Boundaries within The City - Thesis by Divyang Vekariya

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY Study of Physical and Social Boundaries between Communities of Surat city - Navsari Bazar

Thesis by Divyang Vekariya

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY Study of Physical and Social Boundaries between Communities of Surat city - Navsari Bazar

A dissertation report submitted to Gujarat Tecnological University Divyang Vekariya Guide : Urvish Bhatt (Assistance Professor)

Undergraduate Research Thesis Laxmi Institute of Architecture, Sarigam,Valsad-396105 5

LAXMI INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE LAXMI VIDYAPEETH SARIGAM, VALSAD, GUJARAT. MAY, 2021

Certificate The following study is hereby approved as credible work on the approved subject, carried out and presented in the manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for the award of degree for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned does not necessarily endorser approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and has satisfied himself/herself as to the requirements laid down by the college.

Name of the Student: Divyang Vekariya Dissertation Title: BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY “Study of Physical and Social Boundaries between Communities of surat city– Navsari Bazar”

Guide

:

Ar. Urvish Bhatt

Principle :_____________________ Ar. Jagdish Jani Dated : 17 June, 2021 Place : Surat

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Undertaking I, Divyang Vekariya -163551050025, the author of the dissertation, Hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried toward spartial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture at Sarigam, Gujarat. This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any Degree/ Diploma, no material from other sources has been used without proper acknowledgement.

Name of the Student: Divyang Vekariya Dissertation Title: BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY “Study of Physical and Social Boundaries between Communities of surat city– Navsari Bazar”

Student’s Signature : ______________________ Divyang Vekariya Dated : 17 June, 2021 Place: Surat

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Acknowledgement It is a humbling experience to acknowledge those people who have, mostly out of kindness, helped along the journey of my Graduation I am indebted to so many for encouragement and support.

I am thankful to God almighty with whose blessing and mercy I was able to complete this thesis. I acknowledge all that I have accomplished and survived in my Architecture study tenure. I commit to honouring my efforts, my victories and my resilience.

It is good fortune, pride and privilege for me to have the esteemed Supervision of Ar. Urvish Bhatt (Thesis guide), who has inculcated in me the interest and inspiration to undertake the Research thesis. It is his personal influence, expert, guidance and boundless support that enabled me to complete the work of present form. I immensely owe much more to him that I can express inwards for him never-failing inspiration and above all sympathy and benevolence in attitude. I consider it my pleasant duty to express my deepest gratitude to him.

I would like to thank Ar. Jagdish Jani(Principle) and all my professor of college for their encouragement, worthwhile suggestions and constructive criticism throughout my architecture study. I also wish to express my sincere thanks to the Laxmi institute of architecture and Gujarat technological university for accepting me into the graduate program.

Personally, I would like to thank my family and friends for supporting me throughout the years, with moral support, also thanks to them who helped me in completion of this Research. I am very grateful to all those who have given me their friendship, put up with my odd hours, and provided me with lifts and practical help.

Finally, I Express my indebtedness to My parents, for their love, and affection, and giving me enthusiastic inspiration to every stage of my research project. Without their love, blessing and sacrifices, I would probably have never succeeded in carrying through this Research project.

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CONTENT :CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

: : : : : :

Preface Aim Objective Scope Research Question Methodology

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE STUDY 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

: : : : :

Preface Edges in Nature The Wall The View Centre and Edge

CHAPTER 3 : HISTORY OF SURAT CITY 3.1 : History and Evolution 3.2 : Time-line

CHAPTER 4 : PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES AND ZONES OF SURAT CITY 4.1 : Physical Boundary 4.1.1 : Define 4.1.2 : River 4.1.3 : Railway line 4.1.4 : Canels 4.1.5 : National and State Highways 4.2 : Zones of Surat City 4.2.1 : Area in Different Zones of Surat City 4.2.2 : Growth of Surat City 4.2.3 : Population of Surat city 4.2.4 : Population Density of Surat City 4.2.5 : Community Map of Surat City 4.2.6 : Wards of Surat City

CHAPTER 5 : CENTRAL ZONE OF SURAT CITY 5.1 : Observation and Analysis 5.1.1 : Division of Central Zone 5.1.2 : 12 Gates of Central Zone 5.1.3 : Planning and Morphology of Central Zone 13

5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7

: : : :

Occupation of Central Zone Communities Living in Central Zone Activity Map of Central Zone Site Selction

CHAPTER 6 : FORMATION OF SOCIAL BOUNDARY BETWEEN COMMUNITIES 6.1 : Reason for Site Selection 6.1.1 : Important Networks 6.1.2 : Immediate Landmarks 6.1.3 : Built and Open Spaces 6.1.4 : Spreading of Communities 6.1.5 : Social Boundary

CHAPTER 7 : ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION 7.1 : Building Height 7.1.1 : Plan 7.1.2 : Shadow Movement 7.1.3 : Longitudinal Section 7.1.4 : Cross Section 7.2 : Building Height 7.2.1 : Occupation 7.2.2 : Communites 7.2.3 : Building Use 7.2.4 : Communities Living in the Society 7.3 : Analysis of Shop 7.3.1 : Volume Pattern 7.3.2 : Plinth and Arrangement 7.4 : Building Height 7.4.1 : Cross section of street 1 7.4.2 : Cross section of street 1 7.4.3 : Other Cross Section 7.5 : Facade Expression 7.4.1 : Design Pattern 7.4.2 : Style and Condition

CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

17

1.1

PREFACE

several times within the city. Therefore, many social and physical boundaries are created India is one of the most populous by different communities within the city. This country in the world. people of different create division of city into segments which community like Hindu, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, sometime affects the development of the city. parses, Christians has occupied this country in their own style. Different communities and society has their own history, ritual, lifestyle, As this boundary is share by different settlement and architecture. with that Real estate and infrastructure are also showing community the experience of this place is quick growth in the country. Cities are totally different. Due to no rules and regulation expanding their boundaries by continuous at such kind of boundaries people of different development. people are generating more community develop their spaces in their on revenue in this city so migration in country way. That’s why Pattern, lifestyle, interaction and architecture of this place show much has also increases. variation. Even if we compare history of this space and present condition, it shows large variation. Sometime communities living here People of different community are different with building architecture style, from all over the India are traveling to big this is due to Over lapping of communities cities in search of work. They search proper which is also possible with the time period. location in the city where they can easily settle and grow without any difficulties.

People of same caste feel safe with each This boundaries may be a dead edge other so they settle in same area very close to each other. This how they start growing their or most active edge of the city depending own society, infrastructure and architecture upon how people use it. Sometime it’s also in surrounding area and their community depended on planning done by government start spreading in all direction. They spread body or urban planner. till any barrier can’t arrive. This barrier could be anything like boundary or border. Same way on the other side of this boundary other communities has settled. this thing repeated

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BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

INTRODUCTION

Fig 1.1.1 Boundary between blocks 19

1.2

Aim

1.4

SCOPE

• Study of physical and social bound • Documentation and Understanding aries created by different community within culture and process of developing social the city boundaries of particular religion. It will also use in future for Urban design and • To study function, cycles, lifestyle, development project. history, anthropometry and geometry of social boundaries in Surat so that it can help • Important of edge and physical in urban development for future design. infrastructure in urban cities is increases so Architecture design will also play major role in • character of these edge and adjacent it. estate to it, and the relationships between the physical conditions • Reduce social gaps between peoples and unite them

1.3

Objective

1.5

Research question

• study of the various factors at multiple • How can we engage different commuscales that contribute to the study of social nities together and improving connection life at boundary created within the city in the among themselves and establishing social Indian context stability?

• evolution and links of boundaries or • How this boundary is helping in city border growth?

• relationship between development • What measures can we take for better patterns and on-going activities. implementation of spaces at edge created • role of physical and social boundary in with in the city? urban development of the city.

• Can this boundary be a significant and • Analysis, mapping and inference valuable space of city for interaction and gathering?

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BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

INTRODUCTION

1.6 METHODOLOGY Stage 1: RESEARCH AND LITERATURE STUDY •Derivation of problem •Case study related border and boundaries •Future growth Stage 2: ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFY AREA OF STUDY •Selection of area •Analysis at different scale to understand the city Stage 3: PROCESS OF FORMATION OF BOUNDARY •Study of past to obtained information •Reason for boundaries within the city •Evolution of physical and social boundary Stage 4: DOCUMENTATION AND EXPERIENCE OF SPACE •Documentation of street •Difference of same elements of different communities •Presentation condition •Experience at different scale and time Stage 5: CONCLUSION •Inference obtained from research and derive conclusion

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LITERATURE STUDY

Chapter 2 LITERATURE STUDY

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BORDER AND BOUNDRAIES - RICHARD SENNETT

2.1

Preface

natural world. In natural ecologies, borders are the zones in a habitat where organisms become more interactive, due to the meeting of different species or physical conditions. The boundary is a limit, a territory beyond which a particular species does not stray.

Richard Sennett compares the concept of an ideal city in everyone’s mind versus the reality of the present-day modern cities. Old/ Vernacular cities worked despite having lesser number of tools than the present time. Vernacular cities proved to be “One spatial distinction which helps us engage more flexible. actively with the changing context of time lies in the “Cities fail on all these counts due to government difference between borders and boundaries. So, policy, irreparable social ills, and economic forces these are two different kinds of edge...the boundary beyond local control. The city is not its own master.” is a guarded territory, as established by prides of lions or packs of wolves. Not surprisingly, it is at the Central zone in the city is considered most important borderline where the work of natural selection is ignoring the edges of the city and Sennett discusses the most intense; time is productive of evolutionary ways to bring in life to the edges. change in this edge condition. The boundary establishes closure through inactivity, by things 2.2 Edges in Nature petering out, not happening.”

Edges come in two forms, as borders or as boundaries. This is an important distinction in the

Boundary 24

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

Border

Fig 2.0.1 Streets of India

Fig 2.0.2 Alley of Venice,

Fig 2.0.3 Edge of morden city

LITERATURE STUDY There is the difference between a cell wall and cell membrane. A cell wall serves as a container holding things in, while the membrane is at once porous and resistant, letting matter flow in and out of the cell, but selectively, so that the cell can retain what it needs for nourishment.

He relates the Borders and Boundaries to the natural ecologies: Cell Wall & Cell Membrane. emphasising the importance of porosity and resistance to revive the dead edges of the city. This is the way he feels nature might tell us about making the cities; holding

Cell Wall 2.3

The wall

Walls were found in both traditional as well as in Morden city. The solid walls around traditional cities marked as the boundary for the city which protect people at the time of attack whereas the motorways marked the boundaries for the modern cities. The motorways worked as the invisible walls and lacked

Traditional city

the city as a whole as well as being porous yet resistant and simply dissolving into formless flex and recommending to rethink all the elements marking an urban edge.

“The planning of the last century was hopeless at creating or promoting borderland. When urbanists thought about the alternative to the sealed boundary, the dead edge they could imagine only stripping away all distinctions, creating amorphous ‘open’ public space. They did not know how to bring edges to life by combining porosity and resistance.”

Cell Membrane porosity when compared to the traditional cities.

“Istanbul city is divided in to two part - a European part on one side of the Bosporus, an Asian part on the other side - each contains a mixture of peoples and activities, and the edges between these communities are sites for both economic and social exchange. The built fabric of modern Istanbul is full

Morden city 27

of solid walls, but its planners have for the most part kept these walls porous. They allow activities from inside a building to spill out into the street, and encourage the combination of different functions at street level. Crime levels in Istanbul are relatively low because there are innumerable eyes on the street.”

“Planning in Sao Paulo, as in modern Los Angeles and Beijing, has used traffic flows on huge motorways to deaden contact and exchange at the larger macro-level of urban form. According to them development means separation and distinction of individual buildings; separation and distinction lead to isolation. even though the dead walls surrounding these communities provide little real security, Sao Paulo’s property and violent crime rates are much higher than Istanbul’s.”

Comparing the three different cities- Istanbul, Los Angeles and London, he draws a conclusion the city requires porous/ resistant membrane that allows the walls/boundaries/edges to become the active scene exchange within the city using simple solutions like pedestrianisation as well as using advanced technology.

The idea of a cellular membrane, which is both resistant and porous, can be extended from single buildings to the zones in which the different communities of a city meet.

2.4

The View

The socially-minded planner wants to examine the “London is full of local membranes. social housing way they see: we concentrate too much on visual was spread all over the city that’s why economic legibility, and so on making ‘legible landscapes’ and social mixture occurs in some rich areas. Yet through framing street corridors, or imaging public motorway development in the post-war period has spaces without ‘unsightly’ obstructions; this way of done its terrible work of boundary-making here too; seeing naively follows the capitalist logic which now the development of new housing along the eastern exploits the view as an isolated condition. The planner reaches of the Thames has sealed off the river ever should counter the logic, by looking in another way. more from those not living on its banks, and the What need to be put on display are scenes of social social housing estates themselves, as they have mixture, in all their messiness and vitality. aged, have become ever more places where the To give life to the borders of the city, composing poor are gated-in, sealed off from daily contact with the city as a visual pleaser is just as important other Londoners. ”

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BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

Fig 2.0.4 East India Dock.

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY 30 Fig 2.0.5 Boundary between the rich and poor

LITERATURE STUDY and critical. Taking up the examples of cities like Mumbai, Shanghai, Istanbul, London and New York where water played an important role in defining the difference between border and boundaries.

Waterways was used as an urban medium to trade. the docks and warehouses and water itself held little aesthetic interest for urban designers. water was just the utilitarian substance of the trading city and now it has become a part of aesthetics of the city.

When we imagine where the life of a community is to be found, we usually look for it in the centre of a community; when we want to strengthen community life, we try to intensify life at the centre. In reflecting on his own planning experience, he knows why projects at the local scale should have dwelt on establishing a centre for community life. Emphasis on the centre, however, may lead the designer to neglect the edge condition, treating it as inert, lifeless - as a version of the boundary. This strategy “This watery aesthetic provides insight into how means that exchange between different racial and inert boundaries are created in cities: viewing space ethnic, or class communities is diminished. becomes opposed to working space.”

With a city developing, the central space is more The unobstructed views in the city affects the emphasised upon that leads to neglecting the economy of high-rise and residences in the city. borders and turning them into dead edges of the The offer of visual pleasure has led to the social city. By privileging the centre, community-based exclusion in the name of visual order and pleasure. planning can thus weaken the complex interactions He concludes that the unobstructed view is the necessary to join up the different human groups the wrong way of approach but instead the focus should city contains. A dead edge can prove to be resisting be on displaying the social activities in its true form. development in a city. Richard later on discusses his mistake of locating Linga Marqueta in the centre of 2.5 Centre and Edge Spanish Harlem, 20 blocks away, in centre of the

Active centre and Dead edge

Active centre and Active edge

community, and to regard 96th Street as a dead edge, where nothing much happened. Had they located the market on that street, they might have encouraged activity that would have brought the rich and the poor into some daily, commercial contact.

“The smart city of the future, therefore, will choose the living edge over the dead edge; it will use technology to make the city a more open and flexible, less routinized system.”

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HISTORY OF SURAT CITY

Chapter 3 HISTORY OF SURAT CITY

33

3.1

Surat city is located in southeastern part of Gujarat state and west-central part of India.

It lies near the mouth of the Tapi River at the Gulf of Khambhat(Cambay). Surat is one of the fastest growing cities in the region. Images of textile mills, diamond polishing units, of a city in haste to catch up with the other mega cities. Historically too, Surat has been a city of rich culture and it has been able to carry the image till date.

A century In the history of medieval Gujarat, the city of Surat was famous as an important trading centre and an important port for import and export.

“By land” and “By Sea” it was associated with important trading centres of the country and abroad.

Surat is famous for its monuments and the centuries old ‘old fort’ that stands tall in the city.

It was built by Muhammad bin Tughlak in the 14th century to guard the city from Bhils attack. Known as Muhammad Kunhi by birth, he was the most

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION SURAT CITY

cruel and cold-blooded sultan among the Mughal Emperors; but was very concerned about his men and brilliantly made this fort. The fort was cccupied twice by the Maratha Emperor, Chhatrapati Shivaji.

This exquisite architectural marvel with strong walls and iron bars is a place of worth a visit. The fort is now being used as the Municipal office of the city.

In the meanwhile, decades and centuries had rolled by, and the city has emerged as a significant industrial city of India, and had developed its own distinctive cultural flavour and cuisine. A person living in the city of SURAT is called a SURATI and they are proud being called SURATI OR SURATILALA The city is believed to have been founded by a Brahaman named Gopi, who built the Gopi Talav (water reservoir) in 1516 and named the area Surajpur or Suryapur. Surat became the name of the city in 1520. It was plundered by Muslims in the 12th and 15th centuries. In 1514 the Portuguese traveler

Fig 3.1.1 Location of surat city 34

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

Fig 3.1.2 Surat City Fort at River Bank

Fig 3.1.3 English Cemetery, Surat, Gujarat.

HISTORY OF SURAT CITY tuarte Barbosa described Surat as a leading port.

It was burned by the Portuguese (1512 and 1530) and conquered by the Mughals (1573) and was twice sacked by the Maratha king Shivaji (17th century).

Surat thereafter became the emporium of India, exporting cloth and gold. Its major industries were textile manufacture and shipbuilding. The British established their first Indian factory (trading post) at Surat (1612).

pilgrims sailed to Mecca. Even today, Surat is a premier industrial city of India. It is a city of riches, of gems and diamonds. Times may have changed but Surat remains and continues to grow.

Surat became the most important trade link between India and many other countries and was at the height of prosperity till the rise of Bombay port in the 17th and 18th centuries. Surat was also a flourishing center for ship building activities. The whole coast of The city gradually declined throughout the 18th Tapi from Athwalines to Dumas was specially meant century. The British and Dutch both claimed control, for ship builders who were usually Rassis. but in 1800 its administration passed to the British.

Surat, the city of commerce was an important port By the mid-19th century Surat was a stagnant city that first attracted the Europeans to the riches of of 80,000 inhabitants. It prospered again with India. The East India Company established its first the opening of India’s railways. The ancient art of warehouses in Surat in 1612. And it was at Surat manufacturing fine muslin was revived, and Surat’s that Sir Thomas Roe landed when he came as King cottons, silks, brocades, and objects of gold and silver James’ ambassador to the court of Emperor Jahangir. became famous. The surrounding area is intensively In Mughal times, Surat was the main port from which cultivated; chief crops include cotton, millet, pulses, and rice.

Fig 3.1.4 Old Surat City 37

3.2

38

TIME-LINE

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

Fig 3.1.5 English Cemetery, Surat, Gujarat.

Fig 3.1.6 Trading Activities at Surat Port

HISTORY OF SURAT CITY

Surat city has been ruled by many people so it has footprint of so many different communities. With that city has also destroyed many times in attack of by natural calamities life flood, so development and architecture has also unique style here. As many different people are living here together there are many social problems which may affect development of city.

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PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES AND ZONES OF SURAT CITY

Chapter 4

PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES AND ZONES OF SURAT CITY 43

4.1 4.1.1

DEFINE

A physical boundary is a naturally occurring barrier between two areas. River, mountain, Wall, highways and other physical infrastructure make these physical boundaries. Many times, physical boundaries between countries or states form along natural boundaries. Political or man-made boundaries are also part of physical boundary. This are the dividing lines between countries, states, provinces, cities, and areas. These lines, more often called borders, are created by people to separate areas governed by

4.1.2

PHYSICAL BOUNDRAIES SUART CITY

different groups. Physical boundaries may change over time.

Surat city is continuously developing and expanding it area. with this development it has form many physical boundaries by natural elements and physical infrastructure within the city. These boundaries separate city into small and large area which has different community of people. Here are some example physical boundaries within Surat city to understand division of the city.

RIVER

Fig 4.1.1 physical boundary of surat city : river River Tapi, flow from entire Surat city from west to very old area Rander and Bhagal , from where the city east and divide city horizontally in to two parts.Two has started developing and expanding are both on 44

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES AND ZONES OF SURAT CITY each side on river. Rander on north part and Bhagal is very less compare to south side, still this river acts on south part. Development on the north side of river as physical boundary of Surat.

4.1.3

RAILWAY LINE

Fig 4.1.2 physical boundary of surat city : railway line Surat city has railways service since 1850’s, as it are on west side of railway line and area like Varachha, was major centre for trading by British’s. this line is Parvat patiya, Dindoli are on east tide to track. That’s moving from north to south and divide city vertically. why it is man-maid or artificial infrastructure which large area like old city (central area), Udhna, Althan act as physical boundary of city.

4.1.4

CANELS

Fig 4.1.3 physical boundary of surat city : canels 45

With perennial river Tapi, surat city also has large number cannels flowing in all direction. In past centuries these canals were used for irrigation purpose but now a days these canals are become

4.1.5

dumping ground so people use to stay little way from this. This how these canals divide large area in to small segments. At some place vertical garden are develop over cannel to hide it.

NATIONAL AND STATTE HIGHWAYS

Fig 4.1.4 physical boundary of surat city : highway Surat city is cover from all sides by national and state highways. These highways move towards the centre of city and meet ring road (outer fort wall). State highways are passing through large area and divide

them in to small area. E.g. There is state highway between L.H. road and Hirabug area, which is both part of large are called Varachha. This division is more seen in south and east zone of city.

These physical boundaries of city are of very large scale and ownership is also occupied by local or state government so, it already has rules and regulation for development. At this scale we will not able to understand small gapes between communities. To understand social boundary, we need very small scale area.

46

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

Fig 4.1.5 physical boundary : River

Fig 4.1.6 physical boundary : Railway Track

Fig 4.1.7 physical boundary : Canals

Fig 4.1.8 physical boundary : Highways

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BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ZONES OF SURAT CITY

4.2.1 AREA IN DIFFERENT ZONE OF SURAT CITY

4.2

Fig 4.2.1 Area in different Zone of Surat City

Central, south east, and east zone have very less surface area but this region is very dense and compact.

Whereas south west and west zone has very large open area and it is also future developing zone of city.

4.2.2 GROWTH OF SURAT CITY

Fig 4.2.2 Growth in different Zone of Surat City

Surat city is spreading in all direction.

There is very less development in north side of river compare to south side. Growth of Expansion of area in south, south east, and south west zone is more. Central and north zones are not expanding as they are in centre of city.

PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES AND ZONES OF SURAT CITY

49

50

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

4.2.3 POPULATION OF SURAT CITY

Fig 4.2.3 Population of Surat City

Surat has very wide contact with Kathiyawadi of Saurashtra. That’s why east zone, which is occupied by Kathiyawadi has highest population among all zones of city. North and south zone also has very high population.

4.2.4 POPULATION DENSITY OF SURAT CITY

Fig 4.2.4 Population Density of Surat City

No doubt central zone has very less population but it has highest population density among all zones of city, followed by east, south east and north zone. This indicate that the core of the city is highly dense area and also occupied large number of people.

PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES AND ZONES OF SURAT CITY

51

52

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

4.2.5 COMMUNITY MAP OF SURAT

Fig 4.2.5 Community Map of Surat City

This map indicates central zone have mix community population. Whole east zone is occupied by Kathiyawadi of Saurashthra. South and southeast zone has more migrate worker from all over the country. Other zones have koli patel and surties who are stating here from many centuries.

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4.2.6 WARDS OF SURAT CITY

Fig 4.2.6 Wards of Surat City

As there are more population and population density in central, east and southeast zone, it also has more no of election ward and corporators for solving problem of people and particular area for betterment of whole city.

Among all these zone central, east and south zones are most actives and growing area. All three have more population, high population density, a greater number of different communities, and many ward numbers.

Except central area, other areas are spreading and developing on one edge.

54

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

East Zone In east zone or Varachha Area only kathiyawadi people are living, no other community is settled here. So, in whole area we will not able to find many social boundaries as no other community is settled here and in wall region similar kind of architecture will found.

PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES AND ZONES OF SURAT CITY

Southeast Zone

Central Zone

south and southeast zone are very much spreading outside. This region is also famous for industries. Migrants from all over the India come here in search of work and settlement. So many different styles of people are living together here but their stay is not permanent. As soon as they get proper work, they change their place of living to safer area where they can grow their family.

Central zone is surrounded by all zones and it is also one of the oldest areas of city. It has some of major route of city to travel. From ancient time may different communities like Hindu, Muslim, Parsi, Jain and Christian are living here and grow their settlement and work. There is also continues expansion and reduction of different community settlements. So, this area has better scope of further study of social boundaries.

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CENTRAL ZONES OF SURAT CITY

Chapter 5 CENTRAL ZONES OF SURAT CITY

57

5.1

Observation and Analysis

CENTRAL ZONE

The city centre is located 22 km historical houses, from the newer suburbs. Surat (14 mi) south of the Tapti River. A moat divides the is famous for its monuments and the centuries old older parts of the city, with their narrow streets and ‘old fort’ that stands tall in the centre of city. Central

5.1.1

Division of Central Zone

Fig 5.1.1 Division of Central Area 58

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

CENTRAL ZONES OF SURAT CITY area of Surat was also a flourishing centre for ship building and trading activities. The whole coast of Tapi from Athwalines to Dumas was specially meant for ship builders who were usually Rassis. That’s why People from all over the world come here in search of work and trading.

Central zone is further divided into twelve different wards having twelve different names according to their occupation, population, community, culture and development. Name of ward, which are on the outer part of inner fort wall are ending with “Pura”.

Pura means boundary. So outer fort wall (ring road) of central zone is act as boundary of central area or old city.

5.1.2

Surat is a city which is continuously attack by different people from all over the world. it was one of the largest trading hubs since ancient time. Thus, Construction and development of central zone has two phases. 1st phase is area between centre to inner fort wall and 2nd phase is area between inner fort wall to outer fort wall. First fort wall was made in 1664 AD and second fort wall made after 50 years in 1715 AD. Two fort walls were made just for protection of people and kingdom. Outer fort has twelve gates to enter the city. Phatak, Variavi, Katargam, Lal, Dekhi, Sahara, Salabat, Man, Navsari, Jaferali, Majura and Athwa are name of this gates. Entry from this gate is directly connected with inner fort wall. Some of this gates names are still use as important landmark of city.

12 Gates of Central Zone

Fig 5.1.2 12 Gates of Central Area 59

5.1.3

Planning and Morphology of Central Zone

Fig 5.1.3 Planning of Central Area As we know Surat was ruled by many people so it has verities of architecture pattern in it. Every community has their own and unique style of planning and development. that’s why central region which is one of the oldest areas of Surat city has many different styles of old building. Just because central area was developed in two different phase it also has different morphology and pattern of growth. In the first phase, the area inside the inner fort wall has very random pattern of growth. Micromorphology of 60

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

growth pattern is very hard to understand in random pattern. While in the second phase, the area between inner fort wall and outer fort wall has very rigid grid iron pattern of growth. here Growth pattern is very easy to understand and summaries. No doubt this area is very small and develop in very small span of years but still it has verities of pattern to understand.

Figure A show pattern of first phase and figure B and C shows development pattern of second phase.

CENTRAL ZONES OF SURAT CITY

5.1.4

Occupation of Central Zone

Fig 5.1.4 Occupation of Central Area Surat is famous for trading and it all was started from central zone so old city was one of the main hubs of trading. This region also has many old markets of goods and textile related industries. Mostly from fig 5.1.4 all retail related work is happening inside the inner ring road. It includes clothes market, seasonal market, grocery, vegetable market, electronic market, fashion accessories, etc. In earlier centauries product were generally import from outside of area but now as they have spent many years in their particular

work, production is also stared here. Electronic and cloths markets of old city is very famous all over the world. Expansion of area (2nd phase) was mainly made for textile industries as Surat city has some of best techniques and workers. That’s why more textile industries are found in outer part of inner ring road.

People produce their good in outer part where there are industries and then go to inner part for selling goods and retail work.

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5.1.5

Communities living in Central Zone

Fig 5.1.5 Communities Living in Central Area From the beginning Surat has ruled by many people so, many different castes of people are living here from past centuries. Initially city was ruled by Muslim community and after that many Hindu and English people started ruling and final in 1947 county get independent. But still many footprints of all community are found here. Communities like Muslim, Parsi, Machhi, Soni, Shatriya Khatri, Koli Patel, Ghola, Gachi and Vaniya are living here. They all have different style of architecture, culture and 62

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

occupation. Name of Sheri (society) or immediate area in central zone also indicate which community is living there from past centuries to now. E.g. “soni” community (jewellery related occupation) people living in “sonifaliya”. “gopipura” was name after a person “Gopi” who has develop it. Still many communities has shifted from this area as this region is very dense and compact and that vacant space is occupied by other communities through expansion.

This cycle is continuously changing.

CENTRAL ZONES OF SURAT CITY

5.1.6

Activity Map of Central Zone

Fig 5.1.6 Activity Map of Central Area Central zone is also famous for many old markets of goods and textile related industries. These markets may be formal or informal as per location and need.

This is spread all over the central zone in small or large segments. Bazaars, malls, food zones, formal markets, informal markets, jogging and railways, parking, playing area, grocery market, fish market, religious market, seasonal market, etc. this all activities are found here in large scale. Activity map show us current active area in the zone. In

this central area there are two location were large number of activities are happing together. Fig 5.1.6 shown 1st place which located inside the inner fort wall and 2nd place near Gopi Talav, were two part are connected by ring road.

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5.1.7

Site Selection

I have selected area near Gopi Taval which is known as NAVSARI BAZAR for my further study because if we compare all the previous map then this region is more suitable to find active social boundary. It has more on going formal and informal activities and different communities are overlapping and occupying this area. Here as inner fort wall is passing from centre of study area so, I will able to see two different phases of development in boundaries of central area.

Fig 5.1.6 Map of Selected Study Area

Fig 5.1.7 Navsari bazar - Central Area 64

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

Fig 5.1.8 Street of Navsari bazar

FORMATION OF SOCIAL BOUNDARY BETWEEN COMMUNITIES

Chapter 6 FORMATION OF SOCIAL BOUNDARY BETWEEN COMMUNITIES 67

6.1.1

Important Networks

Fig 6.1.1 Map of Imporatant Links 68

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

6.1.2

Immediate Landmarks

Fig 6.1.2 Map of Landarks

FORMATION OF SOCIAL BOUNDARY BETWEEN COMMUNITIES

6.1.3

Built and Open Space

6.1

Reason for Site Selection

Blue line shows ward boundary which means this area has different communities. Green line shows first fort wall so, this study area has two different phases of development. Yellow line shows that it is one of the main roads of central area and Orange line indicate that it is connected with one of the twelve gates called Navsari Darwaja.

So, this street is very active from many centuries.

If we talk about landmarks then this area has no such large building or monument. There are very small religious building which people use in there day to day life. There are two temples and two masjids in the centre which indicate that there are two different cast of people living here. With that there is also one small Kabrastan were very limited people are allowed to visit.

Density and population are also very high which reflect in built and open space. More number of people are living here that’s why this region is also very dense. In south east part of site there is very complex housing were poor or lower income group of people are living. So in this study area verities of people are living in very small and compact area and running there life Fig 6.1.3 Map of Built and Open Space 69

6.1.4

Spreading of Communities

Fig 6.1.4 Religios places in Different segmemts

Fig 6.1.5 Spreading of Communities 70

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

FORMATION OF SOCIAL BOUNDARY BETWEEN COMMUNITIES Here four different are merging from four different direction. East region is known as Salabatpura, South part is known as Udhna Darwaja, west area is known as Sagrampura and south region is known as Gopipura. Our study area is divided into 4 segments as two opposite road are passing from the centre. this create node at centre. If we see this area in little larger scale then All these four segments have different story of development.

6.1.5

Social Boundaries

In 1st segment (top-left) there are more masjid at centre which says more Muslim’s are living there.

In 2nd segment (top-right) there are more Hindu temple of different caste which indicate this area is occupied by Hindu people.in 3rd segment (bottomleft) there are very less religion place. Some Hindu temples are there but at very lower level, very near to ring road (outer fort wall). The last, 4th segment which is very near to Gopi Taval is one of the most active area among all this. From the beginning only Muslim peoples have occupied this space. as there is lake in here, it is low lying area. So poor or lower income Muslim are living here. In present condition also this segment is occupied by poor Muslim. This how this all segments have different communities. (Fig. 6.1.4) It is believed that area or town start expanding in all direction from it religious place or from gathering space. This how centre become their main space which is easily accessible for all people of same community. Exactly this has also happened in our study area Navsari Bazar.

In all segments their respective community start spreading in all direction until, the other community’s area can’t come. In first and fourth segment Muslim start spreading and in second and third Hindu communities start spreading in all direction (Fig. 6.1.5). At vertical street of Navsar i bazar the stop their expansion and development as on the other side different community is already well settled. no doubt there is just narrow street between them still they can’t grow. This street may kwon as physical boundary but due to different communities’ social boundary as also form at same place. The architecture, style, pattern, proportion and people are very different here compare to respective native style. This how vertical street of Navsari bazar is act as physical as well as social boundary between two different community. (Fig. 6.1.6) Fig 6.1.6 Social Boundary between Communities 71

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Chapter 7

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

73

7.1

BUILDING HEIGHT 7.1.1

Plan

Building height of upper part of street which is on inner side of fort wall is more compare to other side which is on outer part of fort wall. More shaded spaces are found as building height are more on upper part of street. Very less shaded spaces are observed on the lower part of street. Reason for Low building height on lower side is due to Kabrastan present just adjacent to main road. Average building height of Muslim communities are less compared to Hindu residence building.

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Fig 7.1.1 Building Height of street BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

7.1.2

Shadow Movement

section bb @ 10:00 am

section bb @ 3:00 pm

section aa @ 10:00 am

section aa @ 3:00 pm

Fig 7.1.2

Shadow pattern on Street

75

7.1.3

76

Longitudinal Section

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.1.3 Building height of street - Elevation 77

7.1.4

78

Cross Section

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.1.4

Section of Street (outer side of fort wall) 79

Fig 7.1.5

left side of Street (Outer side of fort wall)

Fig 7.1.6

Right side of Street (Outer side of fort wall)

82

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.1.7

Section of Street (Inner side of fort wall) 83

Fig 7.1.8

left side of Street (Inner side of fort wall)

Fig 7.1.9

Right side of Street (Inner side of fort wall)

7.2.1

Occupation 7.2.2

86

Fig 7.2.1 Present Occupation at Study area BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

Communities

Fig 7.2.2

Communities running this Busin

ness

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

7.2 7.2.3

COMMUNITIES AND THEIR OCCUPATION

Building use

Among all these activities two are major, fashion market and flower market. Fashion market and related accessories are selling by Muslim communities while flower and decoration business is running by Hindu communities. Every building in lower side of street has space for commercial activities but on the other side some building are only for residence use.

Fig 7.2.3

Land Use at Macro Level 87

7.2.4

88

Communities living in the society

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.2.4

Caste of people who have occupied this scapce 89

90

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.2.5

Business present at Study Area 91

92

Fig 7.2.6 Occupancy at lower Street (outer side of fort wall) BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.2.7

Occupancy at Upper Street (inner side of fort wall)

93

7.3

ANALYSIS OF SHOPS 7.3.1 Volume Pattern

The two or more storied building can be used for both residence and commercial activities like a cloth shop, jewellery shop, etc.

The volume of the space allows open planning and hen forth, activities which require displays are preferred here. The customer can roam around in these shops to buy the displayed things inside.

94

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

This typology is preferred for commercial use. Such volume is used for activities which require storage like grocery, medical, etc.

There is no need for huge display spaces, so customers can just buy their things from outside and go.

The buildings with for commercial/ sto like a godown or a w This place is purely employed here and usually come here roof above gives ventilation.

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.3.1

roofs are used orage activities workshop space. y for the people d no customers e directly. The the required

Volume of Shop in Section The single floor shop is very common but their plinth levels are different as per need. The local people who are not rich living here use this typology. These are generally found to be flower shops, religious shop, dairy, etc. there is no need for proper storage in such shops as the fresh stock comes in daily.

This double heightens volumes are used for hardware and crackers shops. The storage is required here but along with that open planning is also required to keep items sorted for the ease of the shopkeeper. This helps him get the things fast when a customer hands him over a list. The volume also helps in ventilation for the hardware shops.

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7.3.2

Plinth and Arrangement

Religious and flower shop has higher plinth as they have may items which are used for worshiping. because of this they only allowed window shopping. They use to display fresh flower garland and other flower decoration items on outside of shop to attract people.

shop of religious anf flower Fig 7.3.2 96

Arrangements in religious related shop

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Dairy and sweets related shops has lower plinth which allowed people to enter the shop for purchasing. This type of shops are pack and covered to protect from dust and pollution because it has product which use in eating and should be kept fresh.

shop of dairy and sweets Fig 7.3.3 Arrangements in Dairy and Sweets shop 97

Clothes and fashion related shop has Morden look.

Glass façade and wooden furniture are use in shop.

They have wide plinth outside of shop for statues or posters where they displayed their product.

Their renovation gap is very less.

shop of clothes and fashion Fig 7.3.4 98

Arrangements in Clothes and Fashion related shop

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

General store and novelty shop are active among all this because they sell the product which is more use in our day to day life. Plinths does not have particular heights. As they have more products Their half of the product are displayed on outside of the shop.

shop of grocery and general store Fig 7.3.5 Arrangements in General Store 99

7.4

CHARACTERISTICS OF STREET 7.4.1

100

Cross Section of Street 1

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.4.1

Cross Section of lower side of street (outside of inner fort wall) 101

7.4.2

102

Cross Section of Street 2

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.4.2

Cross Section of Upper side of street (Inside of inner fort wall) 103

104

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.4.3

Cross Section of Upper side of street (Inside of inner fort wall) 105

Fig 7.4.4 Lower side of street (outside of inner fort wall)

Fig 7.4.5

Upper side of street (Inside of inner fort wall)

7.4.3

108

Other Cross Section

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.4.6

Other type of Cross Section at Study area 109

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.4.7

Elevation of Facade

7.5

FACADE EXPRESSION 7.5.1 Design Pattern

Fig 7.5.1

Design Pattern in Lower Street

Façade of lower part of street are very narrow. This part was made for commercial activities that’s why Volume of shop are more and also has storage space like loft above the shop. building of Morden or post-Morden architecture style are more observed.

112

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.5.2

Design Pattern in Upper Street

Façade of upper part of street are little wide compare to other side. Here they have shop and entry oh house adjacent to each other. Important of residence building is more here. More old building are found which are made of wood and carving.

113

7.5.1

114

Style and Condition

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSION

Fig 7.5.3

Style and Condition of Building

115

Fig 7.5.4

Style and Condition of Building in lower street

Fig 7.5.5

Style and Condition of Building in Upper street

CONCLUSION

Boundaries within the cities are important link between humans and their settlement and growth of particular area. It is necessary to maintain connectivity of this link. If this link break then there will be large change in urban planning and urban growth of town or cities. At a movement these places are completely ignore by authorities In India No doubt this place is known as boundaries or edge, but this are the most active plaza or area of city. There is continues movement of people whole day. Many commercial activities too take place here. But this movement activities are just for transportation which make it a dead edge with in the city In this case, Navsari bazar is place which is develop at centre of two different phase. So, transition and evolution are clearly seen here. There are many old buildings which were constructed before independence. As there is different communities’ verities of art and architecture is observed in elevation. Many flower and decoration shop and clothes and fashion related shop are present here.

Large and small temple and masjid are also found in immediate area.

Due to different communities are living here many social boundaries are created. Social Boundaries are basic guidelines of communities that people create to establish their unique identity. But as guideline and rules increases, peoples get bound by more and more problem, which affects growth of individual and their families, and at larger scale it affects 120

BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE CITY

development or area. to reduce this problem these boundaries may need to convert in active space.

With the help of this all advantage this place may act as historic place or open library of different style of building. This place can also use to celebrate flower and fashion festival of city. It can be evolved in many ways so, instead of making this place as dead boundary, we can easily make it an active city or area centre as this place show many characteristics for public gathering.

At broad scale if there is proper active boundaries, urban planning and development of city also show positive growth. Cities become more open.it change or improve the perspective of thinking this place in designer mind. This how verities and evolution of active public edge will experience in a single city.

Instead of making dead boundaries, there may be many ways to make an active edge which connect people. open and gathering spaces like parks, pedestrian’s auditorium, food court, etc. give a proper life to place and surrounding. This also make strong social connection between people of different communities who are living nearby.

“Treat boundaries as a city centre” “Lesser the boundaries, more the connectivity and unity.”

CONCLUSION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY Architects Literature study : Ar. Richard Sennett History : Manvita Baradi and Meghna Malhotra Book History : AT THE CORE - understanding the built heritage of surat and rander Figure Fig 2.0.1 : https://www.tripsavvy.com/delhi-4138751 Fig 2.0.2 : https://fineartamerica.com/featured/hanging-out-the-wash-in-a-venice-alley-lowell-monke.html Fig 2.0.3 : https://theconversation.com/ Fig 2.0.4 : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Docks#/media/File:East_India_dock_1806.jpg Fig 2.0.5 : https://in.pinterest.com/pin/351210470917781079/ Fig 3.1.2 :

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/575123814915127852/

Fig 3.1. 3 :

http://marvelousmonument.blogspot.com/2018/05/english-cemetery-surat-gujarat.html

Fig 3.1.4 : Fig 3.1.5 :

http://marvelousmonument.blogspot.com/2018/05/english-cemetery-surat-gujarat.html

Fig 3.1.6 :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Surat

Fig 4.1.5 :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLuM3RltYb0

Fig 4.1. 6 :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx8WhPT1MR8

Fig 4.1.7 :

https://twitter.com/suratsmartcity/status/1068125928063041536

Fig 4.1.8 :

https://twitter.com/thefirstindia/status/1243818166968397824

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