Protein Producers Summer 2015

PROTEIN producers

How Oversharing is a Good Thing!

The Importance of Understanding Bits in the Feedlot Environment Clinical Case Review: BRSV in Cattle

Dr. Nels Lindberg Named KVMA Veterinarian of the Year Creating Connections in the Beef Industry

What the U.S. Should Know about South American Beef Production w ww.pac dvm s.c om / / 20 15

Protein Producers

2015, Volume 3, Issue 2 Editor Kelly Terrell Content Developer Lisa Taylor The PAC TEAM Dr. Wade Taylor, Kansas, USA Technology identification and deployment Dr. Tom Noffsinger, Nebraska, USA Animal handling, staff development Dr. Doug Ford, Colorado, USA Reproduction, lameness Dr. Corbin Stevens, Kansas, USA Diagnostics and clinical evaluation Dr. Nels Lindberg, Kansas, USA Leadership development, field research Dr. Kip Lukasiewicz, Nebraska, USA Animal handling, field research, facility design Dr. Jim Lowe, Illinois, USA System design and management, team education Dr. Shane Terrell, Nebraska, USA Lameness, field research Dr. Kev Sullivan, Queensland, AUS Animal handling, heat stress management Garrett Taylor, Kansas, USA Information management Kelly Terrell, Nebraska, USA Marketing and communications Jose Valles, Nebraska, USA Bilingual education and training, research monitoring Ted Howard, Kansas, USA Animal stewardship, horsemanship Lisa Taylor, Kansas, USA Business and data analysis

3

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Dr. Nels and his family.

W

elcome, everyone, to our second issue of Protein Producers! We hope you all enjoyed the first issue, but not only enjoyed it, that you took home some valuable points, information, or ways to better improve what you do every day.

We look to continue to provide excellent content that allows anyone reading the information to become more engaged, stimulated to ask more questions, and action items to help your daily execution of “what you do”.

Our goal is to help all people involved in producing protein on our teams to “do the right thing” for the animals we give care for and to.

That being said, this issue is set to come out right before our annual PAC Summit Meeting in Oberlin, Kansas.

We understand the time and financial commitment by all our customers it takes to attend, and we want to reassure you of our commitment to you to make it worth it.

We have an awesome line-up of speakers, with returning experts like Dan Thomson, DVM (speaking on public perception and VFDs), Larry Firkins, DVM (building a better team), and our “Down Under” speaker Kev Sullivan, BVSc (heat mitigation). We also have new exciting speakers with emphasis on fat cattle diseases, such as information from the Beef Cattle Institute at KSU on the effects of stress on fat cattle, and Joe Neary, DVM, an expert in feedlot cattle lung and heart diseases.

Lastly, we worked to provide an exceptional inspirational speaker. Although last year’s Walt Woodard will be hard to top, we hope to do so with Kansas native Jon McGraw, former KSU Wildcat and All-American football player and retired Kansas City Chief. Jon is a co-founder of Vision Pursue, a performance mindset training and consulting business for professional athletes, teams, and businesses.

Thanks for reading and engaging with us! We look forward to seeing you all in Oberlin on July 8th!

Keep at it!

Dr. Nels Lindberg Partner, PAC

How To Reach Us

Production Animal Consultation PO Box 41 Oakley, KS 67748 (785) 673-9572 www.pacdvms.com

Follow us on Twitter

@PACVets

5

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Hexasol® is a combination of veterinary-strength oxytet with the same powerful fever reducer found in Banamine® (flunixin meglumine)

Reduces fever associated with BRD within 6 hours

One IM or SQ Dose. Done.

BRD NO BRAINER The Norbrook logos and Hexasol are registered trademarks of Norbrook Laboratories Limited Banamine is a registered trademark of Merck Animal Health

www.norbrookinc.com Observe label directions and withdrawal times. Not for use in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older including dry dairy cows, bulls intended for breeding and calves intended to be processed for veal. Reports of adverse reactions associated with oxytetracycline administration include injection site swelling, restlessness, ataxia, trembling, respiratory abnormalities (labored breathing), collapse and possibly death. Some of these reactions may be attributed to anaphylaxis or to cardiovascular collapse of unknown cause. After flunixin administration, anaphylactic-like reactions have been reported, some of which have been fatal.

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory NSAIDs may be associated with gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic toxicity. Concomitant use with other anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided or closely monitored. See product labeling for full product information.

Hexasol Injection ®

(oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine) ANTIBIOTIC/NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG (NSAID) For intramuscular or subcutaneous use in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle, calves and yearlings.

Not for use in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older, including dry dairy cows, bulls intended for breeding, and calves intended to be processed for veal.

Brief Summary: Before using Hexasol Injection, please consult the product insert, a summary of which follows.

CAUTION: Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

INDICATIONS: For the treatment of bacterial pneumonia associated with Pasteurella spp. and for the control of associated pyrexia in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do not use in animals showing hypersensitivity to either flunixin meglumine or oxytetracycline.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS: Withdrawal Periods and Residue Warnings Residue Warnings: Discontinue treatment at least 21 days prior to slaughter of cattle.

This drug product is not approved for use in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older, including dry dairy cows. Use in these cattle may cause drug residues in milk and/or in calves born to these cows. A withdrawal period has not been established for this product in pre-ruminating calves. Do not use in calves to be processed for veal. Use of dosages other than those indicated may result in residue violations.

Exceeding the highest recommended level of drug per pound of bodyweight per day, administering more than the recommended number of treatments, and/or exceeding 10 mL intramuscularly or subcutaneously per injection site in beef cattle and non-lactating dairy cattle may result in antibiotic residues beyond the withdrawal time.

0215-312-I02A

Antibacterial Warnings Use of antibacterial drugs in the absence of a susceptible bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to treated animals and may increase the risk of the development of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

User Safety Warnings Not for use in humans. Keep out of reach of children. The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) contains more detailed occupational safety information. To obtain an MSDS contact Norbrook at 1-866-591-5777.

Animal Safety Warnings and Precautions At the first sign of any adverse reaction, discontinue use of the product. Some of the reactions may be attributable either to anaphylaxis (an allergic reaction) or to cardiovascular collapse of unknown cause.

Shortly after injection, treated animals may have transient hemoglobinuria resulting in darkened urine.

Intramuscular injection in the rump area may cause mild temporary lameness associated with swelling at the injection site. Flunixin is a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitory NSAID, and as with others in this class, adverse effects may occur with its use. The most frequently reported adverse effects have been gastrointestinal signs. Events involving suspected renal, hematologic, neurologic, dermatologic, and hepatic effects have also been reported for other drugs in this class.

Other Warnings Hexasol Injection, when administered as directed, may induce a transient reaction at the site of injection and underlying tissues that may result in trim loss of edible tissue at slaughter.

ADVERSE REACTIONS: At the first sign of any adverse reaction, discontinue use of the product. Reports of adverse reactions associated with oxytetracycline administration include injection site swelling, restlessness, ataxia, trembling, swelling of eyelids, ears, muzzle, anus and vulva (or scrotum and sheath in males), respiratory abnormalities (labored breathing), frothing at the mouth, collapse and possibly death. Some of these reactions may be attributed either to anaphylaxis (an allergic reaction) or to cardiovascular collapse of unknown cause. After flunixin administration in cattle, anaphylactic-like reactions have been reported, some of which have been fatal, primarily following intravenous use.

NADA 141-312, Approved By FDA Made in the UK. Norbrook Laboratories Limited Newry, BT35 6PU, Co. Down, Northern Ireland I02 Apr 2012

Table of Contents TM 88 Creating ininthe CreatingConnections ConnectionsTM the

Beef Industry Industry Beef

99 Chuckles ChucklesFrom FromDown DownUnder Under 10 10 Clinical ClinicalCase CaseReview: Review: BRSV BRSV in in Cattle Cattle

12 12 What What the the U.S. U.S. Should Should Know Know about about South SouthAmerican American Beef Beef Production Production

20 The 20 The Importance Importance of of Understanding Understanding in the Feedlot Environment BitsBits in the Feedlot Environment

21 21 Parable Parable of of the the Woodcutter Woodcutter and and

His His Horse Horse

23 Preconditioning Preconditioning for for 23

Performance,quality, Quality,cash Cash performance,

24 Dr. Dr. Nels Nels Lindberg Lindberg Named Named 24

KVMA KVMAVeterinarian Veterinarian of of the theYear Year

14 25 Getting Getting to to Know Know the the PAC PAC Team: 14 Beef Beef Cattle Cattle Institute Institute Research: Research: 25 Bullers Bullers

Dr. Shane and Kelly Team: Dr. Shane and Terrell Kelly Terrell

18 How HowOversharing OversharingisisaaGood Good 18

31 Upcoming Upcoming Events Events 31

Thing!

Thing!

7

TM Creating ConnectionsTM

Creating Connections in the Beef Industry in the Beef Industry

Merck Animal Health, Production Animal Consultation, and the Beef Cattle Institute join together to discuss By: Lisa Taylor, Animal MS, Production Animal Consultation Merck Animal Production Animal Consultation, Health has partnered with techniques andHealth, practices to improve By: LisaMerck Taylor, MS, Production Animal Consultation and the Beef Cattle Institute joinhandling togetherskills to discuss and the BeefinCattle Institute join together to operations discuss in Production Animal Consultation and the Beef Cattle applicable various aspects of day-to-day techniques and practices to improve handling skills Merck Animal Health has partnered withCreating techniques and practices to improve handling skills Institute at Kansas State University to develop the beef industry. applicable in various aspects of day-to-day operations Health and hasthe partnered with Merck Production Animal Consultation Beef Cattle TM Animal applicable in first various aspects of day-to-day operations in in Connections , a program focused on promoting best The educational module, focused on thebeef beefindustry. industry.

Production AnimalState Consultation anddevelop the Beef Cattle Institute Kansas University Creating the practicesat and techniques fortoanimal handling in acclimation, will launch July 15th. Later modules will on TMproper The first educational focused Institute at Kansas State University to develop Creating , a program focused on promoting best Connections The first educational module,module, focused on the beef industry.

TM cover topics such as stockmanship, yard weaning, th acclimation, will launch July 15th.

Later modules Connections , a program focused on promoting best practicesInand proper techniques for Animal animal handling in acclimation, will launch July 15 . Later modules will will November 2014, Merck Health began workplace safety, facility design, and heat stress cover topics such as stockmanship, yard practices and proper techniques for animal handling in the the beef industry. cover topics such as stockmanship, yard weaning, weaning, releasing a series of videos focused on stockmanship, management. workplacesafety, safety, facility design, and beef industry.

In November 2014, Merck Health began workplace facility design, and heat stressheat stress acclimation, and horsemanship in Animal the feedlot, featuring The modules will also include an international management.

Animal Health began In November 2014, Merck releasing a series DVM, of videos focusedAnimal on stockmanship, management.

Paulo Loureiro, of Merck and perspective, with modules featuring footage the Themodules modules will also include an from international releasing a series of videos focused on Health, stockmanship, acclimation, and horsemanship in the feedlot, featuring The will also include an international Tom Noffsinger, DVM, of Production Animal Australian beefwith industry and commentary from Dr. Kev perspective, modules featuring footage acclimation, andDVM, horsemanship in the feedlot, featuring Paulo Loureiro, Merck Animal Health, and for perspective, with modules featuring footage from from the the Consultation.

Loureiroofand Noffsinger share a passion Sullivan, a veterinarian with Production Animal Australianbeef beef industry and commentary from Paulo Loureiro, DVM, of Merck Animal Health, and Tom Tom Noffsinger, DVM, Animal industry and in commentary from Dr. Kev Dr. teaching cattlemen howof toProduction use low-stress cattle handling Australian Consultation who practices Australia.

Kev Sullivan, a veterinarian with Production Animal Noffsinger, DVM, of Production Animal Consultation.

Consultation.

Loureiro and Noffsinger share a passion for Sullivan,Producers a veterinarian with Production Animal to improve the well-being and performance of the and caregivers throughout the industry, Consultation who practices in Australia.

Loureiro and Noffsinger a passion for handling teaching teaching howAnd to share use cattle Consultation who practicestoinfinishing Australia. animals cattlemen in their care. it alllow-stress begins with from cow-calf operations and packer Producers andcaregivers caregiversthroughout throughout industry, tocommunication. improve how the well-being and performance the cattlemen to use low-stress cattle of handling to Producers and thetheindustry, operations, will find the information in this program fromcow-calf cow-calf operations to finishing and packer animals in care. And all beginscommunication withof the animals improve thetheir well-being and performance from operations to finishing and packer “The foundation ofit effective relevant and informative. operations, will find the information inprogram this program communication. in their care.

And it all begins with communication. operations, will find the information in this between caregivers and cattle is the caregivers’ Asand Loureiro describes, “The cattle industry has relevant informative.

“The foundation of of effective foundation effective communication “The relevant and informative. understanding of cattle instincts andcommunication sensory systems,” evolved over the last two decades, increasing production cattle industry Loureiro describes, “The between caregivers andand cattlecattle is the caregivers’ AsAsLoureiro describes, “The cattle industry has has between caregivers is the caregivers’ Noffsinger explains. in all segments of the business mainly through innovative understanding of cattle instincts and sensory systems,” evolved over last two decades, increasing production evolved thethe last two decades, increasing productsover or new technologies.

Now it is timeproduction to invest in Noffsinger explains. inallallsegments segmentsofofthe thebusiness businessmainly mainlythrough throughinnovative innovative inpeople development, and that’s the importance of productsoror new technologies.

Now it is time to invest products new technologies.

Now it is time to invest in in Creating Connections. We want to help people people development, and that’s the importance of Creating people development, and that’s the importance of understand cattle at a higher degree and take our business Creating Connections.

We to help understand people We want to want help people cattle at toConnections. the next level.” understand cattle at a higher degree and take our business a higher degree and take our business to the next level.”

Both the stockmanship video series and the online toeducational the next level.” and the online Both the stockmanship video series modules will be available worldwide.

Both the stockmanship video series and online educational modules will be available worldwide.

Dr. Dan Thomson, director of the Beef the Cattle educational modules will be available worldwide.

Dan Thomson, director the Beef Cattle Institute Dr. which produces and hosts the of educational Dr. Dan Thomson, director of the Beef Institute which produces and hosts the educational modules, highlights the expected influence of Cattle this Institute which produces and hosts the educational modules, highlights the expected influence of this program, stating, “Dr. Noffsinger has worked tirelessly in modules, highlights the expected influence of this program, stating, “Dr. Noffsinger has worked tirelessly helping producers understand basic stockmanship to program, stating, “Dr. Noffsinger has worked tirelessly into in helping understand basic stockmanship improve the producers health and performance of their animals. helping producers understand basic stockmanship to This improve theishealth and performance of their animals.

This project so exciting because it will allow people to improve the health and performance of their animals. project is sotoexciting because it will allow to have have access his work that may never havepeople the ability to This project isinso exciting because it have will allow people access to his work thatand may never the ability see Dr. Tom person allow him to amplify his totosee have his work that may have the to Dr. access Tom into person and allow himnever to amplify his ability message.” message.” see Dr. Tom in person and allow him to amplify his Above: Paulo Loureiro, DVM, of Merck Animal Health, and message.”

Tom Noffsinger, DVM, of Production Animal Consultation Interestedininlearning learningmore moreabout aboutCreating Creating Connections?

Connections?

Interested Above: Loureiro, of Merck Health, and discussPaulo low-stress cattleDVM, handling in the Animal feedlot setting Visit www.creatingconnections.info or speak with your Visit www.creatingconnections.info or speak with your Tom Noffsinger, DVM, of Production Animal Consultation Interested in learning more about Creating Connections?

MerckAnimal AnimalHealth Healthrepresentative. representative.

Training modules Merck Training modules discuss low-stress cattle handlingTM in the feedlot setting Visit www.creatingconnections.info or speak with your Creating series of understanding of Connections cattle instincts also and features sensoryasystems,” willbe beavailable availableon onwww.animalcaretraining.org. www.animalcaretraining.org. ** will ** Merck Animal Health representative. Training modules educationalexplains. modules in which TMindustry experts from Noffsinger Creating Connections TMalso features a series of will be available on www.animalcaretraining.org. ** Creating Connections also features a series educational modules in which industry experts from of educational modules in which industry experts from 8 Merck Animal Health, Production Animal Consultation, By: Lisa Taylor, MS, Production Animal Consultation

8

1/2 page Whisper

Chuckles FromUnder Down Under Chuckles From Down By: By:Jane JaneSullivan Sullivan

disappeared inside thethe machine.

“I just need oneone copy.” disappeared inside machine.

“I just need copy.”

Anyone autumn of their yearsyears pondering their their Anyoneininthethe autumn of their pondering mortality should take heart from the advice given by aby a mortality should take heart from the advice given tough old cattleman from Jindabyne (Australia) to tough old cattleman from Jindabyne (Australia)his to his grand-daughter. The secret to a long life, he counselled, grand-daughter. The secret to a long life, he counselled, was to sprinkle a pinch of gunpowder on her oatmeal was to sprinkle a pinch of gunpowder on her oatmeal every morning. The grand-daughter followed this dictum every morning. The grand-daughter followed this dictum religiously until her death at the venerable age of 103. religiously until14her death 30 at the venerable age of 103.

She left behind children, grandchildren, 45 greatShe left behind 14 children, 30 grandchildren, 45 greatgrandchildren, 25 great-great-grandchildren and a forty grandchildren, 25 great-great-grandchildren and a forty foot hole where the crematorium used to be. foot hole where the crematorium used to be.

Lesson: Lesson:Never, Never,never, never,ever everassume assumeyour yourboss bossknows knows what he’s doing. what he’s doing.

The Shredder The Shredder A young engineer was leaving the office at 5:45pm when A young engineer was leaving the office at 5:45pm when he found the CEO standing in front of a shredder with a he found the CEO standing in front of a shredder with a piece of paper in his hand. piece of paper in his hand.

“Listen,” said the CEO, “this is a very sensitive and “Listen,” said the CEO, “this is a very sensitive and important document and my secretary is not here. Can important document and my secretary is not here. Can you make this thing work?” you make this thing work?”

“Certainly,” said the young engineer. He turned on the “Certainly,” said the young engineer. He turned on the machine, inserted the paper and pushed the start button. machine, inserted the paper and pushed the start button.

“Excellent, “Excellent,excellent!” excellent!”said saidthe theCEO CEOas ashis hispaper paper

AnAn elderly woman walked into thethe local country church. elderly woman walked into local country church.

The friendly usher greeted her at the door and helped herher The friendly usher greeted her at the door and helped upup thethe flight of steps.

“Where would you like to sit?” he flight of steps. “Where would you like to sit?” he asked politely. asked politely.

“The front row, please,” sheshe answered.

“The front row, please,” answered.

“You really don’t want to to dodo that,” thethe usher said.

“The “You really don’t want that,” usher said.

“The pastor is really boring.” pastor is really boring.”

“Do youyou happen to know who I am?” thethe woman “Do happen to know who I am?” woman inquired. inquired.

“No,” he he said.

“I’m thethe pastor’s mother,” sheshe replied “No,” said.

“I’m pastor’s mother,” replied indignantly. indignantly.

“Do youyou know who I am?” he he asked.

“Do know who I am?” asked.

“No,” said.

“No,” sheshe said.

“Good,” answered.

“Good,” he he answered.

9

Bovine Respiratory Respiratory Syncytial Bovine SyncytialVirus Virusin inCattle Cattle By: Jose By: JoseValles, Valles,MS MSand andLisa LisaTaylor, Taylor,MS, MS, Production Production Animal Consultation Animal Consultation Bovinerespiratory respiratory syncytial syncytial virus Bovine virus (BRSV) (BRSV)is is prevalentinincattle cattlepopulations populations worldwide. ItIt was prevalent wasfirst first recognizedasasa apathogen pathogen in in 1970 recognized 1970 in inSwitzerland, Switzerland,and andthe first case of BRSV in the United States was recorded four the first case of BRSV in the United States was recorded years later.

BRSV shares similarities with human four years later.

BRSV shares similarities with human respiratorysyncytial syncytial virus virus (HRSV), is no respiratory (HRSV),but butthere there is no evidence of cross-species infection.

Similar respiratory evidence of cross-species infection. Similar respiratory syncytial viruses also affect sheep and goats. syncytial viruses also affect sheep and goats.

BRSV a viral component the bovine BRSV is aisviral component of theofbovine respiratory respiratory disease (BRD) complex and one of the disease (BRD) complex and is one of theisprimary BRD primary BRD pathogens.

This ribonucleic acid virus pathogens. This ribonucleic acid virus is categorized asisa categorizedand as abelongs pneumovirus and belongs to the pneumovirus to the Paramyxovirus family.

Paramyxovirus family.

The virus has a cytopathic effect, creating syncytial The virus has a cytopathic effect, creating cells in the mucosal lining of the respiratory tract. BRSV syncytial cells in the mucosal lining of the respiratory tends to affect the lower respiratory tract, and infection tract. BRSV tends to affect the lower respiratory tract, with BRSV increases susceptibility to viral and secondary and infection with BRSV increases susceptibility to viral bacterial infections. and secondary bacterial infections.

The virus can be transmitted by direct contact with The virus can be transmitted by direct contact respiratory secretions of infected animals or by inhalation with respiratory secretions of infected animals or by of aerosolized respiratory secretions. inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions. cases ofof BRSV arearemost Severe clinical Severe clinical cases BRSV mostcommon common in in beef and dairy animals up to 6 months of age.

Typically, beef and dairy animals up to 6 months of age. beef cattle between 6 weeks and 13 months old13and dairyold Typically, beef cattle between 6 weeks and months cattle 2 weeks and29weeks months old are mostold prone and between dairy cattle between and 9 months are to most infection.

Experts believe that passive immunity from prone to infection. Experts believe that passive maternal antibodies and active immunity from previous immunity from maternal antibodies and active immunity exposure help decrease the severity of respiratory disease from previous exposure help decrease the severity of associated with BRSV but do not prevent infection. respiratory disease associated with BRSV but do not Reinfection prevent infection. with the virus is possible. While the first Reinfection exposure towith BRSV usually results While in acute the virus is possible. the disease, subsequent exposure is often associated with first exposure to BRSV usually results in acute disease, or exposure mild respiratory disease. Outbreaks most subclinical subsequent is often associated with subclinical often occurrespiratory during thedisease. fall andOutbreaks winter andmost are often commonly or mild occur caused by stress-inducing factors such as diet changes, during the fall and winter and are commonly caused by transportation, and weather stress-inducingovercrowding, factors such asweaning, diet changes, changes.

Case fatality rates in BRSV outbreaks can be as transportation, overcrowding, weaning, and weather changes.

Case fatality rates in BRSV outbreaks can be as high as 20 percent. high as 20 percent. suspected of BRSV infection must be Animals suspected of Examination BRSV infection musttake be examined Animals in a timely manner. should examined a timely manner.lung Examination should take into account in rectal temperature, score, visual clinical into account rectal temperature, lung score, visual clinical signs, movement, and feed and water consumption. signs, movement, and feed and water consumption.

Evaluation should be performed without compromising should be performed without compromising theEvaluation health of the animal. the health of the animal.

signs ofofBRSV BRSV in severity Clinical Clinical signs cancan varyvary in severity and and may include cough, depression, decreased appetite, may include cough, depression, decreased appetite, decreased milkproduction, production, dehydration, difficulty decreased milk dehydration, difficulty frothy mouth, grunting, increased breathing, fever,frothy breathing, fever, mouth, grunting, increased respiration lowered head head and andextended extendedneck, neck,nasal nasal respiration rate, rate, lowered discharge, oculardischarge, discharge, open-mouth breathing, discharge, ocular open-mouth breathing, reluctance to movement, and subcutaneous emphysema reluctance to movement, and subcutaneous emphysema (Figure (Figure 1).

1).

Figure 1: Animal with BRSV

Animals typically typically begin begin expressing expressing clinical clinical signs signs Animals BRSV exposure and and may may continue 33 to to 55days daysafter after BRSV exposure continue showing clinical signs for 1 to 2 weeks thereafter. showing clinical signs for 1 to 2 weeks thereafter.

Necropsy ofofsuspected BRSV mortalities is BRSV mortalities is Necropsy suspected encouraged. Because infection is commonly encouraged.

BecauseBRSV BRSV infection is commonly followed by by secondary followed secondary bacterial bacterial infection, infection,gross grosslesions lesions may vary.

Common visible lesions in BRSV-infected may vary. Common visible lesions in BRSV-infected animals may diffuse interstitial pneumonia; animals mayinclude include diffuse interstitial pneumonia; interstitial edema (usually in the caudal lobes),interstitial interstitial interstitial edema (usually in the caudal lobes), and sub-pleural sub-pleuralemphysema, emphysema,alveolitis, alveolitis,and andadenomatosis adenomatosis and (Figures 2, 2, 3).

3).

(Figures

Figure 2: Subpleural and bullous emphysema due to BRSV 10

tion in treatment regimens.

Many times, animalsanimals tion in treatment regimens.

Manyinfected times, infected in treatment regimens. times, infected caution tion recuperate in treatment regimens.

Many Many times, infected animals will recuperate without any treatment. will without any treatment. animals will recuperate without any treatment. will recuperate without treatment.

Prevention practices areany fundamental in controlPrevention practices are fundamental in controlPrevention practices are fundamental Prevention practices are fundamental in controlling BRSV outbreaks.

Low-stress animal handling and ling BRSV outbreaks. Low-stress animal handling and in controlling BRSV Low-stress animal ling BRSV outbreaks.

Low-stress animal handling and management practices areoutbreaks. important in prevention of handling management practices are important in prevention of management practices are important in management practices are important in prevention of BRSV and and other disease.

Cattle should be prevention BRSV andrespiratory other respiratory disease.

Cattle should be BRSV and other respiratory disease.

Cattle should BRSV and other respiratory disease.

Cattle should housedof in a clean, comfortable, and well-ventilated envihoused in a clean, comfortable, and well-ventilatedbe envihoused inand aan comfortable, and well-ventilated envibe housed inclean, a clean, comfortable, and well-ventilated ronment and have adequate feed andfeed water supply at ronment have an adequate and water supply at ronment havehave an adequate feedfeed and and water supply at all times. environment an adequate water supply all times.and and all times.

In addition, there are several BRSV vaccines curat all times.

In addition, there are several BRSV vaccines curIninaddition, there areare several BRSV vaccines currently available both in modified-live and inactivated rently available both modified-live andBRSV inactivated In addition, there several vaccines rently available in both modified-live and inactivated (killed)currently forms. Timing of vaccine administration is im(killed) forms.

Timing of vaccine administration is imavailable in both modified-live and inactivated (killed) forms.

Timing of vaccine administration portant.(killed) Modified-live vaccines can be ineffective if givportant. Modified-live vaccines can be administration ineffectiveisifimgivforms. Timing of vaccine is portant.

Modified-live vaccines can be ineffective if given at a important. very age due to intervention by maternal en at young a very young age due to intervention by maternal Modified-live vaccines can be ineffective atItaisvery age due intervention by maternal antibodies. recommended that to beef cattle vacantibodies. recommended that beef be vac- by ifen given at Ityoung aisvery young age due tobecattle intervention antibodies.

It is recommended that beef cattle be vac- at two times prior to weaning for best protection atcattle Laboratory analysisanalysis is necessary to confirm cinated two times prior to weaning for best protection Laboratory is necessary to confirm cinatedmaternal antibodies. It is recommended that beef be Laboratory analysis is necessary to confirm BRSV cinated twotwo times prior to weaning for best protection at Laboratory is necessary to confirm entry. ** BRSV infection, but isolation of BRSV samfeedlot entry. ** BRSV infection, butanalysis isolation of from BRSVtissue from tissue feedlot sam- vaccinated times prior to weaning for best protection infection, but isolation of BRSV from tissue samples is feedlot entry. ** BRSV infection, but of BRSV tissue sam- at ples is difficult due to the virus’s fragile nature.

Tracheal ples is difficult due toisolation the virus’s fragile from nature.

Tracheal feedlot entry. ** difficult due to the virus’s nature.

Tracheal washes, ples difficult duenasopharyngeal to fragile the virus’s fragile washes,washes, lungislavages, and swabsnature. are theTracheal lung lavages, and nasopharyngeal swabs areReferences the References swabs areswabs the most lung lavages, andlavages, nasopharyngeal washes, lung andsuccessful nasopharyngeal areCampbell, the References most reliable samples for successful virus isolation.

DVM, DVSc, John. 2015. most reliable samples for virus isolation.

Campbell, DVM, DVSc, John.Viral 2015.Respiratory Viral Respiratory reliable samples for successful virus isolation. most reliable samples for successful virus isolation.

Campbell, DVM, DVSc, John.

2015.

Viral Respiratory Laboratory tests used to used detecttoBRSV inin Cattle, The Merck Laboratory tests detect antigen BRSV antigen in-Tract Infections Tract Infections in Cattle, The Veterinary Merck Veterinary tests used to detect BRSV antigen inLaboratory Laboratory tests used to detect BRSV Infections Cattle, Merck clude fluorescent antibody staining, polymerase chainantigen Accessed June in 21,June 2015, from http:// clude fluorescent antibody staining, polymerase chainin-Manual.Tract Manual.

Accessed 21,The 2015, fromVeterinary http:// clude fluorescent antibody staining, polymerase chain clude fluorescent antibody staining, polymerase chain www.merckmanuals.com/vet/respiratory_system/ Manual.

Accessed June 21, 2015, from http:// reactionreaction (PCR), histopathology, immunohistochemistry, (PCR), histopathology, immunohistochemistry, www.merckmanuals.com/vet/respiratory_system/ (PCR), histopathology, immunohistochemistry, reaction (PCR), histopathology, immunohistochemistry, www.merckmanuals.com/vet/respiratory_system/ andreaction serology.

Histopathology findings of infected aniand serology. Histopathology findings of infected ani- respiratory_diseases_of_cattle/viral_respir respiratory_diseases_of_cattle/viral_respir serology.

Histopathology findings ofofinfected aniand serology.

Histopathology findings infected ani- atory_tract_infections_in_cattle.html#v3293434. respiratory_diseases_of_cattle/viral_respir malsand may include alveolar epithelialization, degeneration mals may include alveolar epithelialization, degeneration atory_tract_infections_in_cattle.html#v3293434. alveolar epithelialization, degeneration mals may include mals may include alveolar epithelialization, degeneration atory_tract_infections_in_cattle.html#v3293434. of bronchiolar epithelium, edema, edema, hyalinehyaline membrane for- forof bronchiolar epithelium, membrane of bronchiolar epithelium, edema, hyaline membrane forof bronchiolar epithelium, edema, hyaline membrane formation, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, presence of Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. “Bovine Respira-Respiramation, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, presence of Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. “Bovine mation, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, presence of mation, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, presence Inc. “Bovine syncytial cells in the bronchiolar epithelium and lung pa-lungofpatoryBoehringer-Ingelheim Syncytial Virus (BRSV)” in Cattle Tech Talk. syncytial cells in the bronchiolar epithelium and tory Syncytial VirusVetmedica, (BRSV)” in Cattle TechRespiraTalk. syncytial cells in the bronchiolar epithelium and lung pasyncytial cells the bronchiolar epithelium and lung patory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)” in Cattle Tech Talk. renchyma, and proliferation of bronchiolar epithelium.

Accessed June 21,June 2015, https:// renchyma, and in proliferation of bronchiolar epithelium.

Accessed 21,from 2015, from https:// renchyma, and proliferation of bronchiolar epithelium. renchyma, and proliferation of bronchiolar epithelium.

Accessed June 21, 2015, from https:// When using paired serum samples, antibody titers are beefmagazine.com/site-files/beefmagazine.com/files/ When using paired serum samples, antibody titers are beefmagazine.com/site-files/beefmagazine.com/files/ When using serum samples, antibody titers are When using paired serum samples, antibody titers are uploads/2012/08/Bovine-Respiratory-Syncytialbeefmagazine.com/site-files/beefmagazine.com/files/ often higher in thepaired first serum sample, collected during often higher in the first serum sample, collected during uploads/2012/08/Bovine-Respiratory-Syncytialoften higher in the first serum sample, collected during often higher in of the first clinical serum collected uploads/2012/08/Bovine-Respiratory-Syncytialthe expression of acute clinical signs, sample, than in than the second the expression acute signs, in theduring secondVirus.pdf.

Virus.pdf. of acute clinical signs, than in the second the expression the expression of acute clinical signs, than in the second Virus.pdf. sample, collected 2 to 3 weeks later, due to the rapid antisample, collected 2 to 3 weeks later, due to the rapid antisample, collected 3 weeks torapid the rapid anti- DVM, sample, collected 2 to 23 to weeks later,later, due due to the antibody response.

Ellis, A.John 2000.

Management: body response.

Ellis, PhD, DVM,John PhD, A.“Health 2000. “Health Management: response.

Ellis, DVM,Respiratory PhD, John Syncytial A. Virus 2000. (BRSV)”, “Health Management: bodybody response.

Although specificspecific antiviralantiviral treatment for BRSV Bovine Respiratory Syncytial in Al- in AlAlthough treatment for is BRSV is Bovine Virus (BRSV)”, Although specific antiviral treatment for BRSV is Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)”, Alcurrently non-existent, several therapeutic steps can be berta Feedlot Management Guide, 2nd edition.

Ac- inAcAlthough specific antiviral treatment for BRSV currently non-existent, several therapeutic steps can be berta Feedlot Management Guide, 2nd edition. currently non-existent, several therapeutic can berta Feedlot Management taken promote recovery.

Supportive care, including 21, 2015, from is to currently non-existent, several therapeutic steps canbe cessed June taken to promote recovery.

Supportive care,steps including cessed June 21, 2015,http:// from Guide, http:// 2nd edition. Actaken to promote recovery.

Supportive care, including cessed June 21, 2015, from http:// provision of to fluids aidrecovery. intohydration and placement in a in www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/ provision oftofluids aid inSupportive hydration and a be taken promote care,placement including www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/ provision of fluids to aid in hydration and placement in a www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/ comfortable, well-ventilated environment, is beneficial. beef11727. comfortable, well-ventilated environment, is beneficial. beef11727. provision of fluids to aid in hydration and placement in comfortable, well-ventilated environment, is beneficial. beef11727.

Theaanimal shouldwell-ventilated be fed abelower-energy ration is with The animal should fed aenvironment, lower-energy ration with comfortable, beneficial.

The animal a lower-energy more roughage for 1should tobe 2 fed days.

Froderman, Fred. 1997.

More–than Just Four more roughage for 1beto 2 days.

Froderman, Fred.BRSV 1997.–BRSV More than Just Four The animal should afed lower-energy rationration with with more more roughage for 1 to 2 days.

Froderman, Fred.

1997.

BRSV – More than Just Antimicrobial therapy may be administered to Letters on a Vaccination Bottle, Indiana Animal Dis-FourDisAntimicrobial Letters on a Vaccination Bottle, Indiana Animal roughage for 1 to 2 days. therapy may be administered to Antimicrobial therapy mayin administered to ease Diagnostic Letters onLaboratory. a Vaccination Bottle, Indiana Animal Dishelp fight secondary bacterial infections the comproAccessed June 21,June 2015, help fight secondary bacterial infections in the comproease Diagnostic Laboratory.

Accessed 21, 2015, Antimicrobial therapy may bebe administered to help fight secondary bacterial infections in the comproease Diagnostic Laboratory.

Accessed June 21, 2015, mised tract. bacterial mised tract. from https://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/1997/ helprespiratory fight respiratory secondary infections in the compro- from https://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/1997/ mised respiratory tract. from https://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/1997/ In addition, anti-inflammatory therapy can be spring/brsv.shtml.

In addition, anti-inflammatory therapy can be spring/brsv.shtml. mised respiratory tract.

In anti-inflammatory therapyNoncan be spring/brsv.shtml. helpful helpful for In animals with respiratory distress.distress.

Nonforaddition, animals with respiratory addition, anti-inflammatory therapy can be helpful for animals with respiratory distress.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsrespiratory (NSAIDs) or antihistaZoetis. Zoetis.

Bovine Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV).

Ac- Acsteroidal drugs (NSAIDs) or antihistaRespiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV). helpful for anti-inflammatory animals with distress.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or antihistaZoetis.

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV).

Acmines are recommended.

While corticosteroids also offer cessed June 21, 2015, from https:// mines are recommended.

While corticosteroids also offer cessed June 21, 2015, from https:// steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or antihistamines recommended.

While corticosteroids also offer cessed June 21, 2015, from https:// anti-inflammatory benefits,benefits, they are associated with imwww.zoetisus.com/conditions/bovine-respiratoryanti-inflammatory they are associated with www.zoetisus.com/conditions/bovine-respiratorymines areare recommended.

While corticosteroids alsoimanti-inflammatory benefits, they are associated with imwww.zoetisus.com/conditions/bovine-respiratorymunosuppression and therefore should be used with cauand therefore should be used withcau-syncytial-virus-_brsv_.aspx. syncytial-virus-_brsv_.aspx. offermunosuppression anti-inflammatory benefits, they are associated munosuppression and therefore should be used with causyncytial-virus-_brsv_.aspx. immunosuppression and therefore should be used with Figure 3:Figure Adenomatosis and alveolitis due to BRSV 3: Adenomatosis and alveolitis due to BRSV Figure 3: Adenomatosis and alveolitis due to BRSV

11

11 11

WhatWhat the U.S. Know Know about about theShould U.S. Should South American Beef Know Production What the U.S. Should about South American Beef Production

What the U.S. Should Know about South American Beef Huge opportunity exists for increasing efficiencies inProduction these countries, particularly whenproduction their

By: Jason Jason K. Ph.D., Associate Professor, Beef Beef By: K.Ahola, Ahola, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Management Systems, State University Management Systems,Colorado Colorado State University

efficiencies is incompared these countries, particularly when their performance to the U.S. Some aspects South American Beef Production worthy of noting include: performance is compared to the U.S. Some aspects By: Jason K. Ahola, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Beef efficiencies in these countries, particularly when their

World Cattle Inventory  On average, South America of its World Cattle Inventory worthy of noting include: Management Systems, Colorado State University performance is compared to the slaughters U.S. Some20% aspects The U.S. produces over 20% of the world’s beef; By: Jason K. Ahola, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Beef efficiencies in these countries, particularly when their cattle annually – this is about half of what The U.S. produces over 20% of the world’s beef; worthy ofinventory noting include: Management Systems, University performance is compared to the U.S. Some aspects however, we are are home home to only of world’s the U.S. harvests however, to Colorado only 9% 9%State ofthe the world’scattle cattle World we Cattle Inventory  On of average, South(37%) America slaughters 20% of its worthy noting include: and 4% of the world’s people.  All 4 of these countries export percentage and 4%World of theU.S. world’s people.

The produces over 20% of the world’s beef; cattle inventory – thisaishigher about half of whatof Cattle Inventory  On average, Southannually America slaughters 20% of its In comparison, 40% of the world’s population their production vs. the U.S. – some much higher In comparison, 40% of the world’s population however, we The are U.S. homeproduces to onlyover 9% of theofworld’s cattle the U.S. harvests (37%)– this is about half of what (i.e.

20% the world’s beef; cattle inventory annually resides in India, Brazil, and China as well as 60% of the 70-80% from Uruguay) resides inofIndia, Brazil, and toChina as well 60% of the and 4% the world’s people. however, we are home only 9% of theasworld’s cattle  the AllU.S. 4 ofharvests these countries (37%) export a higher percentage of world’s cattle.

Several South American countries  All Other than (which thepercentage least and 4% of the world’s In comparison, 40%people. of the world’s population world’s cattle.

Several South American countries 4 of theseParaguay countries export of (i.e. their production vs. the U.S.ahas –higher some muchdeveloped higher (particularly Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia, and beef production system), the average South American In comparison, of the world’s resides in India, Brazil, and40% China as well as population 60% of and the (particularly Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia, their production vs. the U.S. – some much higher (i.e.

70-80% from Uruguay) Paraguay) arein poised tobecome become suppliers this large resides India,to Brazil, and China as well as 60% ofand the producer has more cattle thanhas in the the least U.S. (the U.S. from Uruguay) world’s cattle.

Several South American countries Paraguay) are poised suppliers totothis large  70-80% Other than Paraguay (which developed and growing population. world’s cattle.

Several South American countries averages 98 head of cattle per cattle operation – this  Other than Paraguay (which has the least developed (particularly Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia, and growing population. beef production system), the average South American (particularly Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia, and From 1990 to 2009, while the U.S. cattle beef production system), the average South American includes all ranches, dairies, feedlots, etc.)

Paraguay) are poised to become suppliers to this large From 1990 2009, while the U.S. cattle inventory producer has more cattle than in the U.S. (the U.S. Paraguay) aretopoised become suppliers to this large inventory declined by 5%,toinventory increased in Brazil morethan cattle thantimes in the as U.S. (the cattle U.S. per  producer There arehas more three many and growing population. declined by 5%, inventory increased in Brazil (by averages 98 headofof cattle per cattle operation – this and growing population. averages 98 head cattle per cattle operation – this (by 33%), Uruguay (by 22%), and Paraguay (by 39%). person in South America (1.1 head/person) than in the FromFrom 1990 to22%), 2009, while the U.S. cattle 33%), Uruguay (by1990 and Paraguay (by 39%).

As includesall allranches, ranches, dairies, feedlots, to 2009, while theinventory U.S. cattle includes dairies, feedlots, etc.)etc.)

As a continent, South America’s cattle U.S. (0.3 head/person) inventory declined by 5%, inventory increased in Brazil a continent, South America’s inventory increased  There Thereare aremore morethan than three times as many cattle inventory declined by 5%,cattle inventory increased in Brazil times as many per per increased from being(by 23% of the total cattle in  A higher percent ofthree the(1.1 population in cattle South America (by 33%), Uruguay 22%), andworld’s Paraguay (by (by 33%), (by 22%), and Paraguay (by39%). person inSouth SouthAmerica America (1.1 head/person) than from being 23% Uruguay of the world’s total cattle in 1990 to39%).

30% person in head/person) than in thein the 1990 to 30% in 2009. raises cattle than in the U.S. (only 0.3% of Americans As a continent, South America’s cattle inventory a continent, South America’s cattle inventory U.S.(0.3 (0.3head/person) head/person) U.S. in 2009.AsSouth America has23% been its cattle have cattle) increased from of expanding the world’s total cattle increased fromAmerica beingbeing 23% of the world’s total cattle inin percent thethe population in South America  A A higher higher percentofof population in South America South has been expanding its cattle inventory for decades, but only recently has it been able 1990 to 30% in 2009.  raises Most cattle are slaughtered close to, or over, 30 cattle than in the U.S. (only 0.3% of Americans 1990 to 30% in 2009. raises cattle than in the U.S. (only 0.3% of Americans inventory for on decades, butglobal only recently hasbeef. it been able to capitalize growing demand for South America has been expanding its cattle months of age in South America – while the average have South has beendemand expanding its cattle havecattle) cattle) to capitalize onAmerica growing global for has beef. inventory for decades, but only recently beenable able  Most cattle slaughtered close to, or 301730 U.S. feedlot steer/heifers is close approximately months inventory for decades, but only recently has it itbeen  Most cattleare are slaughtered to,over, or over, toProduction capitalize on growing global demand for beef.

Beef inglobal South America months of age in South America – while the average old to capitalize on growing demand for beef. months of age in SouthisAmerica – while the average Beef Production in South America feedlot steer/heifers approximately 17 months The size, productivity, and efficiency of South  U.S. South American carcass weights are close to lbs, U.S. feedlot steer/heifers is approximately 17500 months Thebeef size, productivity, and efficiency of South Beef Production in South America old American production industries vary by country, as while the average U.S. carcass weight for steers/ Beef Production in industries SouthandAmerica old American carcass weights are close to 500 lbs, size, productivity, efficiency of Southas American beefThe vary by country,  South seen in The Table 1.production heifers was 833 lbs incarcass 2012 (over 60% heavier) size, productivity, and efficiency of South American beef production industries vary by country, as  Souththe American carcass weights while average U.S. weightare forclose steers/to 500 lbs, seen in Table 1.opportunity exists for increasing production Huge American production industries vary by country, as seen beef in Table 1. while the U.S. carcass weight for steers/ heifers wasaverage 833 lbs in 2012 (over 60% heavier) seen in TableHuge 1. opportunity exists for increasing production heifers was 833 lbs in 2012 (over 60% heavier) Table Characteristics South American beef production industries, among the major beef producing Huge1.opportunity existsoffor increasing production countries Table 1. Characteristics of South American beef production industries, among the major beef producing countries Table production industries, the major beef producing Item 1. Characteristics of South American beef Brazil Argentina amongUruguay Paraguay countries Item Brazil Argentina Uruguay Paraguay Cattle Inventory (1,000 head) 197,550 49,297 11,412 10,574 Cattle Inventory (1,000 head) 197,550 49,297 11,412 10,574 Item Brazil Argentina Uruguay Paraguay Beef exports (1,000 MT CWE) 1,350 280 315 170 Beef exports (1,000 MT CWE) 1,350 280 315 170 Cattle Inventory(1,000 (1,000 head/yr) head) 197,550 49,297 11,412 10,574 CattleCattle slaughter 39,100 11,060 2,050 1,154 slaughter (1,000 head/yr) 39,100 11,060 2,050 1,154 Beef exports (1,000 MT CWE) 1,350 280 315 170 Percent of cattle inventory slaughtered/ Percent of cattle inventory slaughtered/ yr 19.8% 22.4% 18.0% 10.9% yr 19.8% 22.4% 18.0% 10.9% Cattle slaughter (1,000 head/yr) 39,100 11,060 2,050 1,154 ExportExport value ($/T) $5,083 $8,088 $5,841 $4,355 Percent of cattle inventory slaughtered/ value ($/T) $5,083 $8,088 $5,841 $4,355 yrPercent 19.8% 22.4% 18.0% 10.9% of production exported 20-25% 10-20% 70-80% 50-55% Percent of production exported 20-25% 10-20% 70-80% 50-55% Export value ($/T) (millions) $5,083 $8,088 $5,841 Human population (millions) 190.8 40.1 3.2 6.5$4,355 Human population 190.8 40.1 3.2 6.5 Cattle per human (ratio of head per Percent of human production 20-25% 10-20% 70-80% 50-55% Cattle per (ratioexported of head per 1.0 1.2 3.63.6 1.6 1.6 person) 1.0 1.2 person) Human population (millions) 190.8 40.1 3.2 6.5 Number of farmers 1,800,000 232,000 35,300 225,054 Number of farmers 1,800,000 232,000 35,300 225,054 Cattle per human (ratio of head per person) 1.0 1.2 3.6 Percent of population raising cattle 0.9% 0.6% 1.1% 3.4% 1.6 Percent of population raising cattle 0.9% 0.6% 1.1% 3.4% Number of farmers 1,800,000 232,000 35,300 Cattle inventory/farm (head) 110 212 323 47225,054 CattleBeef inventory/farm (head) 110 212 slaughter plants 750 456 40323 100 47 Percent of population raising cattle 0.9% 0.6% 1.1% 3.4% Beef slaughter plants 750 Beef slaughter age (mo) > 30 <456 30 < 3040 > 30 100 Cattle inventory/farm (head) Beef slaughter age (mo) >110 30 <212 30 <323 30 30 Carcass weight (lbs) 517 469 535 513 >47 Beef slaughter plants 750 456 40 100 Source: Fabio Carcass weight (lbs)Montossi, INIA, Uruguay 517 469 535 513 12 12 Beef slaughter (mo) INIA, Uruguay > 30 < 30 < 30 > 30 Source: Fabio age Montossi,

SouthAmerican American Momentum South Momentum Looking forward, sideside of of forward, momentum momentumisisononthethe Looking South American cattle producers.

Assuming world cattle South American cattle producers. Assuming world cattle inventory doesn’t increase dramatically while population inventory doesn’t increase dramatically while population continues to to grow continues grow and and wealth wealthisisamassed amassedininAsia, Asia,cattle cattle operations in South America are likely to benefit more more operations in South America are likely to benefit than in the U.S. This is for a variety of reasons, including than in the U.S. This is for a variety of reasons, including the facts facts that: that: the  Beef American • Beef production production isis aalarger largerpart partofofSouth South American economies (relatively) than in the U.S., and economies (relatively) than in the U.S., andmore moreofof the population is involved in beef production the population is involved in beef production ––there there is more is more societal societal and andgovernmental governmentalsupport supportforfortheir their beef industry industry to to be be successful successful beef  The average producer is larger and possibly more • The average producer is larger and possibly more profit-driven in South America – possibly leading to profit-driven in South America – possibly leading to more rapid improvement in production efficiencies more rapid improvement in production efficiencies  Average slaughter age is decreasing in South America • Average slaughter decreasing South America – this will continueage to is improve beef in palatability, –efficiency, to improve beef palatability, this willand continue cost of production efficiency, and cost of production  High-accuracy AI sires from the U.S. are already • High-accuracy the and U.S.their are use already readily availableAIin sires Southfrom America is readily available in South America and their becoming widespread – over time much of their use is becoming widespread over time much of their genetics will rival those in–the U.S. willof rival those inslaughtered the U.S. annually will  genetics The percent inventory • The of inventory slaughtered annually will percent increase due to improved genetics, better increase due to improved genetics, better management, and younger slaughter agemanagement, – more beef and younger ageper – more produced at aslaughter lower cost poundbeef produced at a per pound  lower South cost Americans are already much more export• South Americans already muchend-product, more exportdriven than the U.S.are – with improved driven than the U.S. – with improved end-product, reduced cost, developing traceability systems (with reduced cost, developing traceability systems (with near-complete producer buy-in), and less seasonality near-complete producer buy-in), and be lessincreasingly seasonality of production (vs. the U.S.) they will of productionin(vs. the markets U.S.) they will be increasingly competitive export inthat export markets  competitive Technologies improve efficiency – growth- • Technologies that improve efficiency – growthpromoting implants, fed antibiotics, and beta-agonists

and beta-agonists promoting implants, fed antibiotics, – are not being embraced in South America as a result

a –of widespread embraced in South America are not being consumer concern, giving them anas

result of widespread consumer concern, giving them advantage in export markets including Europe

Daniels Manufacturing Manufacturing Co. Co.  an Grain finishing in feedlots will continue toEurope increase advantage inDaniels export markets including

it is only 24% in Argentina, • (currently Grain finishing inapproximately feedlots will continue to increase 10% in Brazil, 6%approximately in Uruguay) –24% leading to it isand only in Argentina, (currently heavier carcass weights, improved production 10% in Brazil, and 6% in Uruguay) – leading to heavier efficiency, and enhanced palatability carcass weights, improved production efficiency, and  End-product quality will continue to improve, in part enhanced palatability due to a focus on identifying quality via • End-product quality will continuedefects to improve, in national beef quality audits (modeled after the U.S.) part due to a focus on identifying quality defects via that have been place audits for almost a decade in the places national beef in quality (modeled after U.S.) like Uruguay that have been in place for almost a decade in places  South America’s forage-base and temperate climate is like Uruguay better suited to raising cattle vs. and the U.S. – cost of • South America’s forage-base temperate climate production is hard to beat when little or no winter hayof is better suited to raising cattle vs. the U.S. – cost feeding is required of thelittle continent production is hardon to most beat when or no winter hay feeding is required on most of the continent The future of South American beef production looks bright, but it should be noted that they have The future of South American beef production challenges as well. looks bright, but it should be noted that they have The biggest obstacle currently is production challenges asemploying well. efficiency and technologies, management, and The biggest currently production genetics to increase beefobstacle production per unit is input efficiency and employing technologies, management, (whether it be cattle inventory, feed, or acres of land). and genetics to increase disease beef production persuch unitasinput Additionally, outbreaks, foot and feed, or acres (whether it be cattle inventory, mouth disease, will continue to hold back beef of land). disease suchis as foot Additionally, exportation (both beef and live outbreaks, cattle), which vital to and mouth disease, will continue to hold back beef exportation the growth of domestic production. Sustainable beef (both beefthat anddoes livenot cattle), whichimpact is vitalthe to the growth production negatively of domestic production.

Sustainable beef production environment is also a major challenge. And, there are the that challenges does not negatively impact the environment is also same that are occurring in the U.S. such as a major challenge.

And, there areand thepalatability, same challenges animal welfare, end-product quality that are occurring in the communication U.S. such as animal welfare, traceability, and inadequate between end-product quality and palatability, traceability, and industry segments. inadequate communication between industry Finally, escalating costs for land, labor, segments. and escalating costs American’s for land, labor, and Finally, will natural resources hinder South ability to natural resources South American’s have extremely lowwill unithinder costs of production in theability future.to extremely low of production in the future.

Inhave the next decade, weunit willcosts see tremendous changes in the In theAmerican next decade, will seeIttremendous changes in the South beefwe industry. will be worth keeping American anSouth eye on what theybeef are industry. doing. ** It will be worth keeping

an eye on what they are doing. **

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Beef Research Beef Cattle Cattle Institute Institute Research

BULLERS BULLERS

By: D.U.Thomson, Thomson, C.D. Reinhardt, By:J.C. J.C. Simroth, Simroth, D.U. C.D. Reinhardt, S.J. S.J. Bartle,The TheBeef Beef Cattle Cattle Institute, Bartle, Institute,Kansas KansasState StateUniversity University Thebuller buller steer steer syndrome The syndrome commonly commonlyobserved observedin feedlots is an abnormal, aberrant behavioral and in feedlots is an abnormal, aberrant behavioral andsocial social conditionininwhich whichsteers steersrepeatedly repeatedlymount mountanother anothersteer. steer. condition The steer being mounted is called the “buller” and the The steer being mounted is called the “buller” and the steerriding ridingisiscalled calledthe the“rider.” “rider.” steer As a consequence riding, the the As a consequence of ofthe theexcessive excessive riding, buller steer often becomes exhausted, shows loss of hair, buller steer often becomes exhausted, shows loss of hair, can develop swelling and trauma along the dorsal line can develop swelling and trauma along the dorsal line and andhead, tail head, andextreme in extreme cases suffer from tail and in cases cancan suffer from broken broken bones or may even die from injuries. bones or may even die from injuries.

Thereappears appears to to be bulling There be various variousdegrees degreestoto bulling activity; some riding activity is relatively harmless activity; some riding activity is relatively harmlessand and fallsunder underthe thecategory categoryofof“horseplay”. "horseplay”. On Onthe theother otherend end falls of the spectrum we have serious bulling activity in which of the spectrum we have serious bulling activity in which normalsteers steersvigorously vigorously pursue pursue the the abnormal normal abnormal steer, steer, the the buller, who may or may not be receptive to be mounted buller, who may or may not be receptive to be mounted (Ulbrich, 1981).

(Ulbrich, 1981).

The incidence of the buller steer syndrome ranks incidence of theoccurring buller steer syndrome ranks third inThe disease conditions in U.S. feedlots (2.8 third in disease conditions occurring in U.S. feedlots (2.8 + 0.5%; USDA, 2013) only behind bovine respiratory +disease 0.5%; and USDA, 2013) only behind bovineArespiratory metabolic/digestive conditions. survey disease and metabolic/digestive conditions.

A survey conducted in Kansas in the 1970s by Brower and conducted in Kansas in the 1970s byof Brower and Kiracofe Kiracofe (1972) indicated that 2% all feedlot steers in (1972) indicated that 2% of all feedlot steers Kansas experienced the buller steer syndrome.in Kansas experienced thesame buller steer syndrome.

In the manner, Brower and Kiracofe (1978) In the same manner, Brower (1978) and Irwin et al. (1979) reported thatand the Kiracofe annual incidence and Irwin steers et al. (1979) thatindustry the annual of buller within reported the feedlot fell incidence somewhere ofbetween buller steers within the feedlot industry fell somewhere 2 and 4%. A 15-year summary of buller between 2 and 4%. A 15-year summary of buller incidence incidence in Midwest feedlots consisting of over 5 inmillion Midwest feedlots consisting of over 5 million steers reported a buller incidence of 2.45%steers reported a buller incidence of 2.45% (Edwards, 1995).

(Edwards, 1995).

Furthermore, Furthermore,aa2-year 2-yearstudy studyby byTaylor Tayloretetal.al.

(1997b) at a western Canada feedlot using (1997b) at a western Canada feedlot using78,445 78,445male male (intact) cattle indicated a buller incidence rateranging ranging (intact) cattle indicated a buller incidence rate from from0.0 0.0toto11.2%, 11.2%,with withananaverage averageincidence incidenceofof2.7%.

2.7%.

Why DoDo Bullers Happen?

Why Bullers Happen?

Over time multiple been implicated implicated Over time multiple factors factors have have been by byfeedlot feedlotmanagers, managers, consulting consulting nutritionists, nutritionists, consulting consulting veterinarians, researchersasascontributing contributing to the veterinarians, and and researchers to the incidence incidenceand andmanifestation manifestationofofthe thebuller bullersteer steersyndrome. syndrome.

Suggested factors factors include of of anabolic Suggested include the theuse use anabolic agents, improper implantation, re-implantation or double agents, improper implantation, re-implantation or dosing,dosing, changes in weather and seasonal factors, factors, double changes in weather and seasonal excessivemud mud or or dusty excessive dusty pen penconditions, conditions,entry entryweights, weights, disease,group groupsize, size, improper improper or or late disease, late castration, castration, feeding feeding management, presence of cycling heifers, transportation, management, presence of cycling heifers, transportation, handling, mixing, and and aggressive social social handling, mixing,dipping, dipping, aggressive dominancebehavior behavior(Stookey, (Stookey,1997; 1997;Taylor Tayloretetal., al.,1997b; 1997b; dominance Irwinetetal., al.,1979; 1979;Peck, Peck,2005; 2005;Sprague, Sprague,1999).

1999).

Irwin generally recognized recognized that that anabolic ItItisisgenerally anabolic implants implants

maybebeone one of several factors involved the steer buller may of several factors involved in theinbuller steer syndrome; is, greater total dosages of anabolic syndrome; that is,that greater total dosages of anabolic compoundssuch such as estradiol, in incremental compounds as estradiol, resultresult in incremental increases in bullers.

Taylor et al.

(1997a) concluded increases in bullers. Taylor et al. (1997a) concluded that that re-implanting with of estradiol + 200 re-implanting with 20 mg20 of mg estradiol + 200 mg of mg of progesterone progesteronedid didnot notalter alterbuller buller incidence incidence compared compared with with cattle cattlereceiving receivingaasingle singledose dose of of the the same same implant implant initially. initially.In contrast, Turgeon and Koers (1997) analyzed In contrast, Turgeon andinvolving Koers (1997) data from a historical database aboutanalyzed 48 million data fromcattle a historical database that involving 48 million feedlot and reported bullerabout incidence was feedlot cattle and reportedforthat buller incidence substantially increased re-implanted steerswas vs. nonsubstantially for re-implanted reimplanted increased steers (3.21% vs 1.65%). steers vs. nonreimplanted steers (3.21% vs Booker et al. (1997)1.65%). conducted a field trial in Booker al. (1997) conducted trial in Nebraska withet14,196 steers fed for aanfield average of 147 Nebraska withresearchers 14,196 steers fed for an of 147new days. These reported thataverage the overall days. researchers reported when that the rider These incidence was increased theoverall initialnew implant rider incidence was increased when the initial implant contained 28 mg of estradiol benzoate and 200 mg of contained mg of compared estradiol benzoate and 200 mg of with trenbolone28acetate with an initial implant trenbolone acetate compared with an initial implant with28 36 mg of zeranol followed by a re-implant with either 36 mg of zeranol followed by a re-implant with either 28 mg of estradiol benzoate + 200 mg of trenbolone acetate mg of estradiol benzoate + +200 or 24 mg of estradiol-17β 120mg mgofoftrenbolone trenboloneacetate acetate or(9.93, 24 mg of estradiol-17β + 120 mg of trenbolone acetate 5.06, and 3.99% new riders, respectively), whereas (9.93, 5.06, and 3.99% newdid riders, respectively), whereas the rider re-pull incidence not differ. the riderVoyles re-pulletincidence did not differ. al. (2004) implanted cattle with a single Voyles et al.

(2004) implanted with a acetate single 17β + 120 mgcattle trenbolone dose of a 24 mg estradiol dose of a 24 mg estradiol 17β + 120 mg trenbolone implant on day 1 or a 36 mg zeranol implant on day 1 acetate implant on day zeranol17β implant onmg with1aor24a 36 mgmg estradiol + 120 and re-implanted day 1 and re-implanted with a 24 mg estradiol 17β + 120 trenbolone acetate implant on day 50. Results show a mg trenbolone acetate implant on day 50. Results show a lower incidence of new bullers when steers received only lower incidence of new bullers when steers received only oneimplant implantononday day 1 vs. steers were re-implanted one 1 vs. steers thatthat were re-implanted on on day 50 (P = 0.01; 0.92% vs.

1.93%, respectively). day 50 (P = 0.01; 0.92% vs. 1.93%, respectively).

However,the theoverall overallincidence incidence bullers did not However, of of newnew bullers did not differbetween betweentreatments treatments(P>0.43).

(P>0.43). differ Prouty and Larson (2010) Prouty and Larson (2010)reported reportedaanon-significant non(P = 0.20) numerical difference in buller incidence significant (P = 0.20) numerical difference in buller when using different implanting strategies in finishing feedlot incidence when using different implanting strategies in steers.

Cattle received either a 14 mg estradiol benzoate finishing feedlot steers. Cattle received either a 14 mg + 100 mg trenbolone implant (A) on day 0 and estradiol benzoate + 100acetate mg trenbolone acetate implant re-implanted at day 79 with the same implant or at (A) on day 0 and re-implanted at day 79 with the sameday 70 withora at 28day mg 70 estradiol + 200 mg trenbolone implant with a benzoate 28 mg estradiol benzoate + acetate implant (B), or received a single of a 40 200 mg trenbolone acetate implant (B), ordose received a mg estradiol 200 mgmg trenbolone implant (C) on day single dose+ of a 40 estradiolacetate + 200 mg trenbolone 0.

Buller incidence for “A-A”, “A-B”, and “C” implanted acetate implant (C) on day 0. Buller incidence for “Acattle was 0.24, 0.76, and 1.65%, respectively.

A”, “A-B”, and “C” implanted cattle was 0.24, 0.76, and Irwin et al. (1979) also found that type of implant 1.65%, respectively. and time ofetimplantation influenced Irwin al. (1979) also found thatthe typeincidence of implantof bullers, a greater percentage bullers in groups and time with of implantation influencedofthe incidence of of steers implanted with a combination of progesterone and bullers, with a greater percentage of bullers in groups of estradiol (2.46%) thana combination in those implanted with zeranol steers implanted with of progesterone and (0.46%);(2.46%) 13,244 steers the combination implant, estradiol than inreceived those implanted with zeranol and 1,721 steerssteers received the zeranol implant. implant, (0.46%); 13,244 received the combination and 1,721 steers received the zeranol implant.

14

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The historical historical evidence as aas a The evidenceagainst againstimplants implants major contributing factor to the buller steer syndrome is major contributing factor to the buller steer syndrome confounded by the fact that during the same time in is confounded by the fact that during the same time in whichthe thefeedlots feedlotswere werebeing beingmonitored monitoredand andan anincrease increase which in buller incidence was observed, the number of cattle on in buller incidence was observed, the number of cattle feed nearly doubled. This lead to an increase in the on feed nearly doubled. This lead to an increase in the number of animals per pen, and at the same time the number of animals per pen, and at the same time the dosage of anabolic agents fed or implanted to cattle dosage of anabolic agents fed or implanted to cattle increased substantially. increasedAlthough substantially. the use of growth promoting implants Although use steer of growth promoting implants plays a role in thethe buller syndrome, implants are not plays a role in the buller steer syndrome, implants entirely responsible for its occurrence, as bullers are are not entirelyeven responsible forwhere its occurrence, as bullers observed in feedlots implants are not usedare observed in feedlots where implants are not used (Irwin eteven al., 1979; Ulbrich, 1981).

(Irwin etAlso, al., 1979; Ulbrich, 1981). although greater dosages of estrogenic Also, greater dosages of estrogenic implants mayalthough increase the possibility of bullers, greater implants may increase the possibility of bullers, greater dosages of implants also result in greater performance; dosages implants result in greater performance; reducingofthe implantalso dosage in order to reduce bulling in reducing the implant dosage in order to reduce a small percentage of cattle may also result in lostbulling inperformance a small percentage of weight cattle may result and carcass of thealso entire pen in lost performance and carcass weight of the entire pen resulting resulting in reduced profitability. in reduced profitability.

The mounting behavior exhibited by steers Thefrom mounting behavior exhibited by steers suffering buller steer syndrome is often thought of suffering from buller steer syndrome is often thought as a sexual behavior, but typical sexual behaviors suchofas aslip-curling, a sexual behavior, but typical sexual behaviors such penile erections, and intromission are not asexhibited lip-curling, penileRiding erections, and intromission area not by riders. is therefore more likely way exhibited Riding is therefore more steer. likely a way for a steerbytoriders. exert dominance over another for a steer to mounting exert dominance over another The behavior seen amongsteer. feedlot buller The mounting behavior seen among feedlot buller steers is more likely to be related to social behavior, since steers more likely to be which relatedare to insocial behavior, in wildis species of ungulates the same since in wild species of ungulates which are in the same

taxonomic domestic beefbeef cattle, submissive taxonomicfamily familyas as domestic cattle, submissive behavior is expressed by allowing the dominant behavior is expressed by allowing the dominant animal animal to to mount. mount.

One Klem et al.

Oneobservational observationalstudy studybyby Klem et (1983) al. (1983) found that bullers were actually more aggressive than than found that bullers were actually more aggressive riders and the authors postulated that bullers may not be riders and the authors postulated that bullers may not be readily submitting to dominant riders. Social hierarchies readily submitting to dominant riders. Social hierarchies between cattle appear to play a role in the generation of between cattle appear to play a role in the generation of bullers in a feedlot setting. Dominant steers are naturally bullers in a feedlot Dominant arethey naturally more aggressive thansetting. other steers in thesteers pen, so like more aggressive than other steers in the pen, so they like to establish their dominance. Not surprisingly, when to establish their Notpenned surprisingly, steers first arrive at adominance. feedlot and are together,when the first arrive feedlot are together, the steers at a and penned number of bullers is at its highest. numberWhen of bullers is atare itsre-grouped, highest. the number of animals When animals are the number bullers rises again as new penre-grouped, members establish their of bullers rises again as new pen members establish social status. There is also evidence that suggests the their social status.

Theredominance is also evidence that often suggests the expression of social occurs more in pens expression of socialofdominance occurs more often in pens with large numbers animals (Grognet, 2004; Brower with large numbers of animals (Grognet, 2004; Brower and Kiracofe, 1978; Irwin et al., 1979). and Kiracofe, 1978; Irwin et al., 1979).

Hormonal blood levels have also been implied to Hormonal blood levels have also been be a factor that contributes to the occurrence of theimplied buller to besyndrome a factor in that to theEpp occurrence of the steer thecontributes feedlot industry. at al. (2008) buller steer syndrome in the tofeedlot Epp at reported that bullers, compared controlindustry. steers, have al. (2008) serum reported that bullers, compared to control suppressed concentrations of progesterone, steers, have suppressed serum concentrations increased estrogen and testosterone levels, and 74.5% of progesterone, estrogen andtype testosterone levels, greater levels ofincreased monoamine oxidase A (monoamine and 74.5% greater levelsresponsible of monoamine oxidase type A neurotransmitter enzyme for modifying (monoamine same neurotransmitter enzyme with responsible for behavior---the molecule associated modifying behavior---the same molecule psychopathic behaviors in humans) mRNAassociated activity. with psychopathic behaviors in humans) mRNA activity.

15

Brower Kiracofe (1974; (1974;1978) 1978)reported reportedanan Brower and and Kiracofe elevated blood blood estrogen vs.vs. nonelevated estrogen level levelininbuller bullersteers steers nonbuller steers.

Similarly, Irwin et al.

(1979) reported that buller steers. Similarly, Irwin et al. (1979) reported that higher levels levels of of urinary higher urinary estrogen estrogen and andtestosterone testosteronewere were detectedininbuller bullersteers steerscompared comparedtototheir theirnon-buller non-bullerpen pen detected mates.ItIt is is possible, mates. possible, however, however, that thatthe thegreater greaterestrogen estrogen levels were were not not causative levels causative of ofbuller bulleractivity, activity,but butinstead instead are elevated due to the buller steer being ridden, since are elevated due to the buller steer being ridden, since hormonalprofiles profilesreturned returnedtotobasal basallevels levels after after 33 days days of of hormonal isolation. isolation.

HowMuch Much Bullers Cost?

How DoDo Bullers Cost?

Besides the animal welfare forfor buller concern buller Besides the animal welfareconcern steers, the extra handling necessary to accommodate steers, the extra handling necessary to accommodate these these cattle, the disruption the uniform marketing of cattle, the disruption to the to uniform marketing of cattle, cattle, particularly in custom feedlots (Taylor et al., particularly in custom feedlots (Taylor et al., 1997a), the 1997a), need for in extra penstoinhouse whichbullers, to houseand bullers, need for the extra pens which the and the losses due to injury, treatment and death add losses due to injury, treatment and death add significantly to the costa of operating a feedlot. tosignificantly the cost of operating feedlot.

An epidemiological found that that investigation found An epidemiological investigation bullers were 2.5 times more likely to be reclassified bullers were 2.5 times more likely to be reclassified asas "sick" and and 3.2 3.2 times times more “sick” more at at risk risktotodie diethan thannon-buller non-buller steers (Taylor et al., 1997b), suggesting additional costs steers (Taylor et al., 1997b), suggesting additional costs of the buller steer syndrome for the feedlot. There is no of the buller steer syndrome for the feedlot. There is no question that the buller steer syndrome has a significant question that the buller steer syndrome has a significant impact on animal welfare, animal health, and is an on burden animaltowelfare, animal health, and2004). is an impact economic feedlot operators (Grognet, economic burden feedlot operators (Grognet, The bullertosteer syndrome increases the 2004). buller steer syndrome increases the The propensity of reduced performance and health,propensity injury, ofmorbidity, reduced performance health, A injury, morbidity, and possiblyand mortality. survey of nearlyand possibly mortality.performed A survey atofseveral nearly Colorado 2,000 necropsies 2,000 necropsies feedlots performed at several Colorado feedlots showed that 3.8% showed that 3.8% cattle died from riding injuries, without cattle died from riding injuries, without considering considering the probable carcass losses of surviving the probable of surviving (Pierson bullers due bullers due tocarcass bruisinglosses and discoloration et al.,to bruising and discoloration (Pierson et al., 1976).

1976).

InInaddition additiontotothe theeconomic economiccost costrelative relativetotoanimal animal performance, feedlot managers should also consider performance, feedlot managers should also consider costs costs of extra facilities, and carcass implications of extra labor, labor, facilities, and carcass implications incurred incurred with buller behavior.

Ulbrich (1981) mentioned with buller behavior. Ulbrich (1981) mentioned that the that the economic loss attributed bulleroccurred steers occurred economic loss attributed to bullertosteers not only not only from bruising carcass bruising animal but also from carcass or animalordeath, butdeath, also there was there a loss the deadaccumulative animal’s accumulative feed a losswas of the deadofanimal’s feed cost. Some cost.

Some of the factors most cited managers by feedlotand managers of the factors most cited by feedlot and consultants aswhy to why bullers account extra billing consultants as to bullers account forfor extra billing charges chargesfor foraafeedlot feedlotare: are: • Losses duedue to injury or or death  Losses to injury death • Reduced final weight of andand riders  Reduced final weight bullers of bullers riders • Bruising, leading to excessive carcass trim  Bruising, leading to excessive carcass trim • Labor required to segregate bullers  Labor required to segregate bullers • Complicated pen utilization  Complicated pen utilization • Increased paperwork andand recordkeeping  Increased paperwork recordkeeping No figures have havebeen beenreported reportedas No recent recent economic economic figures how much a buller steer will cost a feedlot. asto to how much a buller steer will cost a feedlot. The The estimated steer suffering sufferingfrom fromthe thebuller bullersteer steer estimatedcost cost of of aa steer syndrome at $23.68 $23.68 USD USD per perbuller bullerin syndrometo to aa feedlot feedlot was was set set at in1972 1972 based on economic losses experienced based on economic losses experienced

by Kansasby Kansas operators and Kiracofe, 1978; feedlot feedlot operators (Brower (Brower and Kiracofe, 1978; Turgeon Turgeon and Koers, 1997). According to Peck (2005),

the Koers, economic impact of bullertosteers beenthe empirically and 1997).

According Peck has (2005), estimatedimpact at $25 to USD per buller steer due to several economic of$35 buller steers has been empirically estimated at $25 $35 USD perissues. buller steer due to performance andtomanagement several performance issues.

Blackshaw etand al.management (1997) reported that in 1997 the et al. cost (1997) that industry in 1997 the steer syndrome forreported the feedlot was buller Blackshaw buller steer at syndrome costper for buller the feedlot was a estimated $70 USD steer,industry representing estimated $70 USD loss. per buller steer, representing a significantateconomic significant economic loss.

To calculate the cost of a buller steer for the calculate costwe of aused buller for the Price feedlotToindustry inthe 2015 thesteer Consumer feedlot 2015 we used the Consumer Price Index industry Inflation inCalculator (Bureau of Labor Statistics).

Index Inflation Calculator (Bureau of Labor Statistics).

Adjusting the 1972 cost of $23.68 USD reported by Adjusting the 1972 cost of (1978), $23.68 USD by for Brower and Kiracofe afterreported accounting Brower and Kiracofe (1978), after accounting for inflation, to 2015 the cost of a buller steer for the feedlot inflation, 2015bethe of a buller steer for the feedlot industry to would ofcost $134.04 USD per buller. industry So, would of $134.04 USD per buller. to put the economic impact of the in be order So, in order to put the economic impact of themath. buller steer syndrome into perspective let’s do some buller steer syndrome into perspective let’s do some According to the Beef Industry Statistics report (NCBA) math.

According the commercial Beef Industry Statistics for 2014 the totaltoU.S. slaughter of report beef cattle (NCBA) for 2014 the total U.S. commercial slaughter of was 31,950,000 head, from which 15,378,200 were steers beef cattle2015). was 31,950,000 head, from which 15,378,200 (USDA, were steers 2015). in the U.S. feedlot industry The(USDA, buller incidence The buller incidence the U.S. industry is is reported as 2.45%, which in means that feedlot in average, during reported as 2.45%, which means that in average, during 2014, 376,766 head of cattle were bullers. At a cost of 2014, 376,766 head of cattle were bullers. At a cost of $134.11 USD per buller, calculated for 2014, the $134.11 USD per buller, calculated for 2014, the estimated cost of bullers for the beef industry in 2014 was estimated cost of bullers for the beef industry in 2014 was of $50,528,088 USD. of $50,528,088 USD. Management and Treatment Management and Treatment There does not seemto to easy management There does not seem bebe an an easy management to prevent the buller steer syndrome, strategy or treatment strategy or treatment to prevent the buller steer syndrome, which we have calculated causes a significant economic which we have calculated causes a significant economic lossfor forthe thebeef beefindustry. industry. loss managementpractices practices(feeding (feeding Besides common Besides common management routines, proper animal handling, stress reducing routines, proper animal handling, stress reducing techniques)there thereare arevery very few suggestions available techniques) few suggestions available in in theliterature literatureofofhow howtotoprevent preventthe thebuller bullersteer steersyndrome syndrome the from happening.

Turgeon et al.

(1997) reported from happening. Turgeon et al. (1997) reported thatthat in in pens containing an average of 318 animals had roughly pens containing an average of 318 animals had roughly doublethe theincidence incidenceofof bullers pens averaging double bullers vs.vs. pens averaging 178178 head. head.

Blackshawetetal.al.

(1997) suggested Blackshaw (1997) suggested thatthat the the two two management factors associated with the buller important important management factors associated with the buller steer syndrome that are usually not taken into account are steer syndrome that are usually not taken into account are group/pensize sizeand andseason. season.These Theseauthors authorsrecommended recommended group/pen thatpopulation populationofofpens pensshould should kept below that bebe kept below 250250 headhead andthat thatfeedlots feedlots should attention to cattle and should paypay closeclose attention to cattle managementbefore beforeand andduring duringwarm warmweather weatherseason season management as as stressful time of of thethe yearyear are are stressfulcircumstances circumstancesduring duringthis this time reported reportedtotoincrease increasethe theincidence incidenceof ofbuller bulleractivity. activity. Many Many methods thethe buller steersteer syndrome are are methodsfor formitigating mitigating buller syndrome related animal husbandry practices (McDaniel relatedtotogood good animal husbandry practices (McDaniel and Holt, 2013). and Holt, 2013).

Proper of buller cases cases requiresrequires of buller Propermanagement management prompt a separate promptremoval removalofofthe theaffected affectedbuller bullersteer steertoto a separate hospital to to a hospitalororsick sickpen penininisolation, isolation,with withother otherbullers, bullers,oror pen of heifers (Brower and Kiracofe, 1972; Sprague, a pen of heifers (Brower and Kiracofe, 1972; Sprague, 1999) 1999)where wherebuller bulleractivity activityusually usuallydisappears. disappears.

16

Moseley Moseleyetetal. al.(2003) (2003)reported reportedthat thatsteers steersobserved to be bullers were pulled from their pens, allowed Moseley et al.

(2003) reported that steers observed to be bullers were pulled from their pens,a 3 to 7allowed day stayato a hospital pen decrease bulling activity), observed be were from their 3into 7bullers day stay in(to apulled hospital pen (to pens, decrease allowed areturned 3 to 7 day stay inreturned a hospital pen (to decrease and thenactivity), to their pens. large numbers bulling and thenhome to Iftheir home pens.of If bulling activity), then returned to their If bullers are combined in a are single recovery the pens. bullers large numbers of and bullers combined in pen, a home single largethemselves numbers ofbegin bullers are in abegin single recovery pen, the bullers maycombined themselves riding it may riding other steers.

Therefore, recovery pen, the bullersitto may themselves beginofriding other steers.

Therefore, has been to limit has been recommended limit therecommended number bullers other steers.

Therefore, it has been recommended to limit the number of bullers within within a single recovery pen.a single Severalrecovery feedlot pen. operators the number of bullers within a single recovery pen.bullers Several feedlot operators recommend the recommend limiting the number to less thanlimiting 50 Several feedlot recommend the number to less 50 operators bullers hospital penlimiting to avoid per hospital penthan to avoid bullingper within the hospital pens. numberOnce to less than 50 bullers per hospital pen to avoid bulling within the hospital pens.

Once the buller has the buller has rested and recovered, it can be bullingand within the hospital pens.

Once the buller rested it can be returned towhere its home pen returned to recovered, its home pen (Grognet, 2004) ithas should rested and recovered, it can be returned to its home penas (Grognet, whereasitone should be closely be closely 2004) monitored in every threemonitored buller steers (Grognet, 2004) should be closely as one in every threewhere bullerit steers will exhibit monitored buller will exhibit buller behavior again (Stookey, 1997). one in every three buller steers behavior again (Stookey, 1997).will exhibit buller behavior again (Stookey, 1997).

Conclusion Conclusion The buller steer syndrome has been a common Conclusion The buller steer syndrome hasfor been a common problem seen in feedlot operations over 50 years.

The buller steer syndrome has been a common problem seen in feedlot operations for over 50 years.

Intangible monetary losses, as they haven’t been precisely problem seen inreported feedlot operations for over 50 years.

Intangible monetary losses, as they haven’t been quantified and recently, are estimated at about Intangible monetary losses, as they haven’t been precisely quantified and reported recently, are estimated $134.04 USD per buller steer in 2015. precisely quantified andper reported recently, are estimated at aboutIf$134.04 USD buller steer 2015. managed andinmonitored, buller not appropriately at about $134.04 USD per buller steer in 2015.

If not appropriately managed and monitored, steers will most likely have a decreased performance and If notwill appropriately managed and monitored, buller steers most likely have a decreased are susceptible to injuries which leads to higher morbidity buller steers will most likely havetoainjuries decreased performance are susceptible which leadsinto and mortalityand rates, carcass bruising which results performance and are susceptible to injuries which leads to higher morbidity and mortality rates, carcass bruising discounts at the packing plant, and additional management higher results morbidity and mortality rates, carcass bruising which in discounts at the packing plant, and and labor costs at the feedlot. which results in discounts the packing and additional management andatlabor costs atplant, the feedlot. detected in at thethe pen, it should When a buller steer additional management andisislabor costs feedlot.

When a buller steer detected in the pen, it be removed from the pen, checked for health status, When a buller steer is detected in the pen, it and should be removed from the pen, checked for health housed in a separate pen for a short period of time, should and be removed the pen,pen checked for health status, housed infrom a separate for a short periodand of returned toreturned its home wherepen it should to of be status,and and housed in pen a separate pen for a short period time, to its home where itcontinue should monitored. time, andtoreturned to its home pen where it should continue be monitored.

The to continue to key be The keymonitored. to mitigation, mitigation, prevention, prevention, and and of bullers in the feedlot relates to good management The key to mitigation, prevention, and management of bullers in the feedlot relates to good animal husbandry, humane treatment cattle, animal management of bullers in the feedlot relates to animal good animal husbandry, humane treatment ofofcattle, welfare assurance, and best management practices put in animal husbandry, of cattle, animal welfare assurance, humane and best treatment management practices put in place at the feedlot.** welfare and best management practices put in place at assurance, the feedlot.** place at the feedlot.** References References Blackshaw, J.K., A.W. Blackshaw, and J.J. McGlone. 1997. Buller References steer syndrome review.

Appliedand Animal Behaviour1997.

Science 54 Blackshaw, J.K., A.W. Blackshaw, J.J. McGlone.

Buller (1997) 97-108. review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54 steer syndrome Booker, C. W., G. K. Jim, P. T. Guichon, O. C. Schunicht, and R. L. (1997) 97-108.

Sibbel.

1997. zeranol (Ralgro)/trenbolone Booker, C. W., G. Comparison K. Jim, P. T.ofGuichon, O. C. Schunicht, andacetate R. L. (Revalor-S or Comparison Synovex Plus) implant (Ralgro)/trenbolone programs to an estradiol Sibbel. 1997. of zeranol acetate benzoate/trenbolone acetate Plus) implant (Revalor-S or Synovex Plus)(Synovex implant programs to anprogram estradiolin feedlot steers. Beef Production Leadership benzoate/trenbolone acetate (Synovex Plus)Summit, implant program in Breckenridge, CO. Schering-Plough AnimalSummit, Health, Omaha, feedlot steers. Beef Production Leadership NE. Breckenridge, CO. Schering-Plough Animal Health, Omaha, Brower, NE. G. R. and G. H. Kiracofe. 1972. Physiological parameters associated withG.the steer1972. syndrome.

J. Anim. parameters Sci. 35:165 Brower, G. R. and H.bullet Kiracofe.

Physiological (Abstr.). associated with the bullet steer syndrome. J. Anim. Sci. 35:165 Brower, G. R. and G. H. Kiracofe. 1974. Urinary and plasma (Abstr.). estrogens normal 1974. steers.Urinary J. Anim.

Sci. 39:135 Brower, G. R. in andbuller G. H.and Kiracofe. and plasma (Abstr.). estrogens in buller and normal steers. J. Anim. Sci. 39:135 Brower, G. R. and G. H. Kiracofe. 1978. Factors associated with the (Abstr.). buller-steer syndrome.

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Factors associated with the Bureau of Laborsyndrome.

Statistics. Consumer Price Index (CPI) Inflation buller-steer J. Anim. Sci. 46:26-31.

Calculator.

Bureau of Laborhttp://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Statistics. Consumer Price Index (CPI) Inflation Edwards, T. A. 1995.

Buller syndrome: What’s behind this abnormal Calculator. http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Edwards, T. A. 1995. Buller syndrome: What’s behind this abnormal

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Anim. Vet. J.E.B.J. Minton.

2008J.P. Serum steroid concentrations Epp,Stevenson, M.P., D.A.and Blasi, Johnson, Kayser, D.M. Grieger, J.S. at differenteand phases production brain monoamine oxidase Stevenson, J.E. of Minton.

2008 and Serum steroid concentrations type a messenger ribonucleic acid and in buller The oxidase at differente phases of production brainsteers. monoamine Professional Animal Scientistacid 24(2008):552-559. type a messenger ribonucleic in buller steers. The Grognet, J. 2004. Animal Buller steers a costly problem – Animal Health.

Professional Scientist 24(2008):552-559.

The Western Producer. http://www.producer.com/2004/11/buller Grognet, J. 2004. Buller steers a costly problem – Animal Health.

-steers-a-costly-problem-animal-health/ The Western Producer. http://www.producer.com/2004/11/buller Irwin, M. R., D. R. Melendy, M. S. Amose and D. P. Hutcheson.

-steers-a-costly-problem-animal-health/ 1979.

TheD.roles of predisposing factorsand andD. gonadal hormone Irwin, M. R., R. Melendy, M. S. Amose P. Hutcheson. levels in the buller syndrome of factors feedlot and steers.

J. Amer.

Vet. 1979. The roles of predisposing gonadal hormone Med. levels174:367. in the buller syndrome of feedlot steers. J. Amer. Vet. Klem, W. 174:367.

R., C. J. Sherry, L. M. Schake and R. F. Sis. 1983.

Med. Homosexual feedlot steers: AnF.aggression Klem, W. R., C. J.behaviour Sherry, L.inM. Schake and R. Sis. 1983. hypothesis.

Anim.inEthol.

11:187-195.

HomosexualAppl. behaviour feedlot steers: An aggression McDaniel, R. and S. Holt.

2013.

Technical Review: Buller Steer hypothesis.

Appl.

Anim.

Ethol.

11:187-195.

Syndrome.

Nutrition Associates.

Queensland, McDaniel, R. and S. Holt.Service 2013. Technical Review: Buller Australia.

Steer http://www.feedlotsnsa.com.au/tweb/uplfiles/ Syndrome. Nutrition Service Associates. Queensland, Australia.

NSA_Buller_Tech_Review.pdf http://www.feedlotsnsa.com.au/tweb/uplfiles/ Moseley, W.M., D.M. Meeuwse, J.F. Boucher, K.J. Dame, and J.W. NSA_Buller_Tech_Review.pdf Lauderdale.

2003. Meeuwse, A dose-response study ofK.J. melengestrol Moseley, W.M., D.M. J.F. Boucher, Dame, andacetate J.W. on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef acetate steers.

Lauderdale.

2003. A dose-response study of melengestrol J. 2003. 81:2699-2703. onAnim. feedlotSci. performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers.

National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. Beef Industry Statistics J. Anim.

Sci. 2003.

81:2699-2703. report.

2014. http://www.beefusa.org/beefindustrystatistics.aspx National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. Beef Industry Statistics Peck,report.

C. 2005.

Gothttp://www.beefusa.org/beefindustrystatistics.aspx Bullers?. Beef Magazine http:// 2014.

Peck,beefmagazine.com/mag/beef_bullers C. 2005. Got Bullers?. Beef Magazine http:// Pierson, R.E., Jensen, R., Braddy, P.M., Horton, D.P., and Christie, beefmagazine.com/mag/beef_bullers R.M.R.E., 1976.

Bulling yearling feedlot steers.

J. Am. Vet. Pierson, Jensen, R.,among Braddy, P.M., Horton, D.P., and Christie, Med. Assoc.Bulling 169: 521-523.

R.M. 1976. among yearling feedlot steers. J. Am. Vet. Prouty, F. Assoc. and E. Larson.

2010. Comparison of reimplantation Med. 169: 521-523. strategies Synovex Choice and Synovex Plus with Revalor Prouty, F. and using E. Larson.

2010.

Comparison of reimplantation -XS in feedlot TheChoice Professional Animal Plus Scientist strategies usingsteers.

Synovex and Synovex with 26 Revalor (2010):76-81.

-XS in feedlot steers. The Professional Animal Scientist 26 Sprague, J.I. 1999. Managing Buller Steers. Feedlot Magazine. http:// (2010):76-81. feedlotmagazine.com/archive/archive/issues/199909/ Sprague, J.I. 1999. Managing Buller Steers. Feedlot Magazine. http:// buller_pg32.html feedlotmagazine.com/archive/archive/issues/199909/ Stookey, J.M. 1997. Buller Steer Syndrome. Alberta Feedlot buller_pg32.html Management Guide. http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/ Stookey, J.M. 1997.

Buller Steer Syndrome. Alberta Feedlot applied-ethology/articles/bullers.html Management Guide. http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/ Taylor, L. F., C. W. Booker, G. K. Jim, and P.T. Guichon. 1997a. applied-ethology/articles/bullers.html Epidemiology of Jim, the buller steerGuichon. syndrome (riding Taylor, L. F., C. W.investigation Booker, G. K. and P.T. 1997a. behaviour) in ainvestigation western Canadian Aust.syndrome Vet. J. 75:45.

Epidemiology of the feedlot. buller steer (riding Taylor, L.F., C.W. G.K. Jim, feedlot. and P.T.Aust.

Guichon.

1997b. behaviour) in aBrooker, western Canadian Vet. J. 75:45.

Sickness, mortality, and G.K. the buller steerP.T. syndrome in a1997b. western Taylor, L.F., C.W. Brooker, Jim, and Guichon.

Canadian feedlot. Aus. J. 1997; 75:732-736.

Sickness, mortality, andVet. the buller steer syndrome in a western Turgeon, A., and W. Koers.

1997.J. Effects of pen size on the implant Canadian feedlot.

Aus. Vet. 1997; 75:732-736. response of feedlot cattle.

In Symposium: Impact of implants on Turgeon, A., and W. Koers.

1997.

Effects of pen size on the implant performance and carcass of beef cattle.

Okla.

State Univ. response of feedlot cattle. value In Symposium: Impact of implants on P-957. performance and carcass value of beef cattle. Okla. State Univ.

Ulbrich, R. 1981. The buller-steer syndrome. Int. J. Stud. Anim.

P-957.

Prob., 261-268.

Ulbrich, R.2: 1981.

The buller-steer syndrome. Int. J. Stud. Anim.

USDA. September 2013. Feedlot 2011 - Part IV: Health and Health Prob., 2: 261-268. management U.S. Feedlot Feedlots2011 with-aPart Capacity of 1,000 More USDA. Septemberon2013.

IV: Health and or Health Head.

National Health with Monitoring System. http:// management onAnimal U.S. Feedlots a Capacity of 1,000 or More www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/feedlot/downloads/ Head. National Animal Health Monitoring System. http:// feedlot2011/Feed11_dr_PartIV.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/feedlot/downloads/ USDA. April 2015. Livestock Slaughter 2014 Summary. National feedlot2011/Feed11_dr_PartIV.pdf Agricultural Statistics Service. http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/ USDA. April 2015.

Livestock Slaughter 2014 Summary. National TODAYRPT/lsan0415.pdf Agricultural Statistics Service. http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/ Voyles, B.L., M.S. Brown, R.S. Swingle, and K.J. Karr. 2004. Case TODAYRPT/lsan0415.pdf Study: Effects implant programs buller feedlot Voyles, B.L., M.S. of Brown, R.S. Swingle,onand K.J.incidence, Karr. 2004.

Case performance, carcass programs characteristics of yearling steers.

The Study: Effectsand of implant on buller incidence, feedlot Professional Scientist 20(2004):344-352. performance,Animal and carcass characteristics of yearling steers. The Professional Animal Scientist 20(2004):344-352.

17 17

How How Oversharing is a Good Thing!Thing!

Oversharing is a Good By: Dr. Nels Lindberg, Production Animal Consultation

By: Dr. Nels Lindberg, Production Animal Consultation

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to Have you ever wondered what it would be like to workininanan organization where people were performing work organization where people were performing to to the max, drama was virtually absent, and the max, drama was virtually absent, and all your all your customerswere wereextremely extremelypleased pleased most time customers most allall thethe time andand were understanding in individual failures? were understanding in individual failures?

I Iknow some are are “competing” knowsome somedo, do,and andII know know some “competing” thisget level.

To get to this “well-oiled at this level.at To to this “well-oiled machine” level, machine” level, a top key is high levels of intentional and a top key is high levels of intentional and effective effective communication. communication.

InInanyany organization, we can’t topget leveltop level organization, we get can’t production out of all team members without owners and production out ofwith all all team members leaders oversharing team members,without except owners and leaders all team members, possibly whereoversharing numbers arewith involved, at all times beexcept it in possibly where numbers are involved, at all times be it in good times and bad. good times and bad.

In studying Dave Ramsey and how he built his In studying Dave Ramsey he builthehis business from his living room to overand 500how employees, shares somefrom key his ways to start communicating your business living room to over 500 with employees, team, and outlined nextways are some key communicating methods to he shares some key to start with implement to help any business with high levels of your team, and outlined next are some key methods to intentional, givehigh significantly implementeffective to help communication any business to with levels of improved outcomes. intentional, effective communication to give significantly 1) Key Results Areas - This is a long term which improved outcomes. simply means outlining your expectations for the team or 1) Key Results AreasAll - This a long term which its individual team members. teamis members want to simply means outlining your expectations for the team or know what is expected of them in their daily duties. its individual team members.

Allas team want This is somewhat the same job members description, butto know what is expected of them in their daily duties. communicated virtually daily. And more importantly, but This be is somewhat same job description, ask the team, it cowboy the crew, feedascrew, maintenance communicated virtually daily.

And more importantly, crew, what does winning look like to them? What does ask the look team,like be to it cowboy crew, feedincrew, winning them individually theirmaintenance job?

What the desired result? look like to them? What does crew,iswhat does winning winning like toStory them–individually in their 2) look Tell Your As leaders of any job? What is the desired result? organization, you have often started the business or been

2) Tell Your Story – As leaders of any organization, there a long been in production of protein you havetime, oftenorstarted thethebusiness or been there aa long long time. It is vitally important that you share your time, or been in the production of protein a long time. It story. is vitally important that you share your story.

Share withwith your team your Share your your teamsacrifices, your sacrifices, your challenges, your failures and your victories. Repeatedly challenges, your failures and your victories. Repeatedly share your story as you may have new team members that share your story as you may and haveifnew members have never heard those stories, theyteam all know them,that have never heard those stories, and if they all know them, they better understand the “bigger picture”, and they are they better understand the “bigger picture”, and they are more compelled to participate in the work that matters. more compelled to participate the work Want to unify your team like neverinbefore?

Do that this!matters.

Want3)toShared unify your team– like before?with Do your this!

Purpose Havenever you shared 3) Shared Purpose – Have you shared with team your visions, your dreams, and your goals for the your your dreams, and You yourmust goalsshare for the team your feedyard or forvisions, the production business? withfeedyard them what your are, because if they don’t or for theplans production business?

You must share know what your dreams and goals are, theyif can’t possibly with them what your plans are, because they don’t know pullwhat the chain in the same direction you are pulling the pull your dreams and goals are, they can’t possibly chain. the chain in the same direction you are pulling the chain.

4) Staff Meetings – These areare a must, andand must be be 4) Staff Meetings – These a must, must done with all team members on some sort of planned set done with all team members on some sort of planned set schedule, at aattime which is best to meet, otherwise theythey schedule, a time which is best to meet, otherwise willwill never happen.

You can also do so through email, butbut never happen. You can also do so through email, still, in-person meetings are a must at least once a month still, in-person meetings are a must at least once a month but preferred once a week. In the feedyard, maybe it is but preferred once aonce week.

In theand feedyard, maybe discussed within crews a week, entire yard onceit is discussed within crews once a week, and entire yard once a month. a month.

This is the best time to “communicate” all the This isabove! the best to “communicate” all the things mentioned Buttime remember, make that time thingshave mentioned above! remember, planned, an agenda, stickBut to the agenda, make don’t that boretime planned, have an agenda, stick to the agenda, don’t bore them, make it very valuable time. Don’t waste your team them, make veryrequire valuable time.

Don’t waste your team members’ time.itAnd them to be there, promising not members’ to waste their And again, any time.time!

And require themsettothe be dates there,of promising andnot all to meetings in advance so all team members can waste their time! And again, set the dates plan of any around them.

For feedyards, is when?can plan and all meetings in advancethe sochallenge all team members around them. For feedyards, the challenge is when?

4th Annual PAC Beef Summit Wednesday, July 8th Gateway Civic Center Oberlin, KS

18

1/2 page

Cattle Performance Enhancement Co. FROM THIS

TO THIS

CPEC

Lynn Allen, CPEC Sales & Marketing

P.O. Box 630 • Stratford, Texas 79084 806-753-7979 cell • lallen6423@aol.com www.cpec.us Think about a time of month that is easiest, a day of week that is possibly routinely slowest a timea of Think about a time of month that and is easiest, day day that is routinely slow.

Make them happen!

Over of week that is possibly routinely slowest and a time of time, done properly,slow. they are very, very powerful for dayifthat is routinely Make them happen!

Over time, if done properly, they are very, very powerful for your organization. your organization.

5) Reporting – Another great idea I have yet to implement, is a newer one I think is great, is for all 5) but Reporting – Another great idea I have yet to implement, but is a newer one I think is great, is for all key team members or leaders’ to report back weekly or key team members or leaders’ to report weekly or monthly “Highs and Lows”.

This can beback work related, monthly “Highs and Lows”.

This can be work related, but can also be personal. But the key to any sort of report, be getting personal.

Butread the key anyrespond sort of to is but thatcan the also leader them themtoand report, is that the leader getting them read them and them. respond to them.

If no response is ever given, the leader is showing If nodon’t response ever them that they care,isand thegiven, short the andleader simpleisreports showing them that they don’t care, and the short and will be wasted. Highs and Lows give leaders great insight simple reports will be wasted. Highs and Lows give into their great leaders’ minds, team struggles, and leaders insight intopotentially their leaders minds, potentially even personal joys or struggles. team struggles, and even personal joys or struggles.

6) Annual Reviews – Annual reviews are a 6) Annual Reviews – Annual reviews are a great time to great time to review Results Areas, butimportantly even more review Key ResultsKey Areas, but even more importantly allow and team members share allow leaders andleaders team members to share their to ideas or their ideas or problems.

Annual reviews can be easy to problems. Annual reviews can be easy to avoid, but if avoid, if done are very donebut properly, areproperly, very rewarding forrewarding all leadersfor all leaders involved. involved.

Lined outout areare some ideas andand methods forfor owners, Lined some ideas methods managers, and crew leaders to be thinking on, putting to owners, managers, and crew leaders to be thinking on, use, and intentionally and effectively communicating putting to use, and intentionally and effectively with communicating with their teamand to long-term help improve daily their team to help improve daily outcomes. and long-term outcomes.

It’s not always easy, but these forms of communication are key easy, to your success and It’s not always butorganization’s these forms of inner health.

And like Dave says, “No one ever enthused communication are key to your organization’sissuccess knowing going on. No by andnot inner health.what Andislike Dave says, one “Noever one gets ever fired is enthused not knowing what is going on. No one ever up by notby being in the know….not communicating just gets fired up by not being in the know….not blows up in your face.” ** communicating just blows up in your face.” **

“Tomorrow is too late, yesterday is over, and now is exactly the right moment to start.”

19

The Importance of Understanding Bits in the Feedlot Environment By: Ted Howard, Production Animal Consultation By: Ted Howard, Production Animal Consultation I commonly see three types of bits being used in feedlots. The most common is the o-ring/d-ring snaffle I commonly see three types of bits being used in feedlots.cowboys The mosthave common is thethe o-ring/d-ring bit. Feedlot identified advantages snaffle of a bit.

Feedlot cowboys have identified the advantages horse’s low head set and soft mouth when using this bit. of a horse’s low head and softbitmouth when using The second mostset common I see being used isthis a bit. three piece dog bone short shank bit. This bit can be used The second most common bit I see being used is to increase the pressure on the horse’s mouth, but is still a three piece dog bone short shank bit. This bit can be effective a horse’sthe lower head on set.the horse’s mouth, but used for to increase pressure Finally the three piece long shank is still effective for a horse’s lower headbit set.can work well when properly used by correct softshank hands.bit can work Finally the three piece long In the feedlot environment, not only does the well when properly used by correct soft hands. horse have to be taken consideration, but the effect In the feedlotinto environment, not only does the to be taken consideration, butalso the effect the horse horse’shave behavior has into on the cattle must be the horse’s behavior has on the cattle must also be acknowledged. acknowledged.

Solid bar long shank bits with chain chin straps Solidunfavorable bar long shank bitsfeedlot with chain chin straps can be the most in the environment. can be the most unfavorable in the feedlot environment.

These bits can be used to apply an extreme amount of These bits can be used to apply an extreme amount of pressure to the mouth. pressure tohorse’s the horse’s mouth.

ThisThis pressure elevates thethehorse’s pressure elevates horse’shead head which which negatively affects pulling cattlecattle quietly and easily.

Cattle negatively affects pulling quietly and easily. senseCattle the amount ofamount pressureofapressure horse isaunder reactand sense the horse and is under react accordingly. accordingly.

We need to recognize that every horse is different and the as effective for each Wesame needbit to isn’t recognize that every horsehorse. is If you you bit to control your horse different and thefeel same bitneed isn’tmore as effective for each there may be other horsemanship techniques that could horse.

If you feel youthe need moreissue. bit to control yourwork on be used to address control If we will horse there may behands, other horsemanship techniques riding with soft we can use less bit in ourthat horse’s could be used to address the control issue.

If we will mouth. work on riding soft hands, can usepressure less bit inwe can theweextreme As wewith understand ourcreate horse’s mouth. in our horse’s mouth with a severe bit, we can begin As we understand the extreme pressure we can to use bit and build successful partnership with our create in less our horse’s moutha with a severe bit, we can horse. begin to use less bit and build a successful partnership with our horse.

Pictured above is the cowboy crew at Lane County Feeders.

They o-ring bits.at Lane County Pictured above is all theuse cowboy crew Feeders. They all use o-ring bits.

20

Parable of the Woodcutter & His Horse Dr. Greg Qaukenbush and Dr. Doug Ford wanted to share this inspirational parable by Max Lucado Once there was an old man who lived in a tiny village. Although poor, he was envied by all, for he owned a beautiful white horse. Even the king coveted his treasure. A horse like this had never been seen before— such was its splendor, its majesty, its strength.

People offered fabulous prices for the steed, but the old man always refused. “This horse is not a horse to me,” he would tell them. “It is a person. How could you sell a person? He is a friend, not a possession. How could you sell a friend?” The man was poor and the temptation was great. But he never sold the horse.

One morning he found that the horse was not in the stable. All the village came to see him. “You old fool,” they scoffed, “we told you that someone would steal your horse. We warned you that you would be robbed. You are so poor. How could you ever hope to protect such a valuable animal? It would have been better to have sold him. You could have gotten whatever price you wanted.

No amount would have been too high. Now the horse is gone, and you’ve been cursed with misfortune.”

The old man responded, “Don’t speak too quickly.

Say only that the horse is not in the stable. That is all we know; the rest is judgment. If I’ve been cursed or not, how can you know? How can you judge?”

The people contested, “Don’t make us out to be fools! We may not be philosophers, but great philosophy is not needed. The simple fact that your horse is gone is a curse.”

The old man spoke again. “All I know is that the

stable is empty, and the horse is gone. The rest I don’t know. Whether it be a curse or a blessing, I can’t say. All we can see is a fragment. Who can say what will come next?”

The people of the village laughed. They thought that the man was crazy. They had always thought he was fool; if he wasn’t, he would have sold the horse and lived off the money. But instead, he was a poor woodcutter, an old man still cutting firewood and dragging it out of the forest and selling it. He lived hand to mouth in the misery of poverty. Now he had proven that he was, indeed, a fool.

After fifteen days, the horse returned. He hadn’t been stolen; he had run away into the forest. Not only had he returned, he had brought a dozen wild horses with him. Once again the village people gathered around the woodcutter and spoke. “Old man, you were right and we were wrong. What we thought was a curse was a blessing.

Please forgive us.”

The man responded, “Once again, you go too far.

Say only that the horse is back. State only that a dozen horses returned with him, but don’t judge. How do you know if this is a blessing or not? You see only a fragment.

Unless you know the whole story, how can you judge?

You read only one page of a book. Can you judge the whole book? You read only one word of a phrase. Can you understand the entire phrase?

“Life is so vast, yet you judge all of life with one page or one word. All you have is a fragment! Don’t say that this is a blessing. No one knows. I am content with what I know. I am not perturbed by what I don’t.”

“Maybe the old man is right,” they said to one another. So they said little. But down deep, they knew

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he was wrong. They knew it was a blessing. Twelve wild horses had returned with one horse. With a little bit of do you know if this isand a blessing work, the How animals could be broken trained or andnot? sold You see only a fragment.

Unless you know the whole for much money. story,The howold canman youhad judge?

Youanread page of a a son, onlyonly son.one The young book.

Cantoyou judge whole book?

Youaread man began break thethe wild horses.

After fewonly days, Can you entire he one fell word from of onea phrase. of the horses andunderstand broke boththe legs.

Once phrase? again the villagers gathered around the old man and cast The old man had a son, an only son. The young their judgments. man began to break the wild After aproved few days, right,” theyhorses. said. “You youhe “You were fellright. from The one of the horses broke legs. Once were dozen horsesand were not both a blessing.

They again the villagers gathered man and cast were a curse.

Your only son hasaround brokenthe hisold legs, and now their old judgments. in your age you have no one to help you. Now you are “You were right,” they said. “You proved you poorer than ever.” were The right.old Theman dozenspoke horsesagain. were not a blessing.

“You peopleThey are were a curse.

Your only son has broken his obsessed with judging. Don’t go so far. Saylegs, onlyand that your his old legs. age you have no one you. Now mynow soninbroke Who knows if ittoishelp a blessing or you areNo poorer than ever.” a curse? one knows.

We only have a fragment. Life The old man spoke again. “You people are comes in fragments.” obsessed judging. so far.later Saythe only that It sowith happened thatDon’t a fewgoweeks country my soninbroke legs. aWho knows if itcountry. is a blessing or a All the engaged war his against neighboring curse?

Noofone only have atofragment.

Life young men theknows. villageWe were required join the army. comes in fragments.”

Only the son of the old man was excluded, because he was It so again happened that a few weeks around later thethe country injured. Once the people gathered old man, cryinginand because their sons had engaged warscreaming against a neighboring country.

Allbeen the taken.

There little chance thatrequired they would return. young menwas of the village were to join the The army. enemy andold the man war would be a losing struggle.

Onlywas the strong, son of the was excluded, because he They never seeagain theirthe sons again.gathered around the waswould injured.

Once people wereand right, old man,” theytheir wept.

“Youcrying old man, screaming because sons“God had knows were right.

This proves it. Your son’swould accident beenyou taken.

There was little chance that they was a blessing.

His legs be broken, least he return.

The enemy wasmay strong, and the but waratwould be is a with you.struggle.

Our sonsThey are gone forever.” losing would never see their sons again.

The old man spoke again. “It is impossible to talk with you. You always draw conclusions. No one knows.

“You wept.

“God Say only this:were Yourright, sonsold hadman,” to gothey to war, and mine did knows you were right.

This proves it.

Your son’s not. No one knows if it is a blessing or a curse. No one is accident was atoblessing.

His God legs may be broken, but at wise enough know. Only knows.” least he The is with gone oldyou. manOur wassons right.are We onlyforever.” have a fragment.

The old and manhorrors spoke again.

“It aispage impossible Life’s mishaps are only out of atogrand talk with you.

You always draw conclusions.

No one We book. We must be slow about drawing conclusions. knows.

Say only this: Your sons had to go to war, and the must reserve judgment on life’s storms until we know mine did not.

No one knows if it is a blessing or a curse. whole story.

No one is wise enough know.the Only God knows.”

I don’t know towhere woodcutter learned The old Perhaps man was right. only have a his patience. from We another woodcutter in fragment.

Life’s mishaps and horrors aresaid onlyitabest: page “Do out Galilee. For it was the Carpenter who of a grand We must be slow drawing not worrybook. about tomorrow, for about tomorrow will worry conclusions.

We must reserve judgment on life’s storms about itself.” until weHe know the whole story. should know. He is the author of our story. don’talready know where thethe woodcutter learned his And heI has written final chapter. patience.

Perhaps7:8… from Better anotheriswoodcutter Galilee.

• Ecclesiastes the end of ainthing than its For itbeginning, was the Carpenter who said best:is“Do notthan worry and the patient in it spirit better the about tomorrow, for(ESV) tomorrow will worry about itself.” proud in spirit.

He should know.Rejoice He is theinauthor ourpatient story. in 12:12… hope,ofbe • Romans Andtribulation, he has already written the final chapter. be constant in prayer.

(ESV) 7:8…No Better theserve end oftwo a thing than for • Ecclesiastes Matthew 6:34… oneiscan masters; its beginning, in spirit is better either he willand hatethe thepatient one and love the other,than or he willproud be devoted one and despise the other. You the in spirit.to(ESV) cannot serve GodRejoice and wealth.

(NASB) ** in  Romans 12:12… in hope, be patient tribulation, be constant in prayer. (ESV)  Matthew 6:34… No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (NASB) ** 22

Precondition for performance, performance,quality, quality, cash Precondition for cash By: Miranda Reiman, Certified Angus Beef

By: Miranda Reiman, Certified Angus Beef It’s been talked about for 60 years. It’s better for been talked about 60 years.

It’s better animals,It’s preferred by most cattlefor feeders and could for animals, preferred by most cattle feeders and could provide a 169% return on investment. provide“2014 a 169% return on investment. was the biggest ‘no brainer’ year in history “2014 thecalves,” biggestsays ‘no brainer’ year in history to preconditionwas your Purdue University to precondition your calves,” says Purdue University veterinarian W. Mark Hilton. “2015 could be even veterinarian W. Mark Hilton.

“2015 could be even better.” better.”

Crunching the numbers, Hilton first turns to Crunching the numbers, Hilton first turns toan an11year analysis of of Indiana beef 11-year analysis Indiana beefherds herdsthat thatshowed showedweight alone added $50.84$50.84 average profitprofit on on preconditioned weight alone added average calves. preconditioned calves.

Auction reported reported aa In 2014, 2014, Superior Superior Livestock Livestock Auction In $12.06 per hundredweight (cwt.) “health price $12.06 per hundredweight (cwt.) “health priceadvantage” for weaned for andweaned vaccinated advantage” and calves. vaccinated calves.

“Even ififthat thatcalf calfonly only gained 1 alb.day, a day, “Even gained 1 lb. you you earned $62.20 per head with that health price advantage,” earned $62.20 per head with that health price advantage,” Hilton says. says. “In “In life, life, II worry Hilton worry about about stuff stuff II can can control...the control...the health advantage, advantage, II don’t don’t have haveany anycontrol controlover. over.It’s It’snice nice health and I’ll I’ll take take itit when when II can can get get it.” it.” and that auction But without without that But auction market market bonus, bonus, aa producer producer loses money money ifif calves calves only onlygain gain11lb. lb.per perday dayduring duringthat that loses post-weaning phase. phase. post-weaning the weight weight and and the the preconditioning preconditioning bonus bonus Adding the Adding together together gives gives the the full full picture. picture.

Increase that’s a $211 thatgain gaintoto3lb./day 3lb./dayand and that’s a $211 Increase that profit, or a 169% net return on investment. investment.

“How your banker andand youlike liketotogogoto to your banker “How would would you hand and tell tell him him I’m I’m going going to to come come back back hand him him aa $100 $100 bill bill and in asks. in 45 45 days days and and II want want you you to to give give me me $269?” $269?” Hilton Hilton asks.

“He’d nuts.” Yet, Yet, ititseems seemsthat thatmany manycattlemen “He’d say say you’re you’re nuts.” cattlemen aren’t easily motivated. aren’t easily motivated.

“The beenbeen slowerslower than wethan we movementhashas “The movement anticipated,” Iowa StateState University anticipated,” says saysLee LeeSchulz, Schulz, Iowa University agricultural Iowa Beef Beef Center Center CowCowagricultural economist. economist. The The 2014 2014 Iowa Calf barely 60%60% of producers in Calf Producer Producersurvey surveynotes notes barely of producers his state precondition cattle at least 45 days, but the in his state precondition cattle at least 45 days, but the percentage percentage is is growing. growing.

Schulz Schulz says says it’s it’s “compatible” “compatible” with with the thepopularity popularity of certification programs and and of value-based value-basedmarketing, marketing, certification programs other points of differentiation in the feeder calf market. other points of differentiation in the feeder calf market.

“The beefindustry industryhas hasgained gained a better “The beef a better understanding understanding of all things that affect the final he says. of all things that affect the final performance,” performance,” says.

“Cattle feeders are and morewilling aware of “Cattle feedersheare more aware of that to that willing to It pay higher prices.

It increases pay and higher prices. increases value for the entirevalue supply for the entire supply chain.” chain.”

In Feedlot Operator In the the2014 2014Iowa IowaBeef BeefCenter Center Feedlot Operator survey, more than 82% indicated vaccination history survey, more than 82% indicated vaccination history was was “very and more more than than 76% 76% said said “very important” important” or or “important,” “important,” and the same about “reputation of seller.” the same about “reputation of seller.”

“Having for value-added cattle is “Having a amarket market for value-added cattle is important, too,” Schulz says, noting preliminary of important, too,” Schulz says, noting preliminaryresults results an Iowa study on special “preconditioned sales” versus of an Iowa study on special “preconditioned sales” versus regular regular auctions. auctions. In In 2008-09, 2008-09, steers steers in in the the preconditioned preconditioned sales earned $2/cwt. above their contemporaries and and sales earned $2/cwt. above their contemporaries heifers $6/cwt.

By 2013-14, that number increased to $6/ heifers $6/cwt. By 2013-14, that number increased to

cwt. steers and $10/cwt. for heifers, and shows $6/for cwt. for steers and $10/cwt. for heifers, and ashows a general upward trend over time. general upward trend over time.

The dollar values are pretty convincing, but The dollar values are pretty convincing, but Schulz says cattlemen need to evaluate how it might Schulz says cattlemen need to evaluate how it might work work on their own farms and ranches. Hilton shares “four on to their own farms and ranches. Hilton shares “four keys keys success”: to success”: 1) Team Building. Get a team of experts who are willing Team Building.

Get ayou, team experts are willing to 1) continue learning with heofsays.

Thatwho might to continue learning with you, he says.

That might include include a veterinarian, nutritionist, extension personnel, a veterinarian, nutritionist, extension personnel, etc. etc.

Weightgain. gain. preconditioning, you’re having 2)2) Weight “In“In preconditioning, if if you’re notnot having those calves gain a significant amount of weight… you’re those calves gain a significant amount of weight… you’re going haveasasmuch muchprofit profitininthem,” them,”he hesays, says, sharing notnot going totohave examples of 3-lb. average daily gains (ADG) prior to sharing examples of 3-lb. average daily gains (ADG) feedlot arrival. prior to feedlot arrival.

“The genetics we’ve today—they “The genetics we’ve gotgot today—they can can do it.do it.

They can put it right on and not get fleshy.”

C alves They can put it right on and not get fleshy.” Calvesmay mayjust maintain weight during thethe first week of of preconditioning, just maintain weight during first week week you keep them helps the bottom so every additional preconditioning, so every additional week you keep them line.

“We want to dilute out that first week and make helps the bottom line. “We want to dilute out that first it not a bigand deal,” Hilton week make it notsays. a big deal,” Hilton says.

11-year study Indiana, weight gain was “In“In ourour 11-year study in in Indiana, weight gain was most important factor profitability,”heheemphasizes. emphasizes. thethe most important factor ininprofitability,” Herd healthand andnutrition. nutrition.Finding Findingthe theright right vaccination 3)3) Herd health program and timing is essential to vaccination program and timing is essentialpreconditioning to success. preconditioning success.

“I’m notgoing goingtototell tellyou you what what diseases “I’m not diseases to tovaccinate for, because I don’tI know.

I’ve only practiced in two vaccinate for, because don’t know.

I’ve only practiced states,” he says, encouraging one-on-one consultations in two states,” he says, encouraging one-on-one with their herd veterinarians. consultations withhealth their herd health veterinarians. of ofthe cost of Indiana InIn the the Indiana study,study, 79% of79% the cost preconditioning was form of hay feed, Hilton preconditioning was in in thethe form of hay andand feed, Hilton says, underscoring importance of nutrition. says, underscoring the the importance of nutrition.

“We “We found having a balanced diet was getting 3 lb. found having a balanced diet was keykey to to getting 3 lb. perper day gain calves.” day gain in in ourour calves.”

4)4) Marketing.

“Your calves are are special,” he says.

“You“You Marketing.

“Your calves special,” he says. need toto build builda aresume resumefor forthem.” them.”That Thatincludes includes finding out need outmore moreabout abouthow howthe thecalves calvesdodoafter afterweaning weaningbybyretaining retaining some ownership or participating in a small-scale some ownership or participating in a small-scale feedout. feedout. says the bottom line health is that pays, healthbut pays, Hilton Hilton says the bottom line is that it pays butmore it pays more when marketing matches management. when marketing matches management.

“If“If you areare notnot adding value to your calves, you you you adding value to your calves, areare making a huge mistake leaving money on the table making a huge mistake leaving money on the table and giving mymy feedlot owners a lot poorer quality cattle,” and giving feedlot owners a lot poorer quality cattle,” Hilton says. sayssays the best way way to move toward Hilton says.Hilton Hilton the best to move toward more preconditioning is is forfor feeders to to send thethe signal. more preconditioning feeders send signal.

“When you’re buying high-risk calves, you’reyou’re “When you’re buying high-risk calves, telling the industry that you’re going to take advantage of telling the industry that you’re going to take advantage somebody,” he says.

“When you buy preconditioned, of somebody,” he says. “When you buy preconditioned, high-quality calves you’re telling the the beefbeef industry that that high-quality calves you’re telling industry producers of preconditioned, high-quality calves are your producers of preconditioned, high-quality calves are your partners.” ** partners.” ** 23

Kansas Veterinary Medical Association Honors Veterinarian of the Year

By: Kansas Veterinary Medical Association By: Kansas Veterinary Medical Association The Kansas Veterinary Medical Association was Kansas Veterinary Medical Association was pleased to The honor Dr. Nels Lindberg of Great Bend, Kan. pleased to honor Dr.prestigious Nels Lindberg of the Great Bend, Kan. with the KVMA’s most award, Veterinarian with theAward KVMA’s most8prestigious of the Year on June at KVMA award, Awardsthe Luncheon of the Year Award on June at KVMA heldVeterinarian during the 77th Annual Conference for 8Veterinarians th Awards Luncheon in Manhattan, Kansas.held during the 77 Annual Conference for Veterinarians in Manhattan, Kansas. of the Year award is given only The Veterinarian The Veterinarian of the Year award is given only to KVMA members that have demonstrated outstanding to KVMA members that have demonstrated outstanding contributions to the veterinary profession, the KVMA and to the veterinary profession, the KVMA and thecontributions community. Candidates are nominated by constituents the association community.orCandidates of the clients. are nominated by constituents of the association or clients.

“Dr. Nels Linberg has devoted his career to the “Dr. Nels Linberg has devoted his career to the promotion of veterinary medicine,” says Megan Kilgore, promotion of veterinary medicine,” says Megan Kilgore, KVMA executive director. “He has set a professional KVMA director. hasofset a professional example forexecutive veterinarians in the“He state Kansas.” example for veterinarians in the state of Kansas.”

Dr. Nels receiving the KVMA Veterinarian of the Year Award with his family and Dr. Dan Thomson.

NelsLindberg Lindberg received received his of of Dr.Dr. Nels hisdoctorate doctorate veterinary medicine from Kansas State University.

Dr. veterinary medicine from Kansas State University. Dr. Nels Lindberg, commonly referred Nels,has hasa a Nels Lindberg, commonly referred to to asas Dr.Dr.Nels, passion for research, beef cattle health and feedlot cattle passion for research, beef cattle health and feedlot cattle performance. performance.

He is one of the leading veterinary feedlot He is one leadingStates. veterinary feedlot consultants in of thetheUnited Dr. Nels has current consultants the ownership United States.

Nels has currentCenter, holdings inand in Dr. Animal Medical holdings and ownership Animal Medical Center, Progressive Beef andinProduction Animal Consultation Progressive Beef and Production Animal Consultation groups. groups. A true servant leader, Dr. Nels attributes his work true servant leader,skills Dr. Nels his work ethic,Amoney management and attributes desire to serve others ethic, money management desireKansas to servetown. He from his upbringing in askills smalland Western others from an hisincredible upbringing in a small Western Kansas has built mixed animal practice, employing town.

He has built an incredible mixed animal practice, two associate veterinarians and a large service staff. Nels employing associateas veterinarians and veterinarian a large service is knowntwo nationally a progressive and staff.

Nels is known nationally as a progressive businessman. veterinarian and businessman.

“He has set a professional example for veterinarians in the state of Kansas.”

Dr. Nels’ passion for the veterinary profession is passionwith for the the college veterinary profession is evident in Dr. his Nels’ relationship of veterinary evident in his relationship with the college of medicine at Kansas State University. As a regularveterinary guest medicine at Kansas University.

As a regular lecturer for the studentsState in veterinary medicine, Nels guest lecturer for his theknowledge students inandveterinary medicine, enjoys sharing wisdom with future Nels enjoys sharing his knowledge and wisdom with future veterinary leaders. veterinary leaders.

He and his wife, Karen, have donated generously donated generously He and his wife, Karen, have to to bring nationally-recognized speakers campus to to bring nationally-recognized speakers to campus to present to veterinary students on a variety of topics. present veterinary on a leader varietyinofGreat topics.

Dr.toNels is also astudents community Bend Nels is also a community leader in Great Dr. serving on the city council and as a past Deacon and Bend serving onFirst the city council and as a past Deacon and Elder Elder in the Christian Church. in theHe First Church. andChristian Karen reside in Great Bend with their Heand andMacKenzie, Karen reside Greatpets, Bend twins, Nash and in family Samwith and their twins, Nash and MacKenzie, and family pets, Sam and Blue.

Blue.Founded in 1904, The Kansas Veterinary Medical The Kansas Founded in 1904, Association is comprised of approximately 900 Veterinary veterinarians from around the nation, of all approximately committed to 900 Medical Association is comprised serving the veterinary medical the profession protecting to veterinarians from around nation, and all committed human andthe animal health.medical ** serving veterinary profession and protecting human and animal health. **

24

know PAC Team: Getting Getting to knowtothe PACthe Team: and Kelly Terrell Dr.Shane Dr. andShane Kelly Terrell Dr. Dr. Shane: Shane: was born born and and raised Mirage II was raised on on my my family’s family’sdiversified diversifiedfarm, farm,ranch, ranch,and andfeedlot feedlotoperation operationwhich whichisislocated locatedononthe the near Hay Springs, NE. My two older brothers, their families, and my parents are currently operating different Flats Mirage Flats near Hay Springs, NE. My two older brothers, their families, and my parents are currently operating parts of the family . I attended StateChadron CollegeState for undergrad where I was where a defensive for the football different parts operation of the family operationChadron . I attended College for undergrad I was end a defensive end team majored in and Biology. for theand football team majored in Biology.

Kelly and andIImet metatatmy mybrother's brother’s wedding, were married in 2007.

I started at Kansas Kelly wedding, andand we we were married in 2007.

That That fall, Ifall, started at Kansas State State University, completing my Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine in 2011 and Masters of Biomedical Sciences in 2012. In University, completing my Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine in 2011 and Masters of Biomedical Sciences in 2012.

January 2012 we moved to Hays, KS, to start practice while working concurrently on a Ph.D. in Diagnostic Medicine In January 2012 we moved to Hays, KS, to start practice while working concurrently on a Ph.D. in Diagnostic and Pathobiology from Kansas University through the Beef the Cattle The focus the research Medicine and Pathobiology fromState Kansas State University through BeefInstitute.

Cattle Institute.

Theoffocus of the is feedlot lameness and is near completion.

Kelly and I relocated to Gothenburg, NE in 2013, allowing us to move backusto our research is feedlot lameness and is near completion. Kelly and I relocated to Gothenburg, NE in 2013, allowing home state and closer to family. to move back to our home state and closer to family. thethe challenges that feedlot production was fortunate fortunate to II was to begin begin working working with with PAC PACininJanuary January2012.

2012.I have I haveenjoyed enjoyed challenges that feedlot medicine brings everyday and the mentorship not only my in PAC, but also feedyard clients and employees. production medicine brings everyday and theof mentorship ofcolleagues not only my colleagues in of PAC, but also of feedyard Areas of greatest interest to me in practice have been feedlot lameness, research, and finding different ways to finding utilize data clients and employees. Areas of greatest interest to me in practice have been feedlot lameness, research, and to help us make better or more timely decisions. different ways to utilize data to help us make better or more timely decisions.

Kelly: Kelly:

I was born and raised on the family farm in Gothenburg, NE. I am the oldest of two sisters and needless to say, I was born and raised on the family farm in Gothenburg, NE. I am the oldest of two sisters and needless to marrying into into a family of allofboys was an eye-opening experience.

I attend the University of Nebraska at Lincoln say, marrying a family all boys was an eye-opening experience.

I attend the University of Nebraska at where I majored in business marketing.

I was a member of Chi Omega and served as Miss Nebraska 2005 and competed at Miss Lincoln where I majored in business marketing. I was a member of Chi Omega and served as Miss Nebraska 2005 America in 2006.

Right out of college, I worked for Nebraska Wedding Day Magazine as their western Nebraska and competed at Miss America in 2006. Right out of college, I worked for Nebraska Wedding Day Magazine as sales representative. their western Nebraska sales representative.

While in Manhattan, KS, I worked for Kansas State University’s Global Campus, first as the English as a Second While in Manhattan, KS, I worked for Kansas State University's Global Campus, first as the English as a programprogram coordinator and then theirasMarketing Research Coordinator.

During this time, I completed my Language Second Language coordinator andasthen their Marketing Research Coordinator.

During this time, I Masters in Integrated Marketing Communications from Eastern Michigan University. completed my Masters in Integrated Marketing Communications from Eastern Michigan University.

When we moved to Hays, I continued working for KSU’s Global Campus remotely. In 2012, I started with PAC When we moved to Hays, I continued working for KSU’s Global Campus remotely. In 2012, I started with as their Marketing and Communications Director, and I also started working for my family’s feedlot , K-Farms, as their PAC as their Marketing and Communications Director, and I also started working for my family’s feedlot , Koffice manager.

Farms, as their office manager.

In our spare time, we love being with our son, Clay, and our dog, Tuck. We also enjoy being with family and ourboth spare we lovetobeing with our son, Clay, and our dog, Tuck. enjoy being with family friends.InWe feeltime, so blessed be able to work with the PAC group along withWe ouralso clients and partners.

It has been a and friends. We both feel so blessed to be able to work with the PAC group along with our clients and partners. It lot of fun and we look forward to what the future holds. has been a lot of fun and we look forward to what the future holds.

Left: Dr. Shane and Kelly with their son, Clay, and dog, Tuck. Above: Dr. Shane with his father, Vern, and brothers, Brock and Seth. Right: Tuck and Clay 25

Protect what matters.

Your herd, your business and your family. Like you, we believe in protecting what matters most.

You know the importance of vaccinations for a healthy herd.

And with Vista® vaccines, you know that you’re covered.

Only Vista vaccines offer the most complete respiratory protection and complete, one-dose fetal protection for the entire pregnancy. And Vista products are now labeled for pregnant cows and nursing calves.

Preconditioning program for healthier, higher-value calves

Get reliable protection for what matters to you. Talk to your veterinarian or animal health supplier about Vista vaccines.

cattleprimevac.com 2 Giralda Farms • Madison, NJ 07940 • merck-animal-health-usa.com • 800-521-5767 Copyright © 2015 Intervet Inc., doing business as Merck Animal Health, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. All rights reserved. 2/15 Vista/PrimeVAC 51165

Upcoming Events

PAC members will either be attending or speaking at these events over the next few months.

June

9th - Symposium on Computational Resources for Swine, Ames, IA, Dr. Jim presenting 16th - Cowboy College - Cow-Calf Seminar, Denver, CO, Dr. Tom presenting 16th - Iowa Beef Council, Cattle Handling Seminar, Le Claire & Algona, IA, Dr. Kip demonstrating

8th - PAC Annual Beef Summit, Oberlin, KS, PAC team hosting 14th - Merck Feedlot Seminar, Omaha, NE, Dr. Tom presenting 21st-22nd - Elanco Feedlot Advisory Meeting, Dr. Nels participating 31st - BI Producer Meeting, Branson, MO, Dr. Tom presenting

August

17th - Consumer Relations Tour, Pasco, WA, Dr. Tom demonstrating

6th-8th - Academy of Veterinary Consultants Summer Conference, Denver, CO, PAC vets attending and presenting

17th - Iowa Beef Council, Cattle Handling Seminar, Alma, IA, Dr. Kip demonstrating

14th - Next Generation Vet Summit, Wichita, KS, Dr. Nels presenting

18th - Iowa Beef Council, Cattle Handling Seminar, Waverly & Manchester, IA, Dr. Kip demonstrating

18th - Preventing Beef Cattle Lameness, Diamond Jo Casino, Dubuque, IA, Dr. Tom presenting

July

19th - Preventing Beef Cattle Lameness, Nielson Community Center, West Point, NE, Dr. Tom presenting

6th-7th - CP Thailand Management Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, Dr. Jim presenting 8th-10th - Chinese Swine Producers PRRS Seminars, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing, China, Dr. Jim presenting

20th - Preventing Beef Cattle Lameness, Sheraton, Inn, Sioux Falls, SD, Dr. Tom presenting

Thank you to all sponsors for supporting PAC and this magazine.

American Animal Health

Micro Beef Technologies

Animal Health International

Newport Laboratories

Boehringer Ingelheim

Norbrook

CPEC

Nova Microbial Technologies

Daniels Manufacturing Co.

Nutrition Physiology Company

DOCTalk

Whisper Veterinary Stethoscope

Elanco

Zinpro

Merck Animal Health

Zoetis

Merial 27

Production Animal Consultation Production Animal PO Box 41 Consultation Oakley, KS 67748 PO Box 41 (785) 673-9572 Oakley, KS 67748 www.pacdvms.com (785) 673-9572 www.pacdvms.com

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