Germany and Britain

Ans. (i) Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution, conservatives promoted state power and political domination. (ii) Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process. (iii) It was backed by the army and bureaucracy.

R Q. 6. How did Nationalism develop through culture in

(i) Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings. (ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focussed instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. (iii) German Philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people- das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of a nation was popularised. (iv) The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was used to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterates. (Any three) 1× 3 = 3 R Q. 7. Describe any three conditions that led to the

(i) The emergence of the new middle classes. (ii) The ideology of liberalism. (iii) The ideas of conservatism and treaty of Vienna.

(5 marks each)

A Q. 1. Describe the process of unification of Germany.

(i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class farmers. In 1848, they tried to unify Germany into a nation. This feeling was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military. (ii) From then on Prussia took on the leadership of unification of Germany. Its Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process. He took the help of military and bureaucracy. (iii) Three wars over seven years ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. The Prussian King William-I was proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871.

A Q. 2. Describe the process of Unification of Italy.

(i) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states. (ii) During 1830, Mazzini decided to unite Italy. He had formed a secret society ‘Young Italy’ to achieve his goal. (iii) After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848 King Victor Emmanuel-II took to unify the Italian states through wars. (iv) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Cavour Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

(v) Under the leadership of Garibaldi armed volunteers marched into South Italy in 1860 and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. (vi) In 1861, Victor Emmanuel-II was proclaimed king of united Italy. (Any five)

U Q. 3. Explain the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the

(i) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. (ii) He became member of various secret societies such as ‘Young Italy’ or ‘Young Europe’. (iii) He attempted revolution in Liguria. (iv) He wanted unification with wider alliance of nations. (v) He frightened conservatives through opposition of monarchy and vision of democratic republics. (vi) He favoured war for unification of Italy. (vii) He wanted Economic development and Political dominance. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5

A Q. 4. Describe the process of Unification of Britain.

(i) Britain was not a nation state prior to 18th century. The primary identities were based on ethnicity such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. (ii) The steady growth of power made the English nation extend its influence over the other nations and islands.

(iii) In 1688, England established as a nation state.

English parliament seized power from the monarchy. (iv) In 1707, the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed with the Act of the Union between

England and Scotland. (v) England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. British Parliament was dominated by

English members. (vi) Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the failed revolution led by Wolfe and his United

Irishmen (1798) and a new "British Nation" was formed. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015)

U Q. 5. With reference to Scotland and Ireland, explain

Ans. (i) Through the Act of Union (1707), England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. (ii) The growth of British identity in Parliament suppressed the distinctive culture of Scotland. (iii) The Catholic clans that inhibited the Scottish Highland suffered repression. (iv) They were forcibly driven out of their homeland. (v) Ireland was also divided between Catholics and Protestants. (vi) Ireland was forcibly incorporated in the UK.

¾ Visualising the Nation : l Nation was personified in the female form by the artists of the 19th century. l Female allegories such as that of liberty, justice and republic were invented. l In Germany, Germania became the allegory of the nation. l In France, the idea of a people’s nation was the christened Marianne. She was characterized by the ideas of liberty and republic. l These symbols were usually popular images from everyday life that uneducated masses could easily identify with. l During revolutions, artists represented a nation as a person. This personification gave life to an abstract concept like nation. l The way of expressing an abstract idea like freedom or liberty through a symbol that may be person or thing is known as Allegory. An allegory has a literal and a symbolic meaning. In the nineteenth century, French artists used the female allegory to represent France. She was Christened Marianne. She symbolises reason, liberty and the ideals of the republic. l Marianne’s fasces or a bundle of rods with an axe in the middle was used to symbolise strength in unity. l The red Phrygian cap signified freedom of a slave. It was also known as the liberty cap. French people wore these caps a few days before the storming of the Bastille. ¾ Nationalism and Imperialism : ¾ Through the 18th and the mid 19th century, Europe was marked by a lot of chaos and turmoil. After 1871, there was a significant change in the concept of nationalism in Europe. ¾ Nationalist groups in Europe had become increasingly incompatible with each other and were constantly in conflict. The major European powers, namely Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary began taking advantage of nationalism in Europe, to materialise their aims for imperialism. ¾ The European powers sighted the much-disturbed Balkan region to fulfil their imperialist goals. The Balkan region consisted of the following countries of our times - Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,

Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.

¾ Ethnic : Relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community identifies with or claims. ¾ Symbol : A symbol is a visual image that represents something other than itself. It may be a representation using an object, picture, written word, sound or a particular mark. ¾ Imperialism : A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means. ¾ Allegory : When an abstract idea (for instance greed, envy, freedom, liberty, etc.) is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.

¾ Marianne and Germania : Marianne and Germania were the female allegories of France and German nations respectively. These were allegory of nation the same way as Bharat Mata, a female figure is imagined in India. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade. The Statues of Marianne were made and erected at public places and picture of Marianne printed on postage stamps. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves because that tree stands for heroism. She holds a sword in her hand. Important Symbols

¾ Broken chains – Liberty (being freed) ¾ Breastplate with eagle – Strength (Symbol of the German empire) ¾ Crown of oak leaves – Heroism ¾ Sword – Readiness to fight ¾ Olive branch around the sword – Willingness to make peace ¾ Black, red and gold tricolour – Flag of the liberal nationalists in 1848 banned by the Dukes of the German States. ¾ Rays of the rising sun – Beginning of a new era Know the Links

¾ nationalism-imperialism.wikispaces.com ¾ https://en.wikibooks.org/...European_Imperialism_and_Nationalism

A Q. 1. What is an allegory ? State any one example to

Ans. Allegory : When an abstract idea for instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing. For examples - Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, etc. 1 R Q. 2. What did the ideas of La patrie and Le citoyen

Ans. These ideas symbolised ‘fatherland’and ‘the citizens’ respectively. 1 R Q. 3. What was the main function of the Prussian

Ans. Its main function was to abolish tariff barriers. 1

(3 marks each)

A Q. 1. Name the female allegory who represents France.

Ans. Marianne was the female allegory who represented France.

(i) Those of liberty and republic. (ii) These were the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. (iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares. (iv) Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3

R Q. 2. How did the Balkan region become a source of

Ans. (i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Harzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.

(ii) The inhabitants of these regions were known as Slavs. (iii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. (iv) As the different slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. (v) The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 R Q. 3. How did the Balkan issue become one of the

Ans. (i) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. (ii) The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict as different Slavic nationalities struggled for their independence. (iii) It became the source of big power rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies and military might. 3 × 1= 3

(5 marks each)

U Q. 1. ‘While it is easy enough to represent a ruler

(i) Artists personified the nation—portrayed nation as a female figure. (ii) Artist used the female allegory to portray ideas such as liberty, justice and the republic. (iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. (iv) Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps. (v) Germania became the allegory of the German nation. She wears a crown of oak leaves, as in Germany oak stands for heroism. 1 × 5 = 5 U Q. 2. Briefly trace the geographical and ethnic

Ans. (i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, and its inhabitants were broadly called Slavs.

(ii) A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire while some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria causing a complex problem. (iii) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive. (iv) The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights on nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom. (v) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power—Russia, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary—was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area, which culminated in the First World War.

A Q. 3. How did nationalism and the idea of nation-state

Ans. (i) Nationalism and the idea of the nation state emerged within the culturally and regionally diverse groups of Europe. (ii) Due to industrialisation and transformation of society, there emerged a middle-class consisting of businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working class people. (iii) Industrialisation began in England in second half of the 18th century but in France and German states it occurred only during 19th century. In its wake, new social groups came into being. (iv) Out of these, the educated middle-class people thought of uniting the culturally compatible sections of people in Europe by abolishing the privileges enjoyed by the aristocracy. (v) It was among the educated liberal middle class that ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. (vi) This led to nationalism and emergence of idea of the nation-state. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5

Ans. (i) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (ii) A new French flag, tricolour was chosen to replace the Royal Standard. (iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.