Building Studies | Hilson Moran Office at Hay's Galleria: Term 1

HILS ON MORAN OFFICE AT H AY ’ S G A L L E R I A

AA SED MSc+March Sustainable Environmental Design 2022-23 Architecture Association School of Architecture Term-01 Project | January 2023 Refurbishing the City: London Building Case Studies

.............................................................................................

Divy Vor a | Sar a b J ot Si ngh | Stav an Gang | Yanfei Wang

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

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Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

Authorship Declaration Form

Term 1 Project : London Building Studies

TITLE: Hilson Moran Office at Hay’s Galleria NUMBER OF WORDS: 8545 STUDENT NAME(S): Divy Vora Sarab Jot Singh Stavan Gang Yanfei Wang DECLARATION: “I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”

Signature(s):

Divy Vora

Date:

Sarab Jot Singh

Stavan Gang

Yanfai Wang

16th January 2023

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Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

ABST R A C T

This report is the outcome of building studies project of MSc & MArch students at the Sustainable Environmental Design program.

The building studied in this report is the Hay’s Galleria situated opposite London Bridge Station at Tooley and Counter Street in the London Borough of Southwark. The site hosts mixed use programs integrated with the Queen’s Walk abutting the Thames River.

The primary area of focus is the Offices of Hilson Moran at the 3 rd floor of Shackleton House with the Secondary being the Galleria space inside the building complex.

The study consists of observations, surveys, measurements and analysis based on factors affecting the environmental performance and occupant comfort. Computational simulations were carried out to judge the current performance as well as to experiment predictive scenarios to improve performance.

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A C KN OWLE D GM E N T

The team would like to appreciate the time and effort of everyone involved with this project.

First of all, we would like to express our sincere gratitude toward everyone at the Hilson Moran Offices, especially Amadeo Scofone, for their cooperation and support.

Furthermore, the team would also like to thank the AA SED directors, Simos Yannas (Project Director) and Paula Cadima (co-Director) for their guidance during the term.

Additionally, we are extremely grateful towards the tutorials and support provided by all of the faculty and teaching staff at AA SED (Nick Baker, Gustavo Brunelli, Herman Calleja, Byron Mardas, Jorge Rodríguez Álvarez, Mariam Kapsali).

Lastly, Joana Gonçalves, thank you from the bottom of our hearts, without your guidance we wouldn’t have been able to do this project.

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Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

TABL E O F CO N T EN T S 1.

INTRODUCTION 1. 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1.

INTRODUCTION 08

2.

OVERVIEW 2. 2. OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 2.

OVERVIEW11

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

London Weather Data 2.1 2.1London London Weather Weather 2.1 DataLondon Data Weather Data 12 13 History Site Surrounding and History 2.2SiteSite Surrounding and History 2.2 Surrounding 2.2 andSite History Surrounding and 14 Building Information 2.3 2.3Building Building Information Information 2.3 Building Information Material Profile Material Profile 2.4 2.4Material Profile 2.4 Material Profile 15

CONCLUSIONS 5. 5. 08 CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS 5.

CONCLUSIONS 08 08

5.

5.1 5.2

General Conclusions5.1 5.1General Conclusions 5.1 General Conclusions 54 Conclusions 11 11 11General 55 Personal Learnings 5.2 5.2Personal Personal Learnings 5.2 Personal Learnings Learnings

6.

12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 REFERENCES 6. 6.

12 13 14 15 57 REFERENCES REFERENCES 6.

REFERENCES

17 17 APPENDIX 7. 7. 17 APPENDIX APPENDIX 7.

APPENDIX59

3.

OUTDOOR STUDY 3. 3. OUTDOOR OUTDOOR 3. STUDY STUDY OUTDOOR 17 STUDY 7.

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

Research Precedence 3.1 3.1 Research Research Precedence 3.1 Precedence Research Precedence 18 Solar Analysis 3.2 3.2 Solar Solar Analysis Analysis 3.2 Solar Analysis 19 Matrix 3.3MatrixExperience Matrix Experience Matrix 3.3 3.3 Experience Experience 20 Measurements 3.4 Spot Measurements Spot Measurements3.4 3.4 SpotSpot Measurements 21 Analysis 3.5 Radiation Analysis Radiation Analysis 3.5 3.5 Radiation Radiation Analysis 22 3.6 3.6 UTCI Study 3.6 UTCI Study UTCI Study UTCI Study 23 3.7 3.7Daylight RoofRoof Iterations 3.7 for Indoor Daylight Iterations for Roof Iterations for Indoor Iterations forRoof Indoor Daylight 24Indoor Daylight 3.8 3.8 Outdoor Study 3.8 Conclusions Outdoor Study Conclusions Outdoor Study Conclusions Outdoor Study Conclusions 25

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

4.

27 INDOOR STUDY 4. 4. INDOOR INDOOR 4.

STUDY STUDY INDOOR STUDY

27 27

27

28 29 30 31 32

28 29 30 31 32

28 29 30 31 32

34 35 37 38 39

34 35 37 38 39

34 35 37 38 39

40 40 42 42 43 43

40 42 43

44 45 46 48 50 51

44 45 46 48 50 51

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

28 Office Information 4.1 4.1Office Office Information Information 4.1 Office Information 29 4.2Interviews Work: Occupant 4.2 Field Interviews Work: Occupant Interviews Field Work: Occupant 4.2FieldField Work: Occupant Interviews 30 4.3 4.3Facade Study 4.3 Facade Study Facade Study Facade Study 31 4.4 4.4Dataloggers Analysis 4.4Analysis Dataloggers Analysis Dataloggers Analysis Dataloggers 32 4.5 4.5Volume Study 4.5 Volume Study Volume Study Volume Study

Daylight Study 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

34 4.6 4.6 Useful Daylight 4.6Illuminance Useful Daylight Illuminance Useful Daylight Illuminance Useful Daylight Illuminance Study 4.7StudyOrientation Study35 Orientation Study 4.7 4.7 Orientation Orientation Iterations 4.8 Ceiling Iterations37 Ceiling Iterations 4.8 4.8 Ceiling Ceiling Iterations 4.9 4.9 Glare Analysis 4.9 Glare Analysis 38 Glare Analysis Glare Analysis 39 4.104.10Conclusions 4.10 Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions

Ventilation Study 4.11 4.12 4.13

Ventilation Study Ventilation Study Ventilation Study

Single-sided for Window 4.114.11 B Single-sided Single-sided 4.11 for Window for Window Single-sided B B for 40 Window B Cross Ventilation 4.124.12Cross Cross Ventilation Ventilation 4.12 Cross Ventilation42 43 Conclusions 4.134.13Conclusions Conclusions 4.13 Conclusions

Thermal Study 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19

Daylight Study Daylight Study Daylight Study

Thermal Study Thermal Study Thermal Study

44 4.144.14Base Case Parameters 4.14 Base Case Parameters Base Case Parameters Base Case Parameters 45 Performance Case Annual 4.15 Performance Base Case Annual Base Case Annual 4.15 Performance 4.15Base Base Case Annual Performance 4.164.16Typical Summer 4.16Week Typical Summer46 Week Typical Summer Week Typical Summer Week 48 4.174.17Typical Winter 4.17 Week Typical Winter Week Typical Winter Week Typical Winter Week 4.184.18 Proposed Case 4.18 Annual Proposed Performance Case 50 Annual Performance Proposed Case Annual Performance Proposed Case Annual Performance 51 4.194.19Conclusions 4.19 Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions

44 45 46 48 50 51

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I N TR O DU C TION 1.1 Brief

A comprehensive assessment in terms of environmental performance of a case study was required as part of the Term 1 course structure of Sustainable Environmental Design program at the School of Architecure at Architectural Association.

The case study chosen for this project is the Hay’s Galleria building including the offices of Hilson Moran at the third floor of Shackleton House.

The intruiguing quotient of this space was the challenges it posed in terms of Environmental performance. The Galleria of the complex remains self shaded for a majority of the time.

Upon initial assessment, the office consisted of some apparent issues such as a lack of daylighting on the interior of the Galleria space. Furthermore, the atrium roof also self-shaded the site most of the time. In the interiors of the Hilson Moran office, the arrangement of workspaces meant no natural daylighting due to a deep plan. Also, the office consisted of mechanical and electric inefficiencies.

The mitigation of such problems were explored in this study through experimentation. There were several analytical approaches towards the study such as fieldwork analysis, computational analysis and drawing conclusions from each.

The report is structure in 4 major parts, the overview, Outdoor Studies, Indoor studies and Technical Studies. Each of the team members contributed towards the individual elements of each components.

Towards the conclusion of this study, the team gained a comprehensive understanding of the environmental behaviour of the space.

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Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

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References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

1.2 Methodology

Radiation Outdoor Study

Galleria Roof

This report is divided into five main chapters. The first one includes the basic introduction of the project and site and the outline of the way in which the study has been conducted.

Conclusion

UTCI Study

After this, an overview of the site, it’s location and history has been specified. This includes the climatic conditions of the geographical location of the site.

Daylight

The major analysis of the report is in the third and fourth part consisting of the indoor and outdoor studies. The outdoor studies contains the analysis done in the Galleria area whereas for the indoors, the Hilson Moran Office was studied.

Hay’s Galleria Field Work

Base case

In future office will be shifted to 2nd floor

Suggestions

Outdoor Study was carried out mainly by on-site measurements, thermal comfort as well as the solar studies to analyse the effects roof iterations on the the space.

Hilson Moran

Thereafter, the fifth part of this study, technical analysis was carried out into 3 major field namely, Daylighting, Ventilation and Thermal Mass and Insulation. Daylighting was studied through the aspects of orientation by conducting Volume and Glare analysis. Similarly, Ventilation was looked at through the lens of Optimal Operable area as well as window optimisation to achieve Ventilation strategies. Lastly, Thermal mass and Insulation study was conducted through optimising the insulation and material values.

Daylight Indoor Study

Technical Study

Conclusion

Ventilation

This was done to achieve an proposed design solution containing an optimised strategy in order to achieve a more comfortable space for the inhabitants of the New Office space.

Thermal Figure 1.2.1 Methodology flow chart

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

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02 . OV E RV IEW

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The location of the site is in the heart of London with the nearest weather station being that of St.James Park. The data set used for the plotting of the graph contained measurements from 1973 to 2021.

As can be observed from the annual graph, the temperature remain equable for the majority period of time except for certain outlier periods wherein it spikes. Furthermore, the mean outdoor temperatures are typically below the comfort band for the majority of the time during the year.

During winters, the Dry-bulb temperatures reaches a minimum of -2 °C and a maximum of 14.2 °C. Furthermore, in the summers months the DBT temperatures fluctuate between 8 °C to 33 °C. The coldest months were observed to be December, January and February whereas the warmest were July and August.

Temperature (oC)

There is ample amount of precipetation throughout the course of the year with the prevailing wind direction being from the SW. However, the wind direction switches to NE direction during portions of Autumn and Winter months.

The adaptive comfort band which is illustrated in the graph, is based on the (EN15251-2007) standard. In accordance with the annual outdoor dry-bulb temperature and the adaptive comfort band, it can be assumed that the annual average demand for heating is probably going to be higher, than the one for cooling.

Cold

40

Comfortable

Warm

Comfortable

Cold

2000

35

1800

30

1600

25

1400

20

1200

15

1000

10

800

5

600

0

400

-5

200

-10

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

Jun

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

0

Dec

Wind Speed (m/s) 0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

Direct Radiation

4.0

5.0

Global Horizontal Radiation

6.0

Diurnal Temperature

7.0

8.0

Mean Daily Temperature

9.0

10.0

Comfort Band

Figure 2.1.1 Climate data chart. (Source: Ladybug)

EN15251-2007 Comfort Band

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lower Limit

19.1

19.1

19.1

19.4

20.1

21.0

21.9

22.1

21.3

20.2

19.2

19.1

Upper Limit

25.1

25.1

25.1

25.4

26.1

27.0

27.9

28.1

27.3

26.2

25.2

25.1

Table 2.1.1 Lower and upper limit of EN15251-2007 Comfort band for London.

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Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

Energy Intensity (Wh/m²)

2.1 London Weather Data

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

2.2 Site Surroundings & History The Site is situated in the borough of Southwark, next to the London bridge station, therefore having excellent last mile connectivity with the Shard overlooking the building complex. The front façade of the building is north oriented, facing the city of London.

The U-shaped complex open outwards toward the Thames River, drawing in cool-river wind from the North-Eastern direction during the Autumn season. Furthermore, the predominant wind direction is from the South-western direction.

Likewise, the building has a very long-standing history going back hundreds of years. The provenance of the building consists of three major redevelopments but the original character has been retained, even after the great fire of London.

The site was originally a brewhouse, which was bought by Alexander Hay in 1651. However, the building was severely damaged in the Great Fire Of Southwark in 1676.

The building is a composite of many Architectural Styles such as the Georgian, Victorian and Art Deco among others. The site was gravely damaged thrice over it’s life span, first during the Great fire of London then the great fire of tooley street and finally the World War 2 Bombings. During the course of time, the building was refurbished multiple times as it changed ownership.

Currently, the building has been classified as grade II listed, therefore intervention can only be done on the interiors.

Figure 2.2.1 Site context with sun path overlay on Hay’s Galleria. (Image source: Hay’s Galleria official website)

Figure 2.2.2 Site transition over the years

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

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2.3 Building Information Hay’s Galleria, like many buildings along the banks of the River Thames, started life as a wharf.

The premises has transformed it’s usage character multiple times. From being a brewhouse to an industrial warehouse to commercial establishment. Currently the building is zoned as a mixed-use development hosting multiple residences, shops, restraunts and a bustling public area.

The complex is detached into two parts, the smaller one facing tooley street towards the London bridge station whereas the main one facing towards the Thames river with a galleria space. The two parts are seperated by a street called counter forming a canyon.

The main building is divided further into 5 smaller zones, namely Shackleton house, Tea Auction house, Counting house, Hay’s Lane house and Goldings house.

Currently, the atrium space receives a constant footfall.It is frequently used for numerous public events and fairs wherein people enjoy the space of the galleria to sit alongside the river at the Queen’swalk causing the complex to integrate with the external surroundings seemlessly.

Moreover, the existence of a micro-climate in the galleria can be hypothised due to the presence of atrium roof. Therefore, a further in-depth exploration into the Hilson Moran office in the outdoor and indoor studies can substantiate this.

Counting House Hay’s Lane House

Goldings House

Tea Auction House

Hay’s Galleria

Hilson Moran’s Office Shackleton House

Arcade Area

Figure 2.3.1 Hay’s Galleria zoning and information 14 |

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

-

Indoor

Figure 2.3.2 Site images

-

Conclusions

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References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

2.4 Material Profile

Roof

The materials used in construction are typical for that of the period in which the building was originally constructed. Even though the building has been through major refurbishments, there remains a resemblence of the original character.

To understand the environmental comfort of the space, a material study was conducted. The materiality found is majorly of exposed yellow brick with mortar on the external façade and granite stone on the flooring.

Due to constant refurbishments, the materiality pallette of the wharf was updated according to time. In late 20 th century, a glass and steel barrel-vaulted roof was erected over the former dock area in a Victorian style, providing shade to the Galleria area.

Graphite Stone

Galleria space

Material Specifications: Roof Glass VLT: 0.6 U Value: 2.85 W/m²K The Glass blocks 20% of the direct radiation entering the galleria.

Yellow Stock Brick U Value: 1.3 W/m²K

Yellow stock Brick

Aluminium sheet

Glass panels

Steel Columns

Limestone

Arcade

Facade

Hay’s Galleria: Block Model

Figure 2.4.1 Materials on site

Introduction

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Overview

-

Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

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0 3 . OU T D O O R S T UDY

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

3.1 Research Precedence At the initial stage of the outdoor studies, examination of the previously done research about the site was conducted. In one such study, the authors had observed a significant drawdown of the roofing structure in the galleria space. They noted: “ As a result of its height-width ratio and enclosed south oriented façade, the galleria is in 100% shaded for 95% of the year. Direct sunlight only enters when the solar altitude is greater than 35 degrees and the solar azimuth is between 195 and 225 degrees.”

The outcome of this research precedence was considered as a perliminary basis for further examination.

Figure 3.1.1 Extract from previous study on Hay’s Galleria- Redefining pavilions by Yannas, S.. (Source: PLEA 2011)

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Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

3.2 Solar Analysis As seen in the research precedence, due to the prevalence of the atrium roof, the site is self-shaded almost all of the time. In order to confirm this, the team did simulations to understand this further.

Some of the findings observed were that: During summer, the galleria at the ground level receives 2-3 hours of sun exposure whereas during winter because of the low angles of the sun and the canyon, the ground level doesn’t receive any direct sun exposure.

Therefore, this study verifies the precedent that the form is such that it self shadows the atrium for most parts of the year.

21st June at 09:00 am

21st June at 12:00 noon

21st June at 3:00 pm

Figure 3.2.1 Shadow and sun exposure analysis for summer period.

21st December at 09:00 am

21st December at 12:00 noon

Figure 3.2.1 Shadow and sun exposure analysis for winter period.

21st December at 3:00 pm

Unit: hrs 0.0

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

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3.3 Experience Matrix In order to gauge the environmental effects of the site, multiple site visits were conducted.

Artifical Lighting ON

Artifical Lighting ON

Initially, the team consisting of 4 members, split up to conduct subjective analysis at various locations while tranversing through the site in terms of visual experience such as comfort, Daylight and Windflow.

The results of the excercise was combined to form a experience matrix.

A. Riverside Seating

B. Walkway along River

C. Central Atrium

D. Side Walkway

E. Outdoor Space

Artifical Lighting ON

F. Outdoor Space

G. Battle Bridge Lane

H. Entrance Passage

I. Counter Street

J. Tooley Street London Station

Street

Street

Hay’s Galleria

Street

Street

Figure 3.3.1 Field visit: Exprience Matrix

Location Parameter

Comfort

A B C D E F G H I

J Cold

Comfort

Daylight

Daylight

Min.

Slow

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Introduction

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Overview

Figure 3.3.3 Legend for the matrix

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

Max.

Wind Flow

Wind Flow Figure 3.3.2 Key plan

Hot

-

References

Fast

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

3.4 Spot Measurements 6695

Lux

11540

4965

3640

3175 11520

8175

9200

1990 21.8

Dry Bulb Temperature in ⁰C

21.6

Spot measurements were carried out to measure the amount of daylighting and temperature. It was observed that there was no major difference in temperatures while traversing through the site. However, there was a drop in measured temperature closer to the river in comparision to Tooley and Counter street by around 1.5 °C. In terms of the illuminance levels, it was observed to be higher near the river and Tooley street when compared to the the Galleria space, reducing by half to one-third. This was hypothised to be due to the prevalence of the roof which causes the interior portions to be shaded throught the majority of the year.

21.4 21.2 21.0 20.8 20.6 20.4 20.2 20.0

Therefore, it can be observed that a deep canyon effect results in poor daylighting conditions in the galleria space. Moreover, similar poor conditions can be detected due to the presence of high width to height ratio at Counter street.

Generally, the measurements of both lux as well as temperature readings were fairly constant in the internal galleria space with variance being not more than 5-10%.

Spot measurement observed on site were found to be similar to the subjective experience noted in the experience matrix.

Figure 3.4.1 Field visit: Spot measurments on site

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

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3.5 Radiation Analysis Radiation Analysis was simulated to investigate and understand the solar gains in galleria space and on the building facades. Maximum amount of radiation on the site seems to be on the roof with half as much of it falling on the south-eastern and north-western. There is virtually no radiation in the galleria area. Furthermore, the radiation analysis confirms the presupposition that during the seasonal shifts, winter is far lower than summers.

Figure 3.5.1 and 3.5.2 shows the simulation of annual radiation with roof and without the roof respectively. It can be noted that there is not a major impact of roof on the values of radiation on facade, due to the low angles of sun.

The Hilson Moran office, receives radiation from the northern and south-eastern sides. The side facing the galleria receives minimal amounts of radiation. Through computational simulations, it can be observed that the most amount of radiation enters the office through the south-eastern side. The Northern side receives half as much on the south-eastern side annually as represented in Figure 3.5.3 and 3.5.4.

Figure 3.5.1 Annual solar radiation on N-W facade - with roof* (Base case) Source: Ladybug

*The methodology to calculate radiation with glass roof has been shown in appendix.

Figure 3.5.2 Annual solar radiation on N-W facade - without roof (Source: Ladybug)

Figure 3.5.3 Solar radiation for winter period (Source: Ladybug)

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Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

Figure 3.5.4 Solar radiation for summer period (Source: Ladybug)

-

References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

3.6 UTCI Study According to previous simulations, it was found out that the roof of the galleria is not impacting the radiation on inner façade. However, in order to check the impact on thermal comfort a further study of UTCI (Universal Thermal Comfort Index) was performed using Ladybug tool. The months of March, June, September and December at 12:00 noon were considered for simulations.

For UTCI, wind speeds were simulated using CFD, while considering prevailing wind from S-W for March, June and September and N-E for December as show earlier in (Fig. 2.1.1).

Furthermore, the UTCI was calculated considering radiation on the galleria space with and without the presence of roof.

However, comparing the results across 4 months, it shows that there is no major impact of roof in creating a microclimate for the galleria space (Fig. 3.6.1). It was observed that there is a minor temperature difference of 0.50.8°C, without the roof in the galleria space.

Figure 3.6.1 UTCI study for Hay’s galleria : with and without the roof

Figure 3.6.2 Graph showing comparision of Average UTCI Temperature

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

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3.7 Roof Iterations for Indoor Daylight After the UTCI study, the outdoor study was taken forward by testing the effects of glass roof on daylight in the internal space. The base case roof iteration was tested for the useful daylight illuminance (UDI) levels and it was found that more than 50% of UDI with threshold between 300 and 3000 lux is only achieved till about 4m of depth. Along with the base case curved roof iteration, two other iterations were tested out.

The first iteration being a flat roof with 45⁰ slope which portrayed similar results to the base case. The second iteration tested was for the daylight quality in the space without the roof being present which showed the targeted UDI to penetrate till the whole of 6m office depth. This experimentation helped us conclude that the space would receive better daylight quality in the absence of the roof.

Base Case 45Option sloping roofroof (45瀽) case: original curved Flat (45瀽) glass case: original curved glass roof roof Option Option 1:glass Flat1:glass roof (45瀽) Base Base case:Base original curved glass roof glass 1: Flat roof

roof Option 2:No Without Option 2: Without roof roof

0

Option 2: Without roof

S U N N Y C O N D I T I O N

Assume Time: 21th June noon: 12pm-2pm Time: 21th June at12pm-2pm noon:at12pm-2pm AssumeAssume Time: 21th June at noon: Weather: sunny sky condition Weather: sunny sky condition Weather: sunny sky condition

Further, the point in time illuminance was done to check whether the workstations facing the galleria receive the required light of 300 lux throughout the year.

Summer Sols�ce 12:00pm

Two main scenarios of summer and winter solstice were tested out for two sun conditions being sunny and overcast. It was deduced that in both summer and winter when the sky condition is sunny, the target lux levels are reached for almost 80% of the space, whereas when the sky conditions are overcast about 55-60% of the area receives the target lux.

Winter Sols�ce 12:00pm

This indicates the need for the space to rely on artificial lighting considering the weather conditions and higher number of overcast days in London.

O V E R C A S T

Summer Sols�ce 12:00pm

C O N D I T I O N

Winter Sols�ce 12:00pm

UDI (300<lux<3000) In % 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Figure 3.9.1 UDI Study for indoor office space with respect to galleria roof (Source: Radiance) 24 |

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

-

80

References

90

100

Point in time illuminance 1000 or < 900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

Figure 3.9.2 Point in time illumination for Base case (Source: Radiance)

0

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

3.8 Outdoor Study Conclusions The conclusions from the previous studies of outdoor outlined the effects of roof on UTCI and daylight. The studies indicate that the roof only makes a difference of 0.5⁰C-0.8⁰C in temperature when it comes to thermal comfort of the outdoor area and for daylight shows that the quality of daylight is affected by the roof, and therefore indoor spaces have to rely on artificial lighting.

The advantage of the roof is that it provides protection from rain. The pros and cons of the roof thus laid out indicates that the galleria would function with better environmental qualities without the presence of the roof.

It was concluded that the removal of the roof be proposed in order to enhance the quality of the space. But by removing the roof, the galleria would then be exposed to rain conditions.

Therefore, a proposal of canopy is suggested above the seating areas of the café in order for rain protection, which starts acting like an extension of the indoor spaces which are mainly cafes and restaurants to the outside.

Base Case

Proposed Case

Figure 3.10.1 Illustration showing base case and proposed case.

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

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04 . IN D OOR S T UDY

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

4.1 Office Information For the purposes of study discipline, The Hilson Moran Office, located on the 3 rd floor of Shackleton house, was demarcated into four distinctive zones according to the spatial character and layout. These zones are: 1 2 3 4 5

: : : : :

River Facing Galleria Facing Internal Zone Batterbridge Lane Facing Southwark Crown Court Facing

– Northern – North-Western A

– South-Eastern – North-Eastern

C

D

B

G

Zone 1

Thereafter, principal assessment including occupant interactions highlighted some learnings in the office area such as:

• • •

Building envelope contains no insulation All electrical connection are in series. All the systems of each zone are connected to each other.

The floor to ceiling height is relatively low at 2.4 metres even though there is provision for increasing it by another 1.2 metres.

There is no fall ceiling design optimisation to increase daylight or volume parameters.

The VAV system (for mechanical heating and cooling) is very old leading to high maintenance and electricity consumption inefficiencies.

As observed from site visit, the material character inside the office consists of hard as well as soft profiles such as carpets, wood, cork, glass, plaster and aluminium. Some relatively new-age materials such as synthetic fibres were also found.

Total Area : ~1534 sqm Occupants : ~122 people Office Hours : 9 Am – 6 Pm Office Type : Sustainable Consultants

A

Carpet

B

Aluminium

Zone 2

E

Zone 3

F

Zone 4

C

A

Zone 5

G

2400

• •

D

1200

Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone

Schematic Section

C

Wood

D

Aluminium

E

Plaster

VAV System

Single Layer (No Insulation) E

Glass

E

Synthetic

Single Glazing

Figure 4.1.1 Hilson moran office: Overview 28 |

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

4.2 Field Work: Occupant Interviews

Air Conditioned area:

Centralised VAV system

Work stations remain on standby

(Air supply from the periphery)

Some of the feedback revealed from on-site occupant interviews are as follows:

All lights on single switch Air Conditioned area:

Noisy vent system above

Centralised VAV system

Work stations remain on standby

(Air supply from the periphery)

Preferred area in the office

UPS Existing

Diffused light from galleria

No natural light

Views Diffused Natural Light

Away from the windows

All lights on single switch

Noisy vent system above

UPS Existing

1. For most of the people, northern zone was the preferred area to work in.

2. There was no direct sunlight exposure on the galleria facing zone but some diffused lighting was measured.

3. When not in use, most of the time the office computers were kept on stand-by even on weekends.

4. Most of the occupants were dissatisfied by their working conditions in the central zone due to there being an absence of natural lighting and the ventilation system was complained to be extremely noisy.

5. Energy inefficient CFL downlighting was observed in the conference zone which was occasionally occupied.

6. In the south-eastern zone, there were complaints of overheating during certain times but there were good natural lighting conditions prevalent here. Some female occupants complained of a male oriented comfort level set point.

Preferred area in the office

Diffused light from galleria

No natural light

Furthermore, it was discovered that, the office is at its peak occupancy during the hours of 0900 to 1700. Occupancy profile shoots up rapidly in the morning hours and disperses gradually in the evening causing stress on the building performance in the mornings. Moreover, there is a lower occupancy percentage when comparing pre and post covid profiles due to work from home.

Views DW

Overheats sometimes

F

Diffused Natural Light

F

Away from the windows

Male oriented comfort levels Good lighting DW

F

F

AV CUP'D

Overheats sometimes Male oriented comfort levels Good lighting

Occassionaly occupied spaces

Based on a survey of 12 people

AV CUP'D

Lighting: CFL Downlights

Figure 4.2.1 Illustration on plan representing occupant interview outcomes

Occassionaly occupied spaces

100

Lighting: CFL Downlights

80

100

70

90

Based on a survey of 12 people Data Logger Placements

Office official timing

80

60 Occupant %

Occupant %

90

Office official timing

Data Logger Placements

50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0

0

5 69 7108 119 12 10 11 14 16 15 16 1920 20 21 21 22 1 2 3 4 15 2 63 74 8 1312141315 17 17 181819 2223232424 Time Time Pre-Covid Post-Covid OccupancyOccupancy ScheduleSchedule Pre-Covid Post-Covid

Figure 4.2.2 Occupancy schedule as per interview

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

| 29

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

4.3 Façade Study

54% WWR West Facade

There are 2 types of windows in the office, classified as type A and B.

B

A

A

B

B

A

A

B

B

A

B

B

B

Type A windows have very high surface area of 5.04 square metres but there is only 34% of the area which is openable (Central panel). Swing of the type A windows is towards the inside of the office. Moreover, due to there being an unequal distribution of window panel proportion, this creates a security risk therefore most of these windows are shut most of the time.

53%

A

In terms of wall to window ratio, the building envelope is sufficiently open having achieved around 50% or thereabouts levels on all façades.

B

Furthermore, there is high glare on the South-Eastern zone due to high sun angles around noon.

A

B 54%

A

DW

B

A

F

F

B

B

WWR South East Facade 2

A

B

B A

Blocked due to surrounding

AV CUP'D

100

B

320

53

0

A

B

B 50%

A

WWR South East Facade 1

Sun Angles on South East Facade Windows are blocked due to their large size. (security reasons)

34%

Openable area

18%

Openable area

Window Type B

Window Type A

Figure 4.3.1 Hilson moran office: Types of windows 30 |

WWR North Facade

B

Internal

Similarly, for type B windows, even though the surface area is lower when compared to type A at around 3.47 square metres, the characteristics of this is the same. Such as, only 18% of the window which is essentially 2 panels are operable with swing towards the inside of the space.

Existing UPS

Partition

A

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

Openable Panel

B

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

4.4 Datalogger Analysis

Mechanically controlled by VAV System

To analyse the present environmental comfort levels of the occupants with relation to building performance, three dataloggers were placed in different zones during the period between 17th October 2022 to 27th October 2022.

Moreover, during weekdays, the office is mechanically controlled with thermostat set points at 22 - 24 °C. On the weekends, the office is in freerunning condition.

Free running condition

Mechanically controlled by VAV System

30

28

I

26

The results obtained were as follows:

II

22

Temperature (⁰C)

II • The dataloggers placed in the northern and north-western zones indicated virtually indistinguishable temperature readings but the one placed in the South-Eastern zone showed consistently higher temperatures by 1.2 °C at an average.

Thermostat control (22-24⁰C)

I • On weekdays, due to the rapid rise in temperatures in the morning hours, it can be observed that there is stress on the building systems (from 0800 hour, when the thermostat turns on) thereafter temperatures generally remains constant in the afternoons (upto 1800 hour) and thereafter falls very steadily beacuse of the system switching off.

24

20

18

16

III • During free running conditions, there is a divergence of 4-5 °C when comparing Dry-bulb temperature to that inside the building. This is due to the thermal performance of the building envelope. Furthermore, high heat retention during weekdays can be noticed which is relieved on weekends when the office is in free-running condition. Even though the DBT falls sharply, the indoor temperature shows a gradual decline. This phenomenon occurs due to a low wall to surface area ratio of 0.1 per metre.

14

12

Additionally, Minimum Indoor Temperature calculations were performed to understand the quantum of loads effecting the building performance with and without mechanical heating and cooling as well as occupant parameters.

10

26-10-2022 Wednesday

10:00 AM

00:00 AM

25-10-2022 Tuesday

12:00 PM

24-10-2022 Monday

00:00 AM

12:00 PM

00:00 AM

23-10-2022 Sunday

12:00 PM

00:00 AM

22-10-2022 Saturday

12:00 PM

00:00 AM

12:00 PM

21-10-2022 Friday

00:00 AM

12:00 PM

20-10-2022 Thursday

00:00 AM

19-10-2022 Wednesday

12:00 PM

00:00 AM

18-10-2022 Tuesday

12:00 PM

00:00 AM

17-10-2022 Monday

12:00 PM

MinT calculations confirmed the results observed by datalogger readings.

00:00 AM

12:00 PM

8

27-10-22 Thursday

Time Office Working Hours Outdoor Temperature

I

II

Drop in Temp

Day time Hours

B

Comfort Band

Night time Hours Temperature at B

Temperature at A

III

C

Increase in Temp

Weekend Hours

Temperature at C

Exposed Wall Area

365 m².

Total Volume

3680 m³

Wall Area/Total Volume Ratio: 0.1/meter ( High Heat retention due to small ratio.)

A

Average = 1.2⁰C ( is the difference between Temperature at C and A)

Figure 4.4.1 Field Work: Measured indoor operative temperature for three zones.

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

| 31

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4.5 Volume Study

The datalogger and MinT Analysis showed that the difference in indoor temperature when compared to outdoor DBT was high in summers. If the volume is kept the same, then there is a requirement of higher rate of ventilation in order to reduce the temperatures. (Fig 4.5.1) To explore the environmental optimisation of the space, multiple iterations of volume profiles and their effects were analyzed. As can be noticed from graphs, there was a decrease in temperatures difference with the increase in volume during both summer as well as winter. The summer period requires lower temperature difference compared to winter.

Temperature Difference

The study was conducted by taking the northern zone as a test case to explore the effects on temperature, with relation to an increase in the profile of volume.

Analysis for North Zone

Volume Exposed wall (Area) 600 50 700 65 800 80 900 96 Volume and wall area considered for calculations

The volume study concludes that, higher volume is required during summer period whereas in the winters a lower volume is needed.

9 8.8 8.6 8.4 8.2 8 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2

600

700

Volume (cu. metres)

800

900

June

Avg. DBT: 16.63⁰C Avg. Humidity: 71% Avg. Incident Radiation: 1.64 kWh/m² per day

Base Case

Volume: 610 cu. metres.

Iteration-01

Temperature Difference

Volume: 915 cu. metres.

Iteration-02

Volume: 915 cu. metres.

Iteration-03

Volume: 915 cu. metres.

9 8.8 8.6 8.4 8.2 8 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2

600

700

800

900

Volume (cu. metres)

December

Avg. DBT: 07.25⁰C Avg. Humidity: 77% Avg. Incident Radiation: 0.20 kWh/m² per day

Iteration-04

Volume: 915 cu. metres.

ac/h:1.5

Volume iterations to be considered for further study

Figure 4.5.1 Volume vs Temperature chart with varying air changes for summer and winter period 32 |

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

ac/h:2

ac/h:2.5

ac/h:3

ac/h:3.5

ac/h:4

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

Orientation

Glare analysis

Daylight

Window study

Optimization

Indoor Study

Design Proposals Ventilation

Operable Area

Technical Studies

Conclusions Schedules

Strategies

Thermal

Material study

Volume study Figure 4.6.1 Methodology for Technical studies

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

| 33

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4.6 Daylight Study: Useful Daylight Illuminance

North Facade Sky View Factor: 28%

Useful Daylight Illuminance

N

NNW

Base Case: Single Glazed Windows

NNE

NE

NW

To check daylight of the space, useful daylight illuminance (UDI) was looked at in the overall plan. The threshold set for it was kept between 300 to 3000 lux. The simulation showed that UDI ranging from 50-100% lied in the patch demarkated in the corresponding figure 4.6.1. This illustrated that useful daylight applicable for the space lies within 5-6m away from the window. Additionally, the central zone demarcated at spot 4 lies below the 50% UDI range.

WNW

1

ENE

W

E

WSW

ESE

Further workstation spots 1,2,3 and 4 in the open plan were identified considering different orientations of workstations. The corresponding sky exposure percentage was checked for each spot. The reason for the UDI being below 50% was identified for spot 4 because of its sky exposure being 1%. Spot 4 currently acts as a workstation in the office. On the contrary spot 2 which has fairly good UDI levels and decent amount of sky exposure is a space in the office that is not used very often.

SW

SE

SSW

SSE

S

South East Facade Sky View Factor: 11% N

NNW

NNE

NW

The analysis was further taken ahead by taking Spots 1,2,3 to test out required wall to window ratios (WWR) in different orientations for better UDI levels.

NE

WNW

2 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

W

E

WSW

UDI (300<lux<3000) In % 0

ENE

100

ESE

SW

SE

Demarketed area shows 50-100% UDI

SSW

SSE

S

North West (towards galleria) Sky View Factor: 12%

3

N

NNW

NNE

NW

NE

WNW

Existing UPS

1

3

4

ENE

W

E

WSW

ESE

SW

SE

SSW

SSE

S

Central Area Sky View Factor: 1% N

NNW F

DW

NNE

F

NW

NE

WNW

UDI near the windows is around 40-50%

AV CUP'D

4

ENE

W

E

WSW

2

ESE

SW

SE

SSW

SSE

S

Figure 4.6.1 UDI and Sky view factor study for base case. (Source: Radiance and Ladybug) 34 |

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

4.7 Daylight Study: Orientation Study

South East

North

North West

In continuation, the three spots marked 1,2 and 3 were further categorized under their respective orientation being North, South East and North West.

Furthermore, in this study, different iterations being 40%, 50%(Base Case), 60% and 90% (full glazing) were tested out for their respective UDI.

40% WWR

10% reduced than Base case

The results showed that the base case WWR i.e. 50% for the South East oriented workstations provides the necessary amount of UDI whereas for the North and the North-west Side , a higher WWR is required. The main reason behind these orientations having low UDI, which the Northern orientated zone receives, is due to the diffused light.

Furthermore, another cause for this phenomenon is that, the north-western zone consists of the galleria area with a glass barrel vault. This partially blocks part of the daylight entering the space as shown in the previous section 3.7.

50% WWR

Since the Hay’s Galleria is a grade II listed building, the requirement to change the façade for better daylight cannot be put forward as a strategy.

Base case

60% WWR

10% more than Base case

90% WWR

Typical Office Glazing

Figure 4.7.1 Matrix for Daylight study with respect to orientation and WWR. (Source: Radiance)

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

UDI (300<lux<3000) In % 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

| 35

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

N

N

N Facade N Facade (River Facing) (River Facing)

Furthermore, on plotting the UDI levels of the three workstations on a section, we conclude that the light entering the space is within desirable levels only till about 3.5-4m for the North and the South-eastern direction. Moreover, for the North-western direction, it is a little over 2.5m.

100% 100%

DW

Exist ing UP S

Athough the North and South East provide desired UDI till approx. 4 meters from the window, the North-western direction needs to be further looked at with design changes to achieve better levels of daylight.

50%

50%

25%

25%

0%

0%

F

AV

CU

P'D

75%

0

DW

F

F

AV

CU

P'D

NW Facade NW Facade (Galleria) (Galleria)

75%

F

These studies combined with the issues explained by the users of the space through interviews, we conclude that there is a need to re-arrange the layout of the workstations for better daylight access for the users. The swapping of the central zone, which currently acts as a space for workstation with the South-eastern zone, which is currently designated as the conference area, creates an office layout where each workstation then gets a proper daylight and visual access to the outside.

SE Facade SE Facade

0 1 40%

1 2

40% 50%

2 3

50% 60%

3 4 60% 90%

4 5 5 6 6 90% South South East East

Exist ing UP S

100% 100%

4m

4m

75%

75%

50%

50%

25%

25%

0%

0% 0

6m 6m

0 1 40%

1 2

40% 50%

2 3

50% 60%

3 4

4 5

60% 90%

90%

ng Existi UPS

ng Existi UPS

5 6 6 North North

12.0 m 12.0 m

5.5-6.0m5.5-6.0m

100% 100%

5.5-6.0m5.5-6.0m

No exposure No exposure to outside to outside

5.5-6.0m5.5-6.0m

75%

75%

50%

50%

25%

25%

0%

0% 0

Workstations Workstations Conference Conference Areas (Seldomly Areas (Seldomly used spaces) used spaces)

Figure 4.7.2 Proposal for change in zoning of office layout.

36 |

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

0 1 40%

1 2

40% 50%

2 3

50% 60%

3 4 60% 90%

90%

4 5 5 6 6 North West North West

Figure 4.7.3 UDI study: Light penetration in section for different orientations.

-

Conclusions

-

References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

4.8 Daylight Study: Ceiling Iterations

Base Case

Iteration 01

Iteration 02

Iteration 03

Iteration 04

The North West oriented workstation was taken further to test iterations and propose new design strategies for better daylighting. Additionally. numerous iterations of volume were tested out to improve daylight conditions.

The ceiling iterations were taken forward from the previous section 4.5.

Iterations 03 and 04 showed a potential to achieve desired UDI within those scenarios. In doing so, the UDI range that was initially 2.5m away from the window was increased to about 4-6 meters.

These ceiling strategy can be used throughout the office layout to attain better levels of UDI for each orientation.

100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

0 Base Case

1

2 Iter- 01

3 Iter- 02

4

5 Iter- 03

6 Iter- 04

Figure 4.8.2 UDI study: Light penetration in section for N-W facade.

UDI (300<lux<3000) In %

Figure 4.8.1 Matrix for Daylight study for different ceiling iterations. (Source: Radiance) 0

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

| 37

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4.9 Daylight Study: Glare Analysis

Possible Glare Issues: Need for it to be shaded

One of the most important observations made was that the windows facing the South East remained shut, in the morning, using blinds during the operational hours of the office.

Since major work in the office is based on computers, the need to check for possible glare was tested out. The point in time simulation for lux levels on the South-eastern direction was carried out on 21st June (Summer Solstice), 21st Sept (Equinox) as well as 21st Dec (Winter Solstice). The results showed that there is a possibility of glare from March-Sept within the timeframe of 9am-12pm.

Therefore, current base case strategy of using blinds to avoid possibility of glare allows the users a choice of adaptability by deciding the percentage of closure of the blinds.

Point in time: June 21st (9:00 am)

Point in time: June 21st (12:00 pm)

Point in time: June 21st (4:00 pm)

Point in time: Sept 21st (9:00 am)

Point in time: Sept 21st (12:00 pm)

Point in time: Sept 21st (4:00 pm)

0°

315°

45°

cd/m2 1000 900 800

90°

270°

700 600 500 400 300 200 100

225°

0

135°

Point in time: Dec 21st (9:00 am)

Point in time: Dec 21st (12:00 pm)

180°

Figure 4.9.2 Sun path masking for possible glare hours.

38 |

Figure 4.9.1 Point in time Illuminance study with false colour for glare analysis. (Source: Radiance)

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

Point in time: Dec 21st (4:00 pm)

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

4.10 Daylight Study: Conclusion Another major issue identified with the lighting of the space was that the ceiling light panels of a 3-4 workstations were connected on a single switch.

Therefore, although the natural light was enough for certain parts of the workstation, the users had to roll down the blinds in order to avoid excessive light within the space. To mitigate this, we propose desk lights for the users thereby allowing them more adaptability of light and the use of pendant lights in place of the ceiling lights wherever required.

The proposed ceiling form along with new strategies in lighting fixtures and current adaptable strategy of the blinds work in combination to help enhance lighting levels in the space.

The lights are connected in series and therefore all lights turn on together

The exposing partial ceiling with retaining part of it as mesh ceiling

Suspended false ceiling

Pendant lights wherever ceiling light is needed Blinds for adaptable shading Desk lights

Base Case

Proposal

Figure 4.10.1 Design proposals according to daylight study

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

| 39

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4.11 Ventilation Study: Single-sided Ventilation

0

JULY 2 0 2 2

25°C

1

2

3

4

5

No rth We st F aca de

For the entire study, the average of highest temperatures of the hottest month was taken into consideration to test the required air changes for the worst conditions.

SE Facade

North Facade

In order to check the effects of compartmentalizing of the working areas, a (6 X 4)-meter box of 3.6 meter height was compared to the same sized box with lower volume (2.4 meters height), in the SE zone with type B windows.

Adaptive Comfort Band

30

I

25.32

Considering single sided ventilation, in cases 2 & 3, even the air changes required for fresh air is not achieved whereas Case 1 does so, even with lower percentage of operable area. Due to inef-fective turbulent wind circulation, there is a rise in indoor temperatures.

When simulating the current scenario of compartment having 2.4 meters height, the trends are similar but after about 10-12 ACH, more amount of ACH is needed to achieve the same temperature difference.

57.6 Cu. Mtr (6 x 4 x 2.4)

II

Around 41 air changes are required for cooling which achieves a temperature difference of 0.7 °C. This illustrates that there is cer-tain amount of heat which is always retained.

Air Changes Per Hour

25

20 16.92 15 12.2 10

8.17

7.5

I

5

6.2

1.31

1.22

4.2 0

0

86.4 Cu. Mtr (6 x 4 x 3.6)

6.1 4.6

0

2.67 18%

2.5

1.5

0.89

0.96 26%

28%

55%

81%

Operable Area ( II ) Number of Air Changes

( I ) Number of Air Changes

Temperature Difference

Adaptive Comfort Band

35

31.38

III

38.4 Cu. Mtr (4 x 4 x 2.4)

IV

Air Changes Per Hour

30

25 20.93 20 15.2 15 10.14 10 5.3 5

4.98 4.2

0 57.6 Cu. Mtr (4 x 4 x 3.6)

0

3.32

0

18%

Figure 4.11.1 Effects of Air Changes on Cooling with Volume (Single Sided Type B). (Source: Optivent)

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

2.84

4.8 3.06

1.91

2.05

26%

28%

2.5

1.6

55%

81%

Operable Area ( III ) Number of Air Changes

40 |

4.9

-

References

( IV ) Number of Air Changes

Temperature Difference Optimum amout of Air Changes

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria 0

JULY 2022

25° C

A

B

C

D

No rth We st F aca de

Similarly, in the NW zone with type A windows, an effort to study the effects of lowering the volume even further was undertaken.

SE Facade

It can be observed that there is a large temperature drop in open-ing windows from case A to B even though the incremental percent-age of area opened is relatively small at 12 %. Also, the air chang-es increase by a multiple of 5.

North Facade

Adaptive Comfort Band

30

Furthermore, if we lower the height by around 1.2 metres from 3.6, there is a massive increase in required air changes to produce the same temperature drops. This is due to heat getting trapped inside the space.

28.33

I 25

Moreover, when all the panels are opened, air changes required for cooling which is around 38, isvv achieved.

57.6 Cu. Mtr (6 x 4 x 2.4)

Air Changes Per Hour

21.92 18.89

20 15.51 15

14.62

10.35

II

10 5.3 5

3.6 3.7

0

86.4 Cu. Mtr (6 x 4 x 3.6)

0

2.42

0

34%

1.9

1.5

1.2

46%

65%

84%

Operable Area ( I ) Number of Air Changes

( II ) Number of Air Changes

Temperature Difference Adaptive Comfort Band

45

42.49

40

III

38.4 Cu. Mtr (4 x 4 x 2.4)

IV

Air Changes Per Hour

35

32.88 28.34

30 23.27

25

21.93

20 15.52 15 10 5.3

5.4

0

3.62

0

34%

5

3.7

0

( III ) Number of Air Changes

Figure 4.11.2 Effects of Air Changes on Cooling with Volume (Single Sided Type A). (Source: Optivent)

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

1.5

1.2

46%

65%

84%

Operable Area

57.6 Cu. Mtr (4 x 4 x 3.6)

Introduction

1.9

-

References

( IV ) Number of Air Changes

Temperature Difference Optimum amout of Air Changes

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4.12

Ventilation Study: Cross Ventilation

J U LY 2 0 2 2

25°C

No rth We st F aca de

Forbye, av section of the floor plate was considered to check if there will be any cross-ventilative flows which were taken from SE to NW due to pressure difference cause by wind velocity. Also, the thumb rule of 1:5 width to height ratio established by CIBSE was checked. Thereafter, operative areas of windows were changed according to present panels, this was considered as the building is a grade 2 listed structure.

SE Facade

A

B

C

D

34%

46%

65%

84%

North Facade

The results observed are as follows: - Lower operative temperatures as well as higher air chang-es were observed in case 1 (18%) when compared to cases 2 & 3. This is due to the stack effect.•

Proposed

- There is no difference in terms of air changes between top opening to bottom openings, as can be seen in cases 2 & 3. This is due to the turbulence caused in flows of air intake vs outtake.

1

2

3

4

5

18%

26%

28%

55%

81%

C u rre n t

-The differences in drops of temperature becomes incremen-tal after around 5 – 6 Air Changes per hour.

- When comparing fully opened windows to opening only half, there is around 0.9 °C temperature drop only. Moreover, to achieve another 0.9 °C temperature difference, the Air Changes needs to be tripled.

Proposed

C u rre n t 1A

12

2A

3A

4A

5A

5B

5C

5D Adaptive Comfort Band 10.74

9.79 10

216 Cu. Mtr (5 x 18 x 2.4)

Air Changes Per Hour

8.21 8 6.9

6.71 5.85

6

4

4

3.88

2.69

3.66 3.4

3.3

2.6

2.4

2.1

2

0

1.9

1.7

0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Number of Instances (operable area) 324 Cu. Mtr (5 x 18 x 3.6) Number of Air Changes

Figure 4.12.1 Effects of Air Changes on Cooling (Cross Ventilation). (Source: Optivent) 42 |

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

Temperature Difference Optimum amout of Air Changes

-

References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

4.13

Ventilation Study: Conclusions

At the inception of this study, through computational fluid dynam-ics, it was ascertained that there is around 0.5 – 0.7 meters per second of wind flow on the south-eastern façade of the office.

Furthermore, due to the enclosed galleria space, it was assumed that there will be minimal amount of wind flows on the north-west-ern façade.

Southern façade was also considered, as the predomi-nant wind direction is from south-west to north west which reverses direction during the fall season.

Mechanical ventilation

Thereafter, MinT calculations awere conducted to get operative temperatures inside the office with no ventilation to ascertain the heating loads generated. These two parameters were taken as in-put to simulate the required and achieved air changes on optivent, which were again taken back to MinT to calculate the reduction in temperatures achieved through ventilation.

Conclusions based on the ventilation study states that for deep plan spaces, cross ventilation is insufficient. Therefore, there is a need to compartmentalise the space into relevant zones with me-chanical ventilation wherever cross ventilation in infeasible. Within those zones, higher volume spaces are preffered over low volume. In terms of window opening sizes, it can be stated that there is no supplemental benefit to opening more than 60-70% operable area of the entire window, given that WWR is around 50-60%.

6m

6m

de p ve th go nti lat od f ion or

de p ve th go nti lat od ion

Partition walls to be added to separate zones

P a

INDOOR STUDY Layout optimisation of indoor spaces was tested to augment the wind flows.

In the base case (current) scenario, due to the shape and orien-tation of the building, maximum amount of wind doesn’t enter the office directly.

However, cross ventilation occurs due to the differ-ence in pressures. As can be observed, there are multiple zones with no wind flows.

To improve this further, testing of conference reorganisation was done, as is the proposed scenario. However, due to the presence of blocks, extreme contrast of winds flows in only the passageway region was observed. Nonetheless, there still are zones with no wind flows.

Single sided buoyancy driven ventilation

Operable area required for adequate ventilation

Figure 4.13.1 Design proposals according to ventilation study Base Case

In the final scenario, adaptable panels for conference walls were tested.

The resultant distribution of flows were descried to be much better due to openable ceiling to floor panels with user customisa-tion.

Conference Reorganization

Figure 4.13.10.5 CFD analysis for indoor layout (Source: Autodesk CFD) 0 1

0

Velocity Magnitude - m/s

Introduction

-

Overview

Adaptable Organization

Base Case

0.5

1

Velocity Magnitude - m/s

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

| 43

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23 9000

4.14 Thermal Study: Base Case Parameters

90008000

Weather File St. James Park epw file Simulation Period 1st Jan to 31st Dec Simulation Period 1st Jan to 31st Dec Infiltration 0.2 ac/h Infiltration 0.2 ac/h No. of occupants 110 people No. of occupants 110 people People Activity 100 W People Activity 100 W Lighting 8 W/m² Lighting 8 W/m² Equipments 15 W/m² Equipments 15 W/m² Heating setpoint * 22 ⁰C Heating setpoint * 22 ⁰C Cooling setpoint * 24 ⁰C Cooling setpoint * 24 ⁰C

Galleria roof was taken into consideration as a shading element in the thermal simulation parameters.The heating and cooling set-points have a schedule according to the office occupancy hours (9 am to 6 pm).

As shown in figure 4.14.1, the heating period shows a considerable amount of heat loss through the windows. This suggest that during the heating period the heat loss needs to be countered through strategies to attain a higher internal operative temperature. On the other hand figure 4.14.2 shows that during the cooling period the heat gains through the window are quite high which increases the operative temperature inside.

80007000

Source Source OneBuilding.org

70006000 60005000

OneBuilding.org CIBSE guide CIBSE guide As per interview As per interview CIBSE guide CIBSE guide CIBSE guide CIBSE guide CIBSE guide CIBSE guide As per interview As per interview As per interview As per interview

50004000 40003000

(kWh)

The base case considerations for the study ahead were taken forward as mentioned in the table 4.14.1. In the current scenario the building has 110 occupants with an occupancy schedule being 3 days of working from the office and 2 days working from home. The set point temperatures are strictly controlled between 22-24⁰C and cannot be manually controlled by the users in the current scenario. The material specification considered for input parameters are mentioned in table 4.14.2.

Value Value St. James Park epw file

(kWh)

Parameters Parameters Weather File

30002000 20001000 1000

0

0-1000 -1000-2000 -2000-3000 -3000-4000 -4000

Walls

Windows

Walls

* Heating and Cooling run according to the occupancy schedule

Infilteration

Windows

Infilteration

Heating Period (Oct-May)

* Heating and Cooling run according to the occupancy schedule

Heating (Oct-May) FigurePeriod 4.14.1 Heat gain

Table 4.14.1 Base case simulation input data

People

Lighting

People

Lighting

Equipment

Equipment Heat Gain Heat Loss

Heat Gain Energy HeatPlus) Loss and losses during heating period. (Source:

9000 90008000

1.38

70006000 60005000

External Single Glazed Unit Single Glazed Unit Adiabatic Adiabatic Adiabatic Adiabatic External (Translucent) External (Translucent)

5

5

2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.85 2.85

50004000 40003000 30002000

kWh

Walls Window Window Ceiling Ceiling Floor Floor Galleria Roof Galleria Roof

80007000

Property Property External

kWh

Surface Type U- Value (W/m²K) SurfaceWalls Type U- Value (W/m²K) 1.38

In the base case scenario, as mentioned in figure 4.14.3 the heating loads demands for the space is 59.4 kWh/m²/yr and cooling loads account for 4.6 kWh/m²/yr. The target of achieving zero cooling load and a substantial decrease in heating loads was determined through strategies discussed ahead.

20001000 1000

0

0 -1000

Table 4.14.2 Base case envelope summary

-1000-2000 -2000-3000 -3000-4000 -4000

Walls

Windows

Walls

Infilteration

Windows

Infilteration

Cooling Period (June-Sept)

People

Lighting

People

Lighting

Equipment

Equipment Heat Gain Heat Loss

Heat Gain Heat Loss Figure 4.14.2 Heat gain and losses during cooling period. (Source: Energy Plus)

Cooling Period (June-Sept)

59.4

14000

20 20

12000

18

12000

16

10000

North Facade North Facade

Heating (kWh)

kWh/m²/year Cooling Cooling

SE Facade SE Facade

10000

Heating (kWh)

4.6 4.6 kWh/m²/year

14

8000

12

8000 6000

10

6000

8

4000

6

4000 2000

4

2000 0 0

Single Zone: Open Plan Single Zone: Open Plan

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Jan

Feb Feb

Mar Mar

Apr Apr

May May Heating

Figure 4.14.4 Base case simulation considerations 44 |

Jan

2

Heating

Jun Jun

Jul

Jul Months

Months Cooling Cooling

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Dec

Dec 0

Avg. Outdoor Temperature Avg. Outdoor Temperature

Figure 4.14.3 Annual cooling and heating demand for base case. (Source: Energy

Conclusions

-

References

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Temperature (⁰C)

14000

Temperature (⁰C)

59.4 kWh/m²/year kWh/m²/year Heating Heating

No rth We No st F rth aca We st F de aca de

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

4.15 Thermal Study: Base Case Annual Performance

00:00

Thermal simulation of the base case was performed in its free running mode with the outdoor temperature and radiation as shown in figure 4.15.1 and figure 4.15.3 respectively. The higher radiation levels during June to Aug show possibilities of higher solar gains within the space resulting in higher indoor operative temperatures compared to the period between Oct to April. The indoor operative temperatures thus obtained were analyzed and heating, cooling and comfortable periods were identified in accordance to the comfort band EN-15251.

18:00

12:00

06:00

The cooling period season ranges from June to Aug where the indoor operative temperatures of the space reach up to 35⁰C and the heating period ranges from Oct to April where the temperatures can go as low as 5⁰C.

00:00

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

Jun

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 4.15.1 Annual Outdoor Dry Bulb Temperature chart. (Source: Honeybee)

The identified periods need to be countered through strategies which help in getting the internal operatives temperatures within the comfort range in return helping save energy usage.

Heating Period

Cooling Period

Heating Period

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

Jun

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 4.15.2 Base case Indoor operative temperature chart. (Source: Energy plus)

º

C

35.0 32.0 29.0 26.0 23.0 20.0 17.0 14.0 11.0 8.0 5.0 0.0

700 630 560 490 420 350 280

Energy (kWh)

210 140 70 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

Jun

Figure 4.15.3 Base case monthly solar gains. (Source: Energy plus)

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec Solar Gains

| 45

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

4.16 Thermal Study: Typical Summer Week 28

This section discusses the comparison of base case scenario’s performance over a typical summer week with different strategies that can be used to get the internal operative temperatures within the comfort range.

The period from 17th-23rd July was selected for analysis. The outdoor temperature within this period ranges from 16-21⁰C diurnally.

26 720.0 24

Observation for the different strategies tested are as follows:

22

I: Base Case The operative indoor temperatures during the office period range between 24⁰C and 27⁰C, which is on higher side.

20

640.0

560.0

Temperature (⁰C)

18

III: Natural ventilation Using natural ventilation as a strategy with a set point for the internal operative temperatures between 24⁰C-27⁰C was used. The window operable areas were according to the ventilation study discussed earlier section 4.15.

This strategy showed a drop of 1⁰C-1.5⁰C from the base case temperatures.

480.0

16

14

400.0

Wh/m2

II: Double Glazed Units (U-value of 2.86 W/m²K) Since the solar gains through the single glazing windows were identified as bieng substantially high during the summer, a strategy with double glazing windows was tested out which showed about 0.5⁰C-1⁰C drop in the operative temperature.

800.0

12 320.0 10 240.0

8

6

IV: Night ventilation In order to further optimize the indoor temperature, night ventilation was used. Night flushing was made operational during scheduled hours between 9pm and 6am. This helps to cool down the space during the night time thus reducing the indoor temperatures by 1⁰C-2⁰C within the space during operational hours.

160.0

4 80.0 2

0.0

0 18:00

22nd July Saturday

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

21st July Friday

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

20th July Thursday

00:00

18:00

19th July Wednesday

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

18th July Tuesnday

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

17th July Monday

23rd July Sunday

Time Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

Office Working Hours

Outdoor Temperature

I

II IN

Base Case

Weekend Hours Double Glazing

OUT

Set point: Min. Indoor Temp - 24⁰C Max. Indoor Temp - 27⁰C

Strategy 03: Natural Ventilation with Setpoint

Figure 4.16.1 Hourly mean indoor operative temperature for selected summer week with different strategies. (Source: Energy Plus)

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

Comfort Band Night Ventilation

IV

Glass U-value: 2.86 W/m²K

Strategy 02: Double Glazed Unit

Night time Hours

Natural Ventilation (Setpoint)

III

Base case: No Insulation

46 |

Day time Hours

Time: 9pm to 6am

Strategy 04: Night Ventilation

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

28

All the strategies specified in section 4.18 resulted in lowering the indoor operative temperature to some extent and therefore simulation was further done to check the effect of combining these different strategies.

26 720.0 24

V: Combination As illustrated in the figure 4.16.2, strategies (I+II+III+IV) were combined to form a new strategy. It was done to allow ventilation for 24 hours with scheduled natural ventilation during day time and night ventilation in the other half. This combination resulted in a drop of 2-2.5⁰C compared to the base case.

20 560.0 18 480.0

16

Temperature (⁰C)

VI: Volume change In order to increase the volume, the false ceiling is removed and floor to ceiling clear height is changed from 2.4 metres to 3.6 metres. The volume change was simulated along with the combination of previous strategy.

640.0

22

14

400.0

Wh/m2

The thermal simulation graph as well as our previous datalogger and MinT analysis showed that low exposed wall area to voulme ratio increases the internal heat storage resulting in increased indoor temperatures.

800.0

12 320.0 10

The resultant operative temperatures lie within the comfort band during the operational hours of the office and thus eliminates the cooling loads with the use of passive strategies.

240.0

8

6

160.0

4 80.0 2

0.0

0

22nd July Saturday

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

21st July Friday

00:00

20th July Thursday

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

19th July Wednesday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

18th July Tuesnday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

17th July Monday

23rd July Sunday

Time Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

Office Working Hours

Weekend Hours Outdoor Temperature

V

I

VI

V

Day time Hours Base Case

Night time Hours Combined

Comfort Band Volume change

Volume change

II III

2.4 M

IV

Strategy 05: Combination

3.6 M

Strategy 06: Volume Change

Figure 4.16.2 Hourly mean indoor operative temperature for selected summer week with combined strategies. (Source: Energy Plus)

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

| 47

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

4.17 Thermal Study: Typical Winter Week 28

This section discusses the comparison of base case scenario’s performance over a typical winter week with different strategies that can be used to get the internal operative temperatures within the comfort range.

The period from 06th-12th Dec was selected for analysis as shown in figure 4.17.1. The outdoor temperature within this period ranges from 1-10⁰C diurnally.

800.0

26 720.0 24

640.0

22

Observation for the different strategies tested are as follows:

20 560.0

I: Base case The operative temperatures during the office period range between 10⁰C and 12⁰C. Temperature (⁰C)

480.0

16

14

400.0

12 320.0 10

VIII: Night Shutters As discussed in section 4.16, there is a high percentage of heat losses through windows. Most of these unwanted losses occur during the night, when no daylight or ventilation is required; this offers the opportunity to use night shutters as an adaptive option.

Night shutters in the simulation are 5cm thick panels with a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m²K. Overnight operation for the shutters to remain closed is scheduled between 9pm and 6am.This strategy was combined with thermal insulation which resulted in a further reduction of 0.5-1⁰C.

240.0

8

6

160.0

4 80.0 2

0.0

0 18:00

12:00

11th December Monday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

10th December Sunday

00:00

18:00

12:00

09th July Saturday

06:00

00:00

18:00

08th July Friday

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

07th December Thursday

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06th December Wednesday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

However, the operative temperatures still fail to achieve indoor operative temperatures that lie in the comfort band.

12th December Tuesday

Time Global Horizontal Radiation

I

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

50mm Mineral wool Insulation

VII IN

OUT

Office Working Hours

U-value: 1.30 W/m²K

VIII

Weekend Hours

Day time Hours

Outdoor Temperature

Base Case

Night time Hours

Comfort Band

Insulation

Night Shutters

VII

U-value: 0.34 W/m²K

U-value: 0.5 W/m²K Time: 9pm to 6am

Base case: No Insulation

Strategy 07: Ext. Wall Insulation

Figure 4.17.1 Hourly mean indoor operative temperature for selected winter week with different strategies. (Source: Energy Plus) 48 |

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

Strategy 08: Night Shutters

Wh/m2

VII: Thermal Insulation Since the base case is not insulated, a thermal mass with a lower u-value (Existing material + insulation) was tested out. The resultant u-value of the insulated wall was brought down to 0.34 W/m²K from 1.30 W/m²K. The resultant indoor temperatures showed about 0.5-1⁰C rise within the space.

The rise in temperature was marginal due to the low exposed wall area to volume ratio.

18

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

28

Since the internal temperatures could not be increased any further with passive strategies,the strategy to use heating systems was relied upon to attain comfortable internal temperatures.

800.0

26 720.0 24

IX: Heating

560.0 18 480.0

16

14

400.0

Wh/m2

Further, the heating loads were reduced from 59.45 kWh/m2/yr to 45.11 kWh/m2/yr as indicated in the figure 4.17.2.

20

Temperature (⁰C)

The figure 4.17.2 shows that indoor temperature is now within comfort range during office working hours.

640.0

22

The office space uses an inefficient VAV system with a setpoint of 22⁰C for heating. A more efficient way of heating with a setpoint of 20⁰C is proposed with a schedule as per the occupancy schedule without taking into consideration the non-occupied hours of the day.

12 320.0 10 240.0

8

6

160.0

4 80.0 2

0.0

0 18:00

12:00

11th December Monday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

10th December Sunday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

09th July Saturday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

08th July Friday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

07th December Thursday

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

06th December Wednesday

12th December Tuesday

Time Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

Office Working Hours

Weekend Hours

Day time Hours Base Case

Outdoor Temperature

Night time Hours Night Shutters

Comfort Band Scheduled Heating

60

IX

59.45

VIII

50

kWh/m²/year

45.11

40

kWh

Heating Setpoint: 20⁰C

kWh/m²/year

30 20 10 0

Base case

Strategy 09

Strategy 09: Scheduled Heating

Figure 4.17.2 Hourly mean indoor operative temperature for selected winter week with heating loads. (Source: Energy Plus)

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

| 49

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

4.18 Thermal Study: Proposed Annual Performance

In order to achieve comfort annually, these strategies were used in combination as shown in Fig.4.18.1. Simulation data shows that the indoor operative temperature is well within the comfort band for vast majority of office working hours.

Over the course of the year the heating demand is reduced by 25% from 59.4 kWh/m²/year to 45.11 kWh/m²/year. Whereas the cooling demand is reduced by 100% from 4.6 kWh/m²/year to 0.0 kWh/m²/year.

So to counter this a dynamic mesh ceiling panel is proposed as illustrated in Fig.4.22.2. During the winters, the ceiling mesh can be closed to restrict the height to 2.4m creating a smaller volume to retain heat. On the contrary, during summers, the ceiling mesh can be opened to create a height of 3.6 metres resulting in a larger volume to exposed area ratio.

Night Ventilation (9pm to 6am) Volume Change - full height (3.2 metres)

Winter Strategies

Wall Insulation Night Shutters Heating Loads

Jan

36

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec 2000

34 32

1800

30 28

1600

26 24

1400

22 20

1200

18 16

1000

14 12

800

10 8

600

6 400

4 2

200

0 -2

0

-4

Jan

Feb

March

April

May

June

Global Horizontal Radiation

July

Aug

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

Sept

Comfort Band

Oct

Nov

Dec

Indoor Operative Temperature

Outdoor Temperature

Figure 4.18.1 Annual hourly mean indoor operative temperatures with corresponding strategies illustrated. (Source: Energy Plus)

45.11

kWh/m²/year Heating

12000

20

0.0

kWh/m²/year Cooling

Heating (kWh)

10000 2.4 metres

Winter

12

8000

10 6000

8 6 4

Base Case

2000

3.6 metres

0

2 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Months Heating

Summer

Figure 4.18.2 Ceiling design proposal.

Introduction

-

Overview

16 14

4000

50 |

18

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

Cooling

Avg.Outdoor Temperature

Figure 4.18.3 Annual heating and cooling loads for proposed case.

-

References

Nov

Dec

0

Temperature (⁰C)

14000 2.4 metres

(Wh/m²)

In the thermal simulations for summer and winter week it was observed that the volume change strategy used in summer results in drop of indoor temperature which is not desirable for the winters.

Natural Ventilation (Setpoint between 24⁰C to 27⁰C)

Volume Change - Base case (2.4 metres)

Temperature (⁰C)

Previous sections revealed a number of possible energy saving measures both in typical winter and summer conditions. This section proposes a combination of measures that will be applied to the base case model and tested on an annual basis. Simulation results will be compared to the Annual Base Case performance (See Section 4.14 and 4.15).

As per the previous analysis, overall strategies used were: 1. Double glazed Units for windows 2. Natural ventilation 3. Night ventilation 4. Voulme change 5. Wall thermal insulation 6. Night shutters 7. Mechanical heating

Summer Strategies

Double Glazed Unit

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

4.19 Thermal Study: Conclusions J

This section discusses the overall strategies considering outdoor study, Indoor daylighting, ventilation and thermal analysis as discussed in previous sections.

Also, this section highlights a set of proposal for the new office which is to be re-located on the 2nd floor of same building in Hay’s Galleria complex.

Fig.4.19.1 demonstrates the design proposals to enhance the performance of the space according to our analysis. The summarised strategies are: For Improving Daylight

A

A: Use of roller blinds to avoid glare.

B: Good visual connect and access to daylight for each workstation.

C: Interchanging layout of central zone and conference rooms to allow daylight access to all workstations.

D: Provision of pendant lighting wherever ceiling lights are required.

E: Provision of desk lights for more adaptability in usage of artificial lighting.

L

K

D

B

For better Ventilation F: Provision of partition walls 6m away from the window to facilitate single sided ventilation.a G: Allowing for single sided ventilation to reduce cooling loads during summer period.

H: Optimized openable areas to facilitate better ventilation in the space.

For Optimized thermal performance I: Changing all single glazing windows to double glazing.

J: Exposing part of ceiling in a way where more daylight penetrates inside as well as to reduce heating demands.

K: Use of perforated mesh as ceiling panel to allow for a more large volume for better air movement.

L: Provision of night shutters helps reduce heating loads.

6 da m d yli gh epth ta nd good ve nti for lat ion

E

F

I

*All the strategies were considered with the limits of no change possible to facade according to the grade-II heritage building regulations.

C

G H Figure 4.19.1 A combined design proposals according to daylight, ventilation and thermal studies

Introduction

-

Overview

-

Outdoor

-

Indoor

-

Conclusions

-

References

| 51

05 . C O N C L U S IONS

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

5.1 General Conclusions The Hay’s Galleria is a building that shows significant historical importance by going through several functional adaptations over the years from being a wharf to currently being a mixed-use typology. This importance of preserving history is why the building stands today as a grade II listed building.

The Hilson Moran office is one such typology that functions in this mixeduse complex and therefore the study as discussed takes into account the Galleria as it’s micro-climate.

The project team conducted several fieldworks and computational simulations to understand how these spaces function and correlate to each other as a whole entity. The main conclusions deduced from the study are highlighted below: • Several studies done on the glass roof of the galleria suggest that the space and the indoor qualities would function better with in the absence of the roof.

• By outlining some of the issues obtained from the users of the office and understanding the site constraints of the building façade certain conclusions were made with respect to daylight, ventilation and thermal properties of the interior space.

• The daylight quality can be improved by means of a vaulted or a stepped ceiling profiles although the source quality is reduced through the galleria roof. The change to desk lighting fixtures for occupants helps save energy as well as results in a more adaptable method of using lighting. The use of shading devices is advised towards the South west orientation to avoid possibility of glare.

• The office space currently fails to benefit from the natural ventilation.

The study suggests otherwise, that there is a need to compartmentalise the floor plate into zones with single sided ventilation, since cross-ventilation is infeasible, in order to attain comfortable indoor operative temperatures.

Furthermore, it was observed that the performance of larger volume was better than smaller one.

• With respect to the thermal properties, requirements to change the window to double glazing with u-value of 2.86 W/m2K from the base case window type of single glazing is advised (u-value 5.0 W/m2K). Moreover, the volume studies conclude the need for a larger volume during the summer and a smaller volume for the winter which is countered by using dynamic mesh panelling in the ceiling. Insulation added towards the inside results in marginal benefit towards the heat capacity, due to the low exposed surface area to volume ratio.

• Divisions of the open plan into smaller zones would help to focus on efficient ways of controlling smaller micro-climates rather than focusing on the office as a whole. This would facilitate in the above-mentioned strategy for single sided ventilation and also show significant reduction in energy consumption These combinations of the proposals identified within each parameter of study can help in the betterment of environmental quality of the space. The above-mentioned proposals give a list of strategies that can be taken into consideration in the existing plan of re-locating the Hilson Moran office on the floor below (2nd floor) in the same building.

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Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

5.2 Personal Learnings

Divy Vora

Sarab jot Singh

The Term 1 project has helped me get a clear perspective of how environmental factors are so important and should be taken into consideration in designing a space. The surprising part of the case study for us personally was to find an office, that mainly deals with environmental consultancy themselves, refrain from using the power of environmental factors to their advantage for their own space.

The outcome of this research is a combination of group and individual studies which helped me with an in-depth understanding of the parameters involved in the design process. In this study, Ventilation proved to be one of the key inputs required to augment the space reorganisation. By design, this study explored the possibilities of improving the ventilation by taking into account an average of the hottest days from the 3 hottest months in the year. In doing so, the worst case was taken into account thereby ensuring the relevance of the proposed strategy throughout all the scenarios. The experimenting in the research was conducted to optimised the air changes required as well as the volume needed.

The whole process from the initial bit of research moving on to fieldwork and eventually testing out models with computational tools has led to an in depth understanding of applying environmental theories in design practice.

The site was a major advantage to the team because it helped in not just understanding inadoor studies but also how the outdoor can act as a microclimate for its surrounding.

Different topics led to different learning outcomes and the correlation of outcomes with one another taught us how an environmental factor cannot be used to its 100% potential but a balance of these factors is what forms an efficient design strategy for any space.

One of the key personal learning outcomes for me was to grasp the explorative power of researching any topic. This is one of the most important learning for me since experimenting to derive solutions was rarely done by me in my previous study. Another equally important outcomes for me were to solve issues with a mindset of cojoining various tools of research.

Implementation of tools in a real-world scenario to propose solutions, as student of the field, for professional was an enthusiastic journey for me.

Lastly, this exhaustive process of findings and learning outcomes have led to immense enthusiasm and we look forward to using the acquired skills in order to design for the next term. The learning and lectures have made sure to always keep in mind, that environmental factors are not an add on to the design but they help the design evolve further.

Lastly, through the course of this study, I got to absorb critical thinking and analytical mindset from the crème de la crème of the profession.

Moreover, I got to learn a lot from my peers during the groupwork who have been nothing but supportive towards me and each other.

Stavan Gang

Yanfai Wang

The analysis of Hilson Moran’s office in Hay’s Galleria for term 1 Project has given me a new perspective for designing office buildings. In the lectures, I got introduced to various new theories about environmental design. This case study has helped to understand them better. The site visits to Hay’s Galleria provided opportunities for me to investigate the building through readings and observations which helped me acquire a practical understanding of the theories taught in lectures.

The project under study is interesting and challenging, and as a building that incorporates atrium daylighting design is sustainable. During the study, the historical context of the building is explored, the attitudes of the local people and the influence of the surrounding environment are observed, and the conclusions are then reflected upon in terms of their contemporary economic value and future trends.

Hay’s galleria being a grade-2 heritage building has a relatively old-fashioned brick façade with WWR of approx. 50%. This gave us a good opportunity to study the environmental aspects of an office space in a non-conventional setup keeping in mind the constraints that cannot be changed. The process of analysis within the project has given us a clear understanding of annual demands and performance of the building and the learnings have helped us in identifying design solutions through the lens of environmental factors.

The interviewing of office sites and the measurement of data is very innovative, from learning how to use the equipment to analyzing the data and using it to carry out simulations, the subject maintains a rigorous process and rational thinking. The lectures and tutorials helped me to expand my knowledge and to understand the basic principles of sustainable architecture.

The repeated back and forth process of field-work, assessing theories and testing them out on computational tools has given us a better understanding of a very realistic scenario of how an environmental building design evaluation is conducted.

The whole process from the beginning till the end has made us feel very confident and equipped us with knowledge to explore various design ventures and ideas for the next term design project.

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

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06 . R E F E R E N CES

Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

06 References Information and data provided by Hilson Moran office Plans Material’s Technical Information Books and research papers 1. Cameron, E., Stojkovic, M., Saranti, K. & Conto, O., 2011. Redefining Pavillions: Improving upon Outdoor Comfort Conditions. PLEA 2011, pp.

13-15.

2. Reinhart, C., 2014. Daylighting Handbook: Fundamentals, Designing with the Sun, Vol.1. s.l.:Christoph Reinhart.

3. HLW, 2022. Hay’s Galleria, Issue 6. [Online] [Accessed October 2022].

Computational Tools 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Autodesk CFD Ladybug / Honeybee Open Studio & Energy Plus Radiance Rhino Excel MinT Spreadsheet

Tools: 1. Spot measurement tools (temperature/ relative humidity/ lux) 2. Data loggers (temperature/ relative humidity) Others: 1.Berkeley clima Tools - https://clima.cbe.berkeley.edu/ 2. London Wunderground data - http://www.wunderground.com 3. Hay’s Galleria official website - https://www.hays-galleria.com/ 4. Optivent - https://naturalcooling.co.uk/optivent 5. EPW File - https://climate.onebuilding.org/

Introduction

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Overview

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Outdoor

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Indoor

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Conclusions

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References

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0 7 . A P P E N D ICES

AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

MinT Sheet

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Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

Interview Are there any acoustical issues? If yes please describe.

How often do you Are you open the window for happy natural ventilation? with the heating/co oling systems?

could benefit from more passive means of poor daylight, natural ventilation for fresh air and thermal comfort when outdoor temperature is adequate

No

no

No

i try to in the morning yes during the warmer season

during summer the collaborative space sometimes for lunch

I would like to move to a zone with a better view.

Comfortable

I haven't noticed as the lighting is always on.

Yes

I haven't noticed any.

Yes

Never.

Yes, I do.

Almost every time I am in the office.

Not me or my team. But I know that some of my colleagues congregate at zones 4 and 5.

Yes I partially like this workspace. I enjoy 1 month the large work desks and the views to the Thames from this seating location.

I would like to move the seating more closer to the windows near Zone 5 to enjoy the outdoor views. The seating feels a bot far away from the windows.

The indoors feel pleasant and thermally comfortable while wearing thin long sleeved clothes. I feel the layout could be altered to enhance daylighting further.

Due to the deep floor plan, it No feels dark without the presence of day lighting. The window are facing the North-West orientation so limited daylighting is available. Artificial lighting is used throughout the day.

I personally haven't experienced any acoustic issues indoors as the office seldom feels noisy.

Yes

From my knowledge Yes during the cooler months, windows are completely shut. I am unaware if windows are kelp open in summer.

I go down and use the outdoor space everyday during lunch breaks.

We prefer using the seating on the bottom right of zone 5 for lunch time. We also use the dining/kitchen space next to zone 8 for coffee/tea and snack breaks.

8

Yes as I sit next to the window and 2 years enjoy working predominatly by daylight.

We have flexible working so can sit where we like

Good daylight, thermal and humindity generally OK, air quality good, noise fine. I do open window sometimes if it gets stuffy

Excellent

No

no

No

Occasionally

take it with me

occaisonally, sit front of office in outside a coffee breakout space and tea room shop or bar

EB

04

yes - natural light and windows with riverside view

no - i like the windows and natural light

daylight, warm, quiet

a lot of natural light

No

no

No

not much

yes

never, but id like to use it in the summer

rarely

EB group

05

10 months. My previous i would still pick zone 5 but closer to Yes, and i likes my previous position desk was still in zone 5 the window, or zone 4 next to the which was same location but closer to window but different location the window. Has a view on the river which i find de-stressing and it is bright. I find that working with daylight is more efficient for me compared to just artificial lighting.

No

no

No

Almost never. i had the need to that only 2-3 times in my 6 years in the office.

I have been always turning off my pc.

But with pandemic and wfh, i had to leave my desktop on stand by mode so i can connetct remotely with the laptop when working from home.

yes, most common is for walks during lunch break or after work

We had the treasure islandin the corner of zone 5. now we use the same tables on the same location for lunch

No.

Yes, I got for walks every lunch.

We tend to stay in our area.

Yes

Not much, only for walking to common area in zone shops 05

In what department do you work?

Do you like you workspace? Why? In which zone do you work?

(Refer the above image)

For how long have you been working in this space?

If given a chance, would you move your desk to any other position?

Why/Why not?

What is your work environment like? ( In terms of daylighting/ thermal/ humidity/ quality of air/ wind/ noise/etc.)

MaryJoe

Environmental Buildings

05

yes, it is not crowded and has from a good view

1 year

maybe a bit closer to the window, could benefit from natural ventilation when the weather is nice.. also when there is some sun entering the kitchen I go there to work

Chrysanthi Tsaousi

EB London

8

I like to work close with my colleagues I 3 months work on the same projects. I also like the fact that this area is close to the kitchen.

Varsha Kakuturu

Sustainability

05

Simon Lambert

EB London

Francesca Prestinoni

Anna

6 months

Emma Gold

Marketing

02

It's ok - I like the natural light from the window. I am not a fan of the fluorescent overhead light, and where I sit can get very stuffy and hot.

1 year.

Thaj Rashid

EB

03

Yes, due to view to Hay Galleria, daylight and less distractions 6-7 months

Mark Conner

Jay Patel

CAD/BIM

EB London

06

It's OK, sometimes hot, sometimes cold.

It's close to the kitchen and toilet facilities.

02

Claustrophobic so need to be next to window, work station tailored to suit for health reasons

8 years plus

i think it is the most bright daylight good, sometimes is getting colder due to some issues from the local place of the office systems. is tis not very noisy, unless the new big tables on the common area in zone 5 are used for meetings. Those were introduced the last 10 months as a test for our new office.

Maybe I'd sit in zones 4 or 5 because Good daylight, gets overly hot, florescent there's more natural light, and a great light is annoying. Air quality and noise are fine. view of the boat.

Yes I can move to 05

Yes, I would like the ability to move desks and try different locations to see if they work better for me. Having 7 a fixed PC prevents this.

yes , if it suits my condition

How does this space fare in terms of daylighting?

Cold under the air vent, need to use thermal clothing in this area, less noise, good daylight

Good

No

No

No

Zone 03 is reasonably daylit but we still need artificial lights

No

Not much

No

I don't, as I've been told doing so would trigger a sensor to turn on the heating which would heat up Rarely, but sometimes if feeling need for fresh air

Do you leave your PC/Laptop on stand-by mode when you are away?

Yes, I do.

Sometimes too hot, sometimes too cold, the vent system is quite noisy when running but I've got used to that now. I only notice now hoe noisy it is when it shuts off in the evening.

It's in the middle of the floor plate so does get light from both sides but it is a fair distance from the windows

No

Noise from vent system No

None nearby

PC is always live as far as I am aware unless it goes into standby of it's own accord. I have had problems in the past (other companies) with PC's not restarting as expected from standby.

Not so much of an issue if you are with the PC but is a real pain if you are trying to get remote access to it.

good

good

No

no

most days

no

Yes

Do you use the outdoor space at Hay's Galleria?

When/ How often?

Are there any spaces in the office where you or your colleagues congregate?

Do you face any visibility issues regarding glare?

Your Name

Sometimes go down to sit in the galleria when I need a break away from the screen and some fresh air for 5-10 minutes

I'm either as my desk or in the kitchen for a coffee, I'm not really drawn to any other spaces although the "Canteen" type arrangement in the new plans would draw me more to the North End

no

no

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Model for solar radiation simulation

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Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

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AA SED | Msc + MArch | 2022-23

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Hilson Moran office at Hay’s galleria

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