same incidence of BRSV at the time of death. Atypical interstitial pneumonia has been called dust pneumonia primarily due to seasonal conditions in the summer when AIP cases occur.

We have two types of pneumonia in cattle: bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia. Bacteria and contamination cause bronchopneumonia. It is confined to the ventral (bottom) and cranial (front) areas of the lung. The infected areas will be hard and dark. Bronchopneumonia usually results from bacteria sliding down the trachea into the lungs. If the animal’s immune system is suppressed, the bacteria are allowed to colonize in the lungs causing disease.

Viruses, such as IBR or BVD, cause immunosuppression leasing to a secondary bacterial infection. Bacteria, such as Mannheimia or Pasteurella, are normally found in the sinuses of cattle but if the cattle are stressed, these bacteria become the secondary invaders causing pneumonia.

Interstitial means within the spaces or areas of tissues or organs. Interstitial pneumonia generally occurs from something in the bloodstream being carried to the lungs or fine particles being inhaled reaching all areas of the lungs.

Traditional AIP used to be called fog fever in cows. The most common situation was when cows were turned out on lush forages in damp conditions. They over-consume the amino acid tryptophan in the grass which is converted to 3-methylindole (3-MI) in the rumen by bacteria. The 3-MI is transported in the blood to the lungs. In the lungs there are enzymes that convert 3-MI to 3-MEIN. 3-MEIN then is toxic to the pneumocytes (cells in the lungs). This toxic insult causes the pneumocytes to swell.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an “AIPlike” syndrome that occurs in humans. There are 60 known causes of ARDS in humans. The most common causes of ARDS in humans are septicemia (blood bacterial infection); inhalation of smoke, water or vomit; endotoxin inhalation; and trauma to the chest area. Thinking of feeder cattle being on a constant diet with consistent tryptophan intake, it is possible that cattle suffer from ARDS in the feedlot rather

Figure 2

than traditional AIP like fog fever cows. The combination of heat stress, dust inhalation (endotoxins in manure), sepsis, and other factors could be additive resulting in clinical disease.

Clinical signs of AIP come on very quickly. We will generally see AIP in larger cattle. The cattle will present themselves in grave respiratory failure. Their backs will be swayed, and they will be breathing out of their mouths (Figures 1, 2). Most of these animals will stand around a water tank. They are thirsty but can’t stop panting long enough to get a drink. The lungs at necropsy for AIP/ARDS cattle that die are severely swollen, large, and heavy (Figures 3, 4).

It is no wonder that the cattle have difficulty breathing. The increased cellular mass in the lungs decreases the areas for air. Also, the animal has trouble exhaling due to the fact that the lungs are too big for the chest cavity and don’t want to decompress.

Effective treatment for AIP is non-existent. The use of anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone and flunixin meglumine has not been rewarding. Long-term low dose dexamethasone and ventilation are treatments in hu-

Figure 3

Figure 4

man medicine. Case fatality rates in cattle or humans with AIP/ARDS are around 50 percent. Good animal husbandry and low stress cattle handling are imperative. Some animals will not make the trip all the way to the hospital due to the stress and decreased lung capacity. Using a trailer to move these animals may save their life. Another way to relieve the animal’s stress is to have a shaded area in the hospital. These types of practices should not be limited to AIP pulls.

Documented prevention practices that work have been lacking in the area of AIP research in cattle. Researchers tried feeding vitamin E and aspirin on arrival to prevent AIP but neither had an effect. The jury is still out on the effects of shade, water tank space, and water sprinkling on AIP. Basically, we don’t know what causes AIP, therefore we don’t know how to prevent it before it happens and we don’t know how to treat it after it occurs. It is an economically and biologically crippling disease that PAC members will be conducting more research on in the coming years.

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As measured by body temperature, feed intake, injection-site reaction or white blood cell count. 2Terhaar, B. 2001.

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by Eli Lilly and Company, its subsidiaries or affiliates. © 2015 Elanco Animal Health FYDH 35192 USBBUTIT00069

1

Technology

Peas are not beef.

But they do have a place in the protein market By: Don Close RaboResearch Food & Agribusiness Courtesy of NCBA’s National Cattlemen.

I have recently been out on the winter meeting circuit and I’ve continuously been asked about alternative and plantbased proteins and what impact I foresee these products having on the conventional livestock and meat business.

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Well, here it goes: If we truly believe there will be 9.5 billion people on the planet by 2050, just 30 short years from now, we had better be embracing all of the protein production we can.

Many of the food futurists I have read and talked to are convinced that alternative proteins will be the choice of the elite, upwardly-mobile, high-income folks. That is where I disagree. This exclusive pool of eaters appears to be driven by social media and will follow whatever the diet craze of the day may be. They are fickle and will be on to whatever the next fad may be as soon as the novelty wears off the alternative proteins.

Last fall I had the privilege to listen to Dr. Lowell Catlett discuss the bright future in cattle feeding and the livestock industry. It was an incredibly good presentation. When talking about today’s elite consumers, Dr. Catlett talked a lot about Maslow’s Theory of Basic Human Needs. He talked about the excess wealth and abundance in the U.S. and the developed world, and he kept talking about the peak of the pyramid. To paraphrase Dr. Catlett, when people get to the peak of the pyramid, they make a very specific set of decision, following the latest trends and fads. An example is the current interest in grass fed beef, organics and the emerging plant based and alternative proteins.

There is a part of this whole discussion that is causing me a great deal of confusion. Michael Pollan first published “The Omnivore’s Dilemma” in 2006. While goal of the book is multi-pronged, the real point was how modern agriculture has changed the way people eat and that consumers should all go back to raising at least a portion of their own food or buying direct from the farmer.

The two main takeaways, from my perspective, are: 1. If your Grandmother would not recognize it as food, you probably shouldn’t either.

2. Never buy any processed food that contains more than 5 ingredients or contains anything you can’t readily pronounce.

Now suddenly we have advanced to the point that there are companies launching alternative and plant-based proteins. Three of the leading companies are Beyond Meat, Impossible Meat and Memphis Meats. As I look at the ingredient list of the plant-based products from these manufacturers I see 17 to 21 ingredients including a number of ingredients you can’t readily pronounce. The question that comes to my mind is how can the same elite, upwardly-mobile, high-income folks who were moved into action by reading “The Omnivore’s Dilemma” and similar books and are convinced that simple, minimal ingredient foods are

better, be so enamored with a highly processed protein alternative that contains 21 ingredients?

It seems the better choice, in this context, would be single-ingredient proteins.

That said, I do see a role for plant-based and alternative proteins. The primary role for these alternative proteins is with the emerging middle class in China, Southeast Asia and particularly in parts of developing Africa. It has been proven over and over again that as people’s incomes rise from bare minimal existence to the middle class, the very first thing they want to do is eat better and that is exactly what we are seeing. As plant-based and alternative products become more established, prices are expected to decline, making them more affordable and an option for a limited (but steadily increasing) income.

NCBA is working from a policy perspective to not allow the manufacturers of these alternative proteins call the products either meat or beef. In other words, to accurately label the product. I believe the protein industry learned a valuable lesson from the dairy industry. The first is to stop the false labelling of the alternative products before they become established in the marketplace. Look at all the milk variations that are out there today, products that contain no milk products at all but are all labelled as milk.

I have little doubt these alternative products will have a place in the market. Certainly when you look at the list of investors, such as Bill Gates and Richard Branson, these products have the freedom to have a long burn rate before becoming economically viable. They also have the ability to use the influence of those investors to get a place in the market.

Based on the number of questions I have been getting from people in the livestock industry, there is a great deal of concern. It is my opinion that fair labelling will be a requirement—the alternative products should not be allowed to be called beef or meat. These emerging products will also need to be monitored to see how they develop in the marketplace. I am not concerned these products will take enough market share to have a meaningful market share of the existing livestock industry.

Chuckles From Down Under Collected By: Jane Sullivan Bell Veterinary Services

SIGNS OF HUMOUR: On a maternity room door: “Push. Push.

Push.”

At an optometrist’s office: “If you don’t see what you’re looking for, you’ve come to the right place.”

On a taxidermist’s window: “We really know our stuff.”

On a fence: “Salesmen welcome! Dog food is expensive!”

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SOCIAL HOUR

Four Key THings to Avoid In Conflict By: Dr. Nels Lindberg Production Animal Consultation

“We all need the reminders, and as I tell people, most of my writing occurs from current situations or events, as I need to remind myself. Conflict is tough, occurs routinely, is difficult to remain level headed through, and jerks at our emotions.”

Leadership

pacdvms.com 35

We routinely talk about conflict, the challenges associated with conflict, and having the intentional ability to embrace conflict. Embracing conflict is not natural for anyone and takes an extreme level of self-awareness and steady focus on commonalities of solutions, not the conflict. But our biggest challenge in any conflict tends to be the natural human weakness to react rather than to blow off the steam, count to 1,000, and wait until the next morning to formulate wise words instead of poisonous words.

We have all been there. Maybe it was as a head cowboy irritated over a crew not listening and executing the plan for moving a pen of cattle, a crew counting the wrong pen prior to shipping, or a missed holdover fat we could have shipped the next day on a pen of fats. Maybe it’s a feed truck driver who won’t slow down or the never-ending gate battle between cowboy and feed crews. Opportunity for conflict occurs every day in agricultural operations. We must learn to pick our battles and focus on solutions, not problems.

There are four things in any conflict both sides have to work very hard to avoid. They are criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling. We must talk about these things with our people so that they better understand.

I recently had an experience at an extremely busy restaurant in which there was some confusion with the menu. Given the extreme amount of business and minimal amount of space to operate in, the waitress was short on patience, and us folks from Kansas were a little too slow to order for her fast-paced Boston attitude. She started with criticism of our inability to understand the menu, which I responded to by pointing out the difficulty in understanding how to order.

She then got defensive and became sarcastic, so I pointed that out as I couldn’t “pick my battle” and leave it alone. She especially did not like that! That’s when she stonewalled us and sent us another server. My short-written story doesn’t do it justice as you can imagine, but by this time, my daughter Mac wanted to crawl underneath the table! Have you ever been there!? It is laughable at this point, but Mac was not happy and was ready to leave!

The point of the story was not just to share what the waitress (and I found out in the exchange she was also the manager) had done wrong, but to also recognize I was a part of the conflict and didn’t help matters. In this conflict, we did all four things we should avoid during conflict.

We have all been there. We have all started a conversation when something didn’t go right at work or at home with an instant criticism rather than asking an inward-directing question such as “How can I help?” or, “Help me better understand”. We start with, “Why did you do that?”, “What were you thinking?”, or even more pointed, “How in the heck did you get that wrong?”, which then leads to the other person feeling attacked. Our natural instinct is to defend what we did or didn’t do, which often leads to a feeling of disrespect, disregard, or being slighted, and in the end, the worst of all final outcomes, stonewalling. One of us throws down our hands, is mad, turns around, and walks away with-

out a word, or perhaps with a few final parting poisonous words. Some just stand there, but they aren’t listening to a word you are saying as you attack the problem but don’t look toward solutions.

We all need the reminders, and as I tell people, most of my writing occurs from current situations or events, as I need to remind myself. Conflict is tough, occurs routinely, is difficult to remain level headed through, and jerks at our emotions. Our heart wants to naturally react, but we must train our cerebrum to respond. This is easier for some than others, and we must all get to the point where embracing conflict becomes a natural response and avoiding criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling becomes an innate ability. We will greatly help those around us each day if we do, while gaining more trust from them and in turn getting our crews and our people to achieve improved outcomes for our operations. If you don’t handle conflict well, your people will have less respect for you, trust you less, genuinely dislike you more, and not help you have success as you so desire. And that is not the goal of any caring, genuine, authentic leader. .

Chuckles From Down Under Collected By: Jane Sullivan Bell Veterinary Services SIGNS OF HUMOUR: In a podiatrist’s office: “Time wounds all heels.”

On a plumber’s truck: “We repair what your husband fixed.”

On a church’s billboard: “7 days without God makes one weak.”

At a tire store: “Invite us to your next blowout.”

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Bilingual Training

The following articles have been translated into Spanish:

“Revision de Corrales” Eficiente Y Efectiva La Neumonia Intersticial Atipica se Esta Volviendo Tipica Escoja una Vida que Importe Translation provided by Jose Valles Production Animal Consultation

pacdvms.com 39

“Revision de Corrales”

Eficiente y Efectiva By: Ted Howard Production Animal Consultation

¿Quien usa Google.com en su vida cotidiana? Yo lo uso a diario. Google es un poderoso motor de búsqueda que me ayuda a encontrar sitios web y distancias de conducción, y es mi diccionario. Así que cuando comencé este articulo busque “eficiente” y “efectivo” en Google.

Eficiente fue definido como “lograr la máxima productividad con el mínimo esfuerzo y gasto desperdiciado; trabajar de manera bien organizada y competente y previniendo el despilfarro de un recurso en particular.” Efectivo fue definido como “exitoso en la producción de un resultado deseado o intencionado.” Por lo tanto, realmente no podemos ser efectivos sin ser eficientes.

Cuando revisamos corrales a caballo eficientemente, estamos tratando de lograr la máxima productividad con el mínimo esfuerzo desperdiciado. No podemos montar de forma dispersa por todo el corral sin un plan o propósito. Necesitamos estar bien organizados y ser competentes y no perder nuestro recurso de tiempo. Cuando desarrollamos un sistema eficiente de revisión de corrales a caballo, nos volvemos en vaqueros efectivos en la identificación del bienestar y la salud de nuestro ganado.

Cuando mis servicios de manejo de ganado de bajo estrés a través de la equitación adecuada se presentan ante un nuevo equipo, el mayor retroceso que escucho es, “No tenemos TIEMPO para esto.” El manejo de ganado de bajo estrés, cuando se realiza correctamente, puede hacer su día mas eficiente. Es nuestra mentalidad lo que toma tiempo para cambiar.

Para cuando llego y entro a un corral de ganado, ya escaneé el grupo desde el callejón. Estoy buscando que el ganado me muestre su estado natural. Intento ver cualquier problema obvio de enfermedad o cojera. Al reconocer quien esta en el comedero, quien esta en el bebedero y quien esta acostado, se por donde empezar mi evaluación mas cercana dentro del corral.

En la mayoría de los artículos que escribo, hago la siguiente declaración: la cabeza de su caballo debe estar baja y sus pies deben ser lentos para ganarse la confianza de su ganado. Continúo reforzando que un caballo tranquilo y relajado es esencial para la aceptación del ganado. Su equitación adecuada es importante para ser un vaquero efectivo.

Una vez que estoy en el corral con mi ganado, puedo lograr numerosos objetivos con el mismo esfuerzo. Observo la salud del ganado mientras lo ejercito. Comienzo por mirar al ganado que me esta mirando. Estos animales son los lideres del corral. Al caminar hacia estos animales, se

les pedirá que se muevan. Este ganado se mueve y llevan con ellos a algunos de sus compañeros. Continuo con este mismo proceso por todo el corral hasta que tenga a todo el ganado de pie y en un movimiento controlado.

Es esencial que cada animal se levante durante el proceso de revisión de corrales a caballo. Para evaluar con precisión la salud de cada animal, deben levantarse y caminar. Muchos vaqueros me dicen que esto se lleva demasiado tiempo. Sin embargo, si usted usa el movimiento o la energía de otro ganado, el movimiento de estos hará que el ganado que esta descansando se levante y se mueva sin tomar mucho tiempo.

Una vez que implemente estas practicas eficientes en su revisión de corrales a caballo, su ganado comenzara a saber lo que usted espera. Comenzarán a levantarse cuando usted entre al corral y se moverán con mas facilidad por su cuenta sin mucho esfuerzo por parte de usted y su caballo. Nuestro ganado esta en busca de interacciones positivas con nosotros.

Los programas de ejercicio y aclimatación ejecutados correctamente ayudan a nuestro ganado nuevo a comenzar a confiar en nosotros y en su entorno. Comenzaran a mostrarnos el verdadero estado de su salud. Nuestro ganado mayor se beneficia del ejercicio durante las transiciones alimenticias para minimizar la acidosis. El ejercicio también ayuda a aliviar el aburrimiento en el ganado. Cuando el ganado es estimulado, hace que continúe comiendo correctamente y mantenga su salud con mas facilidad. Irán al comedero con mas frecuencia y manera consistente.

Una vez que este ganado genera esa confianza con usted, la capacidad para vaciar un corral o sacar a un animal enfermo se vuelve mucho mas simple y por lo tanto mas rápido.

Este ganado esta mejor preparado para manejar los diferentes entornos cuando es procesado, tratado o embarcado, lo que también permite algunas eficiencias de reducción de tiempo.

Para ser efectivos en nuestros objetivos, primero debemos ser eficientes en nuestras practicas. Ahora, si el motor de mi camioneta se mantuviera tan fuerte como el motor de búsqueda de Google, ¡mis preocupaciones serian pocas!

La Neumonia Intersticial Atipica se Esta Volviendo Tipica By: Dr. Dan Thomson Production Animal Consultation

La neumonía intersticial atípica, comúnmente conocida como AIP (por sus siglas en Ingles), sigue siendo un problema considerable en la industria de la carne. No sabemos mucho sobre la AIP, pero si sabemos lo siguiente: 1. La tasa de incidencia mas alta es en julio y agosto.

2. Ocurre con mas frecuencia en vaquillas que en novillos.

3. La mayoría del ganado habrá estado en alimentación por lo menos 90 días.

4. No existe ningún tratamiento efectivo para la AIP. La neumonía intersticial atípica era comúnmente confundida con el Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Bovino (BRSV, por sus siglas en Ingles) debido a que los pulmones del ganado que muere por ambas enfermedades se ven muy similares. Alguna vez se pensó que el BRSV era la causa de AIP, pero eso se ha descartado debido a que los diagnósticos del ganado que murió de AIP u otras causas tenían la misma incidencia de BRSV al momento de fallecer. La neumonía intersticial atípica ha sido llamada polvo neumonía debido principalmente a las condiciones estacionales en el verano cuando los casos de AIP ocurren.

Tenemos dos tipos de neumonía en el ganado: bronconeumonía y neumonía intersticial. Bacterias y contaminación causan bronconeumonía. Es confinada a las áreas ventral (inferior) y craneal (frontal) del pulmón. Las áreas infectadas serán duras y oscuras. La bronconeumonía generalmente es el resultado de bacterias que se deslizan por la tráquea hacia los pulmones. Si el sistema inmunológico del animal se suprime, eso permite que las bacterias se colonicen en los pulmones y causen enfermedad. Los virus, como la rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina (IBR, por sus siglas en Ingles) o la diarrea viral bovina (BVD, por sus siglas en Ingles), causan inmunosupresión que conduce a una infección bacteriana secundaria. Las bacterias, como la Mannheimia o la Pasteurella, se encuentran normalmente en los senos nasales del ganado, pero si el ganado es estresado, estas bacterias se convierten en los invasores secundarios que causan neumonía.

Intersticial significa dentro de los espacios o áreas de tejidos u órganos. La neumonía intersticial generalmente ocurre por algo en el torrente sanguíneo que se transporta a los pulmones o por la inhalación de partículas finas que llegan

a todas las áreas de los pulmones. A la AIP tradicional se le llamaba fiebre de la niebla en vacas. La situación mas común era cuando las vacas eran puestas en forrajes exuberantes en condiciones húmedas. Ellas sobre-consumen el aminoácido triptófano en el pasto lo cual se convierte en 3-metelindol (3-MI) en el rumen por bacterias. El 3-MI es transportado en la sangre a los pulmones. En los pulmones hay enzimas que convierten el 3-MI en 3-MEIN. El 3-MEIN luego es toxico para los neumocitos (células en los pulmones). Este insulto toxico causa que los neumocitos se inflamen.

El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) es un síndrome tipo “AIP” que ocurre en humanos. Hay 60 causas conocidas de SDRA en humanos. Las causas mas comunes de SDRA en humanos son la septicemia (infección bacteriana en la sangre); inhalación de humo, agua o vomito; inhalación de endotoxinas; y trauma en el área del pecho. Pensando en el ganado de engorda que esta en una dieta constante con un consumo consistente de triptófano, es posible que el ganado sufra de SDRA en el corral de engorda en lugar de la tradicional fiebre de la niebla tipo AIP como en las vacas. La combinación de estrés calórico, inhalación de polvo (endotoxinas en el estiércol), sepsis, y otros factores podrían ser aditivos y causar enfermedad clínica.

Los signos clínicos de la AIP aparecen muy rápidamente.

Generalmente vemos la AIP en ganado mas grande. El ganado se presentará en una falla respiratoria grave. Su espalda será desbalanceada, y estará respirando por la boca (ver Figuras 1, 2). La mayoría de estos animales estará de pie alrededor de los bebederos. Están sedientos, pero no pueden dejar de jadear lo suficiente como para beber agua. Los pulmones al momento de necropsia del ganado con AIP/SDRA que muere están severamente inflamados, grandes y pesados (Figuras 3, 4). No es de extrañarse que el ganado tenga dificultad para respirar. El aumento de la masa celular en los pulmones disminuye las áreas de aire. Además, el animal tiene problemas para exhalar debido a que los pulmones están demasiado grandes para la cavidad torácica y no quiere descomprimirlos.

El tratamiento efectivo para la AIP es inexistente. El uso Figura 1

pacdvms.com 41

Figura 2

Figura 3

Los investigadores intentaron alimentar vitamina E y aspirina al arribo para prevenir la AIP, pero ninguno tuvo un efecto. El jurado aun sigue estando fuera sobre los efectos de la sombra, el espacio de bebedero, y la aspersión de agua en la AIP. Básicamente, no sabemos que causa la AIP, por lo tanto, no sabemos como prevenirla antes de que suceda y no sabemos como tratarla después de que ocurre. Es una enfermedad económica y biológicamente paralizadora, tanto que los miembros de PAC estarán llevando a acabo mas investigaciones en los próximos años.

Escoja una Vida que Importe By: Dr. Doug Ford, Production Animal Consultation & Dr. Greg Quakenbush, Geissler Corp.

Figura 4

de agentes antiinflamatorios como la dexametasona y la flunixin meglumina no han sido gratificantes. La dexametasona a dosis baja a largo plazo y la ventilación son tratamientos en la medicina humana. Las tasas de casos de mortalidad en ganado o humanos con AIP/SDRA son alrededor del 50%. Las buenas practicas ganaderas y el manejo del ganado de bajo estrés son imperativos. Algunos animales no harán el viaje hasta el hospital debido al estrés y la disminución de la capacidad pulmonar. El uso de un remolque para trasladar a estos animales puede salvarles la vida. Otra forma de aliviar el estrés del animal es tener un área sombreada en el hospital. Este tipo de practicas no deben limitarse a solo los animales afectados por AIP. Practicas de prevención documentadas que funcionan han faltado en el área de investigación de AIP en el ganado.

Cada primavera durante los últimos 30 años, he tomado el camino durante 3 meses para esterilizar de 5,000 a 15,000 vaquillas. Siempre es un desafío atender las necesidades de todos, en adición a nuestro trabajo clínico regular de primavera, además de supervisar la parición de 200 de nuestras propias vacas. Aunque esta época del año se vuelva tan frustrante, sigue siendo una de mis estaciones favoritas — viendo el primer petirrojo en un día fresco de primavera cubierto de nieve, tallos de pasto verde asomándose desde la protección de una planta artemisa nudosa o la alegría de ver a los becerros recién nacidos retozar y jugar en una mañana cálida y soleada. La mayoría de las personas nunca tienen el privilegio de experimentar las alegrías de la vida rural. No es solo la conexión con la creación de Dios, sino el denominador común que compartimos dentro de la comunidad agrícola.

Una razón importante por la que sigo torturando mi cuerpo cada primavera es la anticipación de pasar tiempo con viejos amigos y la emoción de conocer otros nuevos. Nunca se sabe donde se encuentran las oportunidades cuando se trabaja al lado de la prensa día tras día. En un minuto usted podría estar hablando sobre la resistencia antibiótica, protocolos de vacunación, cuestiones familiares, o de una noticia ocasional.

El otro día, uno de nuestros temas aleatorios de discusión era sobre grandes películas. La conversación paso de tramas envueltos, moralidad, lógica y principio de vaqueros a solo buen entretenimiento. La pregunta era, ¿como Lonesome Dove habría sido diferente sin Gus, Gunsmoke sin Matt Dillon, y cualquier película del oeste sin la impresionante triada de Louis L’Amour, Tom Selleck y Sam Elliott?

Para llevar las cuestiones un paso mas allá, ¿que seriamos hoy en día sin Barney Fife, su naturaleza mas grande que la

vida y su única bala? Creo que en el fondo puede haber un poco de Barney en todos nosotros. ¿Cual es el punto? Todas las películas realmente geniales crearon su magia con el guion correcto, los actores adecuados, y el director adecuado. A medida que envejezco y maduro, me doy cuenta de que nuestras vidas no son diferentes.

Dios, como el siempre presente Director eterno, ha escrito nuestras vidas y nos ha elegido para una función especifica.

No tengo que ser Tom Selleck, aunque es increíble cuanto nos parecemos. ¡Esta bien ser yo mismo! Dios me ha dado todo lo que necesito para ser perfecto para hacer mi parte.

Todo lo que tengo que hacer es ponerme a disposición para el guion que el ha proporcionado.

Algún día nuestra película tendrá un fin, y no habrá mas oportunidades de volver a tomar la escena, los bloopers y todo eso. Al final de nuestra película, la música se escuchará y los créditos se reproducirán por ultima vez. Cabe señalar que nuestro rendimiento será juzgado, sin embargo, no por la Academia. Ya he sido invitado a asistir la entrega de premios, a pesar de algunas pésimas actuaciones. ¿Con el paso del tiempo, será que nuestra fama como actores o actrices principales se marchitará en irrelevancia? ¿Importara que hayamos ganado un Oscar o un Grammy, o que hayamos hecho mas películas y hayamos trabajado mas duro que cualquier otra persona? ¿Como se medirá el valor de nuestros días? Lo que realmente importara es como tratamos a todos en el escenario de filmación. No lo que logramos, sino lo que dimos.

No nuestra mejor presentación, sino nuestro significado.

No nuestro papel protagonista, sino lo que enseñamos a los demás. Lo que importara es cada “escena” de honor, valentía, compasión, e integridad y como enriquecimos la vida de los demás. Lo que importara es el personaje. Puede que no sea quien fue nuestro homologo principal, pero si los que están en el escenario de filmación sienten una perdida duradera cuando ya nos hayamos ido. ¿Que recuerdos vivirán en los muchos que participaron en el rodaje de nuestra película?

El éxito en nuestro papel no ocurre por accidente; es por las decisiones que se toman. Se trata de estar disponible, adherirse al guion y trabajar de cerca con el Director. Se trata de obediencia, sacrificio, esfuerzo, actitud y valores fundamentales. ¡Elija una vida que importe!

Para su consideracion: Santiago 4:13-15: 13Oíd ahora, los que decís: “Hoy o mañana a tal o cual ciudad y pasaremos allá un año, haremos negocio y tendremos ganancia”— 14Sin embargo, no sabéis como será vuestra vida mañana. Solo sois un vapor que aparece por un poco de tiempo y luego se desvanece. 15Más bien, deberías decir: Si el Señor quiere, viviremos y haremos esto y aquello.”

Salmos 39:4: “SEÑOR, hazme saber mi fin y cual es la medida de mis días, para que yo sepa cuan efímero soy.”

Proverbios 16:9: El corazón del hombre planea su camino, pero el SEÑOR establece sus pasos.

Superior Placement Solutions offers professional employee recruitment services for operations involved in the beef, dairy and pork industries.

For more information, please contact Jose A. Valles, MS

1203 East 32nd Street Kearney, NE 68847 785-317-8055 jose.valles@superiorps.net

Training the Next Generation of Leaders in the Cattle Industry By: Jacob Mayer, P.E. Settje Agri-Services & Engineering, Inc. It’s hard to believe it has been almost a year since I embarked on the experience of a lifetime. Last June, I had the opportunity and privilege to represent Nebraska Cattlemen at the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA) Young Cattlemen’s Conference (YCC). Delegates are selected by their state or breed association. States receive slots based on the size of their contribution to the cattle industry and NCBA. Thus, larger cattle states like Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, and Montana have multiple spots in the group.

We began our journey at the NCBA headquarters in Denver, Colorado, with about 60 other cattle producers and beef industry leaders from across the United States. There, we got an inside look on the many issues affecting the beef industry and the work being done at both the state and national levels to address these topics on behalf of the NCBA membership.

We spent time with representatives from Safeway grocery stores and received a first-hand account of the retail perspective of the beef business including a tour of one of their flagship stores. While in Colorado, we also toured the JBS Five Rivers’ Kuner Feedyard and the JBS Greeley packing and processing plant.

From Denver, it was off to Chicago, Illinois, where we visited McDonald’s corporate campus and OSI, one of the nation’s premiere beef patty producers. We concluded our trip in Washington, D.C., for an in-depth issues briefing on current policy issues including international trade and increasing environmental regulations. We also had the chance

to share our viewpoints regarding the beef industry and the related issues we had spent the week studying with all five members of Nebraska’s congressional delegation. Since its inception in 1980, more than 1,000 cattlemen and women have been through the YCC program and many have gone on to serve in leadership positions on state and national committees, councils, and boards.

My successes in life have been and continue to be a direct result of the personal relationships I’ve built. YCC offered a platform to interact and build life-long friendships with some folks that I probably wouldn’t have crossed paths with otherwise.

Besides building a great network with industry partners and other young producers, YCC provided confirmation that the entire beef supply chain in the United States is dedicated to providing the safest and healthiest product in the world. One of the few statistics that I’ve held onto is that the U.S. produces about 20% of the world’s beef with less than 10% of the cattle. When people ask me about beef sustainability, that is what I tell them.

The other big takeaway for me was that it is very clear that consumers (i.e., people who eat) are increasingly more interested in where their food comes from and how it was produced. At the same time, they know very little about agriculture and current farming practices and much of what they do know is inaccurate. This diversion presents us as cattlemen and women with a tremendous challenge and an exciting opportunity to tell our story and bridge the misinformation gap that exists in society. I think that YCC prepared me to do just that. Until next time, God Bless.

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Treat bovine respiratory disease (BRD) the right way with DRAXXIN® (tulathromycin) Injectable Solution. DRAXXIN demonstrated 50% fewer re-treats and 50% fewer dead or chronic animals1 versus competitive products in several large pen studies.2 Which means your cattle stay healthier, and that helps keep your bottom line healthier, too.

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1

Data on file, Study Report Nos. 1133R-60-05-491, A131R-US-12-028, 2132T-60-01-050, 1133R-60-02-376, 2132T-60-01-063, 1133R-60-03-388 and 11RGDRA01, Zoetis Services LLC.

2

Data on file, Study Report Nos. 1133R-60-05-491, 1133R-60-05-492, 1133R-60-05-493, A131R-US-12-028, 2132T-60-01-050, 1133R-60-02-376, 2132T-60-01-063 and 1133R-60-03-388, Zoetis Services LLC.

All trademarks are the property of Zoetis Services LLC or a related company or a licensor unless otherwise noted. © 2016 Zoetis Services LLC. All rights reserved. DRX-00120

Parable

CHoose a Life THat Matters Dr. Doug Ford, Production Animal Consultation & Dr. Greg Quakenbush, Geissler Corp.

Every spring for the past 30 years, I have taken to the road for 3 months to spay 5,000-15,000 heifers. It is always challenging to service everyone’s needs in addition to our regular spring clinical work plus calving 200 of our own cows. As frustrating as this time of year becomes, it is still one of my favorite seasons — seeing the first robin on a snow covered chilly spring day, sprigs of green grass peeking out from the protection of a gnarly sagebrush plant or the joy of watching newborn babies buck and play on a warm sunshine morning. Most people are never privileged to experience the joys of rural life. It’s not just the connection with God’s creation, but the common thread we share within the agricultural community.

One big reason I continue to torture my body every spring is the anticipation of spending time with old friends and the excitement of meeting new ones. You never know where the opportunities lie when working chute side day after day. One minute you could be discussing antibiotic resistance, vaccination protocols, talk of family matters, or the occasional off-color story.

The other day one of our random topics of discussion was great movies. The conversation went from twisted plots, morality, cowboy logic and principal to just great entertainment. The question was, how would Lonesome Dove have been different without Gus, Gunsmoke without Matt Dillon, and any great western without the awesome triad of Louis L’Amour, Tom Selleck and Sam Elliott?

To take matters one step farther, what would we be today without Barney Fife, his larger than life nature and his one bullet? I think deep down there may be a little Barney in all of us.

What is the point? All of the really great movies created their magic with the right script, the right actors, and the right director. As I become older and more mature, I realize that our lives are no different. God, as the ever-present eternal Director, has scripted our lives and cast us for a specific role. I don’t have to be Tom Selleck, even though we look amazingly alike. It’s okay to be me! God has given me all I need to be perfect for my part. All I have to do is make myself available for the script he has provided.

Someday our movie will have an ending, and there will be no more chances to do a retake of the scene, bloopers and all. At the end of our movie, the music will play and the credits will roll for one last time. It should be noted that our performance will be judged, however not by the Academy.

I’ve already been invited to attend the awards ceremony, in spite of some lousy performances.

With the passage of time, will our fame as leading actors or actresses shrivel in irrelevance? Will it matter that we won an Oscar or Grammy, or made more movies and worked harder than anyone else?

How will the value of our days be measured? What will truly matter is how we treated everyone on the set. Not what we achieved, but what we gave. Not our best performance, but our significance. Not our starring role, but what we taught others. What will matter is every “scene” of honor, courage, compassion, and integrity and how we enriched others’ lives. What will matter is character. It may not be who our leading counterpart was, but if those on the set feel lasting loss when we are gone. What memories will live on in the many who participated in the making of our movie?

Success in our role doesn’t happen by accident; it’s by the choices that are made. It’s about being available, adhering to the script and working closely with the Director. It’s about obedience, sacrifice, effort, attitude and core values. Choose a life that matters!

For your consideration:

James 4:13-15: 13Come now, you who say, “Today or tomorrow we will go into such and such a town and spend a year there and trade and make a profit”— 14yet you do not know what tomorrow will bring. What is your life?

For you are a mist that appears for a little time and then vanishes. 15Instead you ought to say, “If the Lord wills, we will live and do this or that.”

Psalm 39:4: “O Lord, make me know my end and what is the measure of my days; let me know how fleeting I am!”

Proverbs 16:9: The heart of man plans his way, but the Lord establishes his steps.

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The Pot Roast

Breakfast Burrito with Breakfast Beef Sausage Flour Tortillas

Instructions

2 cups flour

Start by adding flour, baking powder and salt,

3 tbsp. baking powder

mixing to combine. Then add lard. Work in

1/2 tsp. salt 1/4 cup lard 1/2 - 3/4 cup warm water

lard until it is well incorporated. Create a well in your bowl of dry ingredients and add water a little at a time, incorporating each addition well. (You may not use all the water and it could take more; it just depends on the humidity). The dough will be sticky at first. Knead the dough until the bowl becomes clean and your shoulder is tired. Then knead it for 2 additional minutes. Once the dough is kneaded to the proper texture, begin by dividing the dough into 8 balls, 2 inches each. You are now ready to begin rolling out and cooking the tortillas.

Work a dough ball into a disc with the center thinner and the edges thicker. Begin rolling out the disc on a floured surface. Do not apply too much pressure as you roll them out. The consistent back and forth motion is what will create the rolled-out tortilla. Don’t worry about getting them perfectly round, that will come with time

and practice. You will want to roll them out to

9 minutes or until crumbles reach 165°F, stirring

about 1/16 of an inch thick. Place tortilla on

occasionally. This recipe came from the Beef

a rocket hot griddle or even a nonstick skillet

It’s What’s for Dinner website.

to cook. Cook each tortilla for a total of 1 1/2 to 2 minutes, flipping from side to side every 15 seconds or so. Once cooked they may feel a little stiff; however place them in a tea towel with the other warm tortillas and they will limber back up.

Beef Breakfast Burrito Homemade flour tortillas Beef breakfast sausage Scrambled eggs

Breakfast Beef Sausage

Cheese (we like a sharp cheddar)

1 lb. ground beef

Green chili

2 tsp. chopped fresh sage or 1/2 tsp. rubbed sage (we used fresh sage, but will be using dried in the future for convenience)

Instructions To build your burrito, place your tortilla on a plate, and add your sausage, eggs, cheese and chili. Wrap and enjoy!

1 tsp. garlic powder 1 tsp. onion powder 1/2 tsp. salt 1/4-1/2 tsp. crushed red pepper

Instructions Combine ground beef and seasonings in large bowl, mixing lightly but thoroughly. To prepare crumbles, heat large nonstick skillet over medium heat until hot. Add sausage mixture; cook 8 to 10 minutes, breaking into1/2-inch crumbles and stirring occasionally. Cook’s Tip: Fully cooked sausage crumbles (2 to 2 1/2 cups) can be frozen for 3 to 4 months. To use, heat large nonstick skillet over medium heat until hot. Add frozen crumbles and cook 6 to

Thank you to Arturo and Wrenn Pacheco for sharing your recipe and pictures. Arturo and Wrenn are custom grazers located in the Flint Hills of Kansas. Their grazing operation consists of grazing double stock steers and custom heifer development for their clients. Arturo has his PhD in ruminant nutrition and owns and operates his own nutrition consulting business, Pacheco Cattle Services. Wrenn is a professional photographer and operates Wrenn Bird Photography. Together they have two little cowboys, Leo and Ross. You can find more of their recipes at cookingwiththecowboy.com.

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Office: 402-387-1891 Fax: 402-387-1961 Email: daniels@danielsmfg.com

Calendar JuNE

July

1st Boehringer Ingelheim Cattle Meeting, Kansas City, MO, Dr. Dan presenting

11th PAC Beef Summit, Oberlin, KS, PAC members presenting and attending

14th-15th Nebraska Summer Grazing Tour, Hay Springs, NE, Dr. Shane and Kelly Terrell attending

31st Iowa Beef Center Feedlot Production Program, Ames, IA, Dr. Dan presenting

18th-19th International Symposium on Beef Cattle Welfare, Calgary, Alberta, Dr. Dan presenting

August

20th Calgary Cattlemen’s Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, Dr. Dan presenting 22nd Vet Leader One-Day, Great Bend, KS, Dr. Nels and Dr. Dan presenting 26th Montana Veterinary Medical Association Summer Meeting, Billings, MT, Dr. Dan presenting

1st-4th NCBA Summer Meeting, Denver, CO, PAC members attending 9th-11th Academy of Veterinary Consultants Summer Meeting, Denver, CO, PAC members attending

Production Animal Consultation PO Box 41 Oakley, KS 67748 pacdvms.com

Mark Your Calendars!

PAC Beef Summit Meeting Wednesday, July 11th, 2018 Tools for a Foundation of Success Oberlin, KS

Register At pacdvms.com