2019 Southern & Coastal Maine

Maine’s History Magazine

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Volume 28 | Issue 8 | 2019

15,000 Circulation

Southern & Coastal Maine

Maine’s Scottish POWs Descendants of the battle of Dunbar are here today

Portland’s Harbor Defenses Keeping the Maine coast safe

Waldoboro’s Atherton W. Clark Joshua Chamberlain’s right-hand man

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Southern & Coastal Maine

2

Inside This Edition

Maine’s History Magazine 3

I t Makes No Never Mind James Nalley

4

Newfield’s Gideon Straw House Does Hannah’s spirit still walk the halls?

C.J. Pike

7

The Life Of A Maine Immigrant Grandmother’s diaries reveal cherished details Marilyn Ricker Bolduc

14 Maine’s Scottish POWs Descendants of the battle of Dunbar are here today

Sally Furber Nelson 22 From Baseball To Business The 1882 Bridgton High baseball team

Barbara Adams 26 Portland’s Harbor Defenses Keeping the Maine coast safe

James Nalley 34 Portland Native Howie Carr He tells it like it is in his writing

Charles Francis 40 Portland’s Willy Ferrero The three-year old symphony conductor

Charles Francis 43 Freeport’s Donald MacMillan

Arctic explorer and Bowdoin graduate

James Nalley 51 Brunswick’s George Palmer Putnam Founder of G.P. Putnam & Sons Charles Francis 53 Every Street Leads To The Sea When Maine led in the building of wooden ships

Dorothy Boone Kidney 54 W aldoboro’s Atherton W. Clark Joshua Chamberlain’s right-hand man

Brian Swartz 57 Maine’s Ancient Middens Spanning 40 centuries on the Damariscotta River

Brian Swartz

Southern & Coastal Maine

Publisher & Editor Jim Burch

Layout & Design Liana Merdan

Advertising & Sales Manager Tim Maxfield

Advertising & Sales Jennifer Bakst Dennis Burch Tim Maxfield

Field Representatives Matt Connolly James & Diane Nute

Office Manager Liana Merdan

Contributing Writers Barbara Adams Marilyn Ricker Bolduc Charles Francis Dorothy Boone Kidney James Nalley Sally Furber Nelson C.J. Pike Brian Swartz

Published Annually by CreMark, Inc. 10 Exchange Street, Suite 208 Portland, Maine 04101 Ph (207) 874-7720 info@discovermainemagazine.com www.discovermainemagazine.com Discover Maine Magazine is distributed to town offices, chambers of commerce, financial institutions, fraternal organizations, barber shops, beauty salons, hospitals and medical offices, newsstands, grocery and convenience stores, hardware stores, lumber companies, motels, restaurants and other locations throughout this part of Maine.

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Front Cover Photo:

David Bergson at Maine Fisheries Corp, ca. 1958 from the Atlantic Fisherman Collection and www.PenobscotMarineMuseum.org All photos in Discover Maine’s Southern & Coastal Maine edition show Maine as it used to be, and many are from local citizens who love this part of Maine.

Photos are also provided from our collaboration with the Maine Historical Society and the Penobscot Marine Museum.

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com

It Makes No Never Mind

by James Nalley

O

ver the past two decades, the city of Portland has gained a reputation as a “foodie” city in which residents and visitors will not only find creative, farmto-table meals, but also craft beverages to enjoy them with. Interestingly, the craft breweries and wine bars throughout the Old Port district stand in stark contrast to the state’s history. In fact, in 1851, Maine was the first state in the country to ban alcohol sales, which subsequently influenced other states to do the same. In 1919, the 18th Amendment was ratified, thus prohibiting “intoxicating liquors” at the national level.

Prior to the 18th Amendment, the term “temperance” (i.e., abstinence from alcohol) was a “hotbed” issue that divided the Portland community. On the one hand, supporters praised the move, since they believed that it was one of society’s evils that promoted public/domestic violence and poverty. On the other hand, drinking was an everyday activity of many hard-working Portland residents and European immigrants. Yet, the prohibitionists and their influential social groups constantly pressured politicians to support their cause. They soon found a powerful ally in Portland-na-

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tive Neal Dow, who, through his actions, earned nicknames such as the “Napoleon of Temperance” and the “Father of Prohibition.” He even ran for President in 1880, as the Prohibition Party candidate.

Meanwhile, the residents of Portland simply ignored the regulations. According to the global startup “Culture Trip,” “Farmers turned their appeals into ciders and wines, and fines on taverns became a cost of doing business. Rum running from Canada through Maine’s ports became big business, and authorities who couldn’t be bought were simply evaded.” In 1855, the tension came to a head, when it was rumored that Dow himself was secretly storing $1600 of liquor for “medicinal use.”

A crowd of 3,000 gathered outside of city hall, after which Dow ordered the militia to fire on them. Known as The Portland Rum Riot of 1855, one man was killed and seven were wounded. This event quickly turned public opinion against Dow, who only regained his reputation after pushing for the abolition of slavery and serving as a colonel in the U.S. Civil War. In 1932, after more than a decade of dealing with bootleggers and gangsters, the idea of creating jobs and revenue through the legalization of liquor had become un-

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deniable. In the following year, Congress repealed the highly unpopular 18th Amendment.

For those interested in doing some imbibing (at least at the time of this publication), there are two great options. First, there is the Harvest on the Harbor (October 17-20), which celebrates Portland’s local and independently owned restaurants. In addition to delicious food, it offers craft beers, wines, and spirits. Second, according to “Yakima Chief- Hops,” there are three brewing companies of note: Allagash Brewing Company, Foundation Brewing Company (across the street from Allagash), and Austin Street Brewery (right behind Foundation).

Well, regarding drinking, let me close with the following: An Irishman, Englishman, and Scotsman go into a pub and order a pint of Guinness. Just as the bartender hands them over, three flies buzz in, and one lands in each glass. The Englishman looks disgusted, pushes his pint away and demands a new one. The Scotsman simply picks out the fly and downs half the glass.

The Irishman reaches into the glass, pinches the fly between his fingers and shakes it while yelling, “Spit it out, ya bastard! Spit it out!”

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Newfield’s Gideon Straw House Does Hannah’s spirit still walk the halls?

by C.J. Pike

M

any tales have been told of spirits wandering the halls of the old Straw place over the years, but just how these tales came about is a mystery. And, the question is, do we really believe in ghosts of a past life or is telling stories of a scary, ghostly nature just a pastime for cold, dark nights?

The old house creaked and groaned as the family members made their way up to bed. A heavy branch slapped the side of the house, while a smaller one eerily stroked the window pane.

The wind was very strong that night and chilly air filtered through the tiny cracks of the three-hundred-year-old structure.

It was just before 11:10 p.m. as the two sisters mounted the back stairs.

Nervously, Alice turned and said, “I think I just saw something.” There was no light on the old stairway, and shadows from the full moon could play tricks on you.

“It was probably just a shadow,” Shirley said.

“No, I’m certain it was a long dark skirt over a pair of boots going up the stairs just ahead of me,” Alice said.

“You’re just tired. It’s been a long day,” returned Shirley and she let the subject drop. She had heard the stories and read the tales of the ghost of Hannah Chadbourne, who reportedly haunted their old home, but until now

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she had neither seen nor heard nothing.

And truthfully, she wasn’t really sure that her sister saw anything at all. Perhaps she was just caught up in the legend of the old Straw family house.

Legend has it that Hannah had been very ill and had died on a cold, dark, wintery night. Winter had been hard that year and would not release its cold, icy grip until well into March. On that night, Hannah succumbed to her illness at exactly 11:10 p.m. And so the legend begins.

Because there was still so much snow, she was buried under the kitchen floorboards, and her grave marker was placed on top. Legend has it that every night at exactly 11:10 p.m. she wanders

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com the halls of the great house, looking for something or someone, but nobody knows who or what. Maybe she looks for her family members, or maybe she is feverish and can’t sleep. Even still, maybe she looks for the new intruders in her house where someone new is sleeping in her bedroom.

In the many years since they purchased the house, there hadn’t been any signs of paranormal activity and that suited the Flemings just fine. After all, they had two young daughters to think of, and that was their main concern.

However, back in the late 1950s three single men owned the house and used it as a hunting lodge. The three men would sit around the old stove and drink after a day of hunting, toasting her and making fun of the ghost of Hannah Chadbourne, who was sleeping under the kitchen floorboards.

As the story goes, Darryl eventual-

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ly bought out his two partners, but the nights alone were long and he began to see her regularly. She would come into his room. At first it was just a visit, but then Hannah got bolder and would lean over his bed and stroke his face. Darryl would pull the covers over his head and cower down into the bed hoping that she would just go away, but after a few years, he couldn’t take it any longer. He sold the house and moved as far away as possible.

According to Wendall and Shirley Fleming, they purchased the property from Hilda Perry in 1978. The sale included the house along with 32 acres of the original property. It was a perfect house in which to raise their daughters and a convenient commute for Wendall. He worked in Boston for the airlines but only had to drive down once a week.

Originally, Lieutenant Gideon Straw bought the 100-acre lot in 1787 and built the main part of the house in 1794.

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He installed Indian shutters on the thirteen windows of the cape downstairs, pumpkin pine flooring in the dining area, wide board wainscoting, several fireplaces, and a coffin corner staircase leading to the upstairs bedrooms. “Coffin corners” were built into the turns of staircases in Victorian days and before in order to maneuver a coffin down the steep staircase without too much difficulty.

Gideon Straw had nine children, but one died at a young age. They all lived in the Newfield house for many years. His first child was named Agnes, which he had with his first wife.

Then, his second wife, Mary, bore eight more. David, Betsy, Abigail, Cyrene, Mary Ann, who lived just a couple of months, Daniel, a second Mary Ann, and Sarah. Daniel remained on his father’s homestead with his wife Hannah Chadbourne. He died in 1890 and (cont. on page 6)

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(cont. from page 5) Hannah died in 1899. They are buried in the family plot across the street from the house. Daniel and Hannah had ten children, but Mary, Cyrene, and David were unmarried and were the last of the family to live in the house.

Over the years, there have been a few changes to the large house, but the basic house structure remains intact. At some point an addition was added, and later full bedrooms and baths were put in upstairs. Mrs. Fleming hired Cornish artist Sandy Howe to stencil a scene depicting the Newfield Village on the walls of the front staircase, and a greenhouse was added on the back, off from the kitchen.

Although not everyone believes in ghosts, spirits and the paranormal, I have always loved a good ghost story on Halloween. The old Straw place may or may not have the spirit of Hannah Chadbourne living there, but the myth lives on. There are many other places in

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Your mind will play tricks on you as you try to convince yourself that it was nothing. But what was it really? Was it a message from beyond?

All information from this story was from Early Families of Newfield by Ruth Bridges Ayers; Prominent American Ghosts by Susy Smith, Shirley and Wendall Fleming, and local historians. The historical part of the story is true, and the family who was connected to it. But, over the years, the stories may have been embellished, and what may seem to be true, sometimes is not.

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The Life Of A Maine Immigrant Grandmother’s diaries reveal cherished details

by Marilyn Ricker Bolduc

M

y grandmother, Annie (Steele) Ricker, was born in Halifax in Yorkshire, England on December 24, 1900. Her mother, whose name was Annie, too, died in 1907. Her father was Joseph Steele. She had a sister Alice, a brother William, a half-sister Jessie and a half-brother Wilfred (Jack).

My grandmother was sickly as a child. She had severe respiratory problems and rheumatoid arthritis. Her father was told that if he did not take her to a drier climate that she would not survive to adulthood.

In the spring of 1912 Annie’s father and an uncle, whose last name was Sharpe, decided to move the family

to America. The textile mills in Sanford were hiring many experienced mill workers from Northern England.

At the time of Annie’s birth, Joseph Steele was a journeyman wheelwright.

He was hired as a pattern maker in the Sanford mills.

Annie’s father got tickets to come over on the maiden voyage of the new unsinkable ship the Titanic. A few days before the Titanic was to sail, Annie’s older sister decided that she wanted to go to America, too. Since there were no more tickets available on the Titanic, they exchanged theirs for tickets on the Olympic.

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The Olympic was the Titanic’s sister ship and was to set sail on the same course four days later. The Olympic was nearly identical to the Titanic. It was launched earlier and had already made at least one round trip to America.

The Titanic struck an iceberg and sank on its fifth day at sea. The Olympic was on the same course and was one day out of port when it received news of the sinking. The Olympic was ordered to stop and search for bodies when it reached the spot where the Titanic went down. My grandmother said that the ship arrived at the site about midnight.

She remembered it very well because it (cont. on page 8)

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(cont. from page 7) was such a treat to be allowed to stay up all night.

Every man and woman was lined up at the rails and every floodlight on the Olympic was lit. A large area around the ship was illuminated and everyone expected to see bodies in the water. Some debris, such as deck chairs, was spotted, but no bodies were found or recovered. The search continued for about twelve hours — until well after dawn. The Olympic then continued its voyage to New York.

The family settled in Sanford. Annie was in a wheelchair because of the rheumatoid arthritis for about a year after moving to the United States. After that year she started walking again, though she did have a setback. She fell through thin ice into the freezing waters of the Mousam River at the Sanford Mill’s Number One Pond. She contracted double pneumonia. I was told that Annie’s father stayed up all

night applying a plaster (medication and heat) to her chest, and this saved her life.

Annie attended Longfellow School in Sanford in 1914. She also went to Emerson School and later attended a commercial school to learn shorthand and bookkeeping. I was told this commercial school was on the corner of Mechanic St. (this street is now gone) and Washington St. in Sanford.

On December 3, 1917 my grandmother Annie and her family all became citizens of the United States in the Maine District Court in Portland.

I know my grandmother was always very proud of being an American.

Annie married my grandfather, Raymond Ricker, on July 16, 1925. They spent their honeymoon camping in the White Mountains. My grandfather had been married before and had two young children. He lost his first wife in childbirth. Annie helped raise these two

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children like they were her own.

In 1926 Annie and Ray had a daughter, Estella. She was the light of their lives. Unfortunately, at six months old she contracted pneumonia and later died from complications. I can only imagine the heartbreak in that household.

Annie’s father, Joseph Steele, built a house on Gove St. for Annie and Ray after their marriage. He also built twenty-six other houses in Sanford. Joseph was one of the men that helped flatten Zion Hill. Zion Hill was a large hill on River Street in Sanford. They removed the dirt from the hill, spreading most of it in the mill yards. Then the Seamloc Mills were built on that spot and are still standing today.

Annie and Ray worked in the Sanford mills for many years, according to her diaries. She started writing these diaries on January 1, 1934, and continued writing them until five days be-

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com fore her death on May 28, 1987. I now have possession of the diaries and have found much information in them for this story. Also, I learned a lot from Annie’s half-sister, Jessie Cole.

Some diary entries are: on January 1, 1934, she wrote that she went to the mills in the morning and afternoon looking for work but there was no work; on July 4, 1934, she made a freezer of ice cream; on July 16, she wrote that she celebrated her wedding anniversary by having a whist party; and on July 18, Annie wrote that the day was very hot and dry and there were a lot of fires.

Annie loved to travel and on August 6, 1934 she took a train from Kennebunk to Buffalo, New York. On August 8 she took a bus trip to Niagara Falls and August 9 she took a boat ride on Lake Erie.

On September 2, 1934 Annie went picking cranberries and also got a few mushrooms. The next day she went

clamming at Hills Beach in Biddeford and picked eight pounds of mushrooms.

On September 21 she worked a whole week and was paid fourteen dollars.

In 1935 my grandmother wrote in her diary that airmail was eight cents for the first ounce or fraction thereof, thirteen cents for each additional ounce or fraction thereof, regardless of distance. First class mail was three cents for each ounce or fraction thereof.

On March 1, 1935 Annie wrote that she got in a full week working a new job (a good loom and loop wire). She made eighteen dollars that week. Then from November 1936 to June 1937 she wrote that she worked in the wool room and ran two looms and made good pay.

Also in 1937 my grandfather and grandmother bought a camp lot and a boat on lower Mousam Lake in Shapleigh. They paid fifty cents a week for the loan. Then in 1942 they bought the Lebanon Eastwood Railroad Station

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My grandmother wrote in her diaries that I was born at 4:47 p.m. on December 18, 1951 and I weighed eight pounds and one ounce. I was so happy to find this information. My mother did not remember my time of birth or my weight. With so many kids (eight) it is no surprise.

On February 22, 1952 my grandmother came home and found my grandfather dead. He died from a heart attack at the age of 52.

In later years my grandmother worked for the county, checking on people that were receiving food stamps.

She also worked as a housekeeper for an elderly lady before retiring.

My grandmother was a member of (cont. on page 10)

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(cont. from page 9) many organizations. She was a member of the Order of Eastern Star, Daughters of St. George, the American Legion Auxilliary, the 50-Plus Club, and the Rebekahs. She also often traveled to New York and especially to England.

Her half-brother, Wilfred, always lived in Halifax, England and she enjoyed visiting him.

In her diaries I found stories of her many trips to England. One trip that she wrote about was on July 5, 1968 and she said that she went to see where her father worked and where they had lived before moving to America. She wrote that it was in ruins. Also on July 8, 1968, she wrote that she went to Shibden Fold and saw the bars and the stile where she used to play. My grandmother loved England and traveled to different parts of it.

My grandmother made some of her traveling money by baking and selling cakes. She made beautiful wedding and

birthday cakes. For many years she also sold Beeline Fashions, a line of clothing.

My favorite memories of my grandmother were that she made each of us (a family of ten) one of her famous cakes on every birthday. Also she came to dinner every Sunday, and after dinner she would help my mother with the many dishes so we children could go outside and play. I remember her as the sweetest lady and even now I hear people say, “What a good old soul Annie was.”

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Own a piece of history!

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Route One Searsport, Maine 04974 207-548-2529 www.penobscotmarinemuseum.org

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Ocean camp at the lower end of Flying Point Road in Freeport, ca. 1920. Item # 17435 from the collections of the Maine Historical Society and www.VintageMaineImages.com

Located directly across from L.L. Bean in Freeport

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14

Maine’s Scottish POWs Descendants of the battle of Dunbar are here today

by Sally Furber Nelson

O

n September 3, 1650 a battle took place in Dunbar, Scotland, which has had a lasting effect on many families in Maine. Oliver Cromwell and his English Parliamentary army soundly defeated the Scottish army at the battle of Dunbar. Descendants of these Scottish soldiers can be found throughout Maine today.

After the battle, some sick and wounded Scottish soldiers were allowed to go home, but some 4,000 others were forced to march south into England. In Durham the prisoners were locked in the town’s cathedral, where many of them died from starvation, lack of fresh water, and filthy living conditions. About one hundred and fif-

ty of the strongest prisoners were sent to America on the ship Unity to be sold as indentured servants.

One year to the day after the Battle of Dunbar, on September 3, 1651, another battle took place in Worcester, England, which was again won by the English forces. More prisoners were transported to New England on the ship John and Sara, arriving in early 1652.

Some three hundred and fifty years later, in November 2013, construction workers in Durham excavating for a new library found a piece of skull and a piece of pelvis. This led to a supervised excavation of the site led by Richard Annis, a University of Durham archaeologist. It soon became clear that the

remains were part of a mass grave.

Radiocarbon dating indicated dates between 1640 and 1655. Isotopic analysis of teeth from 13 of the people showed that they likely came from various parts of Scotland. After several years of analysis, the researchers reached the conclusion that indeed these were the remains of the Scots soldiers. They published their research and their findings in a book titled Lost Lives, New Voices: Unlocking the Stories of the Scottish Soldiers from the Battle of Dunbar 1650 (Oxbow Books, 2018).When the researchers announced on the university website that the mass graves held remains of Battle of Dunbar soldiers, they were surprised to find a

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com massive influx of online traffic from the United States. As a result, some of the researchers made a presentation of their findings at a public library in Saugus, Massachusetts to a packed audience, many of them descendants of the Scottish prisoners. Several of these descendants formed a group now known as The Scottish Prisoners of War Society or SPOW; this group now has a website, blog, Yahoo! Email Group, Family Tree DNA project, and Instagram and Twitter pages.

A list of the Scottish prisoners who arrived on the John and Sara is recorded but no known list of the passengers on the Unity is known to exist. However, various researchers have made compilations. The authors of Lost Lives, New Voices have included lists of the definite, probable, possible, and doubtful former prisoners in their book. Each entry is composed of surname and forenames, residence, date of first appearance in New England records, years of

birth and death, and brief notes of interest or justification.

Based on these lists, the following can be identified as living in what is now Maine: Definite - Peter Grant; Probable: Niven Agnew, James Barry, Henry Brown, Thomas Canade/ Kennedy, Alexander Cooper, Patrick Denmark, Thomas Doughty, William Furbish/Ferbush, William Gowen alias Smith, James Grant (1), James Grant (2), George Gray, Thomas Holmes, Robert Junkins, Micum McIntire, Alexander McNair, Alexander Maxwell, James Middleton, John Neal, James Orr, John Reed, James Ross, John Taylor, William Thompson, James Warren; Possible – Duncan Chisholm, Allister Coombs, Daniel Dill, Daniel Ferguson Alexander Frizzell, James Grant (3), Daniel Livingstone, Andrew Rankin.

All of the Scottish prisoners brought to America were sold to planters and others who needed workmen. The usual price paid was twenty pounds per man,

yielding a nice profit for the investors who paid for their transportation to America. After working for five to eight years, the men were given their liberty.

Many received grants of land in towns where they worked. As indentured servants, these men were not allowed to marry until they received their liberty.

Some never married and some married Irish maids who had been brought over as house servants.

London investor John Becx, with a consortium of English and colonial investors, had ironworks in Massachusetts, and planned sawmills in Great Works, now North Berwick. The Scottish war prisoners could fill the labor needs of these burgeoning industries.

Becx retained a number of the Scottish prisoners at the Iron Works in Saugus, sold some to individuals, and sent others to the sawmills in North Berwick.

Other sawmill owners took advantage of the cheap labor. Valentine Hill (cont. on page 16)

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(cont. from page 15) bought seven of the Scots for his mills in Oyster River, now Durham, New Hampshire. Nicholas Lissen of Exeter used Scottish labor for his Lamprey River mill. Henry Sayward did the same at his mills from York to Casco in Maine.

Still other prisoners were sold to individuals as personal servants. John Taylor and his wife Martha were servants of Richard Leader, the manager of the sawmill in upper Kittery. Alexander Maxwell was a servant of George Leader, Richard’s brother. Later, Maxwell was the first Scot to buy land and settle in what became the town of Scotland in York County.

Several of these Scottish prisoners first lived in the Oyster River (now Durham) and Dover areas of New Hampshire but later moved north to southern Maine. Some lived in upper Kittery in an area called Unity Parish, obviously named for the ship which

Main Street in Kennebunk. Item # LB2007.1.101135 from the Eastern Illustrating & Publishing Co. Collection and www.PenobscotMarineMuseum.org

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com brought them to America. Peter Grant, James Warren, John Taylor, and George Gray lived in that area as did such early settlers as James Stackpole, William Goodwin, and Nathan Lord.

Children of these early settlers often intermarried. Margaret Warren, daughter of James Warren, married James Stackpole. Deliverance Taylor, daughter of John Taylor, married William Goodwin. Her sister Abigail married William’s brother Moses Goodwin.

Descendants of Nathan and Martha (Everett) Lord married the descendants of Peter Grant, Alexander Cooper, William Furbush, William Gowen, George Gray, Robert Junkins, John Taylor, James Warren, and probably others.

The Scots’ children also married each other. Catharine Furbush, daughter of William, married Andrew Neal, son of John Neal. Elizabeth Gowen, daughter of William, married Alexander Ferguson, son of Daniel. Mehitable Thompson, daughter of Sarah Furbush

and Thomas Thompson, married Adam Goodwin, son of Deliverance Taylor and William Goodwin. George Gray’s son James married Martha Goodwin, daughter of Abigail (Taylor) Goodwin.

Three of the Scottish prisoner families merged when Micom McIntire, Jr. married Jane Grant, daughter of William and Jane (Warren) Grant.

The ordeal of these Scottish prisoners did not end with their arrival in America. James Grant disappeared before June 10, 1664, and his brother Peter married his widow. Thomas Canade/Kennedy was killed by a falling tree in 1660. Several of them were killed or taken captive by the Indians.

James Barry/Barrow was slain in October of 1675 in Kittery. Daniel Dill and Robert Junkins were killed by the Indians in 1711 while fishing together.

James Ross and his wife Anne were both killed in an Indian attack on August 11, 1676.

Hopewell, the daughter of William

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Furbush, married Enoch Hutchins and had five children. Hopewell and 3 of her sons were taken captive by Indians 4 May 1705; she was pregnant at the time. While she and the children were in Canada, Enoch died. Their daughter Mary Katherine was born Sept 6, 1705, in Canada. Hopewell and the four children finally returned to Maine. She remarried and had five more children.

In addition, several of these Scottish prisoners were in trouble with the law. Alexander Cooper and his wife were admonished for profane speeches in 1669. Alexander Maxwell, a servant of Mr. George Leader, was cited for abusing his master and mistress. In 1661 brothers James and Peter Grant were ordered to return to their wives in Scotland. After James’ death, Peter was brought to court for continuing to live with the widow Joanna who was “bigg with Child.”

However, the Scottish prisoners also (cont. on page 18)

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(cont. from page 17) assumed positions of trust and standing in their communities. Alexander Maxwell, James Warren, and Peter Grant were chosen as surveyors of the highway in their towns. Thomas Doughty was elected Town Treasurer of Saco in 1688. Doughty held high repute as a lumberman. He succeeded Roger Plaisted at the Great Works Mill in Berwick and later had his own sawmill.

These Scottish prisoners maintained a close alliance with each other. Nivan Agnew, called “Niven the Scot,” administered the estate of James Barry, married his widow, and lived on his land in Berwick. Agnew had no children but left his estate to John Taylor and Peter Grant. John Taylor, George Gray, and James Warren were witnesses to the will of Alexander Cooper.

Robert Junkins and James Grant were bondsmen for Andrew Rankin in 1667.

The descendants of these Scottish

prisoners of war moved from the Kittery area to other parts of Maine where they also became community leaders.

George Gray’s descendants can still be found in Hancock County. In 1992, one Micom McIntire married a woman named Moira Ellen Reardon in Augusta.

People with ancestors in the Kittery, Berwick and York areas are very likely to find that they descend from these Scottish prisoners of war who were transported to America in 1650 and 1651. Maine people with names such as Ferguson, McIntire, Cooper, Warren or Maxwell may be related to these Scottish prisoners of war but descendants of such early Maine families as Abbot, Goodwin, Lord, or Stackpole may be related as well.

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G.W. Carll store in East Waterboro. Item # LB2007.1.100657 from the Eastern Illustrating & Publishing Co. Collection and www.PenobscotMarineMuseum.org

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Town Hall in Sanford. Item # LB208.19.115559 from the Eastern Illustrating & Publishing Co. Collection and www.PenobscotMarineMuseum.org

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22

From Baseball To Business The 1882 Bridgton High baseball team

by Barbara Adams

I

n the summer of 1882 Bridgton was the proud possessor of two famous baseball teams which were victorious in more hard-fought battles on the diamond than any other local team had been before. They were known as the Bridgton Center Nine, and the Bridgton High School Nine. It is the latter team which is featured here because it is unusual to note that in those days all nine members went on to develop successful and lucrative businesses.

Ralph A. Wadsworth settled in Honolulu and became known as the Soda & Water King of the Pacific. The women and men of those sweltering islands were particularly fond of cool sodas and vanilla creams, and Wadsworth

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seized the opportunity to fill that need.

Fred C. Knight, with the distinction of being one of Bridgton’s most handsome men, became the owner of the large hardware store opposite Bridgton’s newly-erected hotel. He was also the secretary of the Bridgton Farmers and Mechanics Fair Club, as well as manager and part owner of Bridgton’s

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Edward Chaplin held a lucrative clerical position in Portland. Albert C. Shorey was a graduate of Bowdoin College and became editor and publisher of the Brunswick Telegraph newspaper.

John A. Palmer, an expert civil engineer, went to Boston and was gaining an enviable reputation. During the Spanish-American War he was actively involved in placing mines in Boston Harbor.

Frank L. Mason became a barber in North Conway, New Hampshire and probably shaved the faces of as many notable people as any barber in Maine.

George H. Larrabee, also a graduate

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com of Bowdoin, became a most successful high school teacher, and eventually became the principal of the high school in Newcastle.

Charles A. Scribner of Bridgton was the sales agent of a kerosene company for northern Cumberland, treasurer of the Bridgton Fair Corporation, and one of the members of the Mack Cigar Machine syndicate. The machine was just being marketed and was proving to be a big success. He was also part owner of the Mount Pleasant House.

Frank Gee, one of the best and most enthusiastic baseball players in the history of the high school, was a “drummer on the road” and collected a sizeable salary. His residence was in Connecticut.

Needless to say, the Bridgton High School Nine, both in high school and in later life, “hit one out of the ballpark.”

Discover Maine

Gambo Dam at Oriental Powder Mills in Windham, ca. 1900. Item # 99132 from the collections of the Maine Historical Society and www.VintageMaineImages.com

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The Tuttle house in Yarmouth, built by Burrill and Susannah Tuttle in 1778. Item # 18002 from the collections of the Maine Historical Society and www.VintageMaineImages.com

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Portland’s Harbor Defenses Keeping the Maine coast safe

by James Nalley

B

efore the birth of aviation, enemies could reach the major harbors with relative ease, thus making coastal forts a cost-effective alternative to using armies and large navy fleets to defends such locations. Over time, the defense systems not only included gun batteries, but also minefields and underwater nets and booms (chains strung across a navigable stretch of water). However, after the 1940s, due to advancements in long-range aircraft and missiles, fixed fortifications were determined to be ineffective.

Among the major harbors along the eastern seaboard, Portland was a worthy destination for enemy forces

12-inch gun similar to the one at Fort Levett.

during World Wars I and II. Thus after the American entry into World War I, the Coast Defenses of Portland, under the command of the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps, received orders to defend the mouth of the Kennebec River and the surrounding region. For this purpose it reactivated various forts

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such as Fort Williams, Fort Levett, Fort Preble, and Fort McKinley, and aimed to thwart any possible invasion with their strategically-placed gun batteries.

Prior to World War I these forts had some formidable firepower. For example, according to the article Coast Artillery Organization by Bolling Smith and William Gaines, “Fort Williams had two 12-inch and five 10-inch guns, Fort Levett had three 12-inch and two 10-inch guns, Fort Preble had sixteen 12-inch mortars, and Fort McKinley had eight 12-inch mortars, two 12-inch guns, and eight 8-inch guns.”

However, as the war progressed, the Coast Artillery Corps was chosen to

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com operate almost all of the U.S.-manned heavy and railway artillery in the war.

As a result, stateside fortifications were drawn down in order to transport experienced gun crews and heavy artillery to the Western Front in Europe. As stated in the article U.S. Army Railway Artillery Projects by Joe Hartwell, “The 8-, 10-, and 12-inch guns were converted to railway artillery, while the 5- and 6-inch guns became field guns on wheeled carriages.” Ironically, only a few railway artillery pieces were actually used in action. According to Hartwell, “The 10-inch guns from Fort Williams and two of the seven 6-inch guns were even returned.”

These outcomes do not suggest that the forts were ignored by the U.S. military. For example, in the article The Strength and Distribution of the U.S. Coast Artillery, 1901-1937

by Bolling Smith, “At all of the forts, temporary buildings were constructed to accommodate the large influx of

new recruits.” Eventually, twenty-nine companies were established, including nine companies that were sent directly to France to man the 6-inch guns on the front lines. However, by September 1918 the regiment simply became a training and replacement unit. By the time the war ended in November of that year, the regiment had seen no action and was deactivated upon their return home.

In January of 1921 Fort Levett was officially completed. It included two 12-inch guns with long-range barbette carriages that increased their range from 18,400 yards to 29,300 yards.

On June 9, 1925 the commands were renamed from Coast Defenses of Portland to Harbor Defenses of Portland, after which the 8th Coast Artillery became the Regular Army component and the 240th Coast Artillery became the Maine National Guard component until 1944.

Prior to the entry of the United

States into World War II, the coastal forts were expanded in order to accommodate the mobilization of manpower and equipment. After the fall of France in 1940 the U.S. Army replaced all of the existing defense guns with 16-inch guns. In 1942 construction began on Battery Steele, which was a 14-acre fortification on Peaks Island, complete with two 16-inch casemated guns (a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which guns are fired).

With such formidable firepower, Harbor Defenses of Portland was centered on the island. According to Smith, “In order to supplement the heavy batteries, three batteries of two 6-inch guns with long-range mountings were also constructed on Peaks Island, the Cape Elizabeth Military Reservation at Two Lights, and the Jewell Island Military Reservation. However, only the Peaks Island battery was armed.”

During World War II there was not (cont. on page 29)

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com (cont. from page 27) only an ongoing threat of a harbor attack, but there were many sightings of German submarines (U-boats) along the coastline of Maine. According to Sharon Cummins, a historical research professional in southern Maine, “German submarines swarmed to American waters when the United States formally declared war on Germany and Italy on December 11, 1941. In fact, by the following June one hundred and seventy-one American vessels had been torpedoed off the east coast. Coastal Mainers, many of whom made their living from the sea, felt like sitting ducks.”

In response to this threat a total of ten Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) batteries were placed at various locations in Casco Bay, with four 90-mm guns and two 40-mm Bofors (anti-aircraft) guns. These batteries, which were able to fire at both air and surface targets, were added to Long Island,

A typical anti-submarine net used during World War II.

Great Chebeague Island, Peaks Island, Bailey Island, Fort Levett, Jewell Island, and Fort Williams. Moreover, the U.S. Navy helped defend Casco Bay by placing nets (anti-submarine nets placed across the mouth of the harbor) and submarine-detecting indicator loops (underwater cables that detected the presence of a submarine that passed over them). As for the latter, they were effective. For example, according to the article Great Scientists Wage the Great War by William Van der Kloot, an in-

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dicator loop gave the first warning of the 1942 attack on Sydney Harbor in Australia, when it detected a midget submarine. The submarine was then spotted after it became entangled in a submarine net. As for Maine, the U.S. Navy established such defense systems near Fort Williams, Peaks Island, Bailey Island, and Cape Elizabeth.

Despite all of these precautions, Casco Bay saw action only once during World War II. On April 23, 1945, while towing targets for U.S. Navy bomber exercises off the coast, U.S.S. Eagle 56 was sunk by a German submarine (U853). Only thirteen of the sixty-seven crewmen survived the attack. U-853 was subsequently sunk off the coast of Rhode Island in May of 1945.

After World War II, the military determined that all of the harbor defenses, especially those around Portland Harbor, were obsolete. By 1948, the (cont. on page 32)

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(cont. from page 29) batteries were scrapped and the remaining coast defense functions were turned over to the U.S. Navy. In January of 1950 the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps and all of its harbor defense commands were dissolved.

Today many of these previously-armed stations have been repurposed for the surrounding communities. For example, Fort Preble is now the campus of Southern Maine Community College with some batteries and garrison buildings still intact, while Fort Williams is currently the Fort Williams Park in the town of Cape Elizabeth. Regardless of their various uses, all of these former forts stand as reminders of a time when seacoast defense was a major concern for the United States.

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Portland Native Howie Carr He tells it like it is in his writing

by Charles Francis

I

f you ever want to question the truth of that big sign that greets you as you pass over the Kittery Bridge on your way into Maine, the one that reads “Maine, The Way Life Should Be,” all you need to do is read Howie Carr’s book on two well-known Bostonians with the last name of Bulger.

A good many Mainers are familiar with Howie Carr because his Boston-based talk radio show has been broadcast by Portland and Bangor stations for years. Regular listeners also know Howie has Maine connections and relatives. Howie was born in Portland. An ex-mayor of Portland, Nicholas Mavodones, is his cousin.

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Howie Carr’s book should make every Mainer, whether a native or transplant, glad to live in this state. The title of the book is, The Brothers Bulger: How They Terrorized and Corrupted Boston for a Quarter Century. I was only a few pages into the book when I began wondering why on earth Howie doesn’t do everything in his power to return to his home town and state. The next thing I thought was, no wonder Maine separated from Massachusetts back in 1820.

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Our cottage neighbors, George and Diane, are from Lawrence, Massachusetts. When we met for the first time, they were surprised to find that I knew who Howie Carr was and that I listened to him regularly. Then I pointed out that Maine radio stations carry his show, and that the Bangor station that carries him comes in loud and clear at our cottage. George, an avid Howie Carr fan, got me the autographed copy of The Brothers Bulger.

The Bulger brothers are William “Billy” and James “Whitey” Bulger.

Billy was a long-term president of the

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com Massachusetts Senate. Reading about Billy made me see that Maine’s term limits for its elected Augusta legislators are a good thing. Whitey was a murderous thug.

Billy Bulger could serve as a poster boy for nepotism and cronyism. Simply put, Billy placed family members and friends as close as possible to the teat of local and state Massachusetts government agencies. Once there, they “milked” the system for as much as they could. Whitey murdered and threatened his way to the top of the criminal heap in Greater Boston. Along the way he bested the Mafia and corrupted or worked in collusion with already corrupt law enforcement officials including John “Zip” Connolly of the FBI. Zip, Billy, and Whitey were all “homeboys” from South Boston, which is called “Southie.” It’s all in Howie’s book.

The Brothers Bulger was a best sell-

er, and not just in the Boston area. It is recognized as more than just a regional work. It made the New York Times bestseller list. Part of the reason for this is that it is sensational. Another part of the reason for the book’s success is that Howie Carr can write. He speaks in plain, everyday language that anyone can relate to. For those that only know Howie Carr from his radio show, it will be something of a surprise to read that the self-deprecating talk show host who refers to himself as “Fat Bastard” can also tell a story with the written word — words that are both pithy and concise. In fact, after reading The Brothers Bulger, I decided Howie was a better writer than a speaker. But then I, as a former English teacher, can think of no greater compliment than to call someone an excellent writer.

Anyone who has ties to the Boston area and beyond or who simply knows Greater Boston will be able to relate to

The Brothers Bulger. I had relatives in Medford at one time. Also, my mother once worked in the Medford Public Library as a children’s librarian. Medford is the location of one of the episodes Carr describes in The Brothers Bulger.

The occasion is a Mafia induction ceremony and involves Zip Connolly.

For all intents and purposes, Connolly was Whitey Bulger’s pet FBI agent.

Each did favors for the other. Connolly got wind of the ceremony that was to take place. Though Whitey had nothing to do with Connolly finding out about the Mafia initiation, the FBI man tried to give Whitey credit for the tip with his FBI superiors. Apparently, Connolly often cited the thug, Whitey, as an informant.

Though Carr doesn’t use the analogy, he makes the Mafia initiation sound like something akin to a Brownie FlyUp. The initiation took place in Medford late in October of 1989. It came (cont. on page 36)

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(cont. from page 35) about at the behest of Rhode Island bosses who wanted to end the contentions between two Boston factions. Zip Connolly found out about it and saw that if he could tape it he would make his reputation. One of the initiates, Vinnie Frederico, was an inmate at the state prison and was out on a weekend furlough. Vinnie brought a date — she worked for Boston Mayor Ray Flynn.

In Howie Carr’s words the initiation “was the usual wiseguy stuff — pricked fingers, incinerated mass cards, mumbo jumbo for the four new inductees about entering the organization alive and leaving it dead.”

Howie Carr’s book is fascinating reading. It left me wondering if Carr had been brought up somewhere other than in Portland would he have written it.

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40

Portland’s Willy Ferrero The three-year old symphony conductor

by Charles Francis “Go, you are a born artist. Of you, history will certainly speak.”

T

hese words were spoken by the reigning French composer of the turn of the nineteenth century, Jules Massenet. Massenet was speaking to three-year-old Willy Ferrero, who had just finished conducting three symphonic pieces at the famous Trocadero in Paris. Massenet had been one of the prime movers in setting up the concert and had assisted in its production. At the time, Massenet was in his last years but that didn’t prevent him from introducing the child prodigy from Portland to the fashionable and musically cultured elite of Paris. In fact, Massenet

bestowed the characteristic French busses on the tiny conductor’s cheeks with tears in his eyes.

While it is true that Willy Ferrero was, without doubt, a born artist, little remains of his accomplishments today.

Yet for almost twenty years he was the toast of the continent and the darling of the European musical world. Crowned heads showered him with medals and orders of merit. More telling, the greatest academicians of the day recognized him as a true talent. He was, in essence, one of those meteors that occasionally blaze across the firmament and then suddenly vanish, leaving one dazzled and wondering what exactly they had experienced.

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Willy Ferrero was just three years and eight months old when he made his appearance at the Trocadero in Paris.

By the time he reached his teen years he had conducted the most finished and largest orchestras in Europe and had been invited to Russia by Czar Nicholas and to the Vatican by two popes.

His appearance on the musical stage of Europe, where he dazzled audiences with his wizardry, is as miraculous as his disappearance. In short, Willy Ferrero was one of those incredibly gifted children whose gift was for childhood only. Like so many gifted children who are characterized by an incredibly high degree of absorption in their work, Willy Ferrero exhibited little interest in

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com social and recreational activities and, portunity to develop what they were as a young adult, paid the price for his sure were natural gifts. From the earlione-sidedness. est days of his infancy, they made sure Willy Ferrero was born at 78 Elm that the child was only spoken to with Street in Portland on May 21, 1906. His complete words and sentences. Moreparents were Victor and Jemimi Marto- over, they immersed him in music, li Ferrero. The infant’s parents were re- constantly singing to him and playing a cent immigrants who had come to Port- myriad of instruments for him. land in hopes of making their way in Today psychologists believe that the cultural boom of the time that was most musicians process music in a epitomized by Hermann Kotzschmar. “language-like” manner. That is, they While Victor and Jemimi Ferre- are analytical rather than emotional in ro found the Portland music scene all their responses to music. The key relathey hoped it to be, they did not find tionship here is that infants who are not life among the immigrants of Portland subjected to “baby-talk,” like “coochyto their liking. Elm Street and the sur- coo,” which is simply sound, learn to rounding area was where most newly speak more rapidly. They do not have arrived Europeans with little money to go through the process of learning settled, and it was predominately made that nonsense words are just that, nonup of dockworkers and laborers. Then sense. For the musically inclined indithe unexpected happened. They had a vidual, this means approaching music child. from the standpoint of language. Notes Both Ferrero parents were musi- are analyzed just as words are. And this Discover MAine Mag 4.85 vertical x 7.625 horizontal cians of ability. They were determined is how Willy Ferrero was treated in inthat their child would have every op- fancy by his parents.

When Willy Ferrero turned two his parents returned to Italy where they made Turin their home base. In Turin they immersed the child in the orchestra. He was taken to concerts, the working sessions of orchestras, and to teachers who taught conducting.

Even today there is no clear definition of giftedness. The most commonly accepted description of a gifted child is that he displays abilities that are consistent with his talents. The abilities take the form of being able to invent new and unique solutions to problems. One can only picture Willy Ferrero, barely three feet tall, standing on a specially raised podium with a baton in his hand.

In moments, he will bring it down, commanding the first crashing notes of a work by one of the great masters. If this is an example of giftedness, then Willy Ferrero was gifted, and others thought so too.

After his debut at the Trocadero, (cont. on page 42)

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(cont. from page 41) Willy Ferrero went on to conduct the orchestra at the Folies Bergère. He had just turned four at the time. There is no record as to whether the famous CanCan dancers performed at the time.

For the next two years the young maestro studied in Rome. Then in October of 1912, when he was just six years old, he conducted his first fulllength symphonic concert at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome. From this point on he stormed across Europe to the amazement and delight of the continent’s music lovers.

In February of 1913 Ferrero conducted the one hundred and twenty-member Russian Imperial Orchestra at St. Petersburg. He did so at the invitation of Czar Nicholas II. After the concert the czar presented him with an array of costly presents including a gold medallion and the medal of the Order of St. Stanislaus.

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In 1914 he was at Albert Hall in London conducting the orchestra. Here Queen Alexandra presented him with a gold watch. One can only imagine the diminutive conductor bowing before the Queen of England. In 1915 he conducted an orchestra and chorus of five hundred at the Augusteum in Italy. Prior to that he had already performed at the Vatican.

Ferrero had been invited to conduct at the Vatican in 1913 by Pope Pius X. In 1917 Pope Benedict XV presented him with a medallion after a second command performance.

Willy Ferrero’s early years were marked with success after success. Accolades poured in from such sources as the Director of the Royal Conservatory of St. Cecilia in Italy and the Director of the Imperial Russian Theater. Then, as the prodigy entered his twenties, his star went into decline.

There is little record of Willy Ferrero from age twenty on. Biographical material state that he completed musical training at the Musical Academy of Vienna. Other than that there are references to his conducting in unnamed European cities.

The last mention of Willy Ferrero is a picture taken when he was thirty. It is in a collection of early twentieth century conductors with no attendant comments. His residence is given as Turin, Italy, where he was living with his parents. The infant who was born on Elm Street in Portland disappeared from the European stage almost as rapidly as he ascended it.

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Freeport’s Donald MacMillan Arctic explorer and Bowdoin graduate

by James Nalley

W

hen it comes to the subject of Arctic exploration, the names Robert Peary and Roald Amundsen are usually in the forefront. However, Freeport resident and Bowdoin College-educated Donald MacMillan completed more than 30 expeditions to the Arctic Circle and traveled over 300,000 miles during his 46-year career. Moreover, he pioneered the use of electricity, radios, and aircraft in Arctic exploration, produced thousands of photographs of the barren landscapes, and even created a dictionary of the Inuktitut language, one of the eight official native tongues in the Northwest Territories.

MacMillan at the wheel of the Bowdoin in 1922

Donald Baxter MacMillan was born in Provincetown, Massachusetts on November 10, 1874. His father, the captain of a Grand Banks fishing schooner, was lost at sea off the coast of Newfoundland when MacMillan was nine years of age. According to the article Donald MacMillan, Hometown Hero by Laurel Guadazno, “MacMillan’s early years were difficult. Sarah MacMillan, his mother, was ill-prepared both physically and financially to support her children after her husband died. Unable to pay her rent, she made some tough choices. She gave up one daughter for adoption to a couple in Freeport.” Meanwhile, Donald and his (cont. on page 44)

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(cont. from page 43) two sisters remained with their mother.

Over the next three years MacMillan earned money for the household through various activities. As stated

by Guadazno, these activities included “diving for pennies off Railroad Wharf, picking cranberries, and selling copies of the book Provincetown, or Odds and Ends from the Tip End to random tourists.” However, in March of 1886, when MacMillan was only 12, his mother died. After living with the family of Captain Murdick MacDonald for two years, MacMillan moved to Freeport to live with his sister and her husband.

Under his new living situation in Maine, MacMillan excelled in high school and went on to Bowdoin College where he earned a degree in geology in 1898. After teaching at various schools, MacMillan was hired at Worcester Academy in Massachusetts where he taught Latin, physical education, and mathematics. According to

the Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum at Bowdoin College, MacMillan “established a summer camp for boys to teach them seamanship and navigation. One summer he saved the lives of nine people from wrecked boats in the course of two nights.” His actions caught the attention of explorer and fellow Bowdoin graduate Robert Peary who immediately invited MacMillan on his 1908 quest for the North Pole. Although MacMillan was forced to turn back on March 14th due to frozen heels, Peary claimed to have reached the North Pole approximately 26 days later.

Despite his failure to complete the journey, MacMillan’s interest in the Arctic only increased. For example, in 1913 he organized the Crocker Land Expedition to Greenland which was partly sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History. According to Guadazno, Macmillan mentioned the following: “In June 1906 Command-

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Crocker Land, however, turned out to be a mirage. Their excursion also came at a significant cost as the expedition was stranded for four years due to heavy ice conditions. It was not until 1917 that they were finally rescued by Captain Robert Bartlett of the S.S. Neptune. (Journals from the expedition are available online at the George Mitch-

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com ell Department of Special Collections & Archives at www.library.bowdoin. edu.) According to Guadazno, “MacMillan had a lot of time to think while he was stranded, and he used the time to formulate the plans for a ship specially designed to withstand the rigors of Arctic exploration.”

Upon his return to the United States, MacMillan quickly realized that the country had entered World War I and naturally joined the U.S. Navy. At 44 years of age he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve Flying Corps, making him one of the oldest ensigns in the history of the U.S. Navy.

After the war MacMillan began raising money to build the ship that he had designed — a ship that could withstand the rigors of Arctic exploration and not become stranded in the ice. In 1921 the schooner Bowdoin launched from East Boothbay and headed toward the Canadian territory of Nunavut and Baffin Is-

Kopper

land, the largest island in Canada. This would be the first of many expeditions in the region. According to the article Wireless North Pole (WNP) Christmas

by John Dilks, this particular expedition was “notable for taking along an amateur radio operator, Don Mix, who used station WNP to keep them in contact with the outside world.” MacMillan had clearly learned from his past experiences.

In 1925 MacMillan led an expedition that was accompanied by U.S. Navy personnel and aircraft, the latter of which were to be used for aerial surveys of Baffin and Ellesmere Islands, the Greenland icecap, and other unexplored areas. However, severe weather conditions, unreliable engines, and poor navigational tools hampered the expedition. Despite these major setbacks, the expedition successfully demonstrated the use of short-wave radio in the Arctic region.

Approximately one year later, Mac(cont. on page 46)

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(cont. from page 45) Millan led another expedition to Labrador and Greenland. This trip included three women and five scientists.

His theory was that the ancient ruins at Sculpin Island were the remains of a 1000-year-old Norse settlement. Although he found indications of roughly 10 “stone igloos,” he was unable to conclude that they were actually built

by Norsemen. As stated in the September 1926 article in The New York Times titled, MacMillan Finds Old Norse Ruins, MacMillan’s strongest argument that the Sculpin dwellings were of Viking origin was “their resemblance to those found in Greenland the previous year.”

In 1938 MacMillan, at the age of 64, was placed on the Naval Reserve Honorary Retired List at the rank of lieutenant commander. On May 22, 1941 he transferred the schooner Bowdoin to the U.S. Navy for the duration of World War II and served as her

Take

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Commander MacMillan at the White House in 1925 first commanding officer before being transferred to the Hydrographic Office in Washington, D.C. In June of 1942 MacMillan was promoted to the rank

of commander.

After World War II MacMillan continued his Arctic expeditions and invited many researchers to perform numerous ground-breaking experiments. In June 1954, by a special act of Congress, MacMillan was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the Naval Reserve for his lifetime achievement. In 1957 he made his final trip to the Arctic at the age of 83. He died peacefully in 1970 at the age of 95 and was buried in Provincetown, Massachusetts. The Macmillan Pier was subsequently named in his honor.

Among the many honors that he received, including the Peary Polar Expedition Medal and the American Defense Service Medal, MacMillan was made an “Honorary Scout” by the Boy Scouts of America for his “achievement in outdoor activities, exploration, and exceptional character.” Others that have received this recognition include

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com Charles Lindbergh and Orville Wright.

Regarding his legacy of Arctic expeditions, perhaps John McDonagh, the Director of the Pilgrim Monument & Provincetown Museum, stated it the best: “It was a huge accomplishment, almost like putting someone on the moon.”

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Brunswick’s George Palmer Putnam Founder of G.P. Putnam & Sons

by Charles Francis

Q

uite possibly no state can equal Maine for rags to riches stories.

The honor roll of Maine men who went out into the world to make a name for themselves is indeed long. The name George Palmer Putnam is high on that list. Putnam was a poor Brunswick boy who went out into the world at fifteen and went on to found not only a major publishing house, G.P. Putnam & Sons, but also to become one of the biggest booksellers in the world with offices in London and other European cities.

In addition he was one of the founders of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. George Palmer Putnam was born in Brunswick in 1814. His parents were Henry and Catherine (Palmer) Putnam. His great uncle was none other than Revolutionary War general and hero Israel Putnam. Due to a number of financial setbacks, the elder Putnams were unable to send their son to college after he completed his common school education. This lack of formal education did not hamper Putnam’s contributions to the intellectual life of America, however. Numbering among his close friends were writers like Washington Irving. Putnam himself made contributions to the world of letters by authoring, among other works, two histories — The Worlds Progress and the Putnam Handbook of Universal History.

He was also one of the stalwarts who stood by Andrew Johnson during the President’s impeachment proceedings and served as a member of the Johnson administration.

George Palmer Putnam’s name has more recently become associated with Amelia Earhart. The George Palmer Putnam who married the aviatrix in 1933 was actually the grandson of the founder of G.P. Putnam & Sons. He was also known for leading two expe-

George Palmer Putnam

ditions to the Arctic and as the author of the Earhart biography, Soaring Wings.

Our George Palmer Putnam has been called the most important publisher in America of the nineteenth century. He has also been called ‘the’ representative American publisher. As noteworthy as these accolades may be they say little about just how important Putnam’s contributions were to American letters in the years leading up to the twentieth century.

George Palmer Putnam was first and foremost a promoter of the American identity as defined by the first great American authors of the nineteenth century. Had it not been for him, Washington Irving, the first truly modern American author, might be a forgotten name today. While Putnam was responsible for publishing authors like Irving, his greatest contribution to American writers can be found in his fight to make sure that they got paid for their work.

Besides promoting the sale of books

by American authors abroad, Putnam

led the fight for international copyright laws so that those authors were paid by British publishers who had routinely reprinted their works without thought of remunerating them.

When George Putnam arrived in New York at the age of fifteen he was almost immediately drawn to the world of books. Incredible as it may seem, Putnam was still in his teen years when he began work on his monumental book The World’s Progress. His first venture into the world of publishing came when he founded Wiley & Putnam with John Wiley in 1838. The two would work together for the next ten years.

Wiley & Putnam were largely responsible for moving Edgar Allan Poe from a mere contributor to newspapers to the status of collected author. In 1838 the firm published Poe’s Tales, releasing it in London. A limited edition was first published by Harper. Then in 1845 they reprinted it for mass consumption.

The Wiley and Putnam partnership was dissolved in 1848. That year Putnam established G. Putnam Broadway — aptly named because his offices were on Broadway in New York. The new firm went on to publish Nathaniel Hawthorne, Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe and a score of other notable American writers.

During the Civil War Putnam served as Commissioner for Internal Revenue for New York City. In his capacity as commissioner Putnam shut down a number of forgery rings that were doing as much to harm the Union war effort as the Confederate army.

In 1866 G. Putnam Broadway became G.P. Putnam & Sons. The sons were George Haven and Herbert Putnam. In 1884 Theodore Roosevelt joined the firm as a partner for a time. (cont. on page 52)

Southern & Coastal Maine

52

(cont. from page 51) The house published Roosevelt’s Naval War of 1812 and The Winning of the West. On three separate occasions it also published Putnam’s Magazine.

The firm also served as the leading international agent for American authors.

In 1870 George Putnam joined with a group of other New York City business leaders to found the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Because of Putnam’s familiarity with Europe he was able to acquire the museum’s first collection of 170 paintings which included works

by Franz Hals and Van Dyck. Putnam went on to become the museum’s first superintendent.

George Palmer Putnam died in 1872.

His sons and later his grandson continued as heads of the institution founded by this remarkable Brunswick-born man who did so much to further American arts and letters.

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Every Street Leads To The Sea When Maine led in the building of wooden ships

by Dorothy Boone Kidney

I

t would have been exciting to have lived in the period when ‘every street ran down to the sea,’ to have been there when Thomaston alone had a hundred sea captains and twenty-five of them were related to Captain Samuel Watts, and to have lived when the captains’ walks on the housetops were actually in use.

It is easy to see why Maine’s interest turned to shipbuilding. The big trees were there, the Englishmen who came over were shipbuilders and had the salt of the sea in their blood. The ocean spread at Maine’s doorstep so shipbuilding was fitting, even necessary for transportation and trading. Some historians even say that shipbuilding led to the Revolution — that the Revolution began in the Maine forests. The old Maine temper got riled up when it saw a broad arrow painted on the best trees marking them for the King’s Navy.

Maine was a clear leader on the seas during this shipbuilding period.

She may well be proud of the fact that the pinnace Virginia, the first ship built in the new world, was built in Popham

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thirteen years before the pilgrims landed in Plymouth.

‘Necessity is the mother of invention,’ so the saying goes. It is not surprising to find Donald McKay designing the clipper ship for speed. ‘Rush to California,’ was the cry, and ‘Capture the the timber market.’ So the light and fast ships — the clippers — were built.

The Red Jacket was fastest of them all.

The Flying Dragon, the Portsmouth Flyer and many others were noted for their speed.

Then the downeaster had its day. The downeaster was a cargo ship, built to be heavier to carry loads around Cape Horn or through the Straits of Magellan. The West Indies trade was the economic purpose behind these Mainebuilt cargo ships. W.I.G. (West Indies Goods) stores were at Maine crossroads everywhere. Canals were built to get Vermont and inland Maine goods to Portland to be sent out on ships.

Sacarrappas (sugar boxes) were built in Westbrook for sugar. Lumber went to the West Indies, and back came coffee, molasses and sugar. The coast

of South America played a big part with the guano industry being one important cargo.

These were the days when captains were brave. They saw their ships through many perils and saved their crews by ingenious methods if they were shipwrecked. The captains were often hard disciplinarians, yet they pursued their hobbies aboard ship and often took their families to sea with them.

When these downeasters had fulfilled their need as cargo ships, many moved on to second lives as fishing vessels and tugboats. Some even became movie stars.

Many authors have captured the flavor of the sea in their accounts of shipbuilding days. Rowe, Coffin, and even Mark Twain when he wrote about the Hornet. How exciting it would have been to live in those days.

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Waldoboro’s Atherton W. Clark Joshua Chamberlain’s right-hand man

by Brian Swartz

D

uring those strident, death-filled hours when the 20th Maine Infantry spared a federal army — and perhaps the shattered United States — a crippling defeat, Colonel Joshua Chamberlain called on an experienced Waldoboro soldier to be his right-hand man.

Assigned to alphabetized companies, the 20th Maine boys often served with local men recruited from the same municipality. The Company E soldiers, for example, hailed primarily from Bristol, Waldoboro, and Union. These Midcoast lads had responded enthusiastically in August 1862 when Atherton W. Clark, the colonel commanding

Waldoboro’s Conrad Guards militia, requested volunteers to answer the call issued by President Abraham Lincoln for another 300,000 men to help save the Union.

Commissioned as a wartime captain, Clark took his men to Camp Mason near Portland. The Midcoast lads raised their right hands and officially joined the 20th Maine Infantry on August 29, 1862.

As the 36-year-old Clark headed into history that late August, he emotionally bade farewell to his wife, Mary, and their children, 8-year-old Walter, and 5-year-old Annie. Clark was a true Waldoboro native, born there on April

6, 1826 to Joseph and Mary Clark.

The Clarks operated a prosperous shipbuilding company, and Atherton paid attention to the business lessons learned while working the family farm and assisting at the shipyard. He became a lumber merchant during the 1850s and evidently circulated well among his neighbors because many did not mind following him off to war.

Company E fought in the suicidal assault against Marye’s Heights in Fredericksburg in December 1863 and endured a long winter along the Rappahannock River in Virginia.

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DiscoverMaineMagazine.com mental officers had designated Clark as “Pap,” short for “Papa,” due to his age.

Clark turned 37 in April of 1863. Other men his age had avoided military duty, yet patriotism had led Clark to don the nation’s uniform. “Pap” had served capably. When the War Department elevated Joshua Chamberlain to colonel on May 20, 1863, he insisted that captains Atherton Clark and Ellis Spear be brevetted as “acting field officers.”

Spear had commanded Company G. The 20th Maine belonged to the Third Brigade which was commanded by Colonel Strong Vincent and assigned to the Fifth Corps’ First Division. Chamberlain and his men missed the body-thumping at Chancellorsville prior to Clark’s reassignment, but when the Third Brigade and the entire Army of the Potomac shuffled north by west in mid- to late June, they knew that they were chasing “Bobby” Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia onto Union soil.

Atherton Clark kept busy with additional staff duties during those marches.

A monumental martial collision occurred at Gettysburg, where mid-afternoon on July 2 saw the Fifth Corps, with Vincent’s brigade leading the way, deploying west from the Taneytown Road to meet an approaching Confederate attack.

General Gouverneur Warren, a senior engineer with the Union Army, had already identified the outcome if advancing Rebels captured Little Round Top. He knew that the Confederates could then sweep eastward through the thin woods screening Taneytown Road and seize the Union baggage train bivouacked near Baltimore Pike. This action would “turn” the Union left flank and likely destroy the federal army.

Warren spun mounted messengers in several directions to find a senior Yankee infantry officer who would divert troops to hold Little Round Top. Responding immediately, Strong Vincent

hustled his brigade south, with the 44th New York leading. Rebel artillerymen already had Little Round Top’s range.

Tom Desjardin, writing in Stand Firm, Ye Boys From Maine, noted that as the Union boys moved along “an old lumbering trail” hugging the hill’s eastern slope, artillery shells burst overhead.

Shell fragments and shattered tree limbs fell on the double-timing Yankee infantrymen.

A shell exploding near Chamberlain and his brothers John and Tom killed a brigade officer’s horse and frightened the 20th Maine’s chaplain, Luther French. He steered his nervous mount to where Atherton Clark stood and started telling him about “the effect of the shell,” Desjardin relates. Focused on the direct military threat awaiting the 20th Maine, Clark swore and exploded, “Chaplain, if you have any business [elsewhere], attend to it!”

The 20th Maine deployed across (cont. on page 56)

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(cont. from page 55) Little Round Top’s southern slope where scraggly woods interspersed with jumbled boulders. Atherton Clark and Ellis Spear anchored the regiment’s far flanks while Company E held the outermost right and Company G held the outermost left. Joshua Chamberlain stood near the color guard. A simple gray granite monument commemorating the work and sacrifice of the 20th Maine regiment marks that spot.

The resulting battle involved the 20th Maine and the 15th and 47th Alabama infantry regiments and some jumbled Texan infantry. Intense combat swept the southern and eastern slopes as Rebels outflanked the Maine boys, forcing Chamberlain and Spear to bend the regiment’s line into a “V” and causing Clark (acting on Chamberlain’s order) to start shifting the two “outboard” right flank companies, E and I, to the far left flank.

That maneuver ended in confusion as some Maine boys mistook the transfer for retreat. Chamberlain intervened, Clark hurled the two companies into their former alignment, and the 20th Maine rushed into history with a shouted “bayonets” and a wild charge that swept their enemies away and saved the Army of the Potomac.

Clark fought in other bloody battles before returning home to Mary and the kids in July of 1865. He died, apparently of a heart attack, on April 13, 1882.

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Maine’s Ancient Middens Spanning 40 centuries on the Damariscotta River

by Brian Swartz

M

aine history spans at least 4,000 years where the Route 1 bridge crosses the Damariscotta River in Lincoln County.

Damariscotta and Newcastle are lovely coastal towns connected by family, geography, and economy. The Damariscotta River, which drains Damariscotta Lake in Jefferson and Nobleboro, forms Great Salt Bay “above” traffic-laden Route 1 before curving around Glidden Point in Newcastle, and flowing through a channel that gradually narrows where Damariscotta and Newcastle almost “touch” at their interconnecting Main Street bridge.

Modern life pulses in these towns, where written history dates to the 1600s and reveals occasionally contentious relationships between indigenous Indians and encroaching colonists. Local history, however, extends millennia past the day that the first European explorers stood on the banks of the Damariscotta River. No written record exists as to when humans first trod on Damariscotta and Newcastle soil, but about a mile upriver, two local “dumps” reveal approximately when humans did so — and also what they ate.

Just downriver from the Route 1 bridge, oyster middens — perhaps the original Maine dumps — straddle the Damariscotta River along both shores.

Along Glidden Point’s thickly forested shoreline, oyster shells spill abundantly from the Glidden Midden, named for William Taylor Glidden, who lent his name to the point. In 2002 George and Josephine Hart granted the Damariscotta River Association a conservation easement to the Glidden Midden, now the largest midden in Maine.

Across the Damariscotta River rises Whaleback Midden, which once stood approximately 30 feet high and ran

some 1,650 feet in length. This midden varied from 1,320 to 1,650 feet in width. Now protected as Whaleback Midden State Historic Site, the midden almost vanished between 1886 and 1891 as the Damariscotta Shell & Fertilizer Company excavated the midden’s oyster shells, and processed them into chicken feed. Fortunately, a fire destroyed the site’s buildings in 1891.

Damariscotta Shell & Fertilizer’s owners never resumed mining the midden.

The two Damariscotta River middens are unique not only due to their physical size, but to the ancient history that they “tell” Maine archaeologists. Middens are not unique to Maine.

Wherever they consumed oysters and clams — staple seafood at summer hunting camps located near river mouths and along bays — in millennia past, humans discarded the shells on impromptu dumps that also contained animal and fish bones and broken tools and pots.

Indians camped along the lower Damariscotta River in summer, and gleaned seafood sufficient to enrich a meat- and plant-centric diet. Archaeologists estimate that Indians started creating oyster “dumps” along the Damariscotta circa 200 B.C., and continuously added to the middens for some 1,000 to 1,200 years.

Oysters provided a nutrient-rich food source in spring, summer, and fall. Indians probably camped along the lower Damariscotta River to harvest oysters, which grew abundantly in the

estuarial waters, and alewives. Modern Mainers who catch alewives maintain a tradition that dates a few thousand years into the past.

From their summer camps, Indians hunted birds and mammals in the midcoast forests, and paddled birch-bark canoes to offshore islands frequented by nesting birds. A day’s excursion to such islands could net enough fresh eggs to feed a summer camp’s inhabitants for at least a few days.

Oyster shells contain calcium carbonate, a naturally alkaline material that ironically led to Whaleback Midden’s partial destruction approximately 120 years ago. Calcium carbonate leaching into the soil beneath the Whaleback and Glidden Middens essentially neutralized the slightly acidic dirt, and sharply reduced the natural decay inherent in discarded animal and fish bones. Found in the middens, these bones help identify the particular species caught and consumed by “summering” Maine Indians.

A shifting climate led these original Mainers to harvest fewer oysters by circa 1000-1200 A.D., with the exact date impossible to calculate as to when the last oyster feed occurred along the Damariscotta River. Local waters gradually changed and lost those characteristics vital to oyster development.

Clams supplanted oysters as a food staple by colonial times, and clams — whether fried or steamed — became a summertime fare by the mid-20th century.

At Whaleback Midden, archaeological evidence suggests that Indians deposited the oyster shells in three separate layers, with each layer representing a long period of time. The two lower (cont. on page 58)

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(cont. from page 57) layers contain larger shells, with many measuring 12 to 20 inches in length, and dirt separates each layer. Animal bones appear in the middle layer, and smaller oyster shells in the top layer, which was created by Abenaki Indians that appeared in Maine by 1000 A.D. No written records exist as to who camped along the Damariscotta and when, but visual and tactile evidence reveals a Native American culture, changing millennia before Europeans explored the Maine coast. Archaeological excavations have found animal bones and such Indian products as stone tools and ceramic pots in Whaleback Midden.

The pots partially date the midden, although not to specific years. Either developing or adapting a revolutionary technology that helped improve food storage techniques, Maine Indians started firing clay pottery circa 1,000 B.C. Paleontologists refer to this era as the Ceramic Period. Pottery-mak-

ing technology spread across Maine, as evidenced by ceramic potsherds excavated at many contemporary Indian campsites.

When oysters declined substantially in local waters, perhaps a thousand years ago, Indians no longer tossed oyster shells atop the Damariscotta River middens. Archaeologists have found no evidence that European exploration coincided with the timeframe when Indians fed on oysters along the river. European trade goods, including metal fish hooks and glass beads, do not appear in the middens.

A parking lot on Business Route 1 accesses Whaleback Midden State Historic Site, where trails gradually wind downslope toward the river and past interpretive panels. The trails cross the midden, where a footbridge spans a shallow ravine. One trail leads to a bench overlooking the Damariscotta River, the Glidden Midden, and the Route 1 bridge. A small apple orchard

grows near the midden.

Although wind- and time-deposited soil has partially covered the midden, oyster shells appear almost everywhere, either intact or substantially broken.

State law prohibits removing shells or shell fragments as souvenirs. Visitors tempted to touch 1,000-2,000-year-old history should settle for studying the extensive shell heaps and wondering just who tossed which particular shells onto the midden so many years ago.

Such thoughts actually connect past and present, because just as the ancient Maine Indians enjoyed a good oyster bake 2,000 years ago, so do modern Mainers relish a good clam bake. Of course, few people create clam middens today, but perhaps — just perhaps — somewhere along the Maine coast, a clam midden is actually taking shape, and one day a thousand years hence, an archaeologist will marvel at how many clams 21st-century Mainers could eat.

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