Our Biological Heritage - Sinhala

ffcj úúO;ajfha › ,dxlSh Wreuh Our Biological Heritage

iy

ä,aud ixrlaIK wdh;kh

fuu .%ka:h › ,xld ;reK cSjfõ§kaf.a ix.uh úiska › ,xld cSj úoHd wdh;kh" › chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHdhSh jk yd mdßißl úoHd wOHhk wxYh yd ffcj úúO;aj f,alï ld¾hd,fha iyfhda.h iy Dilmah Conservation wdh;kfha uq,H wkq.%yh hgf;a m%ldYhg m;alrk ,§'

Our Biological Heritage

› ,xld ;reK cSjfõ§kaf.a ix.uh

m%:u uqøKh 2013 ixfYdaê; fojk uqøKh 2013 ixfYdaê; f;jk uqøKh 2014

nQ f;Èh

mgqk

Ficus exasperata © Kasun Pradeepa

ISBN 978-955-0034-06-2

uydpd¾h ysrdka wurfialr" jk yd mdßißl úoHd wOHk wxYh" › chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

uydpd¾h foajl ùrfldaka" i;a;aj úoHd wOHk wxYh fld<U úYajúoHd,h

wdpd¾h isß,a úfÊiqkaor"

fmrjok i ia;+;sh ii ä,aud ixrlaIK mKsúvh v m%drïNh

› ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh

01

wOCIl" cd;sl WoaNso WoHdk fomd¾;fïka;=j iydh ixialdrl uKav,h

p;=rx. bfrdaIdka foaYm%sh wñ, m%ikak iqukmd,

m<uqjk mßÉfþoh mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh 13

jkdka;r iy wdY%s; mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh 15

f;;aìï mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh 18

lDIsld¾ñl mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh 24

fhdacs; Wmqgd oelaúu

;reK cSjfõÈkaf.a ix.uh' 2013' ffcj úúO;ajfha › ,dxlSh Wreuh' fld<U( ;reK cSjfõÈkaf.a ix.uh' ms v ¬ 88 mß>Kl msgq ieliqu liqka m%§m" Wild Studio uqøKh

lreKdr;ak iy mq;%fhda ^mqoa& iud.u" fld<U

fojk mßÉfþoh Ôj úfYaI úúO;ajh 27 Ydl úúO;ajh 29

› ,xldfõ f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a úúO;ajh 37 › ,xldfõ n;al+rkaf.a úúO;ajh 44 › ,xldfõ l=yqUqjkaf.a úúO;ajh 48 › ,xldfõ iuk¨kaf.a úúO;ajh 51 › ,xldfõ ul=¿jkaf.a úúO;ajh 55

› ,xldfõ ñßÈh ll=¿jkaf.a úúO;ajh 61

› ,xldfõ ñßÈh u;aiHhskaf.a úúO;ajh 66

› ,xldfõ WNh Ôùkaf.a úúO;ajh 71 › ,xldfõ Wr.hkaf.a úúO;ajh 76 › ,xldfõ mËSkaf.a úúO;ajh 81

› ,xldfõ ËSrmdhskaf.a úúO;ajh 87

m%ldYkh

› ,xld ;reK cSjfõÈkaf.a ix.uh' 120$10" úoHd ukaÈrh" úoHd udj; fld<U 07'

f;jk mßÉfþoh ffcj úúO;ajh ixrCIKh 93

Our Biological Heritage

m%Odk ixialdrl uKav,h

fmrjok

› ,xld ;reK cSjfõÈkaf.a ix.uh ;reK mrmqr w;r cSj úoHdj" mßir l<ukdlrKh" fi!LH iïmkak Ôjk rgd iy ffcj ;dlaIKh m%p,ss; lsßu i|yd › ,xld cSj úoHd wdh;kh u.ska 1988 oS msysgqjkq ,eîh' ;r.ldÍ wOHdmk rgdjlg fhduq jq isiqkag ish úfõlh w¾:dkaú;j .;lsßug wjia:djla ,ndÈug;a ffcj úúO;ajh .fõIKhg yd ixrlaIKhg fhduq jq ;reK mrmqrla ìyslsßug;a fï u.ska wmg yelsúh' ix.uhg jir 15 la msÍu ksñ;af;ka mßir mqk¾ckkSh wud;HdxYfha ffcj úúO;aj f,alï ld¾Hd,fha;a" › chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha jk yd mdßißl úoHd wOHhkdxYfha;a" › ,xld cSj úoHd wdh;kfha;a iyfhda.S;ajfhka 2013 cQks 12 osk —ffcj úúO;ajfha › ,dxlSh Wreuh˜ cd;sl iïuka;%Khg iu.dój fuu .%ka:h t<soelafõ'

miq.sh jir .Kkdjla ;siafia wm ix.ufhaa fCIa;% pdßldj,g iïnkaO ù › ,xldfõ úúO jq mßir moaO;s .fõIKh lsßfuka ,nd.;a w;aoelSï iy oekqu 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; jd¾:dfõ lreKqj,go wkql+, fjñka ,sms iemhq wm ix.ufha idudcsl idudcsldjkag udf.a ia;=;sh msßkuñ' fuu .%ka:fha ,sms ixialrKh l< fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha uydpd¾h foajl ùrfldaka uy;dg iy WoaNso WoHdk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaIl wdpd¾H isß,a úfÊiqkaor uy;dg;a udf.a ia;=;sh msßkuñ' fuu m%ldYkh Tn fj; f.k tAug wkq.%yh oelajq ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKhg odhl jk m%uqL;u wdh;khla jk Dilmah Conservation wdh;khg uf.a lD;{;dj msßkuñ' fuu .%ka:h mßYS,kh lsÍfuka ,efnk oekqu" wdYajdoh" wjfndaOh wm rfgys ffcj Wreufhys jeo.;alu wjfndaO lrf.k" tu.ska th ixrlaIKh yd l<ukdlrKh i|yd ksjeros ;SrK .kakd wkd.; mrmqrla ìyslsÍug fya;= fõjdhs m;ñ'

© Gehan Rajeev

ia;+;sh

ii isxy, mdGl ck;dj w;r mßir yd ffcj úúO;aj l<uKdlrKh iy ixrlaIK m%p,s; lrkq jia iïmdos; ffcj úúO;ajfha › ,dxlSh Wreuh .%ka:h úYsIaG lKavdhï m%h;akhl m%;sM,hls' fuu lD;sh ksulr th mdGl Tn w;g m;a lsßfuys,d odhl jq msßi w;suy;a jk w;r fuysoS Tjqka issysm;a lsßu wmf.a mru hq;=lu jkafka hehs wm ;rfha úYajdi lrkafkuq' fuu .%ka:h iïmdokh wrïN l< uq,a jljdkqfõ mgka hdhq;= u.fmkajñka wm osßu;a l< ;reK cSjfõoskaf.a ix.ufha wkqYdil uydpd¾h ysrdka wurfialr uy;dg o" fuu .%ka:h h:d¾:hla lr.eksug fkduiqre odhl;ajhla iemhq ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIK fCIa;%fha m%uqL;u wdh;khla jk Dilmah Conservation wdh;kfha ld¾hh uKav,hgo" fuu .%ka:fha wka;¾.;h ms<sn| .=Kfodia úpdrñka iajlSh úfYaI{ woyia ,nd ÿka fld<U úYajúoHd,fha i;a;aj úoHd wOHk wxYfha uydpd¾h foajl ùrfldaka uy;dg o" cd;sl WoaNso WoHdk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaIl wdpd¾h isß,a úfÊiqkaor uy;dg o"

uydpd¾h ysrdka wurfialr

fuu .%ka:h iïmdokh lsßug uy;a lemùulska lghq;= l< ;reK cSjfõoskaf.a ix.ufha iy › chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha jk yd mdßißl úoHd wOHk wxYfha wOHhk yd wkOHhk ld¾hh uKav,h iy jk yd mdßißl úoHd ix.ufha ish¿ fokdg o"

jk yd mdßißl úoHdj ms<n| uydpd¾h › chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h" wkqYdil" ;reK cSjfõoskaf.a ix.uh 2013'06'03

fuu .%ka:fha m%:u iy fojk uQøKfhka iyh oelajq mshisß ms%kaáka isiagï wdh;kfha iy f;jk uQøKh i|yd iyh ÿka lreKdr;ak iy m%;%fhda wdh;kfha ld¾Hh uKav,hgo" ixialdrl uKav,h jYfhka wmf.a yDohdx.u ia;=;sh fufia mqolr isáuq'''''''

Our Biological Heritage

oS¾>" úÑ;% ixialD;sl Wreuhla we;s wm rfgys ffcj Wreuh o w;s uy;ah' l=vd Èjhskl úYd, ñksia .ykhla fukau laIqø cSsúka" Ydl" wmDIaGjxYS yd mDIaGjYS i;a;aj úfYaI w;súYd, ixLHdjla tlg cSj;aùu mqÿu t<jk iq¨h' fuu fcj úúO;ajh .fõIKhg fhduq jk isxy, mdGlhkag" úfYaIfhka fuys wkd.; Wreulrejka jk mdi,a iy úYajúoHd, YsIH m%cdjg Ydl" wmDIaGjxYS yd mDIaGjxYS i;=ka ms<sn|j ksjeros úoHd;aul o;a; ir, f,i bosßm;a lsßu fuu .%ka:fha wruqK úh'

rc ishlaldrhd Phoenicopterus roseus

ffcj úúO;ajfha › ,dxlSh Wreuh Our Biological Heritage

iy

ä,aud ixrlaIK wdh;kh

Our Biological Heritage

› ,xld ;reK cSjfõ§kaf.a ix.uh

Forest

Corridors

Conservation

Dugong

Discovering

Novel Species

Supporting the

Elephant

Transit

Rediscovery mßirh iy ixialD;sh ixrlaIK lsßu hk uq,sl m%;sm;a;sh mokï lrf.k wkq f;aud yhla hgf;a 25 lg wêl jHdmD;ska yryd Dilmah Conservation wdh;kh ixrlaIK lghq;= j, kshef,ñka isák w;r f;a j;= wY%s; mßir moaO;Ska ys ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIK Wfoid iqúfYaI jHdmD;ska l%shd;aul fõ' miq.sh jir wdrïNfha§ hdmk w¾Ooaùmfha m%;sia:dmkh lrk ,o —f;dkavukdre fCIa;% wOHk uOHia:dkh˜ iy jir wjidkfhaoS kdj,msáfha wdrïN lsÍug kshñ; —foaY.=Ksl fjkialï wOHk uOHia:dkh˜ › ,xlSh ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIK lsßu Wfoid iqúfYaI odhl;ajhla imhkq we;ehs úYajdi lruq'

Pseudophilautus hypomelas

Novel Discoveries

Pseudophilautus samarakoon

f;a j.dj iy ckdjdi bosùfuka fjkajq ffcj úúO;ajfhka wkqk yqfol,djq jk.yk hd lrkq jia 2012 oS wdrïN jqkq —jk.yk cd, .; lsÍu ;=,ska mßir ixrlaIKh˜ jHdmD;sh yryd fï jk úg wekaodk j;=hdh wd›;j we;s fo,aj, iy j<xlkao jk.yk hdlrñka ffcj ixirK fldßfvdajla bosfjñka mj;S' fï jHdmD;s ;=,ska wkd.;fha fujka jk.yk hdlr ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId lsßug wä;d,ula jefgkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' 2008 jif¾ f;dr;=re uOHia:dkhla ia:ms; lsßu ;=<ska werUqkq Wvj,j —we;a w;=re fijK˜ iu. iy iïnkaO;djh ;=<ska w,s megjqkaf.a lsß ielisu i|yd wjYH c, mú;%ldrlhla we;=¨ úúO iyfhd.s;djhka yryd wj;ekajq w,smegjqkag fukau tys meñfKk ixpdrlhka ygo jk w,skaf.a yeisßï iy l%shdldrlï ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd oSug miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=, yels úh'

2012 j¾Ifha isg Herpetological Foundation of Sri Lanka iu. lrf.k hkakd jq kj WNhcSù úfYaI fidhd.eksu iy tu úfYaI csj;a jkakd jq jdiia:dk wdrCId lsÍu i|yd f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍu fuu jHdmD;sfha m%Odk wruqK fõ' fuu jHdmD;s ;=,ska kj f.ïnka úfYaI 09 fofkl= fï jk úg fidhd f.k we;s w;r j|ù .shd hehs ie,l+ f.ì úfYaIhla o kej; fidhd f.k we;' tys m%;sM,hla f,i tu úfYaIhkag wdfõKsl jq jdiia:dk hï;dla ÿrg wdrCId lsÍug yelsù we;'

Polypedates ranwellai

2012 isg l%shd;aul jk uqyqÿ W!rd ^Dugong& ixrlaIK jHdmD;sh yryd isÿjqkq ix.kk wd›; o;a; mokï lr.ksñka ukakdru isg mqkßka olajd l%shd;aul jk relv ixo¾Yk Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka mdi,a isiqka iy ëjr m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ;=,ska oekg b;sßj we;ehs is;k uqyqÿ W!rkaf.a .ykh wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd wä;d,ula jefgkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;=fõ'

Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai

more info

jeä úia;r i|yd

Dilmah Conservation

111, Negombo Road, Peliyagoda, Sri Lanka. info@dilmahconservation.org Phone +94 11 482 2000 | Fax + 94 11 482 2001 Pseudophilautus dayawansai

Pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai

Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei

Pseudophilautus karunarathnai

Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai

Pseudophilautus puranappu

Home

www.dilmahconservation.org

Our Biological Heritage

Dilmah Conservation hkq Dilmah f;a iud.u úiska › ,xldfõ mßir iy ixialD;sh ixrlaIK lsßu Wfoid 2007 j¾Ifha § wdrïN lrk ,o wkqnoaO wdh;khls'

Our Biological Heritage

Sinharaja Rain Forest © Dulan Ranga

Prelude

isxyrdc jkdka;rh

m%drïNh

› ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh

Biodiversity of Sri Lanka

© Kasun Pradeepa

isxyrdc jkdka;rh Sinharaja Rain Forest

› ,xldfõ ffcjúúO;ajh

© Amila Chanaka

p;=rx. bfrdaIdka foaYm%sh iy YÑkaøsld úfcaisxy

Horton Plains

"Biological diversity" means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species: between species and of ecosystems"

fï wkqj ffcj úúO;ajh hkafkka hï úfYaIhlg wh;a Ôúkaf.a m%fõKs úúO;ajh fyj;a cdk úúO;ajh" úfYaIhka w;r mj;akd úúO;ajh iy tu úfYaI jdih lrk mßir moaO;s j, úúO;ajh wh;a fõ' Y%S ,xldj ffcj úúO;ajh w;ska fmdfydi;a rgla nj ,dxlslhka iefjdu mdfya okakd lreKls' tfukau fï ksidfjka wm rg bkaÈhdfõ ngysr >dÜia m%foaYh (Western Ghats) yd tla j i<lñka ;ks ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï l,dmhla (Biodiversity hotspot) f,i yÿkajk nj o fkdryils' tfy;a fuu by, jákdlñka hq;a ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| wm ienúkau fldmuK ±kqula orhs o hkak úuid ne,sh hq;= .eg¿jls'

© Kasun Pradeepa

ffcj úúO;ajh hkq ir,ju i,lk l,ays ñys;,fha mj;akd Ôjfha úúO;ajhhs' wm wjg we;s jDlaI,;d i;d isjqmdjqka" fï u.ska woyia jk nj wm ieu okakd lreKls' tfia jqj o úoHd;aul j i,lk úg ffcj úúO;ajhg fuhska u|la Tíng .sh ks¾jpkhla mj;S' 1992 jif¾ n%iS,fha ßfhda o fckhsfrda (Rio de Janeiro) k.rfha mej;s ñys;, iuq¿j (Earth Summit) fkdfyd;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿fõ § bÈßm;a jqKq ffcj úúO;aj iïuq;sfha (Convention on Biological Diversity) fojk j.ka;sh mßÈ ffcj úúO;ajh my; wdldrhg ks¾jpkh lr we;'

4 Our Biological Heritage

fyda¾gka ;ekak

Prelude

Y%S ,xldj W;=re wlaIdxY 5º 54'- 9º 52' w;r;a kef.kysr foaYdxY 79º 39'-81º 53' w;r msysá idfmalaIj l=vd Èjhskls' bkaÈhka id.rfha W;=re fldgfia msysá j¾. ls'ñ' 65"610 l muK N+ñhlg ysñlï lshhs' Y%S ,xldjg wh;a id.r l,dmh N+ñfha jmißh fuka 8 .=Khla muK fõ' N+ úIu;djh wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk N+úIu;d l,dm ;=kls' uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg Wi ñg¾ 30 la olajd fjr<nv ;eks;,dj o" ógr 30-300 olajd wNHka;r ;eks;,dj o" ñgr 300 g by< uOHu l`ÿlrh o" fuu l,dm f,i ie<fla' uOHu l`ÿlrh o iuyrla wjia:dj, § my< l`ÿlrh ^Wkak;dxYh ógr 300-900& yd by< l`ÿlrh ^ógr 900 g jeä& f,i l,dm follg fnod olajk wjia:djka we;' rfÜ by<u ia:dkh jk msÿre;,d., l`ÿ uqÿk uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg ógr 2524 la Wiska msysghs'

kl,a ia l÷jeáh Knuckls Mountain chenui Range fN!ñl f.d¨fn,a ,d Cryptozona

wm rg uq¿ukskau ksj¾;k l,dmh ;=, iulhg wdikakj msysgk ksid jir mqrdu tl yd iudk f,i fkdlvjd iq¾hhdg ksrdjrKh fõ' fï ksid meyeÈ,s R;= fNaohla fkdmj;sk w;r j¾Idfõ we;s ke;s nj wkqj hï ld,.=Ksl fjkiaúï ±lsh yel' › ,xldjg j¾Idj we;sùug m%Odk f,iu fya;= jkafka fudaiï iq<x h' uehs isg iema;eïn¾ w;r ld,fha ksß; È.ska yud tk ksß;È. fudaiu rg uOHfha N+ úoHd;aul ndOlhla f,i msysgk uOHu l÷lrfha yemS by<g .uka lrñka >kSNjkh ù rfÜ ksß; È. l,dmhg jeis ,efí' uOHu l`ÿlrh ksid ksß; È. fudaiñka wdjrKh jk rfÜ kef.kysr" Bidk yd W;=re l,dm j,g fï u.ska jeis ,efnkafka ke;' fkdjeïn¾ yd fmnrjdß udi w;r yuk Bidk È. fudaiu óg m%;súreoaO f,i l%shdlrñka W;=re kef.kysr yd Bidk È. l,dm j,g jeis ,nd fohs' fuu l%shdj,Ska ksid rfÜ uOHu" ngysr yd ksß;È. m%foaYj, jeä j¾Idjla ,nk f;;a l,dmhla o ^jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ñ 2000 g jeä& W;=re" Bidk yd kef.kysr m%foaY j, wvq j¾Idjla ,nk úh<s l,dmhla o ^jd'j'ó'ó' 1"250-2"000& we;s ù ;sfí' fuu l,dm fol w;r ueo msysgk ;Srh f;;a yd úh,s l,dmhkag w;rueÈ ,laIK ork fyhska w;rueÈ l,dmh f,i yÿkajhs' lsisÿ fudaiï iq<Õlska t;rï j¾Idjla fkd,nk › ,xldfõ jhU yd .sKsfldK È. m%foaY w¾O Y=Ial l,dm ^jd'j'ó'ó' 1"250 g wvq& f,i y`ÿkajkq ,nhs'

› ,xldfõ uOHu l`ÿlrh flakaø lr .ksñka iEu foigu .,d niskd m%Odk .x.d 103 la wm rg i;=h' tfukau rg mqrd úúO whqßka jHdma; jq mia j¾. 14 la › ,xldfjka jd¾;d fõ' fuf,i N+ úoHd;aul" ld,.=Ksl yd N+ úIu;djfha úYd, úúO;ajhla j¾. ls'ó' 65"610 la jeks l=vd m%udKhla ;=< jHdma; ù ;sîu ksid N+ñh w;ska idfmalaIj l=vd jqj o mdßißl ,laIK w;ska iqúfYaIS úúO;ajhla fmkajk l,dm .Kkdjlg Y%S ,xldj Wreulï lshhs' tfyhska tA tA l,dmhg WÑ; f,i yev.eiqKq iqúfYaIS Ydl m%cdjka iy tA tA ;;a;aj yd tA tA Ydl m%cdjkag .e,fmk f,i úfYaISlrKhg ,la jq i;a;aj m%cdjka rdYshlska o › ,xldj fmdfydi;ah' fuu lreKq ldrKd mokï lr .ksñka › ,xldj ffcj foaY.=Ksl l,dm 6 lg fnod olajd we; (Weerakoon & Goonatilake, 2006)' fuu l,dm my; wdldr jk w;r tAjdfha jHdma;sh is;shu 1'1 ys oelafõ'

› ,xldj mqrd yuqjk úúO mßir moaO;s i,ld ne,sfï§ fïjd m%Odk f,i fldgia 4 lg fjka lr ±laúh yel'

mßir moaO;sh N+ñ m%udKh ^fylaghdr& jkdka;r iy wdY%s; mßir moaO;s ksj¾;k f;;a my;rg iodyß; jkdka;r ksj¾;k Wm-l÷lr jkdka;r ksj¾;k l÷lr jkdka;r ksj¾;k úh,s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r ksj¾;k lgq le,E .x.dOdr úh,s jkdka;r ;DKN+ñ ^f;;a m;k" úh<s m;k iejdkd hkdÈh&

my; rg yd ueo rg f;;a l,dmh úh,s l,dmh

l`ÿlr f;;a l,dmh

* *

22"435

wNHka;r f;;a ìï mßir moaO;s

l`ÿlr w;rueos l,dmh

msgdr ;eks j.=reìï jeõ$fmdl=K ;gdl .xÕd fødaKs f;;a ú,a¨ ;DKìï

Y=Ial l,dmh

* * 179"790 5"913"800

* 6"080 23"819 19"394 9'754

*

158"017 68"000

lDIsld¾ñl mßir moaO;s l=Uqre ìï m%Odk wmkhk fnda. iq¨ wmkhk fnda. fËa;% jeú,s fnda. f.j;= j.d fyaka

*

977"561 85"663 716"320 215"363 119"862 76"483'2

we.hSug ,lalr ke;

j.=j (i) › ,xldfõ jd¾;d jk mßir moaO;s iy jHdma;s N+ñ m%udKh

is;shu (i) › ,xldfõ ffcj foaY.=Ksl l,dm

fï tla tla ldKavh kej; fjkia mßir moaO;s wdldr wkqj fnÈug ,la l< yel' tA wkqj jkdka;r yd tA wdY%s; mßir moaO;s j¾. 8 la" wNHka;r f;;a ìï mßir moaO;s j¾. 5 la" fjr<nv f;;a ìï mßir moaO;s j¾. 7 la iy lDIsld¾ñl mßir moaO;s j¾. 8 la f,i m%Odk mßir moaO;s 31 la Y%S ,xldj ;=, yuq fõ' fuu tla tla mßir moaO;sfha we;s ;;ajhkag wkqrEmj yev.eiqKq ðúka .Kkdjla we;s w;r bka iuyrl= mßir moaO;s lsysmhl o ;j;a iuyfrla hï ksYaÑ; mßir moaO;shl muKla o jd¾;d fõ'

6 Our Biological Heritage

fjr,dikak yd lrÈh mßir moaO;s lfvd,dk ,jK ìï je,sl÷ yd fjr, uv ;eks uqyqÿ ;DK ìï l<mq yd fudah fldr,a mr

Prelude

my; rg yd ueo rg w;rueos l,dmh

141"506 68"616 243"886 464"076

llal=Ügka úfYaIhla

ñßÈh ll=¿jka

Oziothelphusa hippocastanum

© Gehan Rajeev

fï jk úg › ,xldfjka jd¾;d jk úfYaI .Kk 51 la jk w;r bka 50 la ^98]& wdfõKslh' fudjqka ish,a, f.ld¾iskqisfâ l=,h (Family Gecarcinucidae) g wh;a jk w;r .K 7 la hgf;a j¾.SlrKh flfrhs' fuu .K j,ska 5 la wmg wdfõKslh' fndfyduhla o;a; 1994 ka miq jljdkqfõ flreKq m¾fhaIK j, m%;sM,hka jk w;r ñßÈh ll=¿jka ms<sn`o jeäÿr m¾fhaIK j, wjYH;djh ±äj mj;s'

© Gehan Rajeev

ksï*s,sfâ l=,fha iuk,a úfYaIhla

iuk¨ka

Parthenos sylvia cyaneus

n;al=rka úfYaIhla

n;al+rka

893

2 336

49

35

weßfhda*ekaáfâ l=,fha úfYaIhla

fN!ñl fud¨ialdjka

208 501

8

256

742 51

50 47

194

33

© Gehan Rajeev

j¾;udkfha wm ráka jd¾;d jk fN!ñl fud¨ialdjka úfYaI .Kk 274 ls' bka 205 la ^81]& wm rgg wdfõKsl fj;s' 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd; i|yd we.hSug ,la l< úfYaI 253 ka 179 la ^70'1]& u j`oùfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK md we;s nj y`ÿkdf.k we;' fudjqka ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK b;d wju jk w;r tAjd l%uj;aj yd jvd mq¿,a j bÈßhg f.k hdu ixrlaIK l%shdj,shg jeo.;a h'

19

120

Cryptozona bistrialis

130 245

26

103

21

287 469 253

205

190 1377 91

50

119

103

211

125

240

27 +6 fhdað;

125

21

Chrysilla lauta

Y%S ,xldfjka fï jk úg jd¾;d jk ul=¿ úfYaI .Kk 501 ls' fuhska úfYaI 256 la ^51'3]& wm rgg wdfõKslh' jd¾;d .; úfYaI ms<sn| ±kqu b;d w,am jk w;r úfYaI 394 la u ;jÿrg;a o;a; ySk uÜgfï mj;S' b;sß úfYaI 107 ka 62 la j`o ùfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK md we;' Y%S ,xldfõ ul=¿jkaf.a úúO;ajh" jHdma;sh yd mßir úoHdj ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK j, wjYH;dj w;s uy;ah'

l=yqUqjka

l=yqUq úfYaIhla Oecophylla smaragdina

wm rg ;=, b;d wju f,i m¾fhaIK j,g n`ÿka ù we;s i;a;aj ldKavhl jk l=yqUqjka úfYaI 194 la fï jk úg Y%S ,xldfjka jd¾;d ù we;' thska úfYaI 33 la ^16'1]& wmg wdfõKsl fj;s' Aneuretus kñka y`ÿkajk tla .Khla o wmg wdfõKsl h'

© Amila Sumanapala

j.=j (ii) ;lafidak lsysmhl › ,xldfõ jd¾;d jk úfYaI .Kk yd wdfõKsl úfYaI .Kk

mskqï ul=¿ úfYaIhla

ul=¿jka

Our Biological Heritage

3154

wdfõKsl úfYaI

© Dulan Ranga

imqIam Ydl újD; îcl Ydl ójk uDÿ fldr,a oDv fldr,a ul=¿jka m;a;Ehka lrosh l%iafÜYshdjka ñßosh ll=¿jka n;al+rka l=yqUqjka ó ueiaika iuk,hska f.du l=reñKshka fomshka fn,a,ka lrosh .eiafg%dfmdavdjka fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka tlhsfkdv¾udgdjka lrosh uiqka ñßosh uiqka WNh Ôùka Wr.hka ksjeis mËSka ËSrmdhSka

úfYaI .Kk

Vestalis apicalis

j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfjka n;al=rka úfYaI 120 la jd¾;d jk w;r bka 47 la ^39'2]& › ,xldjg wdfõKsl fj;s' l=, 12 la yd .K 66 la hgf;a fuu ish¿ n;al+rka úfYaI j¾.SlrKh flfrhs' fuu úfYaI j,ska wdfõKsl úfYaI 40 la o iuÕ úfYaI 61 la j|ùfï ;¾ckhg ,laj we;s njg y`ÿkdf.k we;' o;a; ySk uÜgfï iuyrla úfYaI ms<sn| miq.sh ishji mqrdjgu jd¾;d ,eì ke;' tneúka jvd úêu;aj yd mq¿,aj n;al+rka ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK meje;aùu wjYHh'

© Palinda Perera

;lafidakh

Prelude

Y%S ,xldfjka fï jk úg jd¾;d jk uq¿ Ydl yd i;aj úfYaI .Kk w;s uy;ah' tA w;=ßka f;dard.;a ðù ldKav lsysmhlg wh;a úfYaI .Kk yd wdfõKsl úfYaI .Kk fukau bka iuyrla ldKav ms<sn| uq,sl o;a; my; mßÈ fõ'

© Gehan Rajeev

wm rgg wdfõKsl úfYaI 26 la ^10'6]& iuÕ uq¿ iuk,a úfYaI 245 la fï jk úg Y%S ,xldfjka jd¾;d fõ' wdfõKsl iuk¨ka nyq;rhla rfÜ f;;a l,dmhg iSud ù we;' 2012 r;= o;a; fmd; wkqj wdfõKsl úfYaI 22 la iu. uq¿ úfYaI 99 la ;¾ð; uÜgïj, mj;S' tA tA úfYaIhkaf.a ixrlaIKh ;yjqre lsßug tu úfYaI flakaøSh m¾fhaIKj, wjYH;djh mj;S'

f;,a.uq Th" kl,aia Thelgamu Oya, Knuckls

Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh wmg wdikaku f.dvìu jk bkaoSh Wm uyoaùmhg kElï lshhs' w;S; f.dâjdkd,ka;fhka (Gondwanaland) iïNjh jk fuu m%foaY fol tlsfkl iïnkaOj ;snQ wjêj, fïjd w;r Ôùka yqjudre jQ nj úYajdi flfrk w;r Y%S ,xldj iy bkaÈhdkq w¾Ooaùmhg ^úfYaIfhkau bkaoshdfõ ngysr >dÜia l,dmhg& wdfõKsl Ydl yd i;a;aj ldKav mej;Su u.ska fuhg idOl imhhs' yQkka úfYaI 2 la wh;a jk Calodoctylodes .Kh" osú ul=¿jka wh;a .Khla jk Poecilotheria .Kh" uqj mgq ueähka .Khla jk Ramanella .Kh" ñßosh ll=¿jka wh;a Oziotelphusa iy Spiralothelphusa .K fukau Cryptozona, Tortulosa, Beddomea, Euplecta" Corilla we;=¨ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka .K 13la o fuf,i bkaÈhdkq w¾Ooaùmhg yd Y%S ,xldjg iSud ù we;s .K w;r fõ' tfiau Y%S ,xldfjka yuqjk i;a;aj ldKav .Kkdjlg bka§h iïNjhka we;s nj úYajdi flf¾' fï wkqj wm ráka jd¾;d jk i¾m l=,hka jk Elapidae, Acrochordidae iy Viperidae l=, fuf,i bkaoSh iïNjhla iys;h'

r;= jr,a fm;shd

ñßÈh uiqka

Puntius dorsalis

© Gehan Rajeev

› ,xldfõ ñßÈh mßir moaO;s ;=, fï jk úg iajNdúlj jd¾;d jk ^y`ÿkajd ÿka úfYaI yer& ñßÈh u;aiH úfYaI .Kk 91 ls' bka úfYaI 50 la ^54'9]& wdfõKsl úfYaI fõ' fuu uiqka w;ßka úfYaI 45 lg wh;a uiqka ;¾ckhg ,laj we;s njg;a úfYaI 2 la fï jk úg;a j| ù f.dia we;ehs ie,lsh yels nj;a 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; fmdf;a we.hSï u.ska y`ÿkdf.k we;'

fyd*aukaf.a m÷re ueähd

WNhÔúka

Pseudophilautus hoffmani

ffcj úúO;ajh w;ska i<lk úg Y%S ,xldj iqúfYaIS ;ekl ,d ie<lSug fya;= .Kkdjla we;' wdishdkq ld,dmfha rgj,a ie<lSfï § by,u imqYam Ydl >k;ajhla ^tAll j¾. M,hlg we;s imqYam Ydl úfYaI .Kk& jd¾;d jkqfha wm rfgks' tfiau tAll j¾.M,hl by<u WNh Ôú úúO;ajh yd ËSrmdhs úúO;ajh o Y%S ,xldfjka jd¾;d fõ'

;lafidakh

Wr.hka

Cyornis tickelliae

© Gehan Rajeev

› ,xldfõ fï jk úg jd¾;d jk uq¿ mlaIs úfYaI 495 w;ßka úfYaI 240 la furg ;=, leo,s ;kd ì;a;r ouk iqjeos ksjeishka fõ' tA w;r úfYaI 27 la furgg wdfõKsl f,iska ie,flk w;r ;j;a úfYaI 6 la fhdað; wdfõKsl ;;ajfha ,d ie,fla' jd¾;d.; iqjeos ksjeis úfYaI j,ska úfYaI 67 la ^27'9]& j`o ùfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK md isá;s'

© Gehan Rajeev

fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka

Ravana, Aulopoma, Acavus, Ratnadvipia, Oligospyra

n;a l+rka

Sinhalestes

l=yqUqjka

Aneuretus

werlaksvdjka

Pettalus

Poecilotheria

ñßosh ll=¿jka

Perbrinckia, Ceylonthelphusa, Mahatha, Clinothelphusa, Pastilla

Ophiothelphusa, Spiralothelphusa

ñßosh biaika

Lancaris

WNh Ôùka

Nannophrys, Taruga, Lankanectus, Adenomus

Pseudophilautus, Ramanella

Wr.hska

Lankascincus, Chalcidoseps, Nessia, Ceratophora, Cophotis, Lyriocephalus, Haplocercus, Cercaspis, Pseudotyphlops, Aspidura, Balanophis

Calodactylodes

ËSrmdhS

Solisorex, Sinhalamys

Feroculus

imqIam Ydl

Hydnocarpus, Trichadenia, Ancistrocladus, Balanocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Doona, Hopea, Shorea, Stemnoporus, Sunaptea, Vateria, Vatica, Nepenthes, Helicia

ójk

Osmunda

wdishd;sl w,shd Elephas maximus

Y%S ,xldfõ f.dvìï iSudj ;=, iajNdúlj jik fN!ñl ËSSrmdhska úfYaI 95 la iy Y%S ,xldfõ ihqre iSudj ;=< jd¾;d jk iuqø ËSrmdhska úfYaI 30 la we;=¿j rg ;=, jd¾;d jk uq¿ ËSrmdhska úfYaI .Kk 125 ls' ñka fN!ñl ËSrmdhska 21 la wm rgg wdfõKsl jk w;r fuu úfYaI j,ska nyq;rh l=vd ËSrmdhska h' tfiau fN!ñl ËSrmdhs úfYaI w;=ßka 53 la ^55'8]& j| ù hdfï ;¾ckhg ,la jQ Ôùka fõ'

Ruthvenia, Thysanota,Micraula, Tortulosa,Cryptozona, Euplecta, Mariaella, Eurychlamys, Nicida Corilla, Beddomea, Trachia, Leptopomodes,

j.=j (iii) › ,xldjg wdfõKsl .K iy bkaÈhdkq w¾Ooaùmhg yd Y%S ,xldjg

iSud ù we;s .K iuyrla

10 Our Biological Heritage

© Gehan Rajeev

,h ;eô,s ueisudrdjd

ËSrmdhska

bkaÈhdkq w¾Ooaùmhg yd Y%S ,xldjg iSud ù we;s .K

Lyriocephalus scutatus

j¾;udkfha wm rg ;=,ska jd¾;djk Wr.hska úfYaI .Kk 209 ls' thska úfYaI 125 la ^58'8]& wdfõKsl fõ' fuu Wr. úfYaI w;r i¾mhska úfYaI 103 la" lgqiaika úfYaI 18 la" tla fndÈ,suka úfYaIhla" yQkka úfYaI 42 la" yslk¨ka úfYaI 31 la" bínka úfYaI 3 la" lsUq,ka úfYaI 2 la" leianEjqka úfYaI 5 la" m÷re lgqiaika úfYaI 2 la yd f.dhka úfYaI 2 la fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ Wr. .K w;=ßka .K 11 la u wm rgg wdfõKsl tAjd fõ' fï jk úg rg ;=,ska jd¾;d.; Wr.hskaf.ka úfYaI 107 la j| ùfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK md we;'

mËSka

Y%S ,xldjg iSud ù we;s .K

.egfydUq lgqiaid

Prelude

© Gehan Rajeev

úfYaI 119 lg wh;a WNh Ôúka Y%S ,xldj ;=< fï jk úg jd¾;d ù we;s w;r thska 103 la ^86'6]& wdfõKsl úfYaI fj;s' tfiau fuu WNhÔúka wh;a .K ie,lSfï§ Nannophrys, Lankanectus, Adenomus yd Taruga hk .Khka › ,xldjg wdfõKslh' uE; Nd.fha isÿ flreKq m¾fhaIK u.ska wm rfÜ WNh Ôúka ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ila fy,sorõ jQ w;r tu m¾fhaIK bÈßhg o fufyh ùu u.ska ;j;a fndfyda oE fidhd .ekaug yels jkq we;' 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd; i|yd we.hSug ,la l< WNh Ôù úfYaI 111 w;=ßka wdfõKsl úfYaI 71 la we;=¿j úfYaI 73 la u j| ù hdfï ;¾ckhg ,laj we;s nj fidhdf.k we;'

fuu ish¨ o;a;hka úYaf,aIkh lr neÆ úg mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh iy úfYaI úúO;ajh ie,lSfï oS YS% ,xldj l,dmSh fukau f.da,Sh jYfhka o jeo.;a ia:dkhla iy by< jákdlula ork nj meyeos,sh' fuu ffcj úúO;ajh iy tA ms<sn`o jeä ÿr f;dr;=re bosß mßÉfþo ;=, wka;¾.;h'

© Amila Chanaka

fyda¾gka ;ekak Horton Plains

ks,a., Nilagala Forest

Ashton, M., Gunatilleke, C.V.S., Gunatilleke, N., De Zoysa, N., Dassanayake, M.D., and Wijesundara, S. (1997). A field guide to the Common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka. Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo.

› ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajfhys we;s fuu iqúfYaIS;djhka ksidfjka iy bkaoshdfõ ngysr >dÜia l÷jeá m%foaYh iu. we;s mßKdñl nkaOq;djhka ksid fuu l,dm fol tlaj i<lñka ;ks ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï l,dmhla (Biodiversity Hotspot) f,i kï lrkq ,en we;' jir 2000 oS kï flreKq ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï l,dmhka 25 w;r wdfõKsl Ydl úfYaI >k;ajh iy wdfõKsl mDIaGjxYS úfYaI >k;ajh w;ska ms<sfj,ska isõ jk iy f;jk ia:dkhg ysñlï lshk ngysr >dÜia iy YS% ,xld ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï l,dmh" f,dj jvd;au WKqiqï ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï l,dm (Hottest hotspots) 8 w;rg;a wh;a fõ'

Bahir, M. M. and Pethiyagoda, R. (2006). Conservation of Sri Lankan Freshwater Crabs. In: Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (Editor)., The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. 77-83 pp.

Bossuyt, F., M. Meegaskumbura, N. Beenaerts, D. J. Gower, R. Pethiyagoda, K. Roelants, A. Mannaert, M. Wilkinson, M. M. Bahir, K. Manamendra-arachchi, P. K. L. Ng, C. J. Schneider, O. V. Oommen and M. C. Milinkovitch, (2004). Local endemism within the Western Ghats – Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot. Science, 306: 479–481.

Bossuyt, F., M. Meegaskumbura, N. Baenerts, D. J. Gower, R. Pethiyagoda, K. Roelants, A. Mannaert, M. Wilkinson, M. M. Bahir, K. Manamendra-Arachchi, P. K. L. Ng, C. J. Schneider, O. van Oomen & M. C. Milinkovitch.

(2005). Biodiversity in Sri Lanka and Western Ghats. Science, 308: 199.

Cai, Y. and Bahir, M. (2005) Lancaris, a new genus of fresh water shrimp from Sri Lanka (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology: Supplement No. 12. 39-46 pp.

Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Meegaskumbura, M. (2012). The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Amphibians in Sri Lanka. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 88-91 pp.

MOE. (2012). The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp.

Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.

Raheem, D and Naggs F. (2006). An Illustrated Guide to the land snails of Sri Lankan Natural forests and cultivated habitats. Natural History Museum, London Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum.

Ranawana, K. B. (2006). Land Snails in Sri Lanka. In: Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (Editor)., The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. 84-100 pp. © Kasun Pradeepa

isxyrdc jkdka;rh Sinharaja Rain Forest

Sharma, P., Karunarathna, I. and Giribet, G. (2009) On the endemic Sri Lankan genus Pettalus (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Pettalidae) with a description of a new species and a discussion of its diversity. The Journal of Arachnology 37:60–67 fidauùr' R. (2006). YS% ,xldfõ i¾mhska' YS% ,xld jk Ôù Wreu Ndrh" fld<U' Somaweera, R and Somaweera, N. (2009). Lizards of Sri Lanka. Chimaira Buchhandelsgesellschaft mbH, Germany.

12 Our Biological Heritage

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

Prelude

© Amila Chanaka

úfYaI wdfõKsl;ajh w;skao wm rgg by< ia:dkhla ysñh' fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka" ñßosh ll=¿jka" Wr.hska" WNh Ôùka" ñßosh uiqka" ËSrmdhska wdoS ldKav j, rg ;=, jd¾;d.; úfYaI .Kkska 50 lg;a jeä m%udKhla wdfõKsl úfYaI fj;s' tfukau .K iy Bg by< ;lafidak uÜgïj, o ie,lsh hq;= wdfõKsl;ajhla › ,xldfjka oel .; yel' imqIam Ydl .K 14 la" ójk .K 1 la" fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka .K 5 la" ñßosh ll=¿jka .K 5 la" ñßosh biaika .K 1 la" l=yqUq .K 1 la" n;a l+rka .K 1 la" Wr. .K 11 la" WNh Ôù .K 4 la iy ËSrmdhS .K 2 la Y%S ,xldjg wdfõKsl .K w;r fõ ^j.=j 1'3&' › ,xldjg wdfõKsl l=yqUqjl= jk Aneuretus simoni muKla wh;a jk Aneuretinae Wm l=,h iy jl /,s osh ueähd (Lankanectus corrugatus) wh;a Lankanectinae Wm l=,h o › ,xldjg wdfõKsl ;lafidak w;rg wh;ah'

© Dulan Ranga

Our Biological Heritage

Sinharaja Rain Forest

Chapter

isxyrdc jkdka;rh

mßÉfþoh

› ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh

1

Ecosystem Diversity of Sri Lanka

© Kasun Pradeepa

isxyrdc jkdka;rh Sinharaja Rain Forest

chapter

(Myrtaceae) wdÈ Ydl l=, m%uqLj ±lsh yelsh' fuu jkdka;r iodyß; Ydl j,ska iukaú; ù we;s w;r nyq ia:rhka m%uqLj oelsh yelsh' (Stratification) jir uq¿,af,a mj;sk wêl j¾Idm;kh, ys;lr WIaK;jh yd by, wd¾ø;djh fya;=fldgf.k Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI j, wêl úúO;ajhla oelsh yelsh'

1

fuu l,dmfha mj;sk wêl .yk >k;ajh" iïm;a wêmßfNdackh yd wdY%s; ñksia l%shdlrlï fya;=fldgf.k j¾;udkfha wêl f,i ydhkhg ,laù ;sfí'

› ,xldfõ jkdka;r iy wdY%s; mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh

© Gehan Rajeev

p;=rx. bfrdaIdka foaYm%sh iy YÑkaøsld úfcaisxy

Horton Plains

kq;k ixLHdf,aLk j,g wkqj › ,xldfõ jkdka;r jeiau uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka 29] jk w;r" úhka iys; iajNdúl jk jeiau uq¨ N+ñ m%udKfhka 22'4] muK jk nj .kka n,d ;sfí' › ,xldfõ úúO m<d;a j, mj;sk WIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" Wkak;dxYh hk .=Kdx.hkaf.a fjfiis fjki jkdka;r j¾. rdYshlf.a iïNjh yd tA ;=, mj;sk Ydl yd i;a;aj o¾Yj, Wkak;sh i|yd fya;= ù hehs ie,fla' › ,xldfõ jeäu jHdma;shla ork jkdka;r j¾.h f,i ksj¾;k úh,s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r ±laúh yels w;r uq,sl jYfhka W;=r" W;=reueo yd kef.kysr m<d;a j, jHdma;ù ;sfí' fuu jkdka;r oaú;shsl iïNjhla ork w;r 13 jk Y; j¾Yfha jdß YsIaGdpdrfha ìojeàu;a iu`. j¾Okh jQjd hehs ie,fla' flfia jqjo ±j fy,Su" fyaka f.dú;ek wdÈ ñksia l%shdldrlï fya;=fldgf.k j¾;udkh jk úg fuu jkdka;r ;¾ckhg ,laù ;sfí' bhqfmdaìfhaisfha (Euphorbiaceae) Ydl l=,h fuu jkdka;r j, m%uqLj jHdma;j we;s Ydl l=,h jk w;r óg wu;rj iefmdfÜisfha (Sapotaceae), refÜisfha (Rutaceae) yd f,df¾isfha (Lauraceae) Ydl l=, o nyq,j yuqfõ' ksj¾;k úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r" iodyß; Ydl jeä m%;sY;hlska iEÈ we; w;r m%uqL Ydl l=< f,i msysghs' ia:ÍNjkhla olakg fkdue;s w;r Ydl idfmalaIj tlsfklg wE;ska msysgd we;' tneúka ìï ia:rhg wdf,dalh fyd`Èka ,efnk neúka háfrdamkh fyd`Èka we;'

j¾;udkh jk úg fuu jkdka;r" Ydl ñh hdu (Die-back) fya;=fldg f.k oeä f,i ydhkhg ,laj ;sfí' fuhg uQ,sl fya;=j iajNdúl ixisoaêhla o" udkj l%shdldrlï o hkak ;ju;a ksYaph lr fkdue;s w;r ñh.sh Ydl ksid we;sjk t<suyka ìï wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYS,S Ydl (Alien Invasive Species) u`.ska wdl%uKh lsÍu fya;=fldg f.k tu mßir moaO;sj, iajNdúl mqk¾ckk (Natural Regeneration) ls%hdj,sh kej;S" úfoaYsh úfYaI u`.ska m%;sia:dmkh ùfï oeä wjOdkula mj;S'

© Kasun Pradeepa

ksj¾;k f;;a my;rg iodyß; jkdka;r m%Odk jYfhka › ,xldfõ ksß; È. m%foaYfha fld<U" .ïmy" l¿;r" .d,a," ud;r" lE.,a, yd r;akmqr Èia;%slal j, me;sß mj;sk w;r wdfõKsl Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI wêl ixLHdjlg jdiia:dk imhhs' fuu jkdka;r j, meyeÈ,s ia:ßNjkhla iys; w;r fydr m%cdj yd kd-ÿka m%cdj m%uqLj ±lsh yels Ydl m%cdjka fõ' ämafgfrdaldfmaisfha (Diporocarpaceae), la¨isfhaisfha (Clusiaceae), yd u¾fÜisfha

Our Biological Heritage

fyda¾gka ;ekak

16

ksj¾;k Wm-l÷lr jkdka;r yd ksj¾;k l÷lr jkdka;r" › ,xldfõ uq¨ N+ñ m%udKfhka ms<sfj,ska 1] iy 0'05] m%foaYhla mqrd me;sr mj;sk w;r ksj¾;k f;;a my;rg iodyß; jkdka;r fukau wdfõKsl Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI wêl m%udKhlg jdiia:dk imhhs' u¾fÜisfha (Myrtaceae), la¨isfhaisfha (Clusiaceae) yd welkaf;aisfha (Acanthaceae) m%uqLj yuqjk wdjD; îcl Ydl l=, jk w;r ,hslk wmsYdl yd mdis úfYaI jeä m%;sY;hla yuqfõ' fuu jkdka;r j, Ydl t;rï by,g fkdjefvk w;r ^10-11m muK& ia:ÍNjkhla olakg fkd,efí' l`ÿlr l,dmhkays mj;sk wêl iq<`. fya;= fldgf.k Ydl l`oka weUrek iajNdjhla .kS' Ydl uia:l me;,s iajNdjhla .kakd w;r b;d by< úúO;ajhlska hq;= mdis yd ,hslk úfYaI olakg ,efí'

Ydl ñh hdu" fyda¾gka;ekak Forest Die-Back, Horton Plains

iejdkd mßir moaO;s Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 300-1000 w;r Wilska hq;= úh,s yd w;rueÈ l,dmhkays uq,sl jYfhka ks,a., ìì, fudKrd., nÿ,a, wd§ m%foaYhkays jHdma;j we;' Wie;s m;kYS,S fyda w¾O-m;kYS,s (Semi-deciduous) Ydl nyq,j we;s w;r ìï ia:rfha Wie;s ;DK Ydl me;sr mj;s' Ydl jßkajr we;sjk .skakg Tfrd;a;= §u Wfoid >k fmd;= iys; jk w;r tlsfklg jvd wE;ska jefâ ia:ÍNjkhla olakg fkd,efnk w;r Ydl uia:l (Canopy) l=vd fõ' lyg" wr¿" nq¿" fk,a,s" ojq, fuu l,dmhkays m%uqL Ydl úfYaIhka fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ ;DK ìï uq,sl jYfhka f;;a m;k (Wet patana) úh<s m;k (Dry patana) ouk yd ;,dj f,i m%Odk j¾. 4lska iukaú; jk w;r ;DK (Poaceae) Ydl l=,h m%uqLj oelsh yels Ydl l=,h fõ' óg wu;rj *efíisfha (Fabaceae) yd bhqf*daìfhaisfha (Euphorbiacece) l=,o m%uqLj oelsh yelsh'

› ,xldfõ f;;aìï mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh

© Gehan Rajeev

á%Idka pdur fmf¾rd

Yala National Park

fyda¾gka ;ekak Horton Plains

f;;a m;k ìï Y%S ,xldfõ fyda¾gka;ekak (Horton Plains), i`o;ekak (Moon Plain), wfòfj, yd kqjrt<sh wdÈ l÷lr m%foaYhkays jHdma;j we;s w;r Wvjeähd (Orchide) yd ójk (Ferms) Ydl nyq,j olakg ,efí' kqjr by, uyje,s yd r;akmqr-rlajdk wdÈ m%foaYj, nyq,j me;sr mj;sk úh<s m;k ìï fndfyda úg oaú;Shsl iïNjhla orK w;r fïjdfha jd¾Islj isÿjk .sks .ekSï fya;=fldgf.k jkdka;r njg m%;sj¾:kh (Reversion) ùu je<lS ;sfí' ú,am;a;= cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh iy uyje,s .`. wdYs%; msgr ;eks j, jHdma;j mj;sk ;DK Ydl m%uqLj we;s iajNdúl f;;a ìï moaO;sh ú,a¨ f,i ye`oskafõ' fï ms<sn`o jeä úia;r f;;a ìï mßir moaO;s hgf;a idlÉPd flf¾' my;rg f;;a l,dmfha .d,a, ud;r Èia;%lal j, jHdma;j mj;sk oaú;Shsl iïNjhla iys; lels,a, ójk ìï" ;,dj f,i ye`oskafõ'

mßir moaO;s ie,lSfï§ f;;aìï j,g ysñ jkafka b;d jeo.;a ;ekls' f,dj jvd;a wêl ksIamdokhla we;s mßir moaO;shla f,i f;;aìï ye`oskaúh yel' b;d úYd, Ydl yd i;a;aj m%cdjla f;;aìï u; hemSu ksidu" ffcj úúO;ajfha f;dá,a, f,io f;;aìï ye`oskaúh yel' ñys;,fha we;s uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka ishhg yhla ^6]& muK f;;a ìï j,ska wdjrKh ù ;sfí' wka;¾cd;sl /ïid iïuq;shg wkqj"

—ndÈh uÜgfï isg óg¾ 6g wvq uqyqÿ fmfoiao we;=,;aj .,dhk fyda ksYap,j mj;skakdjQ ñßÈh" lsjq,aÈh fyda ,jK Èfhka ;djld,slj fyda iaÒrj hgù we;s" lD;%su fyda iajNdúl j.=reìï" ú,a¨ c,dY fyda c,ud¾." ye,a bvï msysá bvï f;;aìï f,i y÷kajhs'˜

f;;aìï m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 3lg fnod fjkal, yel' wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh MOE (2012). The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp

1' ñßÈh wdY%s; f;;aìï 2' lrÈh wdY%s; f;;aìï 3' ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; f;;aìï

Our Biological Heritage

© Gehan Rajeev

hd, jfkdaoHdkh

ñßÈh wdY%s; f;;aìï

lrÈh wdY%s; f;;aìï

ks,aj,d .Õ

.x.d yd we,fod<

ukakdru

.xfudah

Nilwala River

Mannar

.xfudah hkq .x.djla uqyqog jefgk ia:dkhhs' fuu mßir moaO;sfha m%Odk ,ËK jkqfha ffokslj isÿjk Woï r< WÉpdjpkh c,fhys w;rueÈ ,jK;djh hkdÈhhs' › ,xldfõ fujeks f;;aìï 45 la muK oelsh yelsh'

lka;f,a

lfvd,dk

Kanthale

fnd,af.dv Bolgoda

uqyqÿ ;DK N+ñ

nqkao, l<mqj

Bundala Lagoon

uqyqÿ ;DK N+ñ îc orK lrÈh Ydl j,ska iukaú; fõ' fïjd fkd.eUqre fijk iys; m%foaY jk w;r l<mq yd .xfudah wdY%s;j oelsh yelsh' b;d mq¿,a m%foaYhla mqrd úysÿkq uqyqÿ ;DKìï oelsh yels jkafka jhU È. m%foaYfhkah'

© Dulan Ranga

© Kasun Pradeepa

fïjd ñßÈh msreKq my;a ìï m%foaY fõ' fuu ìï Rcqju .x.djlska fyda .x j;=frka fmdaIKh ,nhs' w¾O jYfhka Èrdm;a jQ ldnksl øjHhkaf.ka fuu N+ñh iukaú; jk w;r fïjdhska mSÜ ks¾udKh fõ' uq;=rdcfj< j.=reìu › ,xldfõ msysgd we;s úYd,;u mSÜ ksêh f,i yÿkajdÈh yelsh'

Tabulate Coral

fldr,a mr hkq lrÈh wmDIagjxYS ldKavhla u.ska Y%djh lrkq ,nk pQ¾OEN+; jHqy fõ' fldr,a mr fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlula tu mßirhg ,nd§ug odhl jk w;r th ffcj úúO;ajh w;ska fmdfydi;ah' ukakdrï fndlal m%foaYh ;%sl=Kdu,h isg l,auqfKa olajd jQ uqyqÿ ;Srh yd ol=Kq yd ksß;È. fjr<nv m%foaYj, b;d mq¿,a jYfhka me;sreKq fldr,a mr oelsh yelsh'

© www.leawo.com

© Amila Chanaka

› ,xldj ;=, iajNdúl jeõ fkd;snqko" msgdr ;eksj, c,h §¾> ld,hla uq¿,af,a /§ ;sîu ksid we;sjk ú,aa¨ rdYshla olakg ,efí' úfYaIfhkau .xÕd j, we;s jx.= wdY%s;j ú,aa¨ fndfyda úg oel.; yels w;r' › ,xldfõ os.u .Õ jk uyje,s .Õ wdY%s;j ú,aa¨ fndfydauhla msysgd ;sfí'

© Kasun Pradeepa

© Dulan Ranga

;eáhdldr fldr,a

fldr,a mr

Anvilundawa

Our Biological Heritage

Bundala Lagoon

l<mq hkq ,jK ñY%s; c,fhka msß b;d mgq je,s ;Srejlska uqyqfoka fjkaj mj;sk kuq;a hï ld,hl§ muKla uqyqo yd iïnkaOjk ia:dk fõ' › ,xldfõ l<mq 42 la oelsh yels w;r nqkao," l,ueáh" uqkao,u l,mq bka lsysmhls'

wdkú¨kaodj

ñßÈh wdY%s; j.=reìï

nqkao, l<mqj

l<mq

Deniyaya

tla /ia ù we;s fkd.eUqre c,hg wkqj¾;kh jQ Ydl m%cdjlf.ka ieÿï,;a ñßÈh f;;aìï jkdka;r moaO;sfha wjidk ika;;s wjia:dj j.=re jkdka;r f,i yeÈkaúh yel' j¾Ifha tla ld,hl§ uq¿ukskau ñßÈfhka jeiS mej;Suo fïjdfha úfYaI ,ËKhls' › ,xldj ;=, ÿ¾,N f;;aìï j¾.hla jk w;r b;d iSñ; m%foaYhla ;=, me;sr mj;sk nq,;aisxy, j,õj;a; j;=rdk j.=re jkdka;rh fï ioyd fydou ksoiqk fõ" fydrje,a (Stemonoporus mooni) yd iqj| (Mesua stylosa) hk Ydl fol oekg iajNdúlj yuqjk tlu ia:dkh o fuh fõ'

ú,a¨

1 20

fokshdh

j.=re jkdka;r

lfvd,dk hkq wêl ffcj úúO;ajhlska hq;a j.=reìï j, Ôj;ajk Ydl m%cdjls' › ,xldfõ fjr<nv m%foaYfhys ;ekska ;ek msysgd we;s fuu f;;aìï m%udKfhka fylaghdr 6080 la muK fõ' udÿ .Õ .xfudah" fnkaf;dg .xfudah" l,d Th .xfudah fï ioyd ksoiqka fõ'

© Amila Chanaka

© Gehan Rajeev

.x.d yd Èh myrj,a wdY%s;j j¾Idj jeä ld,fha w;sf¾l c,h rojd .ekSug msgdr ;eks WmldÍ jk w;r j¾Id c,h iu. tk frdka uv ;ekam;a ùfuka fuu m%foaY j, mfia irenj jeäùu ksid j.d lghq;= ioydo b;d fhda.H fõ' fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka jif¾ flá l,lg muKla fuu msgdr ;eksj, c,h /§ ;sîuhs' .xj;=r md,kh lsÍu i|yd fujeks msgdr ;eks mej;Su b;d jeo.;a fõ'

udÿ .Õ

Madu Ganga

chapter

msgdr ;eks

© Amila Chanaka

© Amila Sumanapala

› ,xldj b;d l=vd rgla jqjo N+ñfha isg uqyqo foig úysoS hk m%Odk .x.d 103 la yd tA yd ineos we,fod< rdYshlskao ieÿï,;a fõ' ffcj úúO;ajh ixrËKfhys,d fï .x.d yd we,fod< j,ska flfrk fufyh wñ, fõ'

wNHka;r ,jK ú,a¨

ú,am;a;= jfkdaoHdkh Wilpattu National Park

© Kasun Pradeepa

wNHka;r ,jK ú,a¨ hkq ,jK ñY%s; fkd.eUqre je,s iys; mfika hq;a ú,a fõ' fï ioyd jk fydou ksoiqk ú,am;a;= cd;sl jfkdaoHdkfha msysgd we;'

© Dulan Ranga

ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; f;;aìï nqkao, l<mqj

Bundala Lagoon

jdß c,dYhla

chapter

jeõ" c,dY yd l=Uqre

f;;aìï j,g we;s ;¾ck mqrdK hq.fha isg Ôjfha meje;aug fukau mßirfha iu;=,s;;djh mj;ajd .ekSug f;;aìï WmldÍ jqjo j¾;udkh jk úg fuu f;;aìï j,g úYd, ;¾ck j,g uqyqK§ug isÿj we;' ñksid úiska isÿ lrk wkjir bÈlsÍï" f;;aìï f.dvlsÍï" wl%uj;a le,sli, yd wmc,h neyer lsÍfï l%u yd iajNdúl iïm;a wêmßfNdackh jeks fya;+ka ksid f;;aìï j,g we;s ;¾ck by, hñka mj;S'

Irrigation Reservoir

1 22 Our Biological Heritage

© Gehan Rajeev

› ,xldj ;=, ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o jeõ wd§ jQ c,h tla /ia jk ia:dkhkaf.a ixLHdj w;súYd,h' ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; f;;aìï m%Odk jYfhka ldKav 3 lg j¾. l, yelsh fuhska m%Odk jkqfha jeõ c,dY yd l=Uqre fõ' › ,xldj ;=, iajNdúl jeõ msysgd fkdue;' m%Odk jdß c,dY fylaghdr 7"820 la mqrd me;sr mj;sk w;r iq¿ mßudK jdß c,dY fylaghdr 5"250 la mqrd me;sr mj;S' l=Uqre hkq ksYap, c,h ;djld,slj tla/iaj mj;sk ia:dkhls' fuh lDIsld¾ñlj Ndú;djk j.=re ìuls' fï jk úg ,xldfõ ù j.dj ioyd Ndú;djk N+ñ m%udKh o< jYfhka 977"561 ls' ñka fndfyduhla wNHka;r my;aìï j, msysgd we;s w;r iq¿ m%udKhla wNHka;r Wia ìï j, msysgd we;'

© Gehan Rajeev

© Dulan Ranga

f;;aìï ixrËKh

f;;aìï j, m%fhdack

› ,xldfõ f;;aìï ixrËKh ms<sn| b;sydih jir 100 lg wêl ld,hlg Èjhk w;r fï jk úg úúO wKmK;a u.ska f;;aìï ixrËKfhys,d úúO kS;sÍ;s iïmdokh fldg we;' › ,xldj ;=, wdh;k rdYshla f;;aìï ixrËKh lsÍfuys,d lghq;= lrhs'

ffcj úúO;ajh wdrËd lsÍfuys,d f;;aìï j,ska bgqjkafka wñ, jQ fufyhls' úfYaIfhkau úúO úfYaI .Kkdjla f;;aìï wdY%s;j oel.; yelsh' ;jo iajNdúl iïm;a j¾.o f;;aìï wdY%s;j b;d nyq,j yuqfõ' mSÜ" oej" t<j¿" m,;=re" i;a;aj m%cdjkaf.a wdydr" fldr,a" úúO u;aiH úfYaI" je,s" ueá f;;aìï j,ska ,nd.; yels iïm;a j,ska fldgils' f;;aìï ixpdrl mËSkaf.a .suka fmd,j,a" kjd;eka njg m;aù ;sfí' › ,xldfõ msysá fjkal,dhs" nQkao," l=uk yd wdkú¨kaodj f;;aìï tA ioyd lÈu WodyrK fõ' ;jo m%Odk jYfhkau ñksidf.a c, wjYH;d iemhSu ioyd Woõ jk f;;aìï úfYaIfhkau .xj;=r yd fjk;a iajNdúl wdmod j,ska wdrËdlr .ekSu ioyd ,nd fokafka ukd msájy,ls'

f.da,Sh jYfhka b;d jeo.;a jk f;;aìï keKj;a mßyrKh yd ixrËKh lr.ekSfï wruq‚ka 1971 fmnrjdß ui fojeks Èk /ïid iïuq;shg › ,xldj we;=¿ f,dalfha rgj,a /ila w;aika ;nk ,§' oekg f,dalfha rgj,a 167 la fuhg w;aika ;nd we;s w;r iaúiag¾,ka;fha msysgqjd we;s /ïid f,alï ld¾hd,h" cd;Hka;r l=/¿ Ôjh (Bird Life International)" f,dal ixrËK ix.uh (International Union for Conservation of Nature)" wka;¾cd;sl c, l,uKdlrK wdh;kh (International Water Management Institute)" wka;¾cd;sl f;;aìï ix.uh (Wetlands International) yd f,dal jkÔù wruqo, (WWF International) hk wdh;k j, iyfhda.h we;sj /ïid iïuq;sh l%shdjg kxjhs'

nqkao, l<mqj

Bundala Lagoon

fiakdkdhl iuqøh

Senanayaka Reservoir

© Dulan Ranga

nqkao, f;;aìu Bundala Wetland

fï jk úg f,dalfha f;;aìï 2123 la /ïid f;;aìï f,i kï lr we;s w;r jeäu /ïid f;;aìï N+ñ m%udKhla we;af;a lekvdfõ jk w;r tlai;a rdcOdksh f,dj jeäu /ïid f;;aìï m%udKhg Wreulï lshhs' oekg › ,xldfõ f;;aìï w;ßka fylaghdr 198172 la mqrd me;sr we;s f;;aìï 6 la /ïid f;;aìï f,i kï fldgwe;'

msysàu ^Èia;%slalh&

jdKsc fNda. j.d

› ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh

© Kasun Pradeepa

p;=rx. bfrdaIdka foaYm%sh iy pdmd yxikS

Cash Crop Cultivation

nqkao, 6210 1990 cQks 15 wdkú¨kaodj 1397 2001 wf.daia;= 03 ud÷ .Õ 915 2003 foieïn¾ 11 fjkal,dhs 4839 2010 cQ,s 12 l=uk 19011 2010 Tlaf;daïn¾ 29 ú,am;a;= 165800 2013 fmnrjdß 02

yïnkaf;dg mq;a;,u .d,a, ukakdru wïmdr mq;a;,u" wkqrdOmqrh ukakdru

j.=j 1'1 › ,xldfõ /ïid f;;aìï

› ,xldj wE; w;S;fha mgka lDIsld¾ñl w¾: l%uhla mej;s rgla f,i ie,lsh yels w;r rfÜ m%Odk lDIsld¾ñl ieleiau ù j.dj u; mokï ù ;sì‚' ;jo › ,xldj Y;j¾Idêl ld,hla uq¿,af,a l=¿ nvq i|yd buy;a m%isoaêhla bisÆ nj ft;sydisl idOl wkqj fmkShhs' ;ju;a › ,xldfõ o, cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fhka 11'1] lg odhl jkafka lDIsl¾udka;h jk w;r rfÜ iuia: Y%u n,ldfhka 23'4] la lDIsld¾udkaa;hg odhl ù ;sfí' miq.sh Y;j¾Ih w.Nd.fha§ 25"000 la muK f.dùka úiska jd‚c fNda. jYfhka ñßia" ¿QKq yd w¾;dm,a j.dj isÿ lrk ,§' › ,dxlsl lDIsl¾udka;h i,lk úg jeä m%;sY;hla iukaú; jkafka fylaghdr 1 g wvq j.d ìïj, lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= isÿlrk iq¿ mßudK fnda. fnda. j.dlrejkaf.ks'

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh IUCN Sri Lanka and the Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka (2006). National-Wetland Directory of SriLanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka.

CEA/Euroconsult (1994). Wetlands Are No Wastelands - A Manual and Strategy for Conservation and Development of Wetlands, Wetland Conservation Project, Central Environmental Authority, Sri Lanka and Netherlands MOE (2012). The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp http://www.ramsar.org, 09 June 2013 MOE&NR/CEA (2006). National Wetland Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka. & Central Environmental Authority, Sri Lanka.

MOE (2010). Sector Vulnerable Profile: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Climate Change Vulnerability in Sri Lanka, Supplementary Document to The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka 2011 to 2016. Ministry of Environment, Sri Lanka.

lDIsld¾ñl mßir moaO;s uQ,sl jYfhka l=Uqre" f;a" fmd,a yd rn¾ jeks m%Odk wmkhk fnda. j.dìï" fldams" fldfldajd" l=re÷ jeks iq¿ wmkhk j.dìï" m<;=re t<j¿ j.dìï iy ñßia" ¿QKq" OdkH jeks j.dìï j,ska iukaú; fõ' › ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl f.dú;eka l%u Y;j¾I .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a foaYSh mdßißl ;;a;aj j,g .e,fmk wkaoñka isÿlsÍug f.dúhka lghq;= lrk ,§' by; i|yka lrk ,o mßir moaO;Ska uQ,sl jYfhkau mfiys iajNdjh" jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh yd Wkak;dxYh u; r|d mj;S' fïjdg Ndú;d lrk ,o fnda. j¾. fndfyduhlao frda. yd m<sfndaO m%;sfrdaO fukau foaY.=Khgo Tfrd;a;= fok fNda. j¾. ùu úfYaI;ajhls' › ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl ù j.dj jeis c,h yd jdß c,h u.ska fmdaIKh ,nhs' uy lkakfhaoS" úh,s l,dmfha isÿjk ù j.dj Bidk È. fudaifukao" jeis fkd,efnk h, lkakfha§ jdß c,h u.skao ù j.dj isÿ lrkq ,nhs' f;;a l,dmfha§ isÿlrk ù j.djka m%Odk jYfhkau jeis c,fhka isÿ lrk w;r" l÷lr m%foaYj, N+ñfhka

Our Biological Heritage

f;;aìfï ku N+ñ m%udKh m%ldYhg m;a l, Èkh

^fylaghdr&

© Amila Chanaka

fy,au¿ j.d l%uh Terraced paddy field

f;a j.dj Tea Plantation

1

f.j;= j.djka idudkHfhka isÿ lrkq ,nkafka mq¿,a mrdihla mqrd úysÿkq fNda. úfYaIhkaf.ks' úhka ia:rh mj;ajd .ekSug;a" m%dfoaYSh ld,.=‚l ;;a;aj fkdfjkiaj ;nd .ekSug;a" oej j¾. imhd .ekSug;a" tla tla úfYaIj, cdk úúO;ajh /l .ekSug;a f.j;= j.dj,ska uyÕ= msájy,la iemfhhs'

› ,xldfõ l=, 47 lg yd .K 122 lg wh;a wdydr fnda. úfYaI 410 la y÷kdf.k we;' ñka fndfydauhla uOHu m<df;a jHdma;j we;' thska úfYaI 289 la foaYSh jk w;r úfYaI 77 la › ,xldjg wdfõ‚l fõ' › ,xldfõ mY= iïm;a ms<sn|j i,lk úg foaYSh .j úfYaI frda. j,g m%;sfrdaë jk w;r wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hkago m%;sfrdaë;djhla olajhs' tkuq;a wdkhkh lrkq ,nk m%fNao fya;=fjka foaYSh m%fNao u.ska ,nd.kakd m%fhdack fukau tys ksIamdÈ;ho wju uÜgul mj;S' ^WodyrKhla f,i › ,xldfõ l=l=,a uia mßfNdack wjYH;djfhka 90] la imhkq ,nkafka wdkhkh lrk ,o m%fNao u.sks' foaYSh m%fNao Ndú;d lrkqfha b;d iq¿ jYfhks&' iïm%odhsl fNda. j.d lsÍfuys isÿù we;s ì|jeàï fya;=fjka fndfyda ld,hl isg tA yd mej; wd j.d l%uo wm w;ska .s,syS hñka mj;S' tneúka idïm%odhsl fNda. j.djka iy tu l%ufõohka fukau idïm%odhsl mY= iïm;ao keKj;a Ndú;fhka › ,dxlSh ffcj úúO;aj ixrËKh Wfoid isÿl, yels fufyh w;suy;ah'

© Dulan Ranga

1999 ffcj úúO;aj ixrËK mK; hgf;a lDIsld¾ñl yd mY= iïm;a ìïj, by, ffcj úúO;ajhla mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<sn| jeo.;alu wjOdrKh fldg we;' úfYaIfhkau wkd.;fha§ idïm%odhsl f.dú;eka l%u" lDIsld¾ñl yd mY= iïm;a ksYamdÈ;fhys j¾Okhla we;s lsÍug odhl lr .; hq;= wdldrho ñka

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh MOE 2010. Sector Vulnerable Profile: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Climate Change Vulnerability in Sri Lanka, Supplementary Document to The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka 2011 to 2016.

Ministry of Environment, Sri Lanka.

Central Bank of Sri Lanka. (2012). Annual report: National Output and Expenditure, Central Bank of Sri Lanka

26 Our Biological Heritage

meyeÈ,s lrhs' jeú,s l¾udka;ho › ,dxlSh wd¾Ólfhys ie,lsh hq;= fldgilg ysñlï lshhs' fuu jeú,s l¾udka;h f;a" fmd,a yd rn¾ jeks m%Odk jeú,s fnda. j,skao fldams" fldfldajd" l=¿ nvq" lcq" mqjla" nq,;a" ÿïfld, jeks wmkhk jeo.;alula ork fnda. j,skao hqla; fõ'

› ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl ù úfYaI úYd, .Kkla oel.; yelsh' fïjd o mq¿,a mrdihla mqrd úysÿkq cdk úúO;ajhlg ysñlï lshk w;r b;d Wiia .kfha cdkuh ,ËK ms<sìUq lrhs' tA w;ßka kshÕhg m%;sfrdaë ù úfYaI;a" fjr<dikak m%foaYj, yd msgdr ;eksj, mßir ;;a;ajhkag Tfrd;a;= Èh yels ù úfYaI;a b;d by," Wkak;dxY j, ^óg¾ 1000g jeä& wvq WIaK;aj ;;a;aj hgf;a iS>% j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrk úfYaI;a m<sfndaO m%;sfrdaO yd ,jK m%;sfrdaO ù úfYaI;a m%Odk fõ' WodyrK f,i me< uelalkag m%;sfrdaë —oyk,˜ yd —l¿nd,˜ ù o" ÿUqre me< lSvEjkag m%;sfrdaë r;=ySká" iQÿre iïnd" udù o ye|skaúh yel'

tkid,a j.dj Cardamom cultivation

chapter

© Kasun Pradeepa

Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd.ksñka fy,au¿ l%uhgo isÿlrkq ,nhs' fyaka j.dfõ§ f.dúhka úiska f;dard.kq ,nk t<j¿" OdkH j¾. úfYaI lsysmhla muKla j.d lrkq ,nhs' w;S;fha isg jkdka;r úYd, jYfhka t<sfmfy<s lrñka isÿjk fyaka j.dj j¾;udkh jk úg úh,s l,dmfha oelsh yels jk ydhkhg m%Odk fya;=jls'

© Gehan Rajeev

Our Biological Heritage

Horton Plains

Chapter

fyda¾gka ;ekak

mßÉfþoh

› ,xldfõ Ôj úfYaI úúO;ajh

2

Species Diversity of Sri Lanka

Arid Zone Dry Zone Northern Intermediate Lowlands Eastern Intermediate Lowlands Northern Wet Lowlands South of Ratnapura-Northern Sinharaja Southern Sinharaja-Hiniduma-Kanneliya Foothills of Adam's Peak North of Ratanpura-Ambagamuwa Kandy-Upper Mahaweli Knuckles Central Mountains Ramboda-Nuwara Eliya Adam's Peak Horton Plains

chapter

2 30

© Gehan Rajeev

Our Biological Heritage

rïuf,a lkao

Rammale Kanda

› ,xldfõ Ydl úúO;ajh p;=rx. bfrdaIdka foaYm%sh is;shu 2'1 › ,xldfõ Ydl l,dm

› ,xldfõ Ydl úúO;ajh ms<sn| kQ;k ixLHdf,aLk j,g wkqj foaYsh imqIam Ydl 3"154 la jd¾;d jk w;r bka 893 la ,xldjg wdfõksl fõ' újD; ìcl Ydl úfYaI 2 la muKla foaYshj yuqjk w;r tAjd Cycas .Khg wh;a fõ' ójk 336 jd¾;djk w;r bka 49 la ,xldjg wdfõKsl fõ' foaY.=Kh" › ,xldfõ Ydl úúO;ajh flfrys m%Odk n,mEula t,a, lrkq ,nhs' tla tla foaY.=Ksl l,dmhkag iqúfYaIS jQ jDË,;d ie,ls,a,g .ksñka › ,xldj" Ydl l,dm 15 lg fnod olajd we;s w;r bka jeä m%;sY;hla jd¾;d jkafka f;;a iy w;rueos l,dm ;=,oSh' fufia l=vd N+ñ m%foaYhla ;=, úYd, Ydl l,dm m%udKhla msysgd ;sîu › ,xldfõ wêl Ydl iy mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh i|yd ukd ksoiqkla fõ'

© Kasun Pradeepa

› ,xldj" mqrd;kfha mgka iajNdj fi!kao¾hfha mßmQ¾K;ajh ms<sn|j m%isoaêhla Wiq,kq ,nk w;r tA i|yd j¾. lsf,daógr 65"610 la jk l=vd jmißhla ;=, jHma;j we;s 3"154 la jQ foaYsh Ydl úfYaI jHdma;sh b;d jeo.;a odhl;ajhla imhd we;' ksj¾;k l,dmfha msysá › ,xldj ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï l,dm (Biodiversity hotspots) 34 ka tlla f,io ie,flk w;r j¾;udkh jk úg wdishd;sl l,dmh ;=, jeäu Ydl úfYaI >k;ajh ^j¾. ls'ñ 10"000 l ;=, yuqjk úfYaI ixLHdj& j¾;djkafka o › ,xldj ;=,ska neúka l,dmSh fukau wka;¾cd;sl jYfhkao › ,xldfõ Ydl úúO;ajh iqúfYaIs jeo.;a lula Wiq,kq ,nhs'

m¾Kdx. úfYaIhla Fern Sp.

› ,xldfõ m¾Kdx. Ydl úúO;ajh › ,xldfõ m¾Kdx. Ydl úfYaI úúO;ajh ms<sn| .fõIKfha b;sydih 17 jk Y;j¾Ih f;la wE; w;S;hg Èjhk w;r j¾;udkh jk úg l=, 28 lg wh;a m¾Kdx. 336 la jd¾;d fõ' ñka jeä m%;sY;hla jd¾;d jkafka f;;a" Wml÷lr yd l÷lr l,dm j,ska ùu úfYaI ,CIKhls' wêl j¾Idm;kh" by< wd¾ø;djh" Wkak;dxYh fï i|yd fya;=fõ hehs ie,lsh yel' wdfõKsl m¾Kdx. j,ska jeä m%;sY;hla ^78] muK& yuqjkafka kqjrt<sh Èia;%slalfhks' 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; jd¾;djg wkqj úfYaI 219 la ;¾ckhg ,laù we;s w;r ixrCIK uÜgï wkqj j¾.SlrKh my; mßÈ fõ'

ixrCIK uÜgu

úfYaI .kk

úoHd;aul kduh

w;sYhska wka;rdhg ,lajq we;eï úg j|ù f.dia we;s (CR(PE)) 20 w;sYhska wka;rdhg ,lajQ (CR) 41 wka;rdhg ,lajQ (EN) 87 wka;rdhg ,laùug bv we;s (VU) 71

jHjydr kduh

cd;sl ixrCIK uÜgu

Cycas zeylanica (J.Schust.) A.Lindstr. & K.D.Hill uy uvq Cycas nathorstii J.Schust. uvq

CR VU

óg wu;rj ;j;a úfYaI 40 la ;¾ckhg ,laùug wdikak (NT) úfYaI f,i j¾.SlrKh lr we;' l=,h (Family)

;¾ð; úfYaI .Kk (Total Threatened)

336 (49)

j.=j 2'1 › ,xldfõ m¾Kdx. Ydl l=, ^wdfõKsl úfYaI jryka ;=, olajd we;&

újD; îcl Ydl úúO;ajh újD; îcl Ydl hkq úIu îcdKql;djh olajk M,hlska wdjrKh fkdjq îc iys; Ydl fõ' › ,xldfõ iajNdúlj yuqjkafka foaYSh úfYaI folla muKs' fuu úfYaI fol ihslefâisfha (Cycadaceae) l=,hg yd ihslia (Cycas) .Khg wh;a fõ'

isxyrdc jkdka;rfha úhka ia:rh Canopy Layer of Sinharaja

2

wdjD; îcl Ydl úúO;ajh ñys;,h u; jvd;a iq,Nj jHdma;j mj;sk Ydl ldKavh wdjD; îcl Ydl fõ' kq;k ixLHd f,aLk j,g wkqj ñys;,h u; wdjD; îcl Ydl 300"000 - 400"000 la w;r m%udKhla mj;sk w;r tAjd l=, 415 la hgf;a j¾. lr we;' › ,xldj ;=,o wfkl=;a rgj,a iu. ixikaokh lsÍfïÈ jvd jeä úfYaI úúO;ajhla ±lsh yels w;r wdfõKsl Ydl jeä m%;sY;hla jd¾;d fõ' ;jo › ,xldfõ wdfõKsl Ydl l=, lsisjla jd¾;d fkdjk w;r wdfõKsl .K 14 la jd¾;dfõ' ñka jeä m%;sY;hla jd¾;d jkafka ksß; yd uOHu ld,dmhka ys ùu úfYaI ,CIKhls' 2012 r;= o;a; jd¾;djg wkqj we.hSug ,la l, Ydl l=, 186 lg wh;a foaYsh imqIam Ydl 3"154 w;ßkaa Ydl úfYaI 1"385 ^wdikak jYfhka 44] la muK& ;¾ckhg ,la jQ úfYaI f,i ie,fla' ;jo" Strobilanthes caudata (Acanthaceae), Blumea angustifolia (Asteraceae), Crudia zeylanica (Fabaceae), Rinorea bengalensis iy Rinorea decora (Violaceae) hk úfYaI my kIaG jQ (Extinct) úfYaI f,i ie,flk w;r Alphonsea hortensis (Annonaceae) and Doona ovalifolia (Dipterocarpaceae) hk úfYaI fol jkuh kIaG (Extinct in the wild) jQ úfYaI f,i ie,fla' l=,h (Family)

;¾ð; úfYaI .Kk (Total Threatened)

Poaceae 81 (13) Fabaceae 72 (6) Orchidaceae 130 (42) Rubiaceae 74 (51) Cyperaceae 62 (10) Acanthaceae 40 (22) Asteraceae 34 (16) Malvaceae 19 (6) Melastomataceae 59 (48) Lamiaceae 14 (5) j.=j 2'2 › ,xldfõ úYd,;u Ydl l=, ^wdfõKsl úfYaI jryka ;=, olajd we;&

úfYaI .Kk (Total Species)

262 (22) 221 (13) 184 (50) 179 (102) 168 (11) 105 (41) 86 (29) 71 (9) 71 (57) 70 (15)

32 Our Biological Heritage

200 (33)

29 (2) 26 (5) 6 7 (5) 5 10 (1) 31 (8) 1 2 19 (3) 2 1 12 (2) 14 3 2 2 4 1 9 1 (1) 46 (9) 1 46 (4) 1 9 (1) 12 (2) 34 (6)

chapter

tl;=j

(Total Species)

© Dulan Ranga

Aspleniaceae 16 (1) Athyriaceae 19 (3) Blechnaceae 4 Cyatheaceae 7 (4) Davalliaceae 3 Dennstaedtiaceae 4 Dryopteridaceae 25 (6) Equisetaceae 1 Gleicheniaceae 0 Hymenophyllaceae 18 (3) Hypodematiaceae 1 Isoetaceae 1 Lindsaeaceae 9 (2) Lycopodiaceae 11 Lygodiaceae 1 Marattiaceae 1 Marsileaceae 1 Nephrolepidaceae 1 Oleandraceae 1 Ophioglossaceae 9 Osmundaceae 1 (1) Polypodiaceae 22 (5) Psilotaceae 1 Pteridaceae 13 (4) Schizaeaceae 0 Selaginellaceae 2 (1) Tectariaceae 7 (1) Thelypteridaceae 21 (2)

úfYaI .Kk

› ,xldfõ ±kg jd¾;djk Ydl l=, 185 w;ßka ;DK (Poaceae) Ydl l=,h" úYd,;u Ydl l=,h f,i ie,lsh yels w;r › ,xldfõ úYd,;u Ydl l=, 10 my; mßÈ fõ' Ydl l=, 186 ka ish¨u úfYaI ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;s l=, 24 la yuqjk w;r wvla fyda Bg jeä m%;sY;hla ;¾ckhg ,la jq l=, 81 la yuqfõ' fuu úfYaI j, jHdma;sh ie,lsfï § jeäu ;¾ð; úfYaI .Kkla f;;a l,dmhg iSud ú we;s w;r uykqjr" r;akmqr" kqjrt<sh" nÿ,a," .d,a, yd l¿;r Èia;%slalj, nyq,j jHdma;j we;'

l=,h (Family)

;¾ð; úfYaI .Kk (Total Threatened)

40 (22) 0 2 0 1 6 (1) 4 9 (7) 1 (1) 0 17 (1) 1 (1) 9 (2) 11 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 13 (10) 0 21 8 (1) 34 (16) 1 16 (10) 1 4 (1) 3 0 7 4 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 1 10 (9)

105 (41) 3 (3) 2 4 2 27 (2) 7 19 (15) 1 (1) 1 2 (1) 1 (1) 12 (2) 14 (1) 3 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 16 (10) 3 39 14 (1) 86 (29) 1 24 (15) 1 5 (1) 3 (1) 4 21 (1) 5 (1) 5 (1) 2 (1) 1 16 (12)

2 34 Our Biological Heritage

Acanthaceae Achariaceae Adoxaceae Aizoaceae Alismataceae Amaranthaceae Amaryllidaceae Anacardiaceae Ancistrocladaceae Anisophyllaceae Annonaceae Apiaceae Apocynaceae Aponogetonaceae Aquifoliaceae Araceae Araliaceae Arecaceae Aristolochiaceae Asclepiadaceae Asparagaceae Asteraceae Balanophoraceae Balsaminaceae Basellaceae Begoniaceae Berberidaceae Bignoniaceae Boraginaceae Burmanniaceae Burseraceae Buxaceae Cactaceae Calophyllaceae

úfYaI .Kk (Total Species)

9 5 15 4 (1) 12 23 (11) 3 (2) 1 1 6 8 (5) 2 10 39 (3) 5 (2) 41 (4) 6 (3) 1 2 1 (1) 24 (1) 3 168 (11) 1 2 (1) 15 (10) 9 (2) 58 (58) 3 32 (18) 1 9 (8) 2 3 (1) 21 (10) 5 (1) 69 (16) 221 (13) 4 (4) 1 18 (7) 1 13 (9) 1 2 4 (1) 2 13 1 2 2 3 3 70 (15) 40 (28) 5

chapter

› ,xldfõ Ydl úúO;ajhg n,mdk m%Odk ;¾ck f,i jdiia:dk úkdYh yd ydhkh" wê mßfNdackh" mßir ÿIKh" le,E .sks ;eîï yd lDIsld¾ñl iy ld¾ñl lghq;= hkdÈ udkj l%shdldrlï y÷kd.; yels w;r j¾;udkfha › ,xldj ;=, isÿjk Ñria:dhs fkdjk ixj¾Ok lghq;= fuu ;;a;ajh jvd W.% lsßug fya;= ù ;sfí' ;jo wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYs,s Ydl j, jHdma;sh yd jkdka;r ñhhdu (Forest die back) jeks ndysr fukau mrd.kldrlhskaf.a ysÕlu$fkdue;slu jeks wNHka;r ixisoaêka fya;=fjka o Ydl úúO;ajh ;¾ckhg ,laù we;'

Campanulaceae 1 Cannabaceae 1 Capparaceae 6 Caprifoliaceae 4 (1) Caryophyllaceae 3 Celastraceae 12 (5) Centroplacaceae 0 Ceratophyllaceae 0 Chloranthaceae 0 Cleomaceae 1 Clusiaceae 5 (4) Colchicaceae 0 Combretaceae 1 Commelinaceae 21 (2) Connaraceae 1 (1) Convolvulaceae 14 (2) Cornaceae 4 (3) Costaceae 0 Crassulaceae 1 Crypteroniaceae 1 (1) Cucurbitaceae 11 Cymodoceaceae 0 Cyperaceae 62 (10) Daphniphyllaceae 1 Dichapetalaceae 0 Dilleniaceae 10 (9) Dioscoreacea 4 (2) Dipterocarpaceae 56 (56) Droseraceae 3 Ebenaceae 23 (17) Elaeagnaceae 0 Elaeocarpaceae 7 (7) Elatinaceae 0 Ericaceae 3 (1) Eriocaulaceae 12 (8) Erythroxylaceae 1 Euphobiaceae 15 (6) Fabaceae 72 (6) Flacourtiaceae 3 (3) Flagellariaceae 0 Gentianaceae 12 (5) Geraniaceae 1 Gesneriaceae 12 (9) Gisekiaseae 0 Goodeniaceae 0 Haloragaceae 2 Hernandiaceae 1 Hydrocharitaceae 3 Hydroleaceae 0 Hypericaceae 1 Hypoxidaceae 1 Icacinaceae 2 Juncaceae 2 Lamiaceae 14 (5) Lauraceae 27 (21) Lecythidaceae 0

Rhizophoraceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Ruppiaceae Rutaceae Sabiaceae Salicaceae Salvadoraceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Schizandraceae Scrophulariaceae Sentalaceae Simaroubaceae Smilacaceae Solanaceae Sphenocleaceae Staphyleaceae Stemonaceae Stemonuraceae Stylidiaceae Surianaceae Symplocaceae Tamaricaceae Tetramelaceae Theaceae Thymelaeaceae Triuridaceae Typhaceae Ulmaceae Urticaceae Vahliaceae Verbanaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae Xyridaceae Zingiberaceae Zygophyllaceae tl;=j

5 (1) 5 74 (51) 0 7 2 3 (2) 0 6 (2) 5 (16) 21 1 2 (1) 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 12 (9) 0 0 4 (4) 1 2 0 0 13 1 0 3 (1) 2 0 2 12 (8) 0

10 (1) 17 (2) 179 (102) 1 29 (2) 2 10 (4) 2 11 (4) 18 (16) 25 1 3 (1) 3 3 11 1 1 1 3 (1) 1 1 13 (9) 2 1 5 (4) 4 3 1 1 27 (2) 1 2 8 (2) 17 (3) 1 4 21 (13) 1

1,385 (593)

3,154 (893)

j.=j 2'3 › ,xldfõ wdjD; îcl Ydl l=, ^wdfõKsl úfYaI jryka ;=, olajd we;&

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh MOE (2012). The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp Ashton, P.M., Gunatilleke, C.V.S., Zoyza, N., Dassanayake, M.D., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., & Wijesundara, S. (1997). A field guide to the common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka. WHT Publications (Pvt) Ltd., Sri Lanka.

Geethakumary, M.P., Pandurangan, A.G., Santhosh Kuma, E.S. (2012). Cinnamomum litseaefolium (Lauraceae) – A new distribution record from India.

2 36 Our Biological Heritage

15 (1) 2 16 (3) 9 (4) 21 (11) 16 1 2 71 (9) 3 (1) 71 (57) 13 (2) 13 4 6 3 (3) 33 (4) 2 4 (1) 56 (46) 1 1 (1) 4 2 4 (1) 6 (1) 10 (1) 5 2 184 (50) 18 (3) 5 7 (3) 1 2 3 7 (3) 1 69 (27) 1 12 (4) 2 23 (2) 1 262 (22) 7 (2) 15 (4) 12 2 5 3 24 (9) 1 (1) 6 (3) 7 (1) 14 (3)

chapter

Lentibulariaceae 7 (1) Linaceae 1 Lindernaceae 5 (3) Loganiacea 4 (2) Loranthaceae 11 (8) Lythraceae 4 Magnoliaceae 1 Malpighiaceae 1 Malvaceae 19 (6) Marantaceae 1 Melastomataceae 59 (48) Meliaceae 7 (2) Menispermaceae 8 Menyanthaceae 2 Molluginaceae 1 Monimiaceae 3 (2) Moraceae 8 (1) Musaceae 2 Myristicaceae 2 (1) Myrtaceae 26 (24) Nelumbonaceae 0 Nepenthaceae 1 (1) Nyctaginaceae 0 Nymphaeaceae 1 Ochnaceae 0 Olacaceae 2 (1) Oleaceae 3 (1) Onagraceae 0 Opiliaceae 0 Orchidaceae 130 (42) Orobanchaceae 11 (2) Oxalidaceae 2 Pandanaceae 3 (2) Papaveraceae 0 Passifloraceae 1 Pedaliaceae 1 Pentaphylaceae 6 (3) Phrymaceae 1 Phyllanthaceae 16 (9) Picrodendraceae 0 Piperaceae 7 (1) Pittosporaceae 1 Plantaginaceae 3 Plumbaginaceae 0 Poaceae 81 (13) Podestemaceae 6 (2) Polygalaceae 6 (3) Polygonaceae 0 Pontederiaceae 0 Portulacaceae 1 Potamogetonaceae 0 Primulaceae 11 (4) Proteaceae 1 (1) Putranjivaceae 2 (1) Ranunculaceae 4 (1) Rhamnaceae 4 (2)

© Kasun Pradeepa

weßfhda*ekaáfâ l=,fha f.d¿fn,s úfYaIhla Ratnadvipia irradians

› ,xldfõ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka › ,xldj j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 65"610 lska hq;a bkaÈhdkq Wm uyoaùmhg ls'ó 25 ;rï jq wdikakfha msysá rgls' wm Èjhsk uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 2500 olajd Wi ol=Kq - uOHu l`ÿlr m%foaYhlska o" th jgd me;sreKq" uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 0 isg 75 olajd jq mq¿,a ksïk iys; ;eks;,djlska o ks¾ñ; jQjls' Èjhsk jgd wßh j .,dhk .x`.d 103 lska iukaú; c,jyk moaO;shlska wm rg iukaú;h'

chapter

iuia:hla jYfhka .;a l, foaY.=Kh ksj¾;k l,dmSh jk kuq;a" j¾Idm;kfhys iy uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg we;s Wfiys úIu;dj fya;=fldgf.k úúO foaY.=Ksl l,dm Èjhsk mqrd ±lsh yelsh' m%Odk jYfhkau jd¾Idm;kh Wmfhda.slr .ksñka f;;a l,dmh" úh<s l,dmh yd w;rueÈ l,dmh f,i m%Odk foaY.=Ksl l,dm ;=kla y`ÿkdf.k we;'

Cryptozona chenui

38

› ,xldj ;=, fud¨ialdjkaf.a úúO;ajh ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq l, úg › ,xldj id.ßl ÿm;la f,i › ,xldj wjg uqyqfo;a fjr<nv l,dmfha;a fud¨ialdjkaf.a by< úúO;ajhla mj;sk w;r wNHka;r ñßÈh c,dY ;=,o ñßÈh f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a by, úúO;ajhla jd¾;d fõ' › ,xldj mqrd úisr mj;sk fN!ñl mßirhkays fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a by, úúO;ajhla olakg ,efnk w;r fudjqkaf.a jeä úfYaI úúO;ajhla yd jeä .yk >k;ajhlaa ksß; È. f;;a l,dmfha mßir moaO;sj, olakg ,efí'

› ,xldfõ fN!ñl f.d`:fn,a,kaf.a úúO;ajh wñ, pdkl iy ä,aIdka uÿrx.

© Kasun Pradeepa

Our Biological Heritage

weßfhda*ekaáfâ l=,fha f.d¿fn,s úfYaIhla

2

fud¨ialdjka i;a;aj rdcOdksfha by, úúO;ajhla orK wmDIaGjxYs i;a;aj fldÜGdYhla fõ' fudjqkaf.a úfYaI ixLHdj w;ska fojeks jkafka wdf;%dfmdavd ^ikaêmdoslhka& jxYhg muKss' fuu i;a;aj ldKavhg úúO rEmdldr iy úúO ú,dYhka j,ska hq;a i;=ka wh;a fõ' fuu jxYhg fudfkdma,efldf*rdjka" wgmsh,a,ka" fid,sfkd.eiagdjka" w,so;a lgqjka" yïfn,a,ka iy f.d¿fn,a,ka" uÜghka" ldjdáhka" fkdaá,hka" ±,a,ka iy nqj,a,ka hk j¾. j,g wh;a i;=ka we;=,;a fõ' úYd,;u wmDIajxYs i;a;ajhd jk fhdaO ±,a,do wh;a jkafka fuu jxYhg h' © Amila Chanaka

fud¨iald foay uq,sl jYfhka WÉp¾uhla fkdue;s uDÿ foayhla jk w;r fjkiajk iq¿ yevhla .kakd ksid fudjqka uDÿ foay orK i;a;ajhska f,i yÿkajhs' f,dj mqrd fud¨iald rdcOdkshg wh;a i;aj úfYaI 85000 lg wêl m%udKhl=;a f*dis, úfYaI 3500 lg wdikak m%udKhl=;a jd¾;d fõ' fudjqkaf.a iïNjh óg jir ñ,shk 500 lg tyd b;sydihla olajd Èjhk w;r flaïì%h mia ia:rhka ;=,ska fudjqkaf.a merKs f*dis, idOlhka jd¾;d ù we;'

weßfhda*ekaáfâ l=,fha f.d¿fn,s úfYaIhla Cryptozina bistrialis

wdf;%dfmdavd jxYSka yereKq úg ñksiqkag wd¾Ól jYfhka jeo.;a wmDIaGjxYs i;a;aj fldÜGdYh f,i fud,ialdjka ±laúh yel' fudjqka ñksid úiska mqrd;Kfha isg wdydr jYfhkq;a" úis;=re NdKav yd wdNrK i`oydo Ndú;d lr we;s w;r j.d m,sfndaOlhl= fukau frda. jdylhl= f,io ñksidg jeo.;a fõ' fud,ialdjka wêl f,i mdßißl ;;ajhkag wkqj¾;kh ù we;' fudjqka jd;h yer Ôùkag Ôj;a úh yels iEu mßirhlu jd¾;d fõ' fudjqkaf.ka úfYaI jeä ixLHdjla lrÈhjdiS jk w;r iuyrla ñßÈh jdiS o úfYaI wvq ixLHdjla fN!ñlj jdiS o fj;s'

› ,xldfõ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a wOHhk b;sydih › ,xldj ;=, fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a wOHhk b;sydih ishjilg jvd wE; b;sydihla olajd Èj hhs' › ,xldfõ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka ms<sn`o jeä jYfhka wOHhkh lr we;af;a ì%;dkHh hg;a úð; iufha furg isá iy furgg meñKs úfoaYSh mqoa.,hka úisks' ±kg › ,xldfjka y÷kdf.k ;sfnk f.d¿fn,s úfYaI w;ßka o< jYfhka 30] l f.a muK jHdma;sh ms<sn| uq,sl lreKq fndfyduhla fkdokS' fndfyda wdfõKsl úfYaI j, jHdma;sh tla ia:dkhlg muKla iSud ù we;s w;r Tjqkaf.a jHdma;sh yd mßir úoHd;aul f;dr;=re ms<sn`o lsisjla fï jk úg wOHhkhg ,la ù fkdue;'

© Amila Chanaka

© Amila Chanaka

fy,sleßfhdksfâ l=,fha f.d¿fn,s úfYaIhla Satiella sp.

› ,xldfõ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka ms<sn`oj uq,sl jYfhka igykaj we;s 1921 § m<jQ zì%;dkH bkaoshdkq i;a;ajhkaZ (Fauna of British India) kï jQ .%ka: ud,dfõ › ,xldjg wfõKsl úfYaI ms<sn`oj;a Tjqkaf.a jHdma;sh ms<sn`oj;a mq¿,a jYfhka igykaj fkdue;s ùu o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKls' fuu .%ka: ud,dj 1908-1914 iy 1924 jir j,§ fj¿ï 3 lska ksl=;a jQ w;r fuu fj¿ïj, furg f.d¿fn,a,ka rEmuh ,laIK wkqj j¾.SlrKh lr we;'

furg mqrd;kfha Ôj;a jQ udkj ckdjdihka ys wjfYaI yuqjk w;r^n,kaf.dv udkj ckdjdi& › ,xldfõ Ôj;a jQ m%d.a ft;sydisl udkj ckdjdi ixo¾Nhka ;=,ska yuqù we;s fN!ñl f.d¨fn,a,ka úfYaI lsysmhla wOHhkh u.ska Tjqkaf.a m%d.a N+f.da,Sh jHdma;sh iy mßirh ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yel' fuu udkjhskaf.a wdydr rgdjka m%;sks¾udKh lsßu i`oyd o fudjqkaf.a wjfYaI Wmldß lr .; yels w;r j¾;udkfha Ôj;a jk úfYaIhka ms<sn`o uQ,sl wjfndaOhla fuu ixo¾Nhka wOHhkh lsÍu ;=,ska ,nd .; yelsh' fuu wjfYaI jeä m%udKhla yuqjk m%d.a udkj ckdjdi f,i nq,;aisxy, mdyshkaf,k" l=reúg ngfodUf,k" ls;=,a., fn,sf,k" w,j, fmd;a.=,af,k" lE.,a, w¿f,k" forjl yd fn,a,kane`Ème,eiai wd§ f;;a yd úh,s l,dmSh m%d.a ft;sydisl ckdji .; yels w;r fuu udkj ckdjdi ;=< isÿ lr ;sfnk leKSï u.ska fN!ñl yd ñßÈh f.d¨fn,a,ka f.a wjfYAI jd¾;d ù we;' fuu m%d.a ft;sydisl udkj ckdjdi ;=, jeä jYfhka wjfYaI yuqjkafka Acavus .Kfha úfYaI yd WmúfYaI ^fjo f.d¿fn,a,d& lsysmhl wjfYaI jk w;r mqrdK udkjhd fudjqka wdydr f,i fyda fjk;a l%shdjka i|yd Ndú;hg f.k we;s njg fï ms<sn`o wOHhkh isÿ lrk úoaj;=ka fmkajd fohs'

fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a jHdma;sh yd wdfõKsl;ajh › ,xldj ;=, fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka úfYaI 253 la jd¾;d jk w;r fudjqka l=, 32 lg o" .Khka 66 lg o" wh;a fõ' úfYaI 253 ka úfYaI 205 la › ,xldjg wdfõKsl jk w;r bka .K 5 la › ,xldjg wdfõKsl fõ' tu wdfõKsl .Khka Acavus, Oligospira, Rathnadvipia, Ravana, iy Aulopoma jk w;r fuu .K 5" úfYaI 14 la ksfhdackh lrhs (The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka)' bka úfYaI 166 la m,afudfkagd (Pulmonata) Wm j¾.hg wh;a jk w;r tu úfYaI" l=, 28 lg wh;a fõ' ñg wu;rj úfYaI 87 la fmdfidn%ekalshd (Prosobranchia) Wmj¾.hg wh;a jk w;r fuu úfYaI 87 l=, 4 la ksfhdackh lrKq ,nhs'

40

› ,xldfõ jd¾;djk wksl=;a Wm j¾.h jkafka fm%dfidn%ekalshd jk w;r fudjqkaf.a ljph Yla;su;aj le,aishï ldnfkag u`.ska pq¾KSN+;j ks¾udKh ù we;' fudjqkag isyska È. .%dysld hq.,la we;s w;r tys fl,jr wCIs msysgd we;' ljpfha we;s újrh jid .eksug ljpfha fl,jr ljdldr M,lhla msysgd we;' fuu Wm j¾.hg wdfõKsl tla .Khla wh;ajk w;r (Aulopoma) fuu .Kh úfYaI 04 lska ksfhdackh lrKq ,nhs'

© Amila Chanaka

fuu leKsï u`.ska yuqjk wjfYaI wOHkh lsÍu ;=,ska j¾;udkfha ðj;a jk úfYAIhkag {d;S;ajhla olajk úfYAI Tiafia m%d.a ft;sydisl mßirh m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug yd mqrd;k mßirh ms<sn`o woyila ,nd .ekSug yelsjkq we;' › ,xldjg wdfõKsl jk .Khka 5 ka .Khka 3 m%d.a ft;sydisl ixo¾Nhka ;=< jd¾;dùu ;=,ska Tjqkaf.a m%d.a fM;sydisl me;sÍu yd tu hq.fha mdßißl ;;ajhka ms<sn`o meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yelsh' wjfYaI w;r yuqjk wdfõKsl .Khka f,i Acavus, Oligospira, Aulopoma .Khka ±laúh yel' fuu .Khkag wh;a úfYAI fndfyduhla jd¾;djkafka f;;a l,dmfha mßir moaO;s j, jk w;r fndfyduhla úfYaI Tjqka wdfõKsl CIqø jdiia:dkhka ys (Micro Habitat) Ôj;a fõ' fuu mqrd;kfha yuqjk fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a wjfYaI úYaf,aIKh lsßu ;=,ska mqrdKfha mej;s foaY.=Kh yd j¾;udkfha mj;sk foaY.=Kfha t;rï fjkilg ,laj fkdue;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' by; úfYAIhkag wu;rj m%d.a ft;sydisl ckdjdi wdY%s;j Corilla sp., Cyathopoma sp., Theobaldius sp., Tortulosa sp., Thysanota sp., Glessula sp., Cyathopoma sp. wdoS jQ fN!ñl úfYaI jd¾;d fõ'

2

fï wkqj › ,xldfõ jd¾;d jk fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.ka nyq;rhla ksfhdackh lrkqfha m,afudfkagd Wm j¾.h jk w;r fudjqka fN!ñl Ôù;hg id¾:lj yev .eiqkq fldÜGdYhla fõ' fudjqkaf.a ljphka le,aishï ldnfkaÜ yd jeä m%udKhla fm%daàk j,ska ks¾udKh ù we;' fuu ljph iuyrla úfYaIhkays Tjqkaf.a YÍrh ljph ;=,g weo .ekSug mjd fkdyels ;rï l=vd yd ishqï fõ' we;eï úfYaIhkays ljp ËSK ù we;' fndfydauhla m,afudfkagdjkag ridhk ixfõol hq.,la we;s w;r ish¨u m,afudfkagdjkag È.eá .%dysld u; msysá wCIs hq.,la we;' m,afudfkagdjka oaú,sx.sl jk w;r fmdÿ m%ckl újrh fndafyda úg ol=Kq .%dysldjg my<ska msysgd we;' › ,xldjg wdfõKsl fN!ñl f.d¿fn,s .K my w;ßka Acavus ^úfYaI 03 la&" Oligospira ^úfYaI 03 la&" Rathnadvipia ^úfYaI 02 la&" iy Ravana ^úfYaI 01 la& m,afudfkagd Wm j¾.hg wh;a fõ'

Our Biological Heritage

fndfyda wd.ka;=l úfYaI l÷lrfha lDIs ìï wdY%s;j jd¾;d jQ w;r ñka úfYaI lsysmhla wdl%uKldÍ úfYaIhka f,ig y`ÿkd f.k we;' › ,xldj ;=, yïfn,a,ka iajNdúlj jd¾;d fkdjk w;r › ,xldfõ ±kg olakg ,efnk ish¨u yïfn,a,ka úfoaYhkaf.ka furgg y`ÿkajd ÿka úfYaI fõ'

Aulopoma Sp.

chapter

fuhg wu;rj › ,xldfõ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka ms<sn`oj uE; ld,fha isÿ l, mq¿,a wOHhkhla f,i “Darwin Initiative Land snail Diversity” jHdmD;sh fmkajd osh yel' fuu jHdmD;sh u`.ska f;;a l,dmfha fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka ms<sn`o mq¿,a jYfhka wOHhkh l, w;r fuu jHdmD;sh u`.ska kj úfYaI fndfyduhla yd › ,xldjg wd.ka;=l f.d¿fn,a,ka yd yïfn,a,ka úfYaI 18 la fidhd .ekSug yels úh'

m%d.a ft;sydisl ixo¾Nhka ;=,ska yuqjk f.d¿fn,s úfYaI

ihslaf,df*dßfâ l=,fha f.d¿fn,s úfYaIhla Cyclophorus involvulus

© Amila Chanaka

© Gehan Rajeev

leñksfâ l=,fha f.d¿fn,s úfYaIhla Beddomea albizonata

fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka mdßirsl o¾Ylhka f,i

mshqmsksfâ l=,fha f.d¿fn,s úfYaIhla Tortulosa Sp.

› ,xldfõ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a jHdma;sh ms<sn`o ie,lSfï § fudjqkaf.a me;sÍu › ,xldfõ m%Odk foaY.=Ksl l,dm iuÕ iDcq iïnkaO;djhla fmkajhs' iuyrla úfYaI Tjqkag wdfõKsl jq CIqø mßir moaO;Skag yd l,dmhkag (Glessula sp.) iSud ù we;s w;r ;j;a úfYaI tu foaY.=Ksl l,dmhkays mq¿,a jHdma;shla (Cryptozona chenui) fmkajhs' óg wu;rj fndfyduhla úfYaI iSud iys; jHdma;shla fmkajk ia:dkSh wdfõKsl;ajhla (Point Endemic Indicator Species) fmkajk úfYaI fõ'

chapter

jkka;rhka ys ffcj úoHd;aul jákdlu iy ;;ajhka ms<sn`o i,ld ne,sfï§ tAjdfha by< jákdlu ;lafiare lsÍu i`oyd f.d¿fn,a,ka fyd| ffcj o¾Ylhla f,i fhdod .; yelsh' tfiau fndfyda l,lg fmr isgu y÷kdf.k we;s mßÈ ffcj mßKduh ms<sn| wOHhk j,§ fudjqka b;d fyd| o¾Ylhla nj y÷kdf.k we;' f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a ukao.dó p,kho Wka m<sfndaOkdYl iy ñksidf.a n,mEfuka mßirfha we;s jQ fjkialï j,g jvd fyd¢ka uqyqK §u i|yd jq mßKdñh ;;ajhka ye±ßug fyd| o¾Ylhls' fï fya;=j ksid f.d¨fn,a,kaf.a jHdma;sh iy mßir ;;ajhka ms<sn| f;dr;=re f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a jdiia:dkj, ;;ajh ksßlaIKh lsÍfñka ,nd .; yelsh'

2

tfiau we;eï úfYaI mßir ¥IKh y`ÿkd .eksug o¾Yl f,i Ndú;d l, yelsh' tfiau mßirfha isÿ jk ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhkag ixfõÈ úfYaIhka u`.ska mßirfha fjkialï y`ÿkd .eksug ffcj o¾Yl f,i fhdod .ekSfï yelshdjla mj;s' ^Wod- Acavus superbus mfia mj;sk f;;ukhg b;d ixfõoS jk w;r uo jeis we;s jq úg Cyclophorus ceylanicus yd Cyclophorus involvules hk úfYaIhka f.a ls%hdldß;ajh nyq,j olakg ,efí'&

42 Our Biological Heritage

fudjqkaf.a jHdma;sh yd wdfõKsl;ajh ms<sn`o ie,lsfïoS fudjqka b;d wvq ixprK yelshdjla we;s i;a;aj ldKavhla jk neúka fudjqka tu foaY.=Ksl l,dmhkag úfYaIKh ùu;a wdfõKsl ùu;a isÿ ù we;s w;r fuu ls%hdj,sh jir oyia .Kkla ;=, isÿ ùu u`.ska Ôù úfYaI fuu foaY.=Ksl l,dmhkag úfYaIKh ùu isÿ ù we;'

tfiau f;;ukh yd wvq wdf,dalhkag ixfõ§ úfYaI u`.ska mßirfha wd¾ø;djh ms<sn`o fyd`o ±kqula ,nd .; yels w;r fudjqkaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh mßirfha mj;sk wd¾ø;dj iu`. iDcq iïnkaO;djhla fmkajhs' fï i`oyd WodyrK f,i Oligospira, Beddomea yd Ratnadvipia hk .Khkaf.a úfYaI fmkajd Èh yelsh'

› ,xldj ;=, fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a jHdma;sh m%Odk fldgia lsysmhlg fnod ±laúh yel' 1' my;rg jeisjkdka;r jdiSka (Lowland Rainforest Species) 2' Wm l÷lr yd l÷lr jeisjkdka;r jdiSka (Sub montane/ Montane Rainforest Species) 3' f;;a fudaiï jkdka;r jdiSka (Moist monsoon forest species) 4' úh<s fudaiï jkdka;r jdiSka (Dry monsoon forest species) 5' j.d ìï yd f.j;= jdiSka (Cultivated Habitats & Home gardens)

› ,xldj ;=, fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka .Khka 66 la jd¾;d jk w;r ñka › ,xldj yd bkaÈhdfõ ngysr >dÜia l÷ jeáhg muKla .K 13 la iSud ù we;' fufia forg ;=< muKla iSud jQ .Khka (Restricted range generas) f,i Euplecta, Trachia, Ruthvenia, Thysanota, Corilla, Cryptozona, Mariaella, Eurychlamyd, Beddomea, Leptopomoides, Micraaulux, Nicida yd Tortulosa ±laúh yel' wdikak

jYfhka fN!ñl f.d¨fn,a,ka f.ka 50] l wdfõKsl;ajhla yd me;sÍula bkaÈhdfõ ngysr >dÜia l÷jeáh yd › ,xldj w;r muKla fmkakqï lrhs' › ,xldj yd bkaÈhdfõ ngysr >dÜia l`ÿjeáhg isud fkdjq .K 48 la ,xldfõ mj;sk w;r bka fmr i`oyka mßos › ,xldjg muKla wdfõKsl .Khka 5 ls' © Gehan Rajeev

fï wkqj › ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj w;r úáka úg mej;s N+ iïnkaO;d ms<sn`o ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla yd tA i`oyd idËs fuu fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a jHdma;s wOHhkh ;=,ska ,nd .; yels w;r wÈka jir ñ,shk 200 lg fmr wm%sldj" ol=Kq weußldj" uev.ialrh" ´iafÜ%,shdj iy wekagdlaáldj tlaj ks¾udKh jq iqmsß uyoaùmh jk f.dâjdkd,ka;h (Gondwanaland) ms,sn`oj idËso fudjqkaf.a jHdma;sh ms<sn`o wOHhkh lsßu ;=,ska imhd .; yelsh'

mshqmsksfâ l=,fha f.d¿fn,s úfYaIhla Tortulosa Sp.

› ,xldfõ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka i`oyd we;s ;¾ck f.d¿fn,a,ka i`oyd mj;sk m%Odk ;¾ckh jkafka Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dk úkdY ùu yd bvï len,s ùu;a f;;a l,dmsh my;rg jeis jkdka;r fõ.fhka jekiS hdu;ah' kl,aia jeks l÷rlr m%foaYj, ìï wdjrKh tkid,a j.dj msKsi fhdod .ekSu;a" l`ÿlr jkdka;r is>% f,i jdKsc j.djka i`oyd fhdod .ekSu;a fudjqkag we;s m%n, ;¾ckhka fõ' tfiau furg f;;a l,dmhg wh;a ìï w;s úYd, m%udKhla úÿ,sh ksmoúu i|yd c,dY bÈ lsßfïÈ c,hg hg ùuo fudjqkag we;s ;j;a ;¾ckhla fõ'

uyje,s jHdmD;sh ls%hd;aul ùfï§ fuu ;;ajhg wêl f,i n,mEula úh' fujeks jHdmD;s ksid fudjqkg Ôj;a ùug b;sßj ;snQ wjidk ìï fndfydauhla jekiS f.dia wjikah' tksid b;sß ù isák úfYaI j, jdiia:dk m%udKho wju fjñka mj;s' fï ksid jdiia:dk úkdY úu fya;=fjka fï jkúg iuyr úfYaI wmf.a ±kqulska f;drju fuf,dúka iyuq,skau j| ù f.dia wjikaj we;' ks;ru úh<s ld,fhaÈ we;s jk le,E" ;DK ìï iy m;ka ìï .sks ;eìu iy .sks .ekSu f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a meje;aug ±ä ;¾ckhla ù we;' fï fya;=j ksid m;ka ìï iy ;DK ìï wdY%s;j jd¾;d jk úfYaI .Kk iy m%udKh b;d w,am ú we;' tfiau lDIs ridhk Ndú;dh ksjdi iy f.dúìï wdYS%; mßirfha ðj;a jk f.d¿fn,a,kaf.a úkdYhg fya;= fõ' furgg wdfõKsl Acavus iy Ratnadvipia hk .Kj,g wh;a f.d¿fn,a,ka fndfydúg yuq jk ñksia jdiia:k fndfydauhlau lDIs ridhk j,ska ¥IKh ú wjikah' fuu ;¾ck j, iduQysl m%;sM,hla f,i fï jk úg wm rfgka yuq jk fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka úfYaI 80 la oeä wka;rdodhl (Critically Endangered) ;;ajhl;a ;j;a úfYaI 76 la wka;rdodhl (Endangered) ;;ajhl;a mj;akd nj 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd; u.ska fmkajd fohs' tfiau ;j;a úfYaI 23 la mj;skafka wjodkï (Vulnerable) uÜgfïh' wm ráka yuq jk uq¿ fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,kaf. ka úfYaI 32 lau m%udKj;a o;a; rys; o;= ySk (Data deficient) uÜgfï mj;S'

<ñia ueiaika úfYaIhla Euphaea splendens © Kasun Pradeepa

Y%S ,xldfõ n;al+rkaf.a úúO;ajh wñ, m%ikak iqukmd,

n;al+rka hkq ikaêmdol jxYhg (Phyllum Arthropoda) iy bkafilagd j¾.hg (Class Insecta) wh;a i;a;aj ldKavhls' úoHd;aul j¾.SlrKfha§ fudjqka ;j ÿrg;a m%Odk fldgia follg fnod ±laúh yel' tkï ihsf.dmafgrd Wmf.da;%hg (Suborder Zygoptera) wh;a <ñia ueiaika (Damselflies) yd weksfidmafgrd Wm f.da;%hg (Suborder Anisoptera) wh;a n;al+rka (Dragonflies) f,ih' fuu ldKav fol i|yd fmdÿfõ fhfok ksjerÈ úoHd;aul fhÿu Tfvdkdgdjka (Odonates) jqjo idudkH jHdjydrfha § fï ish,a,kag n;al+rka f,iu jyrkq ,efí' by; Wmf.da;% fol i,lk l,ays tA w;r my; m%Odk fjkialï lsysmhla y÷kd.; yel' © Dulan Ranga

le,E" ;DK ìï iy m;ka ìï .sks ;eìu Forest fire

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh Raheem, D and Naggs F. (2006). An Illustrated Guide to the land snails of Sri Lankan Natural forests and cultivated habitats. Natural History Museum, London Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum.

Ranawana, K. B. and Priyadarshana, T. G. M. (2012). The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Land Snails in Sri Lanka. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora.

Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. pp 65-68.

ihsf.dmafgrd Wmf.da;%h (Suborder Zygoptera) g wh;a <ñia ueiaikaf.a ysi fomi weia msysgk w;r tA w;r mr;rh weil úYalïNhg jvd jeä h' mshdm;a hq., 2 m%udKfhka yd yevfhka fndyda úg iudk fõ' úfjlSj miqjk úg mshdm;a weÕ Èf.a weÕg iudka;rj mj;ajd .kS' idudkHfhka idfmaCIj isyska isrere orhs' weksfidmafgrd Wmf.da;%h (Suborder Anisoptera) g wh;a n;al=rkaf.a weia ysi uOHhg jkakg msysgk w;r tAjd fndfyda úg tlsfkl iam¾Y fõ' weia w;r mr;rhla we;súg th tla weil úYalïNhg jvd wvqh' mshdm;a hq.f,ka wmr mshdm; ;rula úYd,h' úfõlS wjia:dj, mshdm;a weÕg ,ïnlj fomig úysÿjd ;nd .kS' idudkHfhka ;rñka úYd, isrere orhs' ish¨ n;al+rka mshdm;a ork" mshdieÍfï yelshdj we;s" úf,damsl lDóka fõ' fudjqka wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh olajk w;r ì;a;r u.ska lSghka o Tjqkaf.ka iqyqUq,kao we;s fõ' iqyqUq,ka ,sx.slj mßK;j ixiapkfhka miqj ì;a;r c,fha (Aeshnidae l=,h yer wfkla n;al+rka& fyda c,h wdY%s; Ydl mgl ;=, ^ish¨ <ñia ueiaika yd Aeshnidae l=,fha n;al+rka& ;ekam;a flfrk w;r bka msgjk lSghd wksjd¾h c,c

Our Biological Heritage

fuf,i úúOdldr ;¾ck yuqfõ úkdY fjñka hk fN!ñl f.d¨fn,a,ka u;= mrmqr fjkqfjka b;sß l< hq;= uyÕ= odhdohls' fï i`oyd fuu f.d¿fn,a,ka ms<sn`o úêu;a m¾fhaIK fufyh ùu" Tjqka ms<sn`o m%cdj w;r oekqu j¾Okh" by< fN!ñl f.d¿fn,a,ka úúO;ajhla iys; mßir moaO;s ukd f,i ixrlaIKh" wd.ka;=l f.d¿fn,a,kaaf.a jHdma;sh md,kh yd kj wd.ka;=l úfYaI y`ÿkajd oSfï wjia:d je<lSu iy ridhksl øjH u.ska isÿ jk mßir ydksh md,kh jeo.;a jkq we;'

lSgfhla fõ' YsY= wjia:d fY%aKshlg miq wjika YsY= wjia:dj c,fhka msg;gú;a ish nysYa iels,a, ;=,ska msg;g meñK iqyqUq,ka njg m;afõ' fudjqkaf.a lSg wjia:d wksjd¾h c,c lSghka jk ksid m%ckkhg /iajk n;al+rka c,h wdY%s;j w;sYhska iq,nj ±lsh yel'

wm rfÜ n;al+rka úfYaI ms<sn`o wm i;= oekqñka nyq;rh hqfrdamSh hg;a úð; iufha hqfrdamShka úiska isÿ l< wOHhkhkaf.a m%;sM,hls' H. A. Hagen (18171893), Edmond de Selys-Longchamps (1813-1900), J. W. Yerbury (1847-1927), F. C. Fraser, W. F. Kirby (1844-1912), F. F. Laidlaw (1876-1963), M. A. Lieftinck (1904-1985)

wdoS úoHd{hka iy kso¾Yl /ia lrkakka úiska /ia l< kso¾Yl tl;+ka iy tA ms<sn`o isÿ l< úoHd;aul wOHhkhkaf.ka wm ráka jd¾;d ù we;s n;al+rka úfYaI j,ska nyq;rhla y`ÿkd .ekSug yels úh' uE; hq.fha Matjaz Bedjanic, Karen Coniff iy Nancy van der Poorten hk úfoaYslhka úiska › ,xldj ;=, isÿ l< wOHhkhkaf.a m%;sM, f,i o › ,xldfõ n;al+rka .ek kj fidhd .ekSï isÿ lsÍug yels ù we;' › ,xldfõ n;al+rka ms<sn`o ,shejqKq fmd; m; w;r F. C. Fraser úiska rÑ; Fauna of British India fmd;a ud,dfõ n;al+rka ms<sn`o ,shejqKq fj¿ï 3 lska hqla; m%ldYkh iy jir 2000 oS Terrance de Fonseka rpkd l< The Dragonflies of Sri Lanka lD;sh m%Odk fõ' j¾;udkh jk úg f,dalfha jd¾;d jk uq¿ n;al+rka úfYaI ixLHdj 5700 la muK jk w;r bka úfYaI 120 la › ,xldfõ jd¾;d jk njg úoHd;aul idOl m%ldYhg m;a j we;' tA w;ßka úfYaI 48 la ^40]& › ,xldjg wdfõKsl jk w;r ;j;a 9 la ^7'5]& WmúfYaI uÜgñka wdfõKsl fõ' fuu úfYaI l=, 12 la iy .K 66 la hgf;a j¾.SlrKh flfrhss' fuu .K w;ßka Sinhalestes .Kh › ,xldjg wdfõKsl jk w;r tu .Kh ksfhdackh lrkqfha tla úfYaIhla muKs' › ,xldfõ n;al+rkaf.a jHdma;sh wkqj jvd;au by< úúO;ajhla jd¾;d jkafka ksß; È. f;;a l,dmfha h' r;akmqr" .d,a," l¿;r hk Èia;%slal fï w;r m%uqL;djla .kakd w;r by, n;al+re úfYaI ixLHdjla yd by< wdfõKsl m%;sY;hla tu m%foaY j,ska jd¾;d fõ' tA tA úfYaIhkag wh;a n;al+rka m%ckkh i|yd c,c mßir moaO;Ska f;dard .ekSfï § tA tA mßir moaO;Skag iqúfYaIS;djla olajhs' iuyrla úfYaI fõ.fhka c,h .,d hk Èh myrj, muKla ì;a;r ouk w;r iuyrla .,d fkdhk c,h iys; j.=re" fmdl=Kq wdÈfha ì;a;r ±óu isÿ lrhs' tA tA mßir moaO;sj, mj;akd iqúfYaIS laIqø jdiia:dk ;;aj j,g tu úfYaI j, lSghka olajk wkqj¾;khka ksid fuu iqúfYaIS mßir moaO;s wod, úfYaI j, n;al+rkaf.a meje;aug wksjd¾h wjYH;djhls'

fï ksidu iuyrla úfYaI j, n;al+rkaf.a jHdma;sh tu úfYaIfha lSghkag wjYH c,c mßir moaO;Skaf.a me;sÍu u; iSud ù we;' n;al+rka u.ska ñksidg úYd, Rcq wd¾Ól jdishla ke;s uq;a Tjqka mßirh ;=< b;d úYd, fufyhla isÿ lrhs' n;al+rkaf.a lSghka yd iqyqUq,ka hk fofldgiu úf,damslhka jk ksid mßir moaO;sj, m<sfndaOlhka we;=¨ lDókao c,c mßirfha jik lDñ lSghkao ^Wod (- uÿre lSghka& md,khg Tjqka úYd, f,i jeo.;a fõ' tfiau fndfyda n;al+rka msßisÿ c,fha ì;a;r ouk ksid Tjqka c,c mßir moaO;sj, ;;ajh ms<sn| bÕs lrk ffcj o¾Ylhla (Bioindicator) f,i o Ndú;d l< yel' by; mßir úoHd;aul jeo.;alïj,g wu;rj uE; ld,fha isg fuu j¾Kj;a lDñ ldKavh ixpdrl wdl¾IKhla f,i o jeo.;a ù we;' n;al+rka keröu Wfoidu ixúOdkh jk ixpdrl jevigyka j, wdrïNh Bg ksoiqka imhhs' tfiau úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKhkag jeo.;a m¾fhaIK Ôúfhla f,i o n;al+rka nyq,j fhdod .efka' j¾;udkfha wm rfÜ jd¾;djk n;al+rkaf.a ixrCIK ;;ajh 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd;g wkqj my; wdldr fõ'

ixrCIK uÜgu

úfYaI .kk

wdfõKsl úfYaI

w;sYhska wka;rdhg ,lajq (CR) 26 22 wka;rdhg ,lajQ (EN) 18 14 wka;rdhg ,laùug bv we;s (VU) 17 04 wdikak wka;rdhg ,lajQ (NT) 17 01 wvq jeo.;alula iys; (LC) 29 01 o;a; ySk (DD) 11 05

2007 cd;sl r;= o;a; jd¾;djkag idfmaCIj ;¾ð; úfYaI (CR, EN, VU) jeäùula fmkakqï l, o thg m%Odkju n,md we;af;a 2007 § o;a; ySk f,i ie,l=Kq úfYaI ms<sn| kj o;a; iu. tAjd ;¾ð; úfYaI f,i we.hSug ,laùuhs' fï ksid jeä úfYaI .Kkla o;a; iys; we.hSug ,lajq ldKav j,g j¾. lr we;s w;r 2012 r;= o;a; fmd;g wkqj ;j ÿrg;a o;a; ySk f,i ie,flk n;al+rka úfYaI 11 la ^9'2]& wm ráka jd¾;d fõ' kuq;a fuu iuyrla úfYaI iïnkaOj b;d uE;l§ fidhd.;a kj jd¾;d mj;S' 1858 jif¾ oS isÿ flreKq uq,au úoHd;aul jd¾:dfjka wk;=rej lsisÿ jd¾:djla fkd;sî jir 154 lg miq 2012 jif¾ oS › mdo wvúfhka kej; fidhd.;a Sinhalestes orientalis úfYaIh Bg ksoiqkls' › ,xldfõ n;al+rka ms<sn`o wmf.a oekqu ;jÿrg;a mj;skqfha wvq uÜgulh' úfYaI 10 l tla ,sx.hlg wh;a i;=ka ms<sn`o fï jkf;la jd¾;d fidhdf.k ke;s w;r úfYaI 75 l muK lSg wjia:d ms<sn`ojo jd¾;d fkdmj;S' ;j;a úfYaI .Kkdjla

2 46 Our Biological Heritage

iqyqUq,kaf.a foay jHqyh ie,lSfï§ n;al+rka o¾YSh lDókag iudk jHqyhla orhs' ysi" Wri" Worh hk ge.aud 3 la yd Wri g iïnkaOjk ikaê mdo hq., 3 la yd mshdm;a hq., 2 la Tjqka i;=h' flá wekagkd hq.,la" ixhqla; weia hq.,la imk yd úlk fu!L Wmdx. n;al+rl=f.a ysfia wvx.=h' n;al+rkaf.a mshdmf;a jHqyh yd Worfha fl<jr we;s .=o Wmdx. (Anal appendages) j, jHqyh úoHd;aulj úfYaI tlsfklska fjkalr y÷kd.ekSug jeo.;ah'

<ñia ueiaika úfYaIhla Libellago greeni

chapter

lSghkaf.a jHqyh i,lk l,ays Zygoptera Wmf.da;%h yd Anisoptera Wmf.da;%h w;r hï hï meyeÈ,s fjkialï y÷kd.; yel' Anisoptera lSghka idfmaCIj m<,a isrere ork w;r Tjqkaf.a c,laf,dau WoÍh LKav j, fomi msysgd we;' Zygoptera lSghka idfmalaIj isyska isrere orhs' Tjqkaf.a c,laf,dau m;%dldr yevhla .kakd w;r Worh fl,jr c,laaf,dau 3 la oelsh yel' ish¿ n;al+re lSghka mDIafGdaoÍhj me;,s YÍr yd by< .%dyl yelshdjla iys; mdo ±Íu .,dhk c,fha § .idf.k hdug ,la fkdù isàug jeo.;a fõ' lSghkaf.a jHqyd;aul ,CIK u; tA tA úfYaI j, lSghka tlsfklska fjka lr .ekSfï yelshdj we;' fï ksid n;al+rkaf.a úúO;ajh wOHhkh lsÍfï oS Tjqkaf.a lSg wjia:d wOHhkh lsÍuo jeo.;a fõ'

© Gehan Rajeev

ish¿ n;al+re lSghka c,laf,dau ork fyhska c,h ;=, Yajik yelshdj orhs' fudjqka c,c mßir moaO;s j, m;af,a fyda c,c Ydl w;r jdih lrk w;r wksjd¾h úf,damslhka fõ' iuyrla úfYaI ieÕj isg myr§fukao ;j;a iuyfrla f.dÿre miq mi yUd hñka o f.dÿre w,a,d .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

ms<sn`o uE; jir 50 l ld,h ;=, lsisÿ jd¾;djla ,eî ke;' tfiau fndfyduhla úfYaI j, jHdma;s rgdjka iy jif¾ Tjqka nyq,j yuqjk mshdir ld, jljdkq ms<sn`oj o wmg we;af;a wvq oekquls' n;al+rkaf.a ixrlaIKh i`oyd by; o;a; .ek oekqu w;sYhska jeo.;a h'

© Tharindhu Ranasinghe

n;al+rka úfYaIhla Trithemis aurora

l=yqUq úfYaIhla

› ,xldfõ l=yqUqjkaf.a úúO;ajh

© Gehan Rajeev

uqos; ú;dkf.a

Ant Sp.

l=yqUqjka hkq myiqfjka wmg ksßlaIKh l< yels lDñ i;=ka ldKavhls' fudjqka wd;%fmdavd jxYfha bkafilagd j¾.hg wh;a jk yhsfudfkdamafgrd f.da;%h hg;g j¾.SlrKh flf¾' f*dañisfâ l=,hg wh;a l=yqUqjka wfkl=;a lDókaf.ka fjkalr y÷kd.eksug my; ioyka ,laIK Wmfhda.s lr .; yel'

1' ñksia w;l je,ñg ikaêhg wkqrEm l< yels wdldrfha ikaêhla iys; iam¾Yl ;sìu' 2' foayh ysi" m;al|" bK yd wmr Worh hk m%foaY j,ska iukaú; úu' 3' fojk Wor LKavh fndfydaúg ËSK ù ;ksju msysá .eghla fyda fldr<hla ^isysksÕ& f,i Wria yd wfkla Wor LKav w;r we;'

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh Bedjani, M., (2013). Paragomphus campestris sp. nov., a new endemic species from Sri Lanka (Anisoptera: Gomphidae). Odonatologica, 42(1): 45-52.

4' iuyr idudðlhkaf.a f;jk Wor LKavh ËSK ù" wmr isysksÕla iEÈu' fuu foay LKav folu ^bK& YÍrfha wfkla m%foaYhkaf.ka meyeÈ,sj u fjka ù ;sìu'

de Fonseka, T., (2000). The dragonflies of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Wildlife Heritage Trust.

Van der Poorten, N., (2012). Macromidia donaldi pethiyagodai subsp. nov. from Sri Lanka (Odonata: Corduliidae). International Journal of Odonatology, 15(2): 99-106 Van der Poorten, N. and K. Conniff, (2012). The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Dragonfly Fauna (Insecta: Odonata) of Sri Lanka. In: D. K. Weerakoon & S. Wijesundara (Eds.), The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka - Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora, pp. 1-10, Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment and National Herbarium, Department of National Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka. xxi+476 pp Sumanapala and Bedjanic (2013) Rediscovery of a long lost endemic damselfly Sinhalestes orientalis (Hagen in Selys, 1862) from Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Sri Lanka. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology. Vol: 2, No.1, pp 38-41

wfkla >kdjdiS lDñ i;=ka fiau fudjqkaf.a l%shdldrlï j, ukd ixúOdkd;aul njla we;' fudjqka lKavdhï jYfhka ðj;a jk w;r Tjqkaf.a kdhlhd jkafka ;rula Yßr m%udKfhka úYd, .eyeKq l=yqUqfjls' jHjydrfha z/ðKZ f,i yÿkajkafka fuu l=yqUqjdhs' l=yqUqjkaf.a jdiia:dk w;ska .;a l< b;d by< úúO;ajhla fydnjhs' ±kg › ,xldfjka yuqjk l=yqUqjka jeä jYfhka u yuqjkafka fmd<j ydrd .;a .=,a j, jk w;r" ;j;a iuyrla Ydl m;% j,ska idod.;a f.dgq ;=< ;u rdcOdksh idod.ks' fudjqkaf.a fl< u.ska fuu Ydlm;% tlsfkl w,jd f.k úúOdldr yev wkqj f.dgqj idod.ks' fuu l%shdj,sh l=yqUqjkaf.a we;s ukd yelshdjla úoyd mdhs' WodyrKhla f,i Èñhd (Oecophylla smaragdina) ±laúh yel' ;jo fudjqka

Our Biological Heritage

n;al+rkaf.a ixrlaIKh ;yjqre lsÍug kï Tjqka ms<sn`o jeä ÿr m¾fhaIK fufyh ùu w;HdjYHh' tA tA úfYaIhg wjYH jk jdiia:dk ;;aj" mßir idOl" c, m%Nj j, ,laIK yd tu úfYaI j, lSg wjia:d úlikh ms<sn`o wOHhkh fuysoS jeo.;ah' tu oekqu wkqj fuu úfYaI i`oyd wjYH jdiia:dk yd mßir moaO;s j, jHdma;sh wOHhkh u.ska Tjqkaf.a ixrlaIKhg jeo.;a mßir moaO;s m%uqL;dj wkqj y`ÿkdf.k tAjd wdrlaId lr .ekaug mshjr .; yel' tfiau oekg mj;akd wdrËs; m%foaY j, wdrËs; nj ;yjqre lsÍuo jeo.;a jkq we;' .x.d we< fod< j.=re wdoS c,c mßir moaO;Ska ¥IKhg ,la ùu wju lsÍug wjYH ls%hd ud¾. .ekSu yd tAjd ksis f,i ls%hdfõ kexùu o isÿ l< hq;=h' tfukau n;al+rka iïnkaO úoHd;aul f;dr;=re iudch fj; /f.k hdug .e,fmk wdldrfha m%ldYkhka isÿ lsÍu u.ska idudkH ckhdf.a iyfhda.h o fï i`oyd ,nd.; yels jkq we;'

Subfamily

Genera

Species

Morpho-Species

tl;=j

61

194

21

j.=j 2'4 › ,xldfõ l=yqUq l=,

iajNdúl jkdka;r j, Ydl úfYaI jHdma;sh yd meje;au fkdlvjd mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd l=yqUqjkaf.ka bgqjkafka wm%udK fiajhls' l=yqUqjka úiska îc yd M, j, udxY,uh fldgia wdydrhg .ekSfuka miqj b;sßjk îc m%frdaykh ùug mgka .kS' tu ksid Tjqka îc m%frdaylhka f,i l%shdlr;s' tf,iskau tu îc Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dk lrd Tijdf.k hdu Tjqkaf.a mqreoaols' tf,i Tijdf.k hk w;r;=r § fndfyduhla îc l=yqUqjkaf.ka .s,sySu ksid tu .uka ud¾. j, hï hï ia:dk j, m;s; fõ' iajNdúl jkdka;r j, lsisfjl=;a jDlaI frdamKh fkdlrkuq;a tAjdfha meje;au ioyd l=yqUqjkaf.ka fuf,i iyh ,efnk njg mÍlaIK u.ska fidhdf.k we;' úúO l=yqUq úfYaI Ydl NlaIlhska" úf,damslhka ^Wod(- Èñhd&" i¾jNlaIlhska ^Wod(- weU,hd& yd Èrdhk foa wdydrhg .kakka jk neúka" wdydr odu j, jeo.;a ixrpl fõ' tu ksid fmdaIl øjH mqk¾ckk l%shdj,shg o l=yqUqjkaf.a odhl;ajh b;d jeo.;ah' l=yqUq úfYaI lsysmhla mrd.kh i|yd o Wmldß jk nj fï jk úg ;yjqre ù we;' iuyr l=yqUq úfYaI lDIs ld¾ñl fNda.j,g ydks lr;s' fï i|yd WodyrKhla f,i rn¾ j.djg ydks lrk Meranoplus bicolor iy ngq me<j,g ydks lrk Solenopsis geminata .; yelsh' iuyr l=yqUq úfYaI j, foayfha miqmi we;s úI o<h uÕska oIag lsßu ^Wod(- Dicamma rugosum lähd" Solenopsis geminata ^r;= .sks l=yqUqjd& ksid ñksiqkag iy .DydY%s; i;=kag b;d ;on, fõokdjla we;s lrk w;r iuyreka yg wdid;añl;djhka we;s lr;s' l=vd l=l=¿ megjqka fujeks fya;=ka ksid ñh hdug o mq¿jk' ;jo iuyr l=yqUq úfYaI u.ska lDIsld¾ñl fnda. j,g ydkslrk fyñmafgrdjka" fnda. j.djkays jHdma; flfrk nj o fidhf.k we;' l=yqUqjka >kdjdi f,i ckmo msysgqjdf.k jdih lrhs' fuu ckmohl cSjk pl%h m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 03 lg fnÈh yel' tAjd kï fufiah' 1' ckmoh msysgqúfï wjia:dj 2' ckmoh j¾Okh lsßfï wjia:dj 3' ckmo W;amdol wjia:dj

ckmoh msysgqùfï wjia:dj m%ckk ld¾hfhka miqj" /ðK úiska iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;dardf.k ckmoh msysgqjkq ,nhs' weh fmd<j ydrd fyda iqÿiq Ëqø jdiia:dkhla f;dardf.k ì;a;r ouhs' /ðK úiska fuu ì;a;r ;ukaf.a fl< u.ska wdrlaId lrkq ,nhs' miqj fuu ì;a;r l%ufhka úúO wjia:d miqlrñka j¾Okh jq l=yqUqjl= njg m;afõ' fudjqka "Worker Ants" f,i yÿkajkq ,nhs' fuu l%shdj,sh wjika jkjd;a iuÕu ckmoh j¾Okh ùfï wjia:djg t<fò'

ckmoh j¾Okh úfï wjia:dj /ðKf.a ld¾hNdrh jkafka ì;a;r ±óu yd ckmoh md,kh lsßfï lghq;=hs' j¾Okh jq l=yqUqjka ckmoh mj;ajdf.k hdu yd tys wdrlaIdj ms<sno ie,ls,su;a jk w;r j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk l=yqUqjka /ln,d .eksu o isÿlrhs' ckmoh j¾Okh ùfï wjia:dj fldmuK l,la mj;S o hkak úúO idOl u; fjkia fõ' mdßißl idOl fï w;ßka m%Odk fõ' WIaK;ajh" wd¾ø;djh" j¾Idj tu idOl j,ska lsysmhls' ;gq iys; l=yqUqjka iEÈug ;rï ckmoh úYd, jq úg ðjk pl%fha fojk wjia:dj ksud fõ'

ckmo W;amdol wjia:dj fuu wjia:dj wdrïN jkqfha ;gq iys; msßñ yd .eyeKq l=yqUqjkaf.a j¾Okh;a iu.h' l%ufhka ;gq iys; .eyeKq l=yqUqjka Yßr m%udKfhka úYd, fõ' miqj fjk;a ckmo j, isák fujeksu j¾Okh jq l=yqUqjka yd m%ckk ld¾hfha fhÈug fudjqka mshdUd h;s' fndfyduhla ckmo j, tla /ðKla muKla isák w;r we;eï úfYaI j, .eyeKq l=yqUqjka tllg jvd jeä .Kkla jd¾;d fõ' fuh fndfyda úg ðjk pl%fha tla wjia:djlg iSud fõ' m%ckk l%shdj,shg miqj kej;;a .eyeKq l=yqUqjka kj ckmohla msysgqúu ioyd iqÿiq ia:dkhla fidhd hdug mgka .ks' fuh pl%Sh l%shdj,shla f,i isÿfõ' mßir úoHd;aul w;ska fu;rï jeo.;alula we;s l=yqUqjka ms,sn|j ;jÿrg;a m¾fhaIK isÿ l< hq;= w;r fudjqka ms<snoj ukd wjfndaOhla uyckhdg we;s lrúu msKsi l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h'

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh Dias, R. K. S., Kosgamage, K. R. K. A. and Peiris, H. A. W. S. (2012) . The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Ants (Order: Hymenoptera, Family: Formicidae) in Sri Lanka. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 11-14 pp Wilson, E. O. and Hölldobler, B. (1998) Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration. Harvard University Press,

2 50 Our Biological Heritage

01 05 02 01 03 01 01 01 06 01 05 08 04 01 03 01 01 12 54 03 02 01 03 23 79 01 11 31 06 01 04 -

l=yqUq úfYaIhla Oecophylla smaragdina

chapter

Aenictinae Amblyoponinae Aneuretinae Cerapachyinae Dolichoderinae Dorylinae Ectatomminae Formicinae Leptanillinae Myrmicinae Ponerinae Pseudomyrmecinae

© Kasun Pradeepa

Èrd.sh l|ka" úh<s Ydl m;% j,ska idod.;a jdiia:dk j, o yuqfõ' ±kg y`ÿkdf.k we;s wkaoug f,dj l=yqUq úfYaI 12763 la muK jd¾;d jk w;r bka nyq;rh wka;rdhg ,la jq ldKavhg wh;a jk nj ;yjqre ù we;' f,dj uq¿ úfYaI .Kkska Wm l=, 12 lg wh;a .K 63 l úfYaI 194 la › ,xldj ;=< jd¾;d ù we;s w;r ;jÿrg;a m¾fhaIK lghq;= flfrñka mj;S' tuÕska úfYaI 19 la ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;s w;r úfYaI 33 la ±ä f,i wka;rdhg ,la jQ ldKavhg wh;a fõ' Anneuretus simoni kï furgg wdfõKsl l=yqUqjd o wh;a jkqfha ±ä f,i wka;rdhg ,la jQ ldKavhgh'

› ,xldfõ isák ish¨u iuk¨ka iy zzmsïukaZZ (Skippers) l=, yhla hgf;a j¾. fldg ±laúh yels w;r wdfõKsl iuk¨ka 26 fokd w;ßka úfYaI 9 la Nymphalidae iy Lycaenidae l=,hg wh;a fõ' b;sß úfYaI wg" Papilionidae ^úfYaI 2& l=,hg" Pieridae ^úfYaI 2& l=,hg iy Hesperiidae ^úfYaI 4& l=,hg wh;a fõ' flfia fj;;a iuk¨kaa ms<sn| wOHhkh lrk m¾fhaIlhkaf.a u;hg wkqj fuu wdfõKsl iuk,a úfYaI ixLHdj fjkia úh yel' 2007 IUCN r;= o;a; jd¾;djkg wkqj zzjekav¾ mQgkaZZ m%ldYk u.ska Castopsila scylla iy Cephrenes trichopepla f,i kjl úfYaI 2 la y÷kajd fok ,§'

chapter

iuk¨kaf.a jHdma;sh flfrys foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh jeo.;a n,mEula we;s lrhs' N+ úIu;djh" mdßißl ;;a;ajhka iuk¨kaf.a jHdma;sh flfrys jeo.;afõ' foay WIAK;ajh mj;ajd .ekSu" wdydr iy Ôjk pl%fha úúO wjia:djka .; lsÍug wjYH odrl Ydl imhd .ekSu we;=¿ wfkl=;a ish¨ mßjD;a;Sh l%shdjka i|yd jdi N+ñ u.ska buy;a fiajhla bgqfõ' mdßißl WIAK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" wdf,dal ;;a;ajh wd§ ndysr idOl rdYshla iuk¨kaf.a p¾hd rgd we;sslsÍug fya;=fõ' WodyrKhla f,i .;fyd;a Lepidoptera f.da;%fhau i,nhkag jvd iuk¨ka Èjd wdf,dalhg iy WIaK;ajhg m%sh lrhs' fndfyda iuk¨ka Èjd ld,fha l%shdldßjqj;a rd;%S ld,fha§ l%shdldßjk iuk¨kao isà' iajdNdúlj isÿjk mßir ydks j,g wu;rj ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid isÿjk mßir úkdYh" iuk¨ka we;=¨ iuia: ðùkaf.au meje;aug ;¾ck t,a, lrhs'

2 52

Cigaritis vulcanus

Y%S ,xldfõ iuk¨kaf.a úúO;ajh osiakd uy.uf.a

© Himesh Jayasinghe

zzlDñZZ j¾.hg (Class Insecta) wh;a ikaêmdÈlhka jk iuk¨kaf.a foayh ysi" Wri" Worh f,i ge.aólrKhù we;' ñka ysfia Y=Kavdjla msysghs' mshdm;a hq.,a 2 la iy" mdo hq.,a 6 la Wrig iïnkaO ù we;' Worfhys wjidk fl<jr nysi%dù wjhjh msysghs' iuk¨kag m%Odk jYfhka yevfhka fjkafldg ±laúh yels iam¾Yl foj¾.hla msysáh' jgl=re iy uy;ska jeä fl<jrla iys; iam¾Yl zysi yeve;sZ (Headed) iam¾Yl f,i;a" ;rula isyska" iam¾Yl fl<jr uq.=rl yevh .kakd iam¾Yl zuq.=re yeve;sZ (Clubed) f,i;a fjka fldg olajhs' f,msfvdmafgrd f.da;%hgu wh;a i,nhka iy iuk¨ka fjka fldg y÷kd.ekSugo fuu iam¾Ylj, iajdNdjh jeo.;afõ' iuk¨kaf.a mshdm;a u; b;d ishqï Y,al msysghs' Tjqkaf.a mshdm;a u; w,xldr j¾K rgd we;sjkafka fuu Y,al u.sks' mshdm;la iam¾Y l<fyd;a b;du;a ishqï j¾Kj;a l=vq f,i fuu Y,al bj;afõ' › ,xldfõ ±kg jd¾;d.; iuk,a úfYaI ixLHdj 245 la fõ' bka úfYaI 26 la › ,xldjg wdfõKsl fõ' › ,xldfõ iEu m<d;lu mdfya ie,lsh hq;= ;rfï iuk, jHdma;shla mj;S' f;;a" úh<s" Y=Ial iy w;rueÈ l,dmj, úYd, úúO;ajhlska hq;=j iuk¨ka jHdma; jQj;a fndfyda ksÍCIlhkaf.a w;a±lSï wkqj f;;a l<dmfha § jeä úfYaI úúO;ajhla ±l .; yelsh' › ,xldj ;=, § ±lsh yels iuk¨kag iudk iuk,a úfYaI nyq;rhla wmg wdikak;u w¾Ooaùmh jk bkaÈhdfõ olakg ,efí' bka úfYaI nyq;rhla bkaÈhdfõ ngysr >dÜia yd › ,xldjg l,dmSh jYfhka wdfõKslfõ'

© Tharindhu Ranasinghe

mD;=úh u; Ôj;ajk úúO úÑ;%j;a ðùka w;r lDñ i;=kag ysñ jkafka m%uqL ia:dkhls' mDÓú Ôùkaf.ka yß wvlg;a wêl lDñ m%cdj ;=<" f,msfvdmafgrd (Lepidoptera) f.da;%sl iuk¨kag" úoHd;aul fukau fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlula we;'

mhsßfâ l=,fha iuk,a úfYaIhla Colotis danae

kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk ±j cdjdru" wúêu;a f,i j.dlghq;= i|yd isÿlrk jkdka;r t<slsÍï jeks udkj ls%hdldrlï ksid jkdka;r t<sùu iy jkdka;r len,sùu u.ska iuk¨kaf.a jdiia:dk" úfYaIfhka ;DKN+ñ úkdY ùu" fudjqkaf.a meje;aug we;s m%Odk;u ;¾ckhhs' rn¾" f;a jeks wd¾Ól fNda. j.djka i|yd jkdka;r N+ñ fhdod.ekSu ksid;a" wúêu;a ixj¾Ok lghq;= Wfoid isÿlrk f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍï ksid;a b;du;a fõ.fhka i;a;aj jdi N+ñ úkdY fjñka mj;S' mßir moaO;s ;=,g úfoaYSh Ydl we;=,aùu ^Wod (- Prosopis juliplora& ksid foaYSh Ydl úfYaI hgm;a ùuo iukÆkaf.a meje;au wju ùug fya;=fõ' m%udKj;a muKska u,a meKs i|yd Ndú; jk Ydl (Nectar Plants) fkdue;s ùu fuys§ we;sjk m%Odk;u .eg¿jls' úh<s l,dmfha" Y=Ial iy w;rueÈ l<dmhkaf.a fuu ;;a;ajh olakg ,efí' iajdNdúl háj.dj úkdYjk mßÈ isÿlrk j.dlghq;= ksid;a úYd, jYfhka iuk, jdiN+ñ úkdY fõ' kuqkql=, (Knuckles) jeks ixrCIs; m%foaY mjd wdl%uKh lrñka kS;súfrdaëj isÿlrk zz tkid,a ZZ j.dj fï i|yd we;s m%Odk;u WodyrKhls' ;DK N+ñ mq¨iaid wdydr fNda. iy fjk;a kS;súfrdaë j.d lghq;= i|yd ìï fldgia fhdod .ekSu o m%Odk;u mdßißl .eg¿jls' fufia lsßu ksid iuk¨kaf.a odrl Ydl iy meKs ,nd.ekSug Ndú;d jk Ydl tljr úYd, m%udKfhka úkdYùu isÿfõ'fkdfïrE Ydl ^lf|ys úYalïNh 4cm - 6cm muK jk& wkjirfhka bj;a lsÍuo iuk¨kaf.a meje;au wju ùug n,mdhs' fuu Ydl wdY%s;j Ôj;ajk l=vd m%udKfha iuk¨ka j|ùhdfï ;¾ckhg ,laùu fuys we;s Ndhdklu ;;a;ajh fõ

Our Biological Heritage

,hsisksfâ l=,fha iuk,a úfYaIhla

fï ish,a,gu wu;rj iuia: lDñ ixy;shgu ;¾ckh t,a, lrk lDIsridhk øjH yd lDñkdYl øjH Ndú;h ms<sn| wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h' j.d N+ñ j,g wkjYH lDñ i;=ka úkdY lrk lDñkdYl u.ska wêl f,i ys;lr lDñkao úkdYhg m;afõ'

© Gehan Rajeev

› ,xldfõ uq¿ iuk, úfYaI ixLHdfjka úfYaI 99 lg wdikak m%udKhla tkï 41] muK m%udKhla ;¾ckhg ,laùfï wjOdkï ;;a;ajfha isà' w;sYh wka;rdhldÍ (Critically Endangered) úfYaI 21" wka;rdhg ,lajQ (Endangered) úfYaI 38 la" wka;rdhg ,laùug bv we;s (Vulnerable) úfYaI 40 ±kg › ,xldfjka jd¾;d fõ' ;jo úfYaI 20 la ;¾ckhg ,laùug wdikakj (Near Threatened) mj;S' ksï*s,sfâ l=,fha iuk,a úfYaIhla

by;§ i|yka l, ;¾ck ;;a;ajhkag wu;rj" úfkdaodxY f,i lDñ i;=ka tl;= lrk mqoa.,hka ksido iuk,a úfYaI úkdYùfï ;;a;aj we;sfõ' ceuhsldfõ jdih l< Homerus Swallowtail (Papilio homerus) keu;s w,xldr iuk,fhd ;=rka jQfha fuu iuk¨ka tl;= lrkakkaf.a l%shdjka ksidh' › ,xldfõ fjfik Ceylon Rose (Pachliopta jophon) iuk,hd;a fuu fÄokSh ;;ajhg uqyqK md we;s iuk,fhls'

kS;Hdkql+, l%shdmámdáhla yryd fukau iudch ±kqj;a lsÍu u.ska o fuu ;;a;ajhka uÕ yrjd .ekSug yelshdj we;' flfia fj;;a tu ixrCIK lghq;= ksis mßÈ isÿfkdùfï fodaIh u; fï jk úg;a iuk¨ka ;¾ckhg ,la fjñka mj;S' mßir wud;HxYh" fjk;a rdcH wdh;k iy rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk u.ska iuk¨ka wdrCId lsÍu i|yd úúO l%shdldrlï iy jev igyka l%shd;aul lrñka mj;S' kuq;a ck;djf.a iy n,OdÍkaf.a ±kqj;a Ndjh jeä lsÍu u.ska fuu ixrCIK lghq;= id¾:l lr.ekSug ish¨fokd W;aidyh .;hq;=hs' f,msfvdmafgrd (Lepidoptera) f.da;%h ms<sn| wOHhkfha§ iuk,hka iy i,nhka w;r fjkialï ±k isàu jeo.;a fõ' ir, jYfhka ndysr ,CIK u; my; mßÈ Tjqka fjkafldg ±laúh yel' iuk,hka (Butterflies)

i,nhska (Moths)

or Club Shaped)

iam¾Yl w. .=,shla ^.odldr& jeksh' (Headed

i,nhskaf.a iam¾Yl mCIOr" lxl;dldr fyda flÈ wdldr fõ'

fndfydaúg i,nhskag idfmaCIj iuk,hska §ma;su;a j¾Khkaf.ka hql;ah' ^Èma;su;a j¾K ork we;eï i,nhskao isà'

idfmaCIdj iuk,hkag jvd ;|" w÷re meye j¾K orhs' ^we;eï iuk,hskao w÷re" §ma;su;a fkdjk wjia:do we;'&

úfYaI lsysmhla ksYdpr jQj;a nyq;r iuk¨ka Èjdpr fõ'

rd;%S ld,fha ießieÍu nyq,h' wdf,dalhg wdl¾Ykh fõ'

ksYap, bßhõfõ§ fndfyda mDIaGhg ,ïNlj ;nd isà'

ksYap, bßhõfõ§ fndfyda mDIaGhg iudka;rj ;nd isà'

mßK; i;=ka ish úreoaO ,sx.sl i;=ka wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSug "Patrolling" iy "Hilltopping" p¾hdjka olajhs' rxpq jYfhka mshdir lsÍfï§ we;eï msßñ i;=ka msgqmig mshdir lr fõ.fhka kej; rxpqj lrd tAu iy th kej; kej; lsÍu "Patrolling" hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' l÷ iys; m%foaY j, mshdir lroa§ rxpqfõ msßñ

i;=ka idudkH mshdir fõ.hg jeä fõ.hlska l÷ uq÷ka lrd mshdir lsÍu o fujka p¾hdjls' th Hilltopping" f,i jHjydr fõ' iuk¨ka ;uka mshdir lrk iy .ejfik jiu wdrCId lr .ekSugo p¾hdjkaf.a fhfohs' "Spiralling" tjeks wjia:djls' fuys§ tlu rxpqjg wh;a fkdjk iuk,hl= ;u jiï m%foaYhg meñKsh fyd;a rxpqfõ msßñ i;=ka úiska wd.ka;=l iuk,hska m,jdyeÍu isÿlrhs' t;rï meyeÈ,s o;a; jd¾;d fkdue;s jqj;a iuk¨ka rg wNHka;rfha iy rgj,a lsysmhla w;r m¾hgkfha fhfok njo jd¾;dfõ' WodyrKhla f,i › ,xldfõ§ wfm%a,a iy uehs udihkaf.a › mdo m%foaY yryd fujeks m¾hgkhla isÿjk nj jd¾;d fõ' úf,damslhkaf.ka wdrCId ùug fõIdka;rKh isÿlrk iuk,fhla f,i Blue Oakleaf (Kallima philarchus) iuk,hd m%p,s;h' ´la m;% yevhg yd j¾Khg iudk njla fuu iuk,hdf.a mshdm;a j, olakg ,efí we;eï iuk,a úfYaI úI iys; iuk,a úfYaI wkqlrKh lrñka úf,damslhkaf. ka wdrCId fjhs' WodyrK f,i Crimson Rose (Pachliopta hector) keu;s úI iuk,hdf.a yevrej wkqlrKfhka Common Mormon (Papilio polytes) .eyeKq iuk,hd úf,damslhkaf.ka wdrCId fõ'

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

mshdm;a

Banks,John and Judy Banks(1985). A selection of Butterflies of Sri Lanka.Colombo, Stamford Lake Publication,Pannipitiya (Reprinted 2004)

fldaI wjia:dj .; lsÍug nyq;rhla iuk,a úfYaI .il w;a;la" m;%hl háme;a; jeks ia:dkhla f;drd .kS'

nyq;rhla i,U úfYaI fldaI wjia:dj .; lrkafka fmdf<dj u; fyda Bg wdikakfha idok fldaIhla ;=<h'

Miththapala,Sriyanie (2006). Butterflies of Sri Lanka(for Children) Sri Lanka,pp157-158,Colombo ,SINGER(Sri Lanka)LTD,Gunarathne Offset Ltd.

YÍrfha iy mshdm;a j, we;s Y,aluh iajNdjh i,nhkag idfmaCIj wvqh'

iuk¨kag idfmaCIj mshdm;a j, iy foayfha jeä Y,al m%udKhla mj;S'

úg

mshdm;a

úg

Ministry of Environment Sri Lanka and Biodiversity Secretariat (2012), The National Red list 2012 of Sri Lanka,Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora,viii+476pp, Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment and National Herbarium, Department of National Botanic Gardens

2 54 Our Biological Heritage

Euthalia nais

iuk¨ka Tjqkaf.a m%Odk wdydr jk u,a meKs" bÿKq m,;=re j,ska i%djh jk hqI" we;eï Ydl m;% j,ska .kakd hqI wdÈhg wu;rj uvlä;s wdY%s;j we;s c,h ,nd.kS' tAjdfha we;s ,jK" Lksc wdÈh ,nd .ekSug fuu p¾hdfõ fhfoa ^fuh Puddling hkqfjka y÷kajhs&' iuk¨kag ish foayfha WIaK;ajh mj;ajdf.k hdug ndysr mßirfhka ,efnk WIaK;ajh fnfyúka WmdldÍfõ' WoEik iQ¾hdf,dalh fyd¢ka we;s wjia:dj, mshdm;a fomig úys÷jd,ñka Ydl u; ksYap,j /§isáñka wõj ;emSu (Basking) isÿlrhs' idudkHfhka wfkla i;=ka fndfydauhlg fukau kskaoghdu" iuk¨kago wjYH fõ' m;% há me;af;a t,a,S isàfuka kskaog hdu (Roosting) iuk¨kaf.a idudkH iajNdjhhs'

chapter

by; ±lajQ ,CIK lsysmh ir, jYfhka i,nhka iy iuk¨ka tlsfkldf.ka fjkafldg ±laùug Ndú; l< o" Tjqka ms<sn| wOHhkh yd p¾hdjka fyd¢ka ksÍCIKh" Tjqka fjkafldg y÷kd .ekSug fnfyúka WmldÍfõ' iuk¨ka ms<sn| wOHhkfha§ Tjqkaf.a ndysr ,CIK fukau Tjqkaf.a yeisÍï rgd wOHhkho jeo.;afõ'

© Kasun Pradeepa

ksï*s,sfâ l=,fha iuk,a úfYaIhla

Cethosia nietneri

wxYl 900 fldAKhlska msysgk oe,la

wxYl 400 - 600 fldAKhlska msysgk oe,la

chapter

ul=¿jka lshQ iekska wm u;lhg kef.kafka úI yd ne÷kq u;hkah' ±kg y÷kdf.k we;s ,dxlsl ul=¿ úfYaI j,ska W.% úI iys; ul=¿jka jd¾;d fkdùu hym;a lreKls' kuq;a wm wi,ajeis bkaÈhdj yd wfkl=;a rgj, ñksidg udrdka;sl ul=¿ úfYaI y÷kdf.k we;' Èúul=¿jka udrdka;sl úI iys; njg ÿ¾u;hka ,dxlslhska w;r m%p,s; kuq;a" Tjqka i;H jYfhka udrdka;sl fkdfõ' Èúul=¿ oIagkhla ó ueis$fonr úIlg wdikak úI iys; nj;a › ,xldfõ tlÿ Èú ul=¿ oIagk urKhla j;a jd¾;d ù fkdue;s ùu;a fuu lreK ;yjqre lrhs'

© Dulan Ranga

56 Our Biological Heritage

Èú ul=¿ úfYaIhla Poecilotheria subfusca

2

Y%S ,xldfõ ul=¿jkaf.a úúO;ajh md,skao fmf¾rd

wmDIaGjxYS f.da;% w;ßka ñksiqka jeäu NS;shla olajk i;a;aj ldKavhla jYfhka ul=¿jka ie,lsh yel' Tjqka lDó .Khg wh;a fõ hehs iuyrla is;k kuq;a ul=¿jka wh;a jkafka we/laksvd j¾.hghs' fuu j¾.hg wh;a wfkl=;a iq,n i;=ka jkafka f.daKqiaika" uelalka yd lsKs;=,a,kah'

Platnik f.a 2011 jd¾;dj wkqj f,dalfha y÷kd.;a ul=¿ úfYaI 42"000 lg wdikak m%udKhla we;s w;r Tjqka l=, 110 lg muK j¾.SlrKh lr we;' ;jo" fujeksu ul=¿jka úfYaI ixLHdjla ;ju;a úoHd;aulj y÷kd.ekaug ,laj fkd;sîuo iqúfYaIS ldrKhls' › ,xldfõ jd¾;d.; yd y÷kd.;a ul=¿ úfYaI .Kk 501 la jk w;r fudjqka l=, 48 la ksfhdackh lrhs' thska úfYaI 256 la › ,xldjg wdfõKsl nj 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; fmdf;a jd¾;d fmkajd fohs' kuq;a fuu ixLHdj ;j;a úYd, .Kklska jeä úh yels nj úfYaI{ u;hhs'

ul=¿jka ,xldfõ ish¨u mßir moaO;s j,g WÑ; f,i wkqj¾;kh ù we;' ;jo tu f.da;%hg wh;a úfYaI folla fyda lsysmhla w;r ;rÕldÍ nj wju lsÍug iqúfYaIS wkqj¾;k olajhs' WodyrKhla f,i iudldr ±,a úhkakka tlsfkld w;r ;rÕh wju lsÍug ±,;a N+ñh;a w;r fldaKh fjkia jk fia ±,a ne`§u isÿ lrhs' fuhska tu ul=¿jkA yg wiqjk lDñ i;=ka yd;amiska fjkia fõ'

© Tharindhu Ranasinghe

we/laksvdjka nyq;rhla fN!ñl mßir moaO;s j,g wkqj¾;kh ù we;s w;r iuyrla c,c mßir moaO;s j,oS o olakg ,efí' we/laksvdjka úlikh jkafka b;d wE; w;S;hl§h' fmdis,lD; we/laksvdjlg idOl óg jir ñ,shk 400 lg wdikak is¨ßhka hq.fhka (Silurian Period) jd¾;d ù ;sfí' È.= yeä ul=¿ úfYaIhla Hersilia savignyi

ul=¿jka

iqúfYaIS

wkqj¾;k

olajk

i;a;aj

fldÜGdYhls'

fõYdka;rKh

(Camouflage) hkq fujeks wmq¾j;u wkqj¾;k w;r lemS fmfkk wkqj¾;khls'

wfkl=;a i;=ka" Ydl fldgia fyda ndysr mßirfha yevhkag iudk f,i wkqj¾;kh úh yels ul=¿ úfYaI lsysmhlau › ,xldfõ ±l.; yel' fuhska l=yqUq ul=¿jka (Ant Spiders), È.= yeä ul=¿jka (Two tail spiders), fgÜg%.ake;d ul=¿jka (Tetragnatha spiders) yd ll=¿ ul=¿jka (Crab spiders) iqúfYaI fõ' l=yqUq ul=¿jka Èñhka yd lähka we;=¿j úúO l=yqUq úfYaI wkqj¾;kh lrk w;r l=yqUqjka ;u iam¾Yl (Antenna) p,kh lrk f,i ;u m%:u mdo hq.,h p,kh lrhs' fuhska jk uq,sl m%fhdackh kï l=yqUqjka wdydrhg fkd.kakd úf,damslhskaf. ka fuu ul=¿jkag o wdrlaIdj ie,iSuhs' È.= yeä ul=¿jdg yd fgÜg%.ake;d ul=¿jka ;u Yßrh Wka jdih lrk Ydl nf`oys fldgig iudka;rj ;nd.eksu yd fmkqfuka Bg iudk meyehla .ekSu ksid ndysr mßirh iu. uekúka uqiq fõ' fuhska iqúfYaI f,i fõYdka;rKh jk ul=¿jd yg úf,damslhskaf.ka jk ydks

© Tharindhu Ranasinghe

© Tharindhu Ranasinghe

ll=¿ ul=¿ úfYaIhla

fgÜg%.ake;d ul=¿ úfYaIhla Tetragnatha sp.

wOHhk b;sydih yd úúO;ajh

Thomisus spectabilis

wju fõ' iuyr ll=¿ ul=¿jka (Crab spiders) ;uka isák mßirhg iudk jk f,i j¾K fjkia lsßug yels jk ksid wksla i;=kag fkdfmfkk f,i f.dÿre w,a,d .ekSug myiq fõ' ul=¿jka w;ßka wkqj¾;kh wkqj iqúfYaIS jk ;j;a ldKavhla jkafka mskqï ul=¿jkah' fudjqka yg j¾K y`ÿkd .ekSug fyd`o yelshdjla we;s w;r ;%sudK ±lau yd w`ÿf¾ fmkquo (Night vision) by< uÜgul we;' › ,xldfõ ieu mßir moaO;shlu b;d úfYaI f,i úlikh ù we;s fuu ul=¿ úfYaI › ,xldfõ uq¿ ul=¿ úfYaI .Kfkka 1/3 lg wdikak m%udKhla fõ' Tjqkag ;u Yßrfha m%udKh fuka 30 .=Khl ÿrlg mjd mekSug yelsùu ksid mskqï ul=¿jka w;s olaI ovhïlrejka fõ'

chapter

,dxlsl ul=¿jka .ek m%:u ,sÅ; i`oyk 1869 Pickard Cambridge f.a wOHhk jd¾;d j,ska yuqj ;sfí' kuq;a m%:u úêu;a wOHhkh lr we;af;a 1990 § R. I. Pocock kï úoHd{hd úisks' fuh Fauna of British India lD;s ud,dfjka tjlg t<solajk ,§' 1983-1987 ld, jljdkqfõ§ ,dxlsl m¾fhaIlfhla jk úfÊisxy úiska lrk ,o mÍCIK mdol fldg f.k ul=¿jka úfYaI 402 lska iukaú; f,aLkhla 1987 § t<solajk ,oS' uE; oYlfha§ pkak nUrfoksh yd iQf¾Ia fnkacñka hk m¾fhaIlhska úiskao ul=¿jka ms<sn| jeäÿr m¾fhaIK isÿ lr we;' ñg wu;rj › chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,fha' i;a;aj úoHd fl!;=ld.dr Ndrldrjrhl= f,i isá tA'î' fld;,dj, Poecilotheria Èú ul=¿jka úYfhys m¾fhaIK j, fhoS ;sfí'

2

,dxlsl ul=¿jka wOHhkfha§ Poecilotheria .Kfha Èú ul=¿jka m%p,s; i;a;aj fldÜGdYhls' tA Poecilotheria Èú ul=¿jka yg ngysr hqfrdamSh rgj, iqr;,a i;=ka f,i wêl b,a¨ula ;sîu ksidh' Poecilotheria .Kh bkaÈhdjg yd › ,xldjg muKla wdfõKsl ùu fuhg tla fya;=jls' 2001 j¾Ifha§ Andrew Smith yd Peter Kirk úiska › ,xldfõ isÿ lrk ,o Poecilotheria ul=¿jka ms<sn`o jevuq¿fjka miq ,dxlSl m¾fhaIlhskaf.ao wjOdkh fuu Èú ul=¿jka flfrys fhduqù we;' › ,xldfõ ±kg Poecilotheria úfYaI 6 la jd¾;d jk w;r ñka Poecilotheria smithi › ,xldfõ ÿ¾,Nu ul=¿ úfYaIhla f,i wka;¾cd;sl r;= o;a; kdudj,shg o we;=,;a fõ'

58 Our Biological Heritage

idudkH ul=¿jka yd Èúul=¿jka fjkia fldg ±laùug Tjqkaf.a o< msysgk wdldrh Wmfhda.S lr.; yel' o< msysgk wdldrfhka Mygalomorph ^Èú ul=¿jkao wh;a mqrd;k ul=¿jka fldÜGdYhls& ul=¿jka Aranomorph ^uE;ld,Skj úlikh jQ ul=¿jka& ul=¿jka f.ka meyeos,sj fjkia fõ' Mygalomorph ul=¿jka f.a o, msysgkafka Wv isg my<g p,kh l< yels f,ihs' Aranomorph ul=¿jka f.a o< msysgkafka fome;af;ka ;olrk w`vqjl wdldrfhks' ñksia wjOdkh jeä jYfhka ,nd f.k we;s Mygalomorph ldKavhg wh;a Èúul=¿jka l=, 4 lg wh;a úfYaI 11 la muK › ,xldfjka y÷kdf.k we;' fuhska Poecilotheria .Kh iqúfYaIS fõ' ukaoh;a tu Poecilotheria úfYaI ish,a, m%udKfhka úYd," j¾Kj;a yd ,xldjg wdfõKsl ul=¿jka jk ksidh'

© Dulan Ranga

fk*s,sfâ l=,fha ul=¿ úfYaIhla Nephila pilipes

Mygalomorph ul=¿jka f.a o<

Aranomorph ul=¿jka f.a o<

;¾ck yd ixrCIKh fmdÿfõ .;al, ul=¿jkag we;s m%Odku ;¾ckh kï Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dk úkdY ùu;a bvï len,s ùu;a ksid jdiia:dk wysñ ù hduhs' lDIsl¾udka;h" jdÍl¾udka;h yd ck.yk jHdma;sh yd ne`È wksl=;a ñksia l%shdldrlï uÕska iajdNdúl mßirhg isÿfjk fjkialï ul=¿jka flfryso Rcqju n,mdhs' lDIsl¾udka;h wdY%s; m,sfndaOkdYl wêNdú;dj uÕskao tu mßir moaO;s j, fjfik ul=¿jkag ;¾ckhla we;' Èú ul=¿jka flfrys foaYshj we;s ;¾ckh kï wksh; NS;sh yd fkd±kqj;alu ksid flfrk urd±óuh' fuh Èú ul=¿jka flfrys muKla fkdj wfkl=;a úYd,j jefvk fjk;a ul=¿ úfYaI j,go ysñ wjdikdjka; brKuls' kuq;a ,dxlsl Èú ul=¿jka flfrys we;s wka;¾cd;sl ;¾ckh óg jvd yd;amiska fjkia yd ydksodhl fõ' kS;s úfrdaë f,i wmkhkh fjk Èú ul=¿jka foaYSh yd

úfYaI

› ,xldfõ jHdma;sh

;¾ck yd ne¢ lreKq CIKslj lsfmk iq¿ iajNdjh ksid iqr;,a i;=ka we;s lrkakkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq ùu' ,dxlSh Poecilotheria OchodÍ úfYaIhla ùu'

Poecilotheria subfusca

ud;f,a" isxyrdc" mskakj," uykqjr" kqjrt<sh

m,sfndaOkdYl wê Ndú;h yd ne`os ;¾ck'

Poecilotheria ornata

r;akmqr" ,nq.u" foKshdh" kqjrt<sh" isxyrdch" l,jdk" ls;=,a.," weô,smsáh'

jk úkdYh yd m,sfndaO wê Ndú;h ;=<ska we;s ;¾ck' fuu ul=¿jd mßirhg wkqj¾;khka ±lajqj;a ñksia l%shdldrlï j,ska we;s n,mEï Bg jvd m%n, fõ'

Poecilotheria smithi

kqjr ydr.u m%foaYh" rkafoks., rkagefò rCIs;h

jk úkdYh" jdßud¾. wdY%s;j flfrk mdßißl fjkialï yd ckdjdi bÈlsßïj,ska n,mEï we;' úfoaYSh cdjdrïlrejka úiska iqr;,a i;a;ajhska f,i wkjirfhka wmkhkh lsÍu'

yïnkaf;dg" hd," nqkao," fudKrd.,

wkjir le,E t<s lsÍï j,ska jk ydks hï;dla ÿrlg ;¾ckhla fõ' myiqfjka fkdlsfmk yd oIaG lsÍu wju úfYaIhla neúka iqr;,a i;aj l¾udka;hg wkjir f,i fhdod .ekafï m%jK;dj by<h'

Poecilotheria pederseni

^2012 jif¾ oS kï l, osú ul=¿ úfYaIhls&

W;=re m,d; yd W;=re ueo - W;=re m,d;a udhsu" jjqkshd m%foaYh" ;%sl=Kdu,h

jdiia:dk úkdYh l%ufhka jk njg idOl we;s kuq;a mq¿,a jHdma;shla we;' kj;u Poecilotheria idudðlhd ksid tl;=lrkakka úiska iqr;,a i;=ka f,i wkjirfhka f.khdug ±ä ;¾ckhla ;sfí'

ul=¿jka ixrCIKhg Wmfhda.S lr .; yel' úoHd;aulj flfrkakdjQ m¾fhaIK idudkH ck;djg WÑ; f,i ir, niska m%isoaO udOH fyda mqj;am;a weiqfrka fnod§uo fhda.H jk lreKls' fï u.ska fuu i;a;aj ldKavh flfrys ck;djf.a yd m¾fhaIKhg;a ßis m%cdjf.a wjOdkh ,nd .; yels jkq we;' wfkl=;a i;a;ajhska yd iudk f,i i,ld ul=¿jka flfrys jk m¾fhaIK j,g Èßu;a lsÍï yd wjYH uq,Huh wdOdr (research grants) ,nd§uo ul=¿jka ixrlaIK ld¾hh blauka lsÍug fya;= fõ' ul=¿jka flfrys wOHhkhg iqÿiq jk mßÈ iqfnÿï iqÑhla ks¾udKh lsÍuo tu i;=ka y÷kd .ekSug Wmfhda.S lr.; yels fl!;=ld.dr kso¾Ylhka yd .%ka:hka tla/ia lsÍuo w;HjYH lreKls' tu.ska ul=¿jka ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK isÿ lsÍug;a tA u.ska Tjqkaf.a ixrlaIKhg wejeis o;a; /ia lrñka ixrlaIKh ;yjqre lsÍug;a uy;a rel=,la iemfhkq we;'

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh j.=j 2'5 › ,xldfõ Èú ul=¿ úfYaI

úfoaYSh cdjdrïlrejkaf.ka fírd.ekSu buy;a wiSre ld¾hhls' Poecilotheria smithi yg fujka cdjdrulska w;ajQ brKu b;d fÅockl fõ' kqjr ydr.u yd tA wdikak m%foaY j, muKla jd¾;d fjk fuu úfYaIfha ;sfnkakdjQ wêl b,a¨u fya;=lrf.k ^tla i;a;ajfhla weußldkq fvd,¾ 250 l ñ,lg jqjo wfkl=;a rgj, úlsfKñka ;sìKs& › ,xldfõ isák cdjdrïlrejkag o tl;= l, fkdyels m%udKhgu ÿ¾,N ;;ajhg fuu úfYaIh m;a úKs' 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd;g isÿ flreKq we.hSï j,g wkqj › ,xldfõ jd¾;d.; ul=¿jka úfYaI w;ßka 62la ;¾ð; úfYaI f,i we.hSug ,la flreKq w;r úfYaI 394 la o;a; ySk úfYaI f,i;a ;j;a úfYaI 37 la wvq wjodkï úfYaI f,i;a y`ÿkd.kakd ,oS' kuq;a fuysoS flrekq wOHhkh uQ,sl uÜgfï tlla jQ w;r th ul=¿ ixrlaIKhg wjYH uQ,sl o;a; ,nd .ekafï uQ,sl m%h;akhla f,i isÿ flreKls' tfyhska fuu ixrlaIK ;;ajhka úêu;a m¾fhaIK u.ska ,nd .kakd jeä ÿr o;a; u.ska kej; we.hSug ,la lsÍu ul=¿ ixrlaIKh i`oyd jk bosß wjYH;djhls' tu.ska › ,dxlsl ul=¿jkaf.a j;auka ixrlaIK ;;ajh ms<sn`o jvd;a ksjeros woyila ,nd .; yels jkq we;' fmdÿ ck;dj yd neÈ ÿ¾u; .ek ksis wjfndaOhla ,nd §u" ul=¿jka úiska mdßißlj jkakdjq fiajh yd m%fhdack ck;dj w;r m%p,s; lsÍu wdosh ul=¿jka ixrCIKh i`oyd w;HdjYH ls%hdldrlï fõ' ul=¿jka lafIa;%fha oS wOHhkhg WmldÍ jk mߧ ms<sfh, lrk ,o w;afmd;la fuu wjOdkh wju uÜgul we;s Ôù fldÜGdYh ms<sn`o Wkkaÿjla ckkh lsÍug buy;a rel=,la jkq we;' kùk hq.fha m%p,s; iudc cd, fjí wvú (Facebook/twitter) yryd ±kqu fnod.ekSï$y÷kd.ekSï Wmldrl (Identification assistance) ,nd§uo

Benjamin S. P. and Bambaradeniya C.N.B, (2006), Systematics and Conservation of Spiders in Sri Lanka: Current Status and Future Prospectus, in Bambaradeniya C.N.B. (ed.). The fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Pp. 70 - 76.

Benjamin, S. P., Nanayakkara, R. P. and Dayananda, S. K. (2012). The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in Sri Lanka. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds.,Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. pp 42-44.

IUCN Red List (2007), The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, IUCN- The World Conservation Union.

Kothalawala.A B. (2005), Distribution and population status of Theraphosid spiders (Araneae) of forests covers of Rathnapura district, Final Report, pp13 - 15.

MOE (2012),The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora, Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp Perera P. M. (2007),Observed diversity and distribution of Spiders in Monaragala District, Thesis of Wildlife Conservation & Management, The Open University of Sri Lanka, pp4 - 29.

Perera P. M. (2009), Poecilotheria tarantulas of Sri Lanka, Thesis of Biodiversity Management, pp 1, 16, 18.

Perera P. M. (2012), Distribution, Ecology and Morphology of a newly discovered Poecilotheria Species of Sri Lanka, final copy dissertation, University of Greenwich, pp 2 - 56.

Perera P. M. (2013), Distribution, threats and conservation status of the globally endangered, endemic Poecilotheria smithi in Haragama; Kandy, Sri Lanka, working paper.

Pocock R. I, (1900), Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Arachnida, Today and tomorrow printers and publishers, New Delhi, India, pp 24 - 25.

Samarawckrama V. A. M. P. K, Janananda M. D. B. G, Ranawana K. B, and Smith A, (2005), Study of the distribution of the genus Poecilotheria of the family Theraphosidae in Sri Lanka, Ceylon Journal of Science, (Bio. Sci.), Vol 34, pp 75 - 86.

Smith A and Kirk P, (2001), A field guide design to support Indian and Sri Lankan Poecilotheria workshop, based on material from: Poecilotheria- The ornamental Tarantulas of India and Sri Lanka, Fitzgerald publication.

2 60 Our Biological Heritage

Poecilotheria rajei

mskqï ul=¿ úfYaIhla Jumping spider Sp.

chapter

fld<U" ynrK" wUlef,a" wd`ä.u" y,dj;" ú,am;a;=" mq;a;,u" fmdf<dkakrej" wkqrdOmqrh" l=reKE.,"

© Amila Chanaka

Poecilotheria fasciata

© Gehan Rajeev

llal=Ügka úfYaIhla

Oziothelphusa hippocastanum

Unknown Sp. © Dulan Ranga

Y%S ,xldfõ ñßÈh llal=Ügkaf.a úúO;ajh osfkaIa .nvdf.a

› ,xldj W;=re wlaIdxY 50 - 100 yd kef.kysr foaYdxY 790 - 820 w;r bkaÈhdkq Wm uydoaùmhg .sKsfldk ÈYdNsuqnj p,kh fjñka mj;sk fojqkaor ;=vqfõ isg fmaÿre ;=vqj olajd 432 km Wmßu os.lskao" fld<U isg ix.uka lkao olajd 224 km m<,lska hq;= j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 65610 la jQ ÿm;ls' msÿre;,d., 2524m jk Wmßu Wiu ia:dkh jk w;r" uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg Wmßu Wi l÷ uqÿk 2243m jk iuk, l÷ uqÿk fõ' c, fmdaIl fødaKs 103 la muK msysgd we;s w;r fïjdhska fndfydauhla j¾Id ld,fha§ Ôjh ,nk zzwdreZZ fõ' uyje,s .Õ È.u .Õ fõ' .x fødaKsh 10327 km2 mqrd úysÈ we;' ;=xmxflaks fødaKsh 9 km2 mqrd me;sr we;s w;r th l=vdu fødaKsh fõ' Èjhsk lsysm úÈylg fnod olajkq ,efí' ^Ydl jHdma;sh wkqj j¾Idj wkqj WIaK;ajh wkqj& › ,xld is;shfï ol=Kq yd ngysr udhsï w;r msysá m%foaYh uOH l÷lrfha ngysr nEjqu olajd jQ m%foaYh f;;a l,dmh jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu l,dmh Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI j, jeäu ffcj úúO;ajh;a" wdfõKsl;ajh;a" jeäu wdfõKsl m%;sY;hla" ±äf,i wka;rdhg yd ;¾ckhg ,la jQ mßir moaO;ska msysá l,dmh fõ' › ,xldfõ ñßÈh weiqf¾ olakg ,efnk tla m%Odk;u wmDIaGjxYS i;a;aj fldÜGdYhla f,i ñßÈh llal=Ügka ye¢kaúh yelsh' b;sydih ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sfï§ m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhdf.a wdydrh olajd llal=gq b;sydih Èj hhs' nq,;aisxy, mdyshkaf,k" l=reúg ngfodUf,k" ls;=,a., fn,sf,k" w;a;kf.dv w¿f,k" w,j, fmd;a.=,af,k wdY%s;j lrk ,o lekSï j,ska wÈka jir 40000 lg fmr n,xf.dv udkjhd wdydrhg f.k bj;,k ,o llal=kagkaf.a bÈß .d;%d ljp fldgia yuq ù we; ^lreKdr;ak iy msßi 2011&' tfukau › ,dxlsl isxy, ckhd ñßÈh llal=Ügka wdydrhg fkd.kakd nj olajd ;snqKo ^lreKdr;ak iy msßi 2011&" fld<U Èia;%slalfha ;,m;amsáh ^j¾;udkh jkúg c,c mßirfha ¥Is; ;;ajh u; uyck;dj llal=Ügka wms%h lsÍu ksid wdydrhg .kakd mqoa.,hka ySk ù we;&" j." r;akmqr

1980 § fÊ'tia' lsxia,s (J.S. kingsley) isg 2005 § M.M. Bahir and Ng; M.M. Bahir and Darrea C.J. Yeo olajd wjqreÿ 133 mqrdjg › ,xldfjka ñßÈh llal=Ügka úfYaI 51 la úia;r lr we;' thska Spriralothelphasa fernando yereKq úg b;sß úfYaI 50 u › ,xldjg wdfõKsl fõ (Beenaerts et al.,2010)' iuia; i;a;aj úfYaI j,ska jeäu wdfõKsl m%;sY;hla orkafka ñßÈh llal=Ügkah' tu m%;sY;h 98] la fõ' llal=Ügkaf.a úoHd;aul j¾.SlrK b;sydih fidhd ne,Sfï§ fuys uQ,slhd jkqfha weußldkq úoHd{ fÊ' tia' lsxia,s fõ' Tyq úiska 1880 § Telphusa rugosa (Ceylonthelphusa rugosa) yd Telphusa enodis (Perbrinckia enodis) f,i ,xldj (Ceylon) weiqfrka olajd we;' t*a' uq,¾ (F. Muller) 1887 § yd 1894 § t,a fikaák¾ (L. Zehntner) hk úoHd{hka fofokd úiska úÿ f,djg ñßÈh llal=Ügka tla úfYaIh ne.ska úia;r lrk ,§' 1904 § tï'fÊ' rd;an;a (M.J. Rathbath) f,dalfha llal=Ügka ms<sn|j úia;r lr › ,xldfjka kj úfYaI 3 la úia;r lrk ,§' wo jk úg tu úfYaI 3 u m¾hdh kdu (Synonyms) njg m;aù we;' 1915 § ðka frdlaia (Jean Rox) lrk ,o wOHhk úia;rfhka kj úfYaIhla ms<sn|j úia;r lrk ,§' 1915 ka wjqreÿ 45 lg miq tkï 1960 olajd ñßÈh llal=Ügka ms<sn|j wOHhk lr fkd;snqKs' tfukau ñßÈh llal=Ügka ms<sn| wOHhkh l< m%:u › ,dxlsl úoHd{hd jkafka iS'tÉ' m%kdkaÿ (C.Herbet Fernando) h' 1960 yd 1961 jir j,§ kj úfYaI 2 la úia;r lrk ,§' 1970 § ßpâ fndÜ (Richard Bott) úiska tla úfYaIhla úia;r lrk ,§' 1970 isg wjqreÿ 24 l ^1970-1994& ksyv;djhlska miq kj wOHhk wrUkq ,nkafka frdydka fm;shdf.dv (Rohan Pethiyagoda) úiska wdrïN l< jk ðù Wreu Ndrh (Wildilife Heritage Trust) yd isx.mamqre cd;sl úYajúoHd,fha (National University of Singapore) mSg¾ fla' t,a' k.a (Peter K.L. Ng) tl;=fjks' 1994 § mSg¾ k.a tla úfYaIhla úia;r lrk ,ÿj 1995 § úfYaI 9 la yd tla úfYaIhla iuÕ kj úfYaI 10 la úia;r lrk ,§' 1998 yd 1999 § úfYaI 3 ne.ska úfYaI 6 la tï'tï' ndys¾ (M.M. Bahir) úiska úia;r lrk ,§' 2001 § mSg¾ k.a yd *%ekaisia fÜ (Francis W.M. Tay) úiska ñßÈh llal=Ügka ms<sn|j › ,xldfõ mQ¾K wOHhkhlska miq kj úfYaI 10 la úia;r lrk ,§' 2005 § ndys¾ yd k.a úfYaI 10 la úia;r lrk ,§' 2005 §u ndys¾ yd verka iS' fÊ' fhda (Darren C.J. Yeo) úiska wjika jrg Oziotelphusa .Kfha lrk ,o j¾.Slrk m¾fhaIK u.ska kj úfYaI 8 la úia;r lrk ,o w;r bka úfYaI 2 la ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka úia;r lrk ,§'

2 62 Our Biological Heritage

llal=Ügka úfYaIhla

chapter

Èia;%slalfha mkdfmd," fmd;=msáh" ud;r Èia;%slalfha hï ia:dk j," fmdf<dkakrej Èia;%slalfha wr,.xú, wd§ m%foaY j,ska isxy, ckhd ñßÈh llal=Ügka wdydrhg .kakd njg idOl we;¡ uykqjr yd ud;f,a Èia;%slal ;=< fï olajd lrk ,o m¾fhaIK j,§ ñßÈh llal=Ügka isxy, ckhd wdydr f,i ,nd .kakd njg idOl ,eî ke;' ,sÅ; b;sydifha olakg ,efnk ,.ak ms<sn| úuiSfï§ zzlglZZ ,.akh i|yd fhdodf.k we;af;ao ll=¿jl=f.a rejls' wdhq¾fõo ffjoH l%ufha§ Tiq i|yd lne,a,Ejd" WKymq¿jd" ;,f.dhd n<,a mjqf,a idudðlhka" w,shd" ul=¿jka fhdod .kq ,nk w;r ñßÈh llal=Ügka o úI keiSug Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí' llal=gq fnk mia úI f.ä fjolu i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí' tfukau ft;sydisl hq.fhaoS ks¾ñ; fþ;jkdrdu N+ñh leKSfïoS yuqjQ f,dalv j,ska ks¾ñ; ;s%udK ll=¿ rEmh we;=¿ c,c i;=kaf.a f,dalv rEm ^ukfïkaø-wdrÉÑ 2005&'

.Kh úfYaI .Kk

© Dulan Ranga

Ceylonthelphusa Bott 1961 16 Clinthelphusa Ng & Tay 2001 01 Mahatha Ng & Tay 2001 06 Oziotelphusa Müller 1887 10 Pastilla Ng & Tay 2001 01 Perbrinckia bott 1969 15 Spiralothelphusa bott 1968 02

llal=Ügka úfYaIhla

wm rfgys fjfik ish¨u i;H ñßÈh llal=Ügka Gecarcinucidae l=,hg (Family) wh;a fõ' úfYaI 51 l iy .K (Genera) 7 lg fnod fjka lr we;'

lDIsl¾udka;h Wfoid jirlg fndfyda jkdka;r bvï t<sfmys,s lsÍu m%Odk;u .eg¿jla ù we;' lDIsl¾udka;h Wfoid Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,nk lDIs ridhksl øjH uÕska mi" c,h" jd;h hk ;%s;ajhu úkdY fõ' tfukau c, Odrd j,g lDIs ridhksl øjH tla ùfuka l÷lrfha isg uy uqyqo olajd we;s mßirh úkdY fõ' mfia we;s .=Kd;aul Ndjh ySk ù mdxY= Ldokh olajd j¾Okh ù kdh hdug o fya;= úh yelsh' ma,diaála yd fmd,s;ska wmøjH c,h iys; ia:dk j,g neyer lsÍfuka tu wmøjH bjqre j, .,a iys; ia:dk j, /£u ksid llal=Ügkag wjeis jdiia:dk idod .ekSug wmyiq fõ' ;jo mdxY= Ldokh u.ska c,c mßir j, frdka uv ;ekam;a ùuo fudjqkaf.a jdiia:dk wysñ ùug fya;=jls' ixrCIKh ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍfï§ fndfyda úfYaI y÷kajd § we;af;a f.ú .sh úis jir ;=,§ h' tfukau merKs fl!;=ld.dr kso¾Yl tl;=jla fkd;sîu fya;=fjka (Bahir and Gabadage 2012) hï úfYaIhla j|ù .sfhao hkak ms<sn|j ks.ukhlg t<öu wmyiqh' úoHd{hkag fï ms<sn|j we;s wvq Wkkaÿj ksid lafIa;%hg wod, m¾fhaIK ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;S' f.ù .sh ld,fha§ › ,xldfjka j|ù .sh úfYaI f,i imqIam Ydl 130 la muK (Dassanayake et al.

1980-2004) WNh Ôùka 19 (Manamendra - arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2005 ; Stuart et al 2004, Meegaskumbura et al.2012, Wickramasinghe et al 2012) ñßÈh u;aiH úfYaI 2 (Pethiyagoda 1994) WodyrK f,i ±laúh yelsh' fï jk úg Adenomus kandianus, Pseudophilautus stellatus (Wickramasinghe et al 2012) (Wickramasinghe et al 2013) yd Pseudophilauts semiruber (Meegaskumbura et al 2012) hk WNh Ôú

úfYaI ;=k kej; y÷kajd oS we;'

jk Ôù ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" jk ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j hgf;a mj;sk jkdka;r wdY%s;j ñßÈh llal=Ügka úfYaI 51 ka jeä m%udKhl o¾YSh msysáï (Type locality) msysgd ;snqko ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï l,dm (Biodiversity hotspots) 34 ka tlla f,io ie,flk › ,xldfõ (Cincotta et al. 2000) fm!oa.,sl bvï j, jdi N+ñ we;s lr.;a i;=kag lsisÿ wdrCIdjla ysñù fkdue;' Ceylonthelphusa callista yd Clinothelpusa kakoota jeks úfYaI .Kkdjla WodyrK f,i ±laúh yelsh' fuu úfYaIs; jQ bvï lÜá ixrCIKh i|yd M,odhS jevms<sfj,la wjYH fõ' b;d l=vd ìulg iSud ù we;s i;a;aj úfYaI ñksid úiska we;s lrkq ,nk iudÔh yd mdßißl úkdYhka u.ska ñysu;ska ;=rka ùug yelshdj we;' ixrCIs; bvï f,i kS;s .; fldg rCIs; m%foaY f,i fuu N+ñ m%foaY mj;ajd .; hq;=h' tfia fkdue;s kï tu bvï ysñhkag wdOdr ,nd § N+ñh /l .ekSug lghq;= l, hq;=h' Wr.hka" mËSka" u;aiHhska" WNh cSùka" ËSrmdhSka hk m%Odk mDIaGjxYSka yd iuk¨ka we;=¿ lDóka ms<sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï foaYk" m;%sld" úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK" rEmjdyskS jevigyka fldf;la mej;sho llal=Ügka ms<sn|j we;af;a w,am jQ wjOdkhls' ±kg we;af;a úoHd;aulj m, lrk ,o ,sms fm,la muKs' bÈßfha§ fuu W!k;djh ÿr,d lghq;= lsÍu fï i;a;aj fldgi ms<sn|j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu i|yd fya;= jkq we;' fï jk úg lrñka mj;sk m%d:ñl uÜgfï wOHhk j,§ kj llal=Ügka úfYaI 5 la ms<sn| o;a; ,eî we;' tA w;r .ia llal=Ügka úfYaI 2 la o fõ'

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh ADB (Asian Development Bank), 2003. Sri Lanka. Environmental statstics (PDF) http;//www.adb.org/ Documents/EDRC/Statistics/ Environment/srilanka.pdf (accesed 01.01.2004) Anonymous. (1980). Control of Pesticides Act. Government Publications Bureau, Colombo. 32 pp.

Bahir, M. M. (1998) Three new species of montane crabs of the genus Perbrincia (Crustacea, Parathlphusidae) from the central mountains of Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History, 3 : 197-212.

Bahir, M. M.,(1999). Description of three species of freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parathelphusidae: Ceylonthelphusa) from the south-western rain forests of Sri Lanka. Jornal of South Asian Natural History, 4: 117-132.

Bahir, M. M. & P. K. L. Ng, (2005). Description of ten new species of freshwater crabs (Parathlphusidae: Ceylonthelphusa, Mahatha, Perbrinckia) from Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., P. K. L. Ng & R. Pethiyagoda (eds.), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 47-75.

Bahir, M. M. & P. K. L. Ng, K. Crandall and R. Pethiyagoda (2005). A conservation assement of the freshwater crabs of Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., P. K. L. Ng & R. Pethiyagoda (eds.), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 121-126 pp.

Bahir, M. M. & D.E. Gabadage (2012) Taxonomy and conservation status of the freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) in Sri Lanka.

In:The National red list 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation status of Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 58-64 pp.

Bahir, M. M. & D. C. J Yeo, (2005). A revision of the genus Oziotelphusa Muller, 1887 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parathelphusidae), with descriptions of eight new species. In: Yeo, D. C. J., P, K, L, Ng & R. Pethiyagoda (eds.), Contributios to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12; 77-120.

2 64 Our Biological Heritage

ck;djf.a jqjukdjka i|yd iS>%fhka isÿjk ixj¾Ok lghq;=" lDIsl¾udka;" l¾udka; we;sùu" úYd, c,dY bÈlsÍu" fmd,s;Ska ma,diaála we;=¿ mßirfha§" mßir ydkshlska f;drj Èrdm;a fkdjk ish¨u lD;su ksIamdok fya;=fjka ;¾ckhg ,la jQ i;a;aj ldKavhla f,i ñßÈh llal=Ügka .; yelsh' Pastilla ruhuna úfYaIh yuq jQ iuyr m%foaY fm!oa.,sl bvï neúka i;a;ajhd yuqjq j.=re ìï m%foaY fï jk úg ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd mia oud f.dv lr we;' tfukau Ceylonthelphusa aramata úfYaIfha tu o¾YSh msysáfuys (Type locality) fï jk úg olakg fkdue;s w;r Bg wdikak m%foaYhl ±l .; yelsh' iS>% ixj¾Okh Wfoid wm rgg wysñ jk f;;a l,dmSh yd l÷lr jkdka;r moaO;sh f.ù .sh jir 35 ;=,§ uyd mßudK c,dY" uyd ud¾." bvï lÜá lsÍu" lDIsl¾uh" ksjdi bÈlsÍu wd§ lreKq fya;= fldg f.k úkdY fjñka mj;S' fï mßir ydkshg uQ,sl ù we;af;a ñksidf.a fkdyslauqKq wdYdjka fõ'

› ,xldfõ fndfyda ñßÈh llal=Ügka foaYSh yd wka;¾cd;sl uÜgñka .;a l, wka;rdhg ,la ù we;' uq,ska i|yka l, ukqIH l%shdldrlï fï i|yd fya;= ù we;' fï i;a;aj ldKavfha i;=kaf.a p¾hdj" úiqïfmd< j, mßir ;;ajh" Ôjk rgdj (Life cycle)" ì;a;r ±óu (Egg laying) wd§ tla tla úfYaIh ms<sn| f;dr;=re l%udKql+,j wOHhkh lr fkdue;s w;r wm okafka idudkH lreKq muKs'

chapter

by; tAl úfYaISh .K (Monotypic Genera) f,i Clinothelphusa, Pastilla ±laúh yelsh' Ceylonthelphusa, Mahatha, Perbrinckia .K ;=k o we;=<;aj › ,xldjg .K 5 la wdfõKsl fõ' ñßÈh llal=Ügkaf.a úiqïfmd< (Habitat) l=Uqre (Paddy Fileds) , uv j.=re (Marshes), .x.d Èhmyr (River/Small Streams), jeõ (Lakes) Èh we,s (Water falls) jkdka;r (Forests) .ia fnk (Tree holes) f,i ±laúh yelsh' wêl je,s (Sand) iys; ia:dkj, yer wka iEu ñßÈh mßir moaO;Ska ;=, 10 mm isg 55 mm w;r m%udKfha llal=Ügka ñßÈfhys ±lsh yel'

perbrinckia rosae

Beenaerts, N, R. Pethiyagoda, P. L. K. Ng, D. C. J. Yeo, G. J, Bex, M.M. Bahir and T Artois., (2010).

Phyliogenetic diversity of Sri Lankan freshwater crabs and its implications for Conservation. Molecular Ecology, 19: 183-196.

Bierregaard, R.O., C. Gascon, T. E. Lovejoy & R. Masquita, 2001. Lessons from Amazonia: the ecology and conservation of a fragmented forest. Yale University Press, New Haven . 478 pp.

Bossuyt, F., M. Meegaskumbura, N. Beenaerts, D. J. Gower, R. Pethiyagoda, K. Roelants, A. Mannaert, M. Wilkinson, M. M. Bahir, K. Manamendra-Arachchi, P.K.L. within the western Ghats-Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot. Science, 306: 479-481 Bott, R., 1970. Die Subwasserkrabben von Ceylon. Ariv for Zoologi, 22: 627-640.

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Cincotta, R.P., J. Wisnewski & R. Engelman, 2000. Human populations in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature, 404: 990-992.

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Ferraz, G., G J. Russel, P. C. Stouffer, R. O. Bierregaard, S. L. Pimm. & T. E. Lovejoy, 2003. Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100: 14069-14073.

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Hewawasam, T., F. von Blanckenburg, M, Schaller & P. Kubik, 2003, Increase of human over natural erosion rates in tropical highlands constrained by cosmogenic nuclides. Geology, 31 : 597-600.

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Ng. P. K. L., 1994. A note on the freshwater crabs of the genus Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Paratheiphusidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka. Journal South Asian Natural Hostory, 1: 27-30.

Ng, P. K. L., 1995a. A revision of the Sri Lankan montane crabs of the genus Perbrinckia Bott, 1969 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae). Journal South Asian Natural History, 1: 129-174.

Ng, P. K. L. 1995b. Ceylonthelphusa scansor, a new species of tree-climbing crab from Sinharaja Forest in Sri Lanka (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae). Journal South Asian Natural History, 1: 175-184.

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Pethiyagoda, R., 1994. Threats to the indigenous freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka and remarks on their conservation. Hydrobiologia, 285: 189-201 Rathbun, M. J., 1904. Les crabs d'eau douce. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelle. Paris, (4)6: 225-312.

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Zootaxa, 3229, 58-68.

Wickramasinghe, L. J., M., D. R. Vidanapathirana., N. Wickramasinghe, 2012. Back from the dead: The world's rerest toad Adenomus kandianus re discovered in Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 3347 : 63-68 Wickramasinghe, L. J., M., D. R. Vidanapathirana., S. Ariyarathne, G Rajeev, A Chanka, J Pastorini, G Chathuranga, N. Wickramasinghe 2013. Lost and Found:One of the world’s most elusive amphibians, Pseudophilautus stellatus (Kelaart 1853)rediscovered. Zootaxa 3620 (1) : 112-128 lreKdr;ak tï'" le'k' ukfïkaø-wdrÉÉ" .d' wêldÍ ^2011& - › ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhdf.a llal+Ügka mßfNdck rgdj: úfYaI wjOdkh iS.sßh wdY%s; fmd;dk .=ydj' Punkalasa research papers; National Archaeology Symposium, 19th & 20th July, Department of Archaeology.

Vol 1. Part II. 151-159 pp.

Wv y|hd Aplocheilus dayi © Gehan Rajeev

Y%S ,xldfõ ñßÈh uiqkaf.a úúO;ajh ;drl uq;=kdhl iy ÿIdka uq;=kdhl

u;aiHhska hkq c,fha jdih lrk" fld÷ weg fm,la iys;" jr,a u.ska msyskd hk" p,;dmS ^mßir WIaK;ajh u; foay WIaK;ajh fjkia lr .kakd&" c,laf,dau u.ska ndysr mßirfha ^c,fha& we;s Tlaiscka Yajikh i|yd fhdod .kakd i;aj ldKavhls' f,dj mqrd we;s ish¿ lrosh" ñßosh yd lsjq,aosh mßir moaO;sj, yuqjk fudjqka c,c mßirhg b;d id¾:l f,i wkqj¾;kh ù we;s f,dj Ôj;a jk fld÷ weg fm,la iys; i;=ka w;ßka jeäu m%;sY;hlg ysñlï lshk uiqka" óg jir ñ,shk 530 lg muK fmr mßKduh jQjd hehs ie,flaa' j¾;udkfha Ôj;a jk uiqka m%Odk jYfhka j¾. ;=klg j¾.SlrKh l, yels tAjd kï" ykq rys; uiqka (Jawless fish – Class Agnatha), ldáf,ac uiqka (Cartilaginous fish – Class Chondricthyes) iy wiaÓl uiqka (Bony fish – Class Osteicthyes) hk j¾.hs' fï w;ßka ñßosh uiqka ish,a, wiaÓl uiqka fõ' u;aiHhska f,dj my< jQ m<uq fld÷ weg fm,la iys; i;=ka (Vertebrates) f,i ie,fla' fudjqka b;d m%d:ñl u;aiHhska f,i uq,a flaïì%hka hq.fhaoS we;sù miqj is¨ßhka yd fvfjdakshka hk hq. j,oS f,dj mqrd me;sr f.dia we;' fï w;ßka fvfjdakshka hq.h b;d jeo.;a jk w;r tu ld, jljdkqfõoS f,dj m%Odku u;aiH úfYaI mßKduh jQjd hehs ie,fla' tu ksid fvfjdakshka hq.h u;aiH hq.h f,io y÷kajhs' f,dj ldáf,ac uiqka uq,skau we;sjQjd hehs ie,flkafka óg jir ñ,shk 395 lg muK fmr fvfjdakshka hq.fha uOH jljdkqfõoSh' wiaÓl uiqka óg jir us,shk 416 lg muK fmr is¨ßhka hq.fha wjika jljdkqfõ fyda fvfjdakshka hq.fha uq,a jljdkqfõ we;sjQjd hehs ie,fla' j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 65610 l N+ñ jmißhla iys; ksj¾;k l,dmSh osjhskla jk › ,xldj tys N+ úIu;dj fya;= fldgf.k mßir moaO;s rdYshlg ysñlï lshhs' fï w;=ßka m%Odk jYfhka ñßosh uiqkaf.a jdiia:dk mj;skqfha osjhsk mqrd jHdma;j mj;sk 103 la jQ .x.d ksïk yd tAjdhska oi; úysÿkq w;= YdLd j,h'

Our Biological Heritage

Manamendra-Arachchi, K., & R. Pethiyagoda, 2005. The Sri Lankan shrub-frogs of the genus Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae), with description of 27 new species. In: Yeo, D. C. J., P. K. L. Ng & R. Pethiyagoda (eds.), ontributions to biodiversity exploration and research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement No. 12: 5-145.

Pethiyagoda 1991 jd¾;djg wkqj › ,xldfõ m%Odk .xÕdj, iuiA: os. jk ls' ñ' 4500 muK m%foaYhla mqrd ñßosh uiqka jdiia:dk .; ù we;' osjhsk mqrd jHdma;j mj;sk fuu .xÕd yd we< fod< yereKq úg jeõ".x.d ksïk" fmdl=Kq" ú,a¨ iy l=Uqre rdYshla ñßosh uiqkag ;u jdiia:dk ilid fohs (Pethiyagoda

y;ru Laubuca kï .Kh hgf;a j¾. lrk ,oS' ^fm;shdf.dv iy msßi 2008& tu úfYaI y;r jkqfha L. lankensis, L. insularis, L. waruna iy L. ruhuna h' fï w;ru miq.sh oYlh ;=, oS Puntius filamentous, Puntius amphibious, Macrognathus aral, Labeo porcellus iy Channa marulius hk úfYaI ms<sfj<ska Puntius sinhala, Puntius kamalika, Macrognathus pentophthalmos, Labeo lankae iy Channa ara f,i kï lrk ,oS' ^fm;shdf.dv iy fldfg,Ü 1991 is,ajd iy msßi 2008 fm;shdf.dv iy msßi 2008 iy fm;shdf.dv 1994& óg wu;rj kj úfYaI lsysmhlau ñßosh u;aiH kdudj,shg tla úh' ^WodyrKhka f,i ó.ial=Uqr iy msßi úiska 2008 oS y÷kajd ÿka Puntius reval iy fm;shdf.dv iy msßi úiska 2008 oS y÷kajd ÿka Puntius kelumi oelaúh yel&'

1991).

1982 oS fiakdkdhl iy fudah,a úiska ñßosh uiqkaf.a fuu jHdma;s rgdj u; mokï jQ m%Odk u;aiH úoHd;aul l,dm 4 la y÷kajd fok ,oS' tu l,dm jkqfha ksß; os. l,dmh" uyje,s l,dmh" úh<s l,dmh iy w;rueos l,dmhhs' osjhsfkys f;;a l,dmfhys jHdma;j mj;sk ksß; os. l,dmh ol=Kska ks,aj,d .fÕka o W;=frka w;a;k.¨ Tfhka o kef.kysßka uyje,s l,dmfhka o iSud jk w;r uyje,s l,dmh uyje,s .xÕd ksïk m%foaYh mqrd me;sr mj;shs' úh<s l,dmh › ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmh yereKq fldg b;sß N+ñ m%foaYh mqrd me;sr mj;S' fï w;ßka jeäu u;aiH úúO;ajhlg ysñlï lshkafka ksß; os. l,dmh iy uyje,s l,dmhhs (Goonathilake 2012)' bkaoshdfõ fjiag¾ka .dÜia m%foaYfhys ffcj úúO;ajh iu. kElï lshk fuu my; rg f;;a l,dmh ;=< msysá ksß; os. u;aiH l,dmj, jeäu u;aiH úúO;ajhlg ysñlï lshk w;r th ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï l,dm w;rska tlls (Bossuyt et al 2004, Mittermeier et al 2004)' fuu l,dmh jdiia:dk lr.;a u;aiHhka w;ßka nkaÿ, fm;shd (Pethiya bandula) lE.,a, osia;%slalfha msysá .,msguv m%foaYhg o, je,s f.dõjd (Stiphodon martenstyni) iy Rasboroides nigromaginata jeks u;aiHhka u;=.u msysá w;aje,af;dg m%foaYhg o iSud ù isák ia:dkSh úfYaI fjhs (Goonathilake 2012)'

› ,xldfõ ksjeis ñßosh uiqka úoHd;aulj l=, 19 la iy .K 45 la hgf;a j¾. lr we;' fï w;ßka õYd,;u l=,h Family Cyprinidae ^ihsm%sksfâ l=,h& jk w;r úfYaI 45 la iy .K 13 la fï hg;g wh;ah' fuu uiqka w;ßka u;aiH úfYaI 35 la › ,xldjg wdfõKsl fõ'

2 68 Our Biological Heritage

› ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh w;ßka ñßosh u;aiH úúO;ajh iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla Wiq,hs' oekg jd¾;d ù we;s ksjeis ñßosh uiqka úfYaI ixLHdj 91 la jk w;r fï w;=ßka u;aiH úfYaI 50 la ^54'94 ]& › ,xldjg wdfõKsl fjhs ^cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd;" 2012&' ;j;a u;aiH úfYaI 24 la muK › ,xldjg y÷kajd fok ,o õfYaI f,i ñßosh c, moaO;sj, jd¾;d fjhs Goonathilake 2007&' fuu u;aiH úfYaI w;ßka úYd, m%udKhla osjhsfkys f;;a l,dmhg muKla iSud ù mj;S' ;j o wdfõKsl úfYaI w;ßka nyq;rhla o oeä f,i j|ùf.k hdfï ;¾ckhg ,la j isák uiqka úYd, m%udKhla o f;;a l,dmSh ñßosh c, moaO;s j,g iSud ù mj;S'

chapter

1993 wxl 49 orK jk i;a;aj iy jDCI,;d wd×d mk;g wkqj › ,xldfõ ñßosh uiqka ixrCIs;h' ;¾cs; úfYaI j¾.SlrKh lsÍfï 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; j¾.SlrKhg wkqj › ,xldfõ ksjeis u;aiH úfYaI 91 w;ßka úfYaI 45 la ^49'45] muK& ;¾ckhg ,la jQ uiqka hgf;a j¾. fldg we;' fï w;ßka úfYaI 2 la oeâ f,i j|ùf.k hdfï ;¾ckhg ,la jQ ^fndfyda ÿrg kIag ù we;s& (CR (PE) – Critically Endangered (Probably Extinct)) uiqka f,i o úfYaI 19 la oeä f,i j|ùf.k hdfï ;¾ckhg (CR – Critically Endangered) ,la jQ uiqka f,i o ;j;a 19 la ;¾ckhg (EN - Endangered) ,la jQ uiqka f,i o b;sß 5 ;¾ckhg ,la ùug bv we;s (VU - Vulnerable) uiqka f,i o j¾.SlrKh lr we; ' fuu ;¾cs; uiqka w;ßka u;aiH úfYaI 39 la u › ,xldjg wdfõKsl ùu iqúfYaIS lreKls' óg wu;rj úfYaI 9 lau o;a; W!k f,i j¾. fldg oelaùu;a tA w;ßka uiqka 5 lau wm rgg wdfõKsl ùu;a ñßosh uiqka iy Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dk ms<sn|j wm fkdo;a foa fndfyda nj mila lrkq we; ^cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd; 2012&'

© Gehan Rajeev

© Gehan Rajeev

isxy, fm;shd Puntius sinhala

miq.sh oYl foll ld,h ;=< oS ñßosh u;aiH kdulrKfha fjkialï lsysmhla u isÿúKs' fï w;ßka jvd;a wdikaku fjkiaùu jkqfha fm;shdf.dv iy msßi úiska 2012 oS l,ska Puntius f,i kï lr ;snQ .Kh Puntius, Pethiya, Systomus iy Dawkinsia f,i .K y;rla hgf;a j¾. lr oelaùuhs' tfiau is,ajd iy msßi úiska 2011 oS Rasbora .Kh hgf;a j¾. lr ;snQ iuyr úfYaI Rasboroides kï .Kh hgf;a j¾. lsrSuhs ^WodyrKhla f,i Rasboroides vaterifloris oelaúh yel& ;j o l,ska Danio f,i ye¢kajQ .Kh 2010 oS flúka iy msßi úiska Devario f,i kï lrk ,oS' fï yereKq fldg l,ska Chela Ceylonensis ^lr weohd& f,i ye¢kajQ úfYaIh kj úfYaI y;rlg fnod oelajQ w;r tu úfYaI

r;= jr,a fm;shd Puntius dorsalis

ñßosh uiqka i|yd we;s m%Odk ;¾ck 1' jkdka;r úkdYh fya;= fldgf.k c, uQ,dY% is|S hdu 2' jk jeiau bj;a lsÍu fya;= fldgf.k isÿjk wêl mdxY= Ldokh ksid c,dYhkays we;s wjidos; m%udKh by< hEu 3' l=vd yd uyd mßudK c, úÿ,s fhdackd l%u iy ;sridr fkdjQ ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s 4' ridhksl fmdfydr yd m<sfndaO kdYl c,dYj,g tl;= ùu 5' wmøjH c, moaO;sj,g neyer lsÍu 6' c,c mßir moaO;s f.dv lsÍu 7' kS;s úfrdaë f,i uiqka we,a,Su 8' m%ñ;sfhka f;dr wkjir wNsckk jHdmD;s yd wúêu;a f,i iajNdúl c, moaO;sj,g wNsckkh l< uiqka ksoyia lsÍu 9' wdl%uKsl úfoaYSh uiqka c,c mßir moaO;sj,g y÷kajd oSu

ñßosh uiqka ixrCIKh lsÍug f.k we;s l%shd ud¾.

1' kS;suh /ljrKh ,nd oSu 2' ;¾ckhg ,la jQ uiqka wNsckkh lsÍu 3' ;¾ckhg ,la jQ uiqka nyq,j fjfik m%foaY wdrCIs; l,dm f,i kï lsÍu 4' ;¾ckhg ,laj we;s úfYaI úêu;a f,i kj jdiia:dkj,g y÷kajd oSu © Gehan Rajeev

oïfld< id,hd Devario malabaricus

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh Bossuyt, F., Meegaskumbura, M., Beenaerts, N., Gower, D. J., Pethiyagoda, R., Roelants, K., Mannaert, A., Wilkinson, M., Bahir, M.M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K. Ng, P. K. L., Schneider, C. J., Oommen, O.V., Milinkovit, M. C. (2004), ‘Local Endemism Within the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot’, Science, vol. 306, pp.

479-481.

Goonatilake, S. de A., 2012. The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Freshwater Fishes in Sri Lanka. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. pp. 77-81.

Kottelat, M. & Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Descriptions of three new species of cyprinid fishes from Sri Lanka. In: R. Pethiyagoda., 1991. Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka.

l=,h (Family)

;¾ð; úfYaI .Kk (Total Threatened)

úfYaI .Kk (Total Species)

Anabantidae 0 1 Anguillidae 0 2 Aplocheilidae 2 (2) 3 (2) Bagridae 1 (1) 4 (1) Balitoridae 1 (1) 2 (2) Belonidae 0 1 Belontiidae 1 (1) 3 (2) Channidae 2 (2) 5 (2) Cichlidae 0 2 Clariidae 0 1 Cobitidae 1 (1) 2 (1) Cyprinidae 28 (27) 45 (35) Eleotridae 0 2 Gobiidae 5 (2) 9 (2) Heteropneustidae 0 1 Mastacembelidae 1 (1) 2 (1) Siluridae 1 2 Synbranchidae 2 (1) 2 (1) Adrianichthyidae 0 2 tl;=j

45 (39)

j.=j 2'6 › ,xldfõ ñßosh u;aiHh l=, ^wdfõKsl úfYaI jryka ;=, olajd we;&

91 (50)

Mittermeier, R. A., Gil, P. R., Hoffman, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C. G., Lamoreux, J., da Fonseca, G. A. B. (2004), ‘Hotspots revisited: Earth’s biologically richest and most threatened terrestrial ecoregions’. CEMEX, Mexico City and Conservation International, Washington, D. C. Meegaskumbura, M., Silva, A., Maduwage, K. & Pethiyagoda, R., (2008). Puntius reval, a new barb from Sri Lanka (Teleostei; Cyprinidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 19 (2), pp.141-152.

MOE 2012. The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp.

Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka.

Pethiyagoda, R., Kottelat, M., Silva, A., Maduwage, K. & Meegaskumbura, M., (2008a). A review of the genus Labuca in Sri Lanka, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 19 (1), p. 726.

Pethiyagoda, R., Silva, A., Maduwage, K. & Meegaskumbura, M., (2008b). Puntius kelumi, a new species of cyprinid fish from Sri Lanka (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 19, pp. 201- 214.

Pethiyagoda, R., Silva, A., Maduwage, K. & Kariyawasam, L., (2008c). The Sri Lankan spiny eel, Macrognathus pentophthalmos (Teleostei: Mastacembelidae), and its enigmatic decline. Zootaxa, 1931, pp.37–48.

Pethiyagoda, R., Meegaskumbura, M. & Maduwage, K., (2012). A synopsis of the South Asian fishes referred to Puntius (Pisces: Cyprinidae.) Ichthyol. Explor. Fresh waters, 23 (1), pp.69-95.

Senanayake, F. R. & Moyle, P. B., (1982). Conservation of freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Biological Conservation, 22, pp.181-195.

Silva, A., Maduwage, K. & Pethiyagoda, R., (2008). Puntius kamalika, a new species of barb from Sri Lanka (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa, 1824, pp.55–64.

Silva, A., Maduwage, K. & Pethiyagoda, R., (2011). A review of the genus Rasbora in Sri Lanka, with description of two new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 21, pp.27- 50.

2 70 Our Biological Heritage

Goonatilake, S. de A., (2007). Freshwater Fishes of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Ministry of Environment, Sri Lanka.

chapter

tkuq;a › ,xldfõ fjfik ñßosh uiqkaf.ka yß wvlg;a jvd j|ùhdfï ;¾ckhg uqyqKmEfuka fmkS hkafka fuu wdrCIs; l%fudamdhka Tjqka ixrCIKh lr .ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a fkdjk njhs' › ,xldjg wdfõKsl iy ;¾ckhg ,la jQ uiqka nyq,ju oel.; yelafla f;;a l,dmh ;=,h' tkuq;a › ,xldfõ wdrCIs; l,dm cd,fhka f;;a l,dmh ;=< msysgd we;af;a 10] lg;a jvd wvq m%udKhls' tneúka ;¾ckhg ,la jQ wdfõKsl uiqkaf.ka jeä m%udKhla oel.; yelafla wdrCIs; cd,fhka msg; jk w;r fuu m%foaY wdY%s;j isÿjk úúO l%shdldrlï ksid Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dk oeä f,i ydhkhg ,la j we;' › ,xldfõ ñßosh uiqkaf.ka 50] lg wdikak m%;sY;hla ;¾ckhg ,laùug m%Odk fya;=j jkafka fuhhs' fï ksid ñßosh uiqkaf.a jdiia:dk iqrCIs; lsßu Tjqka ixrCIKh lsrSfï m%Odk l%shdud¾.hla f,i ye¢kaúh yel' óg wu;rj oSm jHdma;j isÿlrk l%uj;a m¾fhaIK ;=<ska kj jdiia:dk iy uiqka y÷kd .ekSu;a o;a; W!k úfYaI ms<sn|j ksis wOHkhka isÿ lsrSu;a iajNdúlj wNsckkh lsrSu wmyiq uiqka wNsckkh lsÍu i|yd m¾fhaIK osh;a lsÍu;a fuu fid÷re u;aiH iïmf;ys fyg oji hym;a lsrSug bjy,a jkq we;'

© Dulan Ranga

l=vd ly ysßoKavd

Ichthyophis pseudangularis

chapter

j¾;udkh jk úg WNhÔùkaf.a j¾.h f.da;% 3 lska iukaú;h tAjd kï wkqrd f.da;%h (Order Anura), tAfmdavd f.da;%h (Order Apoda) iy hqfrdafv,d f.da;%hhs (Order Urodela) wkqrd f.da;%h f.ïnka (Toads) yd ueähka (Frogs) f.ka o" tAfmdavd f.da;%h mdo rys; WNhÔùka jk ysßoKavkaf.ka o (Caecilians) hqfrdafv,d f.da;%h kqÜgka (Newts) iy i,ukaordjkaf.ka (Salamanders) o iukaú; fõ' fï w;ßka ,xldj ;=, ±lsh yelafla wkqrdjka yd tAfmdavdjka muKs' iqyqUq,kaf.a rEm úoHd;aulj ,CIK wkqj by; f.da;% ;=k w;r meyeÈ,s fjkialï iys;h' hqfrdafv,djka mdo i;rla yd j,s.hla ork w;r wkqrdjka mdo i;rla ±rejo j,s.hla fkdorhs' tAfmdavdjka fndfyda fldgu .evú¨kag iudk iajrEmhla ^kuq;a .evú¨ka weia fyda meyeÈ,s ysila fkd±Ífuka yd tAfmdavdjka tAjd ±Ífuka fudjqka tlsfkldf.ka meyeÈ,sj fjkia fõ'& ork w;r meyeÈ,s j,s.hla fyda mdo rys; j,hka iys; foayhla orhs'

Philautus mooreorum © Menan Jayarathna

Y%S ,xldfõ WNhÔù úúO;ajh wñ, m%ikak iqukmd,

WNhÔùka hkq weï*sìhd (Amphibia) j¾.hg wh;a p, ;dmS ^tkï mßir WIaK;ajh u; YÍr WIaK;ajh úp,h jk& mDIaGjxYS i;a;aj ldKavhls' WNh Ôùka hk mofhka weÕfjk mßÈ fudjqka ish Ôjk pl%h ;=, wjia:d foll oaú;aj ðú;hla .; lrhs' uq,a wjia:djka ys § c,fha fyda c,Sh udOHhl jik c,h ;=, Yajikh lsÍug wjYH c,laf,dau iys; lSghl= ^fmdÿ jHjydrfha fndfydaúg biaf.ähka fyda tadpoles& f,i;a miqj rEmdka;rKh isÿlr f.dvìu jik c,laf,dau rys; ^nyq;r wjia:dj,& iqyqUq,l= f,i;a fudjqkaf.a Ôjk pl%fha m%Odk wjê folls'

72 Our Biological Heritage

uQßf.a m÷re ueähd

2

› ,xldj ;=, jd¾;d jk njg ±kg úoHd;aulj m%ldYh ù we;s WNhÔùka õfYaI 119 w;ßka úfYaI 3 la tAfmdavd f.da;%hg o wfkla 116 la wkqrd f.da;%hg o wh;a fõ' wkqrdjka 116 ka 8 la f.ïnka o wfkla 108 ueähkao fõ' f.ïnka idfmaCIj r¿" bkakka iys;" úh<s iula ±Íu iy ueähka idfmaCIj isks÷" f;;a iula ±Ífuka fuu WNhÔù fofldgi tlsfklska ir,ju fjkia fõ' j¾.SlrK úoHdj (Taxonomy) wkqj f.ïnka ish,a, ìhqf*dksfâ (Bufonidae) l=,hg muKla wh;a jk ksjdi yd tA wdY%s;j nyq,j yuqjk f.hs f.ïnd (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) wm ráka fï i|yd we;s iq,Nu WodyrKh hs'

ish¿ mßK; WNhÔùka idfmalaIj f;;a isks÷ iula ork w;r th Yajikhg Wmfhda.S lr.kS' tfiau fmky¿ yd uqLfha we;=,a wdia;rfhkao Yajikh lsÍug fudjqka iu;ah' fndfyduhla WNh Ôùka by; Yajik l%u ;=ku Ndú;d lrk w;r Yajikh i`oyd fmky¿ Ndõ;d fkdlrk fmky¿ rys; tlu WNhÔùhd f,i bkaÿkSishdfjka jd¾;d jk Barbourula kalimantanensis úfYaIh ie<fla'

uq,au WNhÔùka f,dj my< ùu fvfjdakshka hq.fha (Devonian Period) tkï fuhska jir ñ,shk 370 lg muK by; c,fha isg f.dvìug meñ‚ uiqkaf. ka isÿ jqjd hkak idudkH ms<s.ekSuhs' fuu uiqka fmkye,s iy wiaÓ iys; jr,a j,g ysñlï lSy' ldfndks*ria hq.fhaoS (Carboniferous Period) WNh Ôùka úúOdx.slrKhg ,lafjñka mßKduhg ,la jQy'

© Gehan Rajeev

WNhÔù iu jd;hg fukau c,hgo mdr.uH fõ' tfyhska úh<s ;;aj fyda Rcq ysre rYañh yuqfõ fudjqka myiqfjka úc,khg ,lafõ' fuhg ms<shula f,i WNhÔùka idudkHfhka f;;a wd¾ø mßir j, jik w;r fndfyda fldg rd;%sfha § muKla l%shdldÍ fõ' Èjd l< fudjqka .,a" jegqkq .ia l|ka wdÈh hg f;; fmd<fõ" mia ;=, we;s isÿre ;=, fld<frdvq w;r fyda Èh lä;s j, .;lrñka úc,kfhka wdrlaId fõ'

fkd,¾Üf.a f.ïnd

Duttaphrynus noellerti

wm rfÜ WNh Ôùka f.ka 103 lau wdfõKsl úfYaI jk w;r fuh idfmaCIj b;d by, wdfõ‚l m%;sY;hls' › ,dxlsl WNh Ôùka wh;a jk .K (Genera) i<ld ne,Sfï § tA w;=ßka .K y;rla uq¿ukskau wdfõKsl fõ' fuu wdfõKsl .Khka kï l=re f.ïnka wh;a jk Adenomus .Kh" jl /,s Èh ueähd wh;a jk Lankanectus .Kh" .,amr ueähka wh;ajk Nannophrys .Kh" iy .ia ueähka úfYaI 3 la iys; Taruga .Kh hs'

© Dulan Ranga

© Gehan Rajeev

f.dryeä m÷re ueähd

Pseudophilautus schmarda

jdiia:dk" jHdma;sh yd yeisÍu wkqj › ,dxlSh WNh Ôùka úYd, úúO;ajhla fmkakqï lrhs' iuyrla úfYaI rg mqrd úúO mßir moaO;s j, iq,N jHdma;shla olajk w;r ^Wod( f.hs f.ïnd& iuyrla úfYaI ia:dkSh wdfõKsl;ajhla tkï uq¿ rfÜu hï ksYaÑ; tla ia:dkhl fyda l=vd m%foaYhl muKla u yuqùula olajhs' ^Wod ( .s,Suf,a jk rËs;fha j¾. lsf,da ógr 5 l muK m%foaYhla ;=, muKla fï jk f;la jd¾;d ù we;s uE;loS y÷kd.;a rkaje,a,f.a w`. .ia ueähd fyj;a Polypedates ranwellai úfYaIh&

mq,a,s iys; m÷re ueähd

Pseudophilautus stellatus

;j;a iuyr úfYaI ;u jdiia:dkh ms<sn| w;sYhska iqúfYaIS jk w;r tla laIqø jdiia:dkhla muKlau ish jdiia:dkh f,i fhdod .kS' .,a mr iy .,a ;,d u.ska Èh iSrdj .,df.k hk f;; iys; mßirhka muKla u ish laIqø jdiia:dkh f,i fhdod.kakd .,amr ueähka fuhg ukd ksoiqkls' fuu .,amr ueähka by; laIqø jdiia:dk ;;ajhkag iqúfYaIS f,i wkqj¾;kh ù we;s w;r Tjqkaf.a biaf.ähka o yuqjkqfha f;;a .,a mrhka u; muKls'

Nannophrys marmorata

› ,xldfõ WNhÔùka f.a p¾hd rgdjka" úfYaIfhkau wNsckk p¾hd ie<lSfï§ Tjqka úúOdldr f,i úúOdx.slrKh ù we;' tAfmdavd f.da;%hg wh;a ysßoKavka úfYaI 3 ish ì;a;r c,h iómfha f;;a mia ;=, l=yrhl ;ekam;a lrk w;r .eyeKq i;d úiska tA jgd ork .idf.k tAjd wdrCId lrkq ±lsh yel' ì;a;r j,ska ìysjk wd|l= jeks megjqka c,hg rEgd f.dia c,h ;=, úlikh ù jeäysáhka njg m;afõ' wkqrd f.da;%fha uhsfl%dyhs,sfâ l=,hg (Microhylidae) wh;a uqj mgq ueähka f,i fmdÿfõ y÷kajk WNh Ôùka ish ì;a;r fmd<fõ fyda .ia fnkj, we;s c,;gdl j, ;ekam;a lrhs' ksoyia biaf.ä wjia:d j,g miq fudjqka mßK; njg m;afõ' fudjqkaf.ka .ia fnk ;=, ì;a;r ouk njg ±kg jd¾;d we;af;a k.d´f.a fudg fydUq ueähd (Ramanella nagaoi) ms<sn|j muKs'

74

© Dulan Ranga

© Amila Sumanapala

.,amr ueähd

2

Our Biological Heritage

tfiau N+úIu;dj wkqj › ,xldfõ ksß;È. my;rg f;;a l,dmh" uOHu l÷jeáfha › mdo yd msÿre;,d., l÷ jeáh" kl,aia l÷jeáh yd rlajdk l÷jeáh tA tla tla l,dmhg wdfõKsl jQ WNhÔù úúO;ajhla iys;h' fï l,dm w;r we;s fN!ñl ndOl ^Wod( l÷ jeá" ksïk& ksid tA tA l,dm j, i;=ka tlsfkldf.ka fjkaj mßKduhg ,laùu fuhg fya;= jkakg we;'

chapter

wkqrdjka w;r ìhqf*dksfâ (Bufonidae)" kslaáneg%elsfâ (Nyctibatrachidae), älafrd.af,disfâ (Dicroglossidae) yd rdksfâ (Ranidae) l=,j,g wh;a i;=ka ish ì;a;r c, ;gdl j, ;ekam;a lrk w;r bka msgjk biaf.ähd ksoyia c,fha jiñka mßK; njg m;afõ' /fldf*dßfâ (Racophoridae) l=,hg wh;a .ia ueähka yd m÷re ueähka fjku u wdldrhl wNsckk l%uhka Ndú;d lrhs' fï w;r .ia ueä úfYaI ;u isrefrka i%djh l< fmK u.ska ksujQ fmK le±,a,l ì;a;r ;ekam;a lrk w;r lSghska ksoyia c,fha msyskñka jefâ' ishqfvd*sf,dgia (Pseudophilautus) >khg wh;a m÷re ueähka ish ì;a;r ±óu isÿ lrkqfha fmd<fõ f;; mia w;r fyda fld<frdvq ;=,h' lSghka ì;a;r j,ska msg;g fkdmeñfKk w;r ì;a;r ;=,g we;s c,Sh udOHhl úlikh ù jevqKq ueä megjl= bka msg;g meñfKa' m÷re ueähka w;=ßka úfYaI 3 la tkï m<d m÷re ueähd (Pseudophilautus femoralis), uQßf.a m÷re ueähd (Pseudophilautus mooreorum) iy fmdmSf.a m÷re ueähd (Pseudophilautus poppiae) hk úfYaI ish ì;a;r Ydl m;% j, ^fndfyda úg há mDIaGfha& we,ùu isÿ lrhs' fuu ish¿u úfYaI ish wNsckhla isÿ lrkqfha mßir wd¾ø;dj jeä j¾Id ld,fha mu‚' ±kg › ,xldfjka jd¾;djk WNhÔùka w;=ßka úfYaI 19 la j| ù .sh úfYaI f,i i,lkq ,nhs' fuf,iu uE;la jk;=re joù .shd hehs ie,l=Kq kqjr l=re f.ïnd (Adenomus kandianus) iy mq,a,s iys; m÷re ueähd (Pseudophilautus stellatus) hk úfYaI folo jir ishhla muK jd¾;d rys;j o;= ySk (Data Deficient) ;;ajfha miq jQ wkkafâ,af.a mÿre ueähd (Pseudophilautus semiruber) hk úfYaIho kej; fidhd.ekSu;a iu. by; j|ù .shd hehs ie,flk úfYaI 19 o kej; fidhd.ekSug hï iïNdú;djla mj;sk njg Wml,amkh l< yel'

cdk úlD;shlg ,lajq m÷re ueäfhla ^ol=Kq mdoh& Malformed shrub frog (Right hind limb)

flfia jqj;a mßirhg olajk by< ixfõ§ nj ^Wod( c,hg yd jd;hg mdr.uH iu& iy jHdma;sh" jdiia:dk yd p¾hdjka flfrys olajk iqúfYaIS;djh ksid › ,dxlSh WNh ðúka w;=ßka fndfyduhla j|ù hdfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK md isá;s' 2012 j¾Ifha cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd; i|yd flreKq we.hSï wkqj wm rfÜ WNh Ôùkaf.ka úfYaI 34 la ±ä f,i wka;rdodhl (CR) úfYaI f,i;a" 28 la wka;rdodhl (EN) úfYaI f,i;a 10 la wjodkï iys; (VU) úfYaI f,i;a ie,flk w;r ;j;a úfYaI 3 la wdikak ;¾ð; (NT) uÜgfï miqfõ' tfukau mßirfha we;sjk iq¿ fjkilg jqjo WNh Ôùka olajk w;s ixfõ§ nj ksid mßir WIaK;ajh jeäùu" ridhksl øjH ksid c,c mßir moaO;s j, ridhksl ixhq;sfha fjkialï wdÈh fuu úfYaI j, ffcùh l%shd j,g ydksodhl f,i n,mdhs' uE; hq.fha § úúO cdk úlD;s yd wx.úl, ;;aj iys; WNh Ôùka nyq,j ksÍCIKh lsÍug yels ùu óg idËS olajhs'

fuu wjodkï iys; ;;ajh yd wm rfÜ WNh Ôùkaf.a úúO;ajfha yd ffcùh ls%hdjkaf.a we;s iqúfYaIS ,laIK ksid Tjqka ms<sn`oj úêu;a m¾fhaIKhkaf.a wjYH;djh b;d by<h' uE; ld,fha isÿ flreKq tjka m¾fhaIK u.ska › ,xldfõ WNh ðúka iïnkaOj kj fidhd .ekSï fndfydauhla isÿ l< yels ùu ;j ÿrg;a fuu i;=ka ms<sn`oj wOHhkhg fndfyda oE we;s njg meyeos,s idlaIs imhhs' fujka fidhd .ekSï w;r iqúfYaIS fidhd .ekSï f,i j`o ù .shd hehs ie<l=Kq WNh Ôù úfYaI 2 la iy kj WNh Ôù úfYaI 8 la uE;loS › mdo rËS;fha isÿ l< m¾fhaIK u.ska fidhd .ekaug yels ùu ie,lsh yelsh' b;d by< úúO;ajhla iy wdfõ‚l m%;sY;hla oeÍu fukau úYd, f,i ;¾ckhg ,la j ;sîuo ksid WNh Ôùka › ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajfha b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhla orhs' fï ksidfjkau fudjqkaf.a ixrlaIKh › ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIK ls%hdj,shg iy › ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajfha bosß meje;aug b;d jeo.;a jkq fkdwkqudkh' WNh Ôùkag jeo.;a jk ixfõoS mßir moaO;s /l .ekSu yd tAjdfha mdßißl ;;ajhka yels;dla fjkia fkdù mj;ajd .ekSu fuysoS w;sYhska jeo.;a jkq we;'

l=,h

;¾ð; úfYaI .Kk

(Family)

(Total Threatened)

6 (5) 5 (5) 1 1 (5) 1 (1) 51 (51) 3 (3)

8 (6) 10 (5) 3 (2) 13 (6) 1 (1) 73 (72) 3 (3)

m<d fmd,`.d

Y%S ,xldfõ Wr.hska f.a úúO;ajh

Trimeresurus trigonocephalus © Dulan Ranga

tl;=j

72 (70)

wñ, m%ikak iqukmd,

111 (95)

j.=j 2'7 › ,xldfõ WNh ðú l=, ^wdfõKsl úfYaI jryka ;=, olajd we;&

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh Bahir, M. M., Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Schneider, C.J. and Pethiyagoda, R. (2005) Reproduction and terrestrial direct development in Sri Lankan shrub frogs (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae: Philautus) The Raffles Bulleting of Zoology 2005 Supplement No. 12: 339–350.

Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyagoda, R. (2006) Sri Lankawe Ubaya Jeewin [=Amphibians of Sri Lanka] Wildlife Heritage Trust, Colombo.

Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Meegaskumbura, M. (2012). The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Amphibians in Sri Lanka. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 88-91 pp Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Bowatte, G. and Meegaskumbura, S. (2012) Rediscovery of Pseudophilautus semiruber, a diminutive shrub frog (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka Zootaxa 3229: 58–68 MOE (2012). The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp Rachmayuningtyas, B.A., Bickford, D.P., Kamsi, M., Kutty, S. N., Meier, R., Arifin, U., Rachmansah, A. & Iskandar, D. T. (2011). Conservation status of the only Lungless Frog Barbourula kalimantanensis Iskandar, 1978 (Amphibia: Anura: Bombinatoridae). Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(8): 1981-1989.

Wickramasinghe, L. J. M., Vidanapathirana, D. R., Ariyarathna, S., Rajeev, G., Chanaka, A., Pastorini, J., Chathuranga, G. and Wickramasinghe, N. (2013) Lost and found: One of the world's most elusive amphibians, Pseudophilautus stellatus (Kelaart 1853) rediscovered. Zootaxa 3620 (1): 112–128.

Wickramasinghe, L. J. M., Munindradasa, D. A. I. & Fernando, P., (2012). A new species of Polypedates Tschudi (Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa, 3498, pp.63–80.

Wr.hska mDIaGjxYS i;=ka w;r frmaà,shd j¾.hg (Class Reptilia) j¾.SlrKh flfrk i;=ka fldgils' p, ;dmSka jk fudjqka foayfha fldr, oeÍu u.ska ndysßka wka i;a;aj ldKav j,ska myiqfjka fjka lr y÷kd.; yel' ldh úoHdj ie,lSfï oS fudjqka l=àr 3 lska hq;a yoj;;a ^lsUq,kaf.a muKla yojf;a l=àr 4ls&" tla l¾KdiaÓhla muKla ork ueo lkla wdoS ,CIK u.ska wfkla fndfyduhla i;a;aj ldKavj,ska hï muKlg fjkia fõ' Wr.hska ish,a, wNHka;r ixfiapkh isÿ lrk w;r ljp iys; ì;a;r ouhs' fudjqkaf.a m%Odk khsg%ckSh nysiai%dù øjH hqßla wï,h fõ' rEmdldrhka ie,l’fï o’ úúOdldr foay yevhka .kakd Wr. ldKav rdYshls' Class Reptilia j¾.SlrKfha o’ f.da;% 4 lg fnod oelaùu iq,nj ms<s.;a j¾.SlrKhhs' tA wkqj fl%dlã,shd (Crocodilia) f.da;%hg lsUq,ka o" fgiagqäka (Testudine) f.da;%hg bínka yd leianEjka o" ial=jdudgd (Squamata) f.da;%hg lgqiaika" yQkka jeks isõmd Wr.hska iy i¾mhska o" (Sphenodontia) f.da;%hg fgdagria (Tautaras) f,i y`ÿkajk Wr. úfYaI 2 la o wh;a fõ' Y’% ,xldj ;=, f.dvìu yd uqyqÿ l,dmh ie,l+ úg úfYaI 211 lg wh;a Wr.hska fï jk úg jd¾;d ù we;' ñka úfYaI 125 la wm rgg wdfõKsl fõ' f.d;% 3 la ksfhdackh lrk fudjqka my; mßos tA tA f.da;% hg;g fnod oelaúh yel' f.da;%h Crocodilia Testudine Squamata Sphenodontia

l=, .Kk úfYaI .Kk wdfõKsl .Kk 1 5 16 -

2 8 201 -

1 124 -

Our Biological Heritage

Bufonidae Microhylidae Ranidae Dicroglossidae Nyctibatrachidae Rhacophoridae Icthyophiidae

úfYaI .Kk (Total Species)

© Gehan Rajeev

;s%wx.=,s i¾m ySr¨jd Nessia burtonii

^Y%S mdo yd msÿre;,d., l÷jeá& hk m%foaY tA tA m%foaY j,g iSud jQ Wr.hska f.ka iukaú; fõ' WodyrKhka f,i fm;s wx lgqiaid (Ceratophora tennentii), ÿïnr l=re lgqiaid (Cophotis dumbara), p;%dx.=,s i¾mSh yslk,d (Chalcidoseps thwaitsi), iañ;a f.a i¾m ySr¨jd (Nessia bipes) hk úfYaI kl,aia l÷lrhg o" l=re fndaos,sud (Cophotis zeylanica), Y%S mdo ,la ySr¨jd (Lankascincus sripadensis) yd uqkskaøodif.a ,la ySr¨jd (Lankascincus munindradasai) hk úfYaI uOHu l÷lrfha Y%S mdo yd msÿre;,d., l÷jeá j,g o wdfõKsl h' rlajdk l÷ jeáhg wdfõKsl Wr.hska w;r w¾v,ks f.a wx lgqiaid (Ceratophora erdeleni), lrE f.a wx lgqiaid (Ceratophora karu), o is,ajd f.a lgqiaid (Calotes desilvai) hk úfYaI jk w;r r¿ wx lgqiaid (Ceratophora aspera) iy .eg fydUq lgqiaid (Lyriocephalus scutatus) my; rg f;;a l,dmhg wdfõKsl;ajhla fmkajhs'

wm rfÜ jd¾;d jk Wr. úfYaI 211" .K 74 lg fnod j¾.SlrKh flf¾' fï w;ßka .K 11 lau wm rgg wdfõKsl fõ' tA w;r isõ md Wr.hska jk wx lgqiaika wh;a Ceratophora .Kh" úúO yslk¨ka j¾. wh;a jk Nessia, Chalcidoseps, Lankascincus .Khka" .eg fydUq lgqiaika wh;a Lyriocephalus .Kh yd l=re fndaos,suka wh;a Cophotis .Kh fõ' i¾mhska wh;a .K w;ßka ueä,a,ka wh;a Aspidura .Kh" r;a lrj,d wh;a Haplocercus .Kh" odr lrj,d wh;a Cercaspis .Kh" u,a lrj,d wh;a Balanophis .Kh iy lK W,a,ka wh;a Pseudotyphlops .Kh o wdfõKsl fõ'

chapter

iuqø l,dmh i,lk úg Y%S ,xldj jgd fjr< ;Srfhka yhsfv%d*sfâ (Hydrophiidae) l=,hg wh;a uqyqÿ i¾mhska úfYaI 15 la jd¾;d ù we;' tfiau l,mq " .x fudah" lfvd,dk jeks lrosh" lsjq,aosh mßir moaO;s j,ska l=Kq osh l`Mjd (Cerberus rynchops), fros khd (Acrochordus granulatus) iy lfvd,dk osh nßhd fyj;a fm%fjdiañ f.a osh nßhd (Gerarda prevostiana) jeks úfYaI yuq fõ' › ,xldfõ iEu osYdjlu mdfya we;s fjr< ;Srhkag leianEjqka ì;a;r oeóu i`oyd meñfKa' f,dj jd¾;d jk leianE úfYaI 8 ka 5 lau fuf,i wm rfÜ fjr< ;Srhkaf.ka jd¾;d fõ' flfia jqj o leianEjqka nyq,ju jd¾;d jkafka Y%S ,xldfõ ksß; os." ol=Kq" .sKsfldk os. yd jhU os. fjr< ;Srhka j,h'

2

kuq;a Wr.hska iïnkaO fuu j¾.SlrKhka úfYaIfhkau by< ;lafidak uÜgï (taxonomic levels)" tkï l=," f.da;% wdosfha uE; Nd.fha fndfyda fihska fjkia lï j,g ,la úh' th bosßhg;a úúO fjkia lï j,g ,la jkjdg iel ke;' tfiau by; i|yka jqkq jd¾;d.; Wr. úfYaI 211 g wu;rj úoHd;aulj y÷kd fkd.;a iy fï jk úg úoHd;aulj úia;r lrñka mj;akd Wr.hka o .Kkdjla wm ráka yuq ù we;'

78 Our Biological Heritage

© Gehan Rajeev

je,s fmd<`.d Echis carinatus © Dulan Ranga

o,j ueä,a,d

Aspidura trachyprocta

wm ráka jd¾;d jk isõmd Wr.hska w;r lsUq,ka úfYaI 2 la" bínka úfYaI 3 la" leianEjka úfYaI 5 la" lgqiaika úfYaI 18 la" tla fndaos,suka úfYaIhla" m`¥re lgqiaika úfYaI 2 la" islk¨ka úfYaI 32 la" yQkka úfYaI 43 la yd f.dhka úfYaI 2la f,i úfYaI 108ls' wfkla Wr. úfYaI 103 i¾mhka fõ' Wr.hska fndfyda mßir moaO;s j, jHdma; ùug yelshdjla olajhs' b;d YS; m%foaY yerekq fldg wka ish¨ fN!ñl mßir j, › ,xldj mqrd Wr. úfYaI oel.; yel' b;d by< l÷lr fmfoia j, jd¾;d jkqfha iSñ; Wr.hska .Kkla muKls' o,j ueä,a,d fyj;a Aspidura trachyprocta fuf,i › ,xldfõ by< l÷lrhkays jd¾;d jk tla i¾m úfYaIhls' wdfõKsl úfYaI ie,lSfï oS TjQka m%Odkj rfÜ f;;a l,dmhg iSud fõ' tA w;ßka o my; rg f;;a l,dmh" rlajdk l÷ jeáh" kl,aia l÷ jeáh yd uOHu l÷lrfha uOH m%foaYhka

Wr.hska ms<sn`oj ie,lSfó oS u;lhg kef.k tla jeo.;aa ldKavhla kï úI iys; i¾mhskah' Y%S ,xldfõ W.% úI iys; fN!ñl i¾m úfYaI 5la jd¾;d fõ' khd (Naja naja)" uqÿ lrj,d (Bangarus ceylonicus), f;,a lrj,d (Bangarus caeruleus), ;s;a fmd<`.d (Daboia russelii) iy je,s fmd<`.d (Echis carinatus) tA w;rg wh;ah' hï wjia:d j, l=Klgqjka (Hypnale spp.) o W.% úI iys; f,i i,lkq ,enQj o fï ms<sn`o ;ju;a we;af;a újdod;aul ;;ajhls' Y%S ,xldj wjg uqyqÿ ;Srfhka jd¾;d jk ish`M u uqyqÿ i¾mhka W.% úI iys; jqjo Tjqka wdfõ.YS,S fkdùu ksid iy ñksiqkag idudkHfhka uqK fkd.efik ksid uqyqÿ i¾m oIagk wjia:djka idudkHfhka b;d úr,h' tjka oIagkhla fya;= lrf.k isÿjQ tla urKhla muKla YS% ,xldfjka jd¾:d ù we;s w;r tA nv ly uqyqÿ khdf.a (Pelamis platurus) oIagkhlska jl=.vq wl¾ukH ùfuka isÿjQ urKhls' furg jd¾:d.; by<u i¾m oIagk .Kklg l=Klgqjka fya;= jk kuq;a jeäu urK .Kkla jd¾:d jkqfha ;s;a fmd<`.df.a oIagk ksidh' by; úfYaI j,g wu;rj m<d fmd,`.d (Trimeresurus trigonocephalus), udms¨ka (Bioga spp.) úfYaI 5 la" u,a lrj,d (Balanophis ceylonensis), fmd,au,a lrj,d (Chrysopelea ornata), o`.r oKavd (Chrysopelea taprobanica)" weyegq,a,d (Ahaetulla nasuta)" fykl`ohd (Ahaetulla pulverulenta)" l=KqÈh l¿jd (Cerberus rynchops) jeks i¾m úfYaI › ,xldfõ jd¾;d jk uo úI iys; i¾mhska w;r fõ'

© Gehan Rajeev

úI iys; ùu ksid we;s wk;=re odhl nj fya;=fjka ñksiqka úiska by; i¾mhska úfYaI fukau fkdoekqj;a nj yd wksh; NS;sh ksid wfkl=;a fndfyduhla i¾mhska o urd oeóug ,lafj;s' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ i¾mhska g we;s m%Odk ;¾ckhls' i¾mhska yereKq úg wfkla Wr.hska f.ka nyq;rhla iïnkaOj o fndfyda ,dxlslhka w;r we;af;a m%sh ckl ye.Sula fkdfõ' tfyhska tu u;hka fuu i;=kag ;¾ckhla jk wjia:d we;' Y%S ,xldj ;=< fndfyduhla Wr.hska wdydr msKsi .ekSu isÿ fkdjQj o ;,f.dhska" bínka yd leianEjqka fuka u iuyr wjia;d j, oS lsUq,ka o wdydr msKsi .kakd wjia;d we;' fï w;r ;,f.dhska Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmfha ^nyq,ju W;=re m%foaY j,& iq,nj ovhï flfrk i;a;ajfhls' wdydr j,g wu;rj fjk;a m%fhdack i|yd o Wr.hska ovhï lsÍu isÿ fõ' leianEjka fuf,i ;¾ckhg ,la jk m%Odk Wr. fldÜGdYhls' wka ish¨ i;=ka fukau Wr.hskag o we;s m%Odk ;¾ckh kï jdiia:dk úkdYh" jdiia:dk len,s ùu yd jdiia:dk j, .=Kd;aul mßydksh hs' mßir WIaK;ajh yd j¾Idm;k rgdfõ we;s ù we;s fjkiakï ksid iuyr Wr. úfYaI j, jHdma;s rgdjka fjkialï j,g ,la ù we;s nj ksÍCIKh lr we;' › ,xldfõ l÷lr jkdka;r mqrd hï iq,n;djhlska yuq jQ iuyr úfYaI j¾;udkh jk úg by< l÷lr jkdka;r j, oS jqj o ÿ,n ùu fuhg idol imhhs' tfiau ;j;a iuyr úfYaI j, jHdma;sh jvd;a jeä ù we; (Varanus bengalensis). w;S;fha oS l÷lr m%foaY j, ÿ,n jQ ;,f.dhka uE; w;S;fha oS tu m%foaY j, idudkH WIaK;ajh by< hdu;a iu. jvd;a iq,nj yuq ùu fuhg WodyrKhls'

;re bínd Geochelone elegans

› ,xldfõ id.r l,dmfha jd¾;djk leianEjqka yd uqyqÿ i¾mhska g we;s m%Odku ;¾ckh kï ëjr l¾udka;fha oS Ndú;d jk oe,a j,g yiq ùuhs' fuysoS c,h ;=, isrùfuka yqiau .ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid fyda ëjrhka úiska urd oeóu ksid fuu i;=ka urKhg m;a fõ' tfiau leianE ì;a;r wdydr f,i /ia lsÍu o leianEjkag we;s ;¾ckhls' fujka úúOdldr ñksia l%shdldrlï yd mdßißl fjkialï ksid Y%S ,dxlsl Wr.hska úYd, f,i ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;' kj;u cd;sl r;= o;a; jd¾;d j,g wkql+,j › ,xldfõ jd¾;d jk Wr. úfYaI w;ßka 107 la j| ùfï ;¾ck j,g uqyqK md we;s nj y÷kdf.k we;' fï w;rg wdfõKsl úfYaI 87 la o wh;a h' fuu ;¾cs; Wr.hskaf.ka tla úfYaIhla w;sYhska wka;rdhg ,lajQ fndfydaúg j`o ù .sh (CR (PE)) uÜgfï o" 38 la w;sYhska wka;rdodhl (CR) uÜgfï o" 50 la wka;rdodhl (EN) uÜgfï o" 18 la wjodkï (VU) uÜgfï o f,i j¾. lr we;'

© Gehan Rajeev

fuu cSùkaf.a ixrCIKh i|yd úúO l%shdud¾.hkaf.a wjYH;dj mj;sk w;r ixfõoS mßir moaO;s j, wdrCIs; ;;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu" udkj ls%hdldrlï ksid tu mßir moaO;s j, mdßißl ;;ajhka fjkia ùug bv fkdfoñka mj;ajd .ekSu" Wr.hska ms<sn| iudcfha oekqu j¾Okh lsÍu yd Wka ms<sn| ñ;Hd u; ÿre lsÍfuka Wkag we;sjk wksh; ;¾ckhkaf.ka wdrCId lsÍug mshjr .ekSu o jeo.;a h' tfukau Y%S ,dxlSh Wr.hska ms<sn| m¾fhaIK mq¿,a lsÍu o jeo.;a wjYH;djhls' uE; ld,fha fndfyda úoaj;=ka yd iajNdj úoHdj flfrys Wkkaÿj olajkakka u.ska fudjqka ms<sn| úúO m¾fhaIKd;aul o;a; yd ksÍCIK isÿ flfrkq ,en we;s kuq;a tAjd ;jÿrg;a úêu;aj yd iïnkaëlrKhlska hq;=j bosßhg fufyhùu jvd;a fyd| m%;sM, ,nd fokq we;'

l=re fndaos,shd Cophotis ceylonica

iAjNdúl mßir moaO;s wdY%s;j isÿ jk fjkia ùï ksid tu m%foaY j,g w¿;ska jHdma; jk úf,damslhska o Wr.hskag ;¾ckhls' fyda¾gka ;ekak cd;sl jfkdaoHdkfha uE;l isg jHdma;j we;s l¿ lmqgka (Corvus macrorhynchos) úiska YS% ,xldjg wdfõKsl l=re fndaos,shka (Cophotis ceylonica) isõ fofkl= úkdä 45 la jeks flá ld,hloS f.dÿre lr.;a wjia:djla lreKdr;ak iy wurisxy úiska 2008 oS jd¾;d lr we;'

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh Karunarathna, D. M. S. S. and Amarasinghe, A. A. T. (2008) Beobachtung einer Dickschnabelkrähe (Aves: Corvidae) beim Erbeuten von Ceylon-Taubagamen, Cophotis ceylanica (Reptilia: Agamidae), in Horton Plains National park auf Sri Lanka. Sauria, 30 (4): 59-62. fidauùr" R. (2006). YS% ,xldfõ i¾mhska' YS% ,xld jk Ôù Wreu Ndrh" fld<U' Somaweera, R and Somaweera, N. (2009). Lizards of Sri Lanka. Chimaira Buchhandelsgesellschaft mbH, Germany.

mßir WIaK;ajh fjkia ùu Wr.hskaf.a m%ckk l%shdj,Skag o n,mdhs' lsUq,ka" iuyr lgqiaika yd leianE úfYaI j, ì;a;r u.ska ìysjk megjqkaf.a ,sx.h ks¾Kh jkafka tu ì;a;r j,g ,efnk WIaK;ajh u;h' by< WIaK;aj ;;aj

Wickramasinghe, L. J. M. (2012). The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Reptile Fauna in Sri Lanka In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 99-103 pp.

2 80 Our Biological Heritage

lDIs l¾udka;fha oS Ndú;d jk N+ñ ieliSfï l%shdj,Ska iy fyaka j.d j, oS flfrk .sks ;eîï ksid fmdf<dj u;" mia yd fld< frdvq w;r fjfik islk¨ka yd mdxY= i¾mhska úfYaI úYd, jYfhka úkdYhg m;a fõ' tfiau lDIs ridhksl øjH Ndú;fhaoS o fujka u úkdYhka ksÍCIKh l, yel' uyd ud¾. j, jdyk j,g yiq ùfuka ñh hk i;=ka w;r Wr.hka m%uqL ia:dkhla .kS' fndfyda Wr.hka fifuka ixprKh lsÍu fuf,i ßh wk;=re j,g ,la ùfï by< m%jK;djhg fya;=jhs'

chapter

j,oS leianEjkaf.a ia;%S ,sx.sl i;=ka ìysùu isÿ jk w;r idudkH mßir WIaK;ajh iS>% f,i by< hdfï oS .eyeKq i;=ka jeä jYfhka ìysùfuka fuu úfYaIhka f.a .ykhka f.a ,sx.sl iu;=,s;;dj ì| jeà tu .ykhka ;¾ckhg ,la úh yel' fuu ,laIKh iys; iuyrla Wr.hskaf.a by< WIaK;aj j,§ mqreI ,sx.sl i;=ka ìys fjhs'

© Ohio University collection

fmdÿ mQ¾jc mËS f*dis,h Archeopterix

chapter

fidhd .ekSu" ixfiapkh" leo,s ;ekSu" ì;a;r /lau" megjqka /l n,d .ekSu hk uq¿ ls%hdj,shu fufia ye`oskafõ&" m¾hgkh wdÈh ys § mËSka wka i;a;aj ldKav j,ska meyeÈ,sj fjkia iqúfYaIS .;s isß;a olajk w;r mËSka ;=,o tla tla úfYaIh ;u ;ukag wkkH f,i fuu lghq;= j, fhfok wjia:d ksÍCIKh l< yelsh' mËSkaf.a rEmldh i,lk úg by; p¾hdjkag Tjqka yev.eiS we;s wdldrh wkqj Tjqkaf.a rEmldfha meyeÈ,s fjkialï olajhs' mËshl= .kakd wdydr u; Wkaf.a fydgfha yevh yd ;ru fjkiajk w;r mshdießh wkqj mshdm;a j," foayh yd j,s.fha yevfha yd ;rfï fjkialï olajhs' ^Wod(- fõ.fhka mshdirk jeys,sysKska jeks mËSka" isyska È.= ;=v iys; mshdm;a o mshd ;e,Sfuka idudkH fõ.hl mshd irk mrúhka jeks mËSka idfmalaIj flá m<,a mshdm;a o ork w;r b;d §¾> ld,hla tl È.g mshdießfha fhfok uqyqÿ mËSka isyska È. kuq;a úYd, mshdm;ao orhss'&

Columba torringtoni © Gehan Rajeev

82 Our Biological Heritage

› ,xld uhs,f.dhd

2

Y%S ,xldfõ mËSkaf.a úúO;ajh wñ, m%ikak iqukmd,

fndfyduhla mËSka wyfia mshdir lsÍfï yelshdjla orhs' fï i|yd Tjqkaf.a foayfha wkqj¾;k rdYshls' ieye,a¨ jd l=àr iys; tfy;a Yla;su;a wiaÓ" mshdm;a f,i wkqj¾;kh jqKq mq¾j .d;%d" mmq fmfofia úYd, yd Yla;su;a udxY fmaYSka mej;Su fukau foay nr wvqùu i|yd o;a yd tla äïn fldaIhla ËSK ù f.dia ;sîuo fï w;r m%Odk fõ' j¾;udkfha yuqjk mËSkaf.ka 60 la muK mshdir yelshdj fkdorhs' meianrd" tuq" lsú" ßhd yd leijß fï i|yd yuqjk m%p,s;u ksoiqkah' kQ;k mËSkaf.a mßKduh wdÈ Wr.hskaf.ka isÿ jQ jd hehs i,lkq ,nhs' ±kg we;s idOl wkqj ófidfidhsla hq.fha§ (Mesozoic era) Ôj;ajq msydgq iys; vhsfkdairhka mËSkaf.a mq¾jchka f,i ie<fla' uq,au mËSka yd j;auka mËSkaf.a fmdÿ mQ¾jchd (common ancestor) f,i ie,flkafka Archeopterix .Khg wh;a msydgq yd mshdm;a iys; foayhla yd o;a iys; fydglg ysñlï lS Ôùkah' fudjqkag mshdir lsÍfï yelshdjla fkd;snqKq kuqÿ .ia Èf.a by<g .uka fldg my;a ia:dkhla lrd md ù hEfï yelshdj ±rE nj úYajdihhs' mËSka iïnkaO mßir úoHdj (Avian Ecology) iy Wkaf.a p¾hd rgdjka ie,l= úg mËSka fnfyúka ixlS¾K fukau w;sYhska úúOdx.SlrKh jQ ,laIK fmkajhs' wdydr .ekSu" mshdießh" kdo lsÍu yd .dhkh" iqje§u ^iylrejl=

© Gehan Rajeev

mËSka hkq fldhs ldf.a;a wjOdkhg md;% jk j¾Kj;a" l%shdldÍ Ôùka lKavdhuls' úoHd;aulj wdfõia (Aves) j¾.hg wh;a fudjqka fld÷ weg fm<la iys;" wp,;dmS" msydgq" mshdm;a yd mdo hq.,la ork Ôùka h' kq;k mËSka ish,a, msydgq yd o;a rys; fydgla ±Íu u.ska myiqfjka wka Ôùkaf.ka fjkalr y÷kd.; yel' fudjqka oDv ljphla iys; ì;a;r ouk w;r l=àr 4 la iys; yoj;a orhs' mshEöug WÑ; f,i ieliqKq ieye,a¨ tfy;a Yla;su;a wiaÓ moaO;shla oeÍu fudjqkaf.a ;j;a tla jeo.;a ,CIKhls' t,af,k leo,s" mka jvq l=re,a,d Hanging nest of Ploceus manyar

leo,s j, wdldrh wkqjo mËSyQ uy;a úúO;ajhla orhs' .,aleg yd fldagq len,s lsysmhla jg fldg fmd<fõ ;kk újD; leo,s ^Wod(- lsr<ka" uqyqÿ ,sysKska" ìïniaika&" fmd<fõ isÿre j, idok .=,a leo,s ^Wod(- l=reñKs l=re,a,ka" ms<syqvqjka&" .ia fnk j, yd iajNdúl isÿre j, ;kk leo,s"^fldÜfgdarejka" lE±;a;ka" lEr¨ka" uhskka" .srjqka&" fldamamdldr leo,s ^fldKavhka" fldfnhshka" fou<sÉpka" lmqgka& fõÈld wdldr úYd, leo,s ^rdcd,shka" Wl=iaika" meia;=vqjka" udkdjqka&" t,af,k leo,s ^lyl=re,a,ka" iQálalka" rela jvq l=re,a,ka&" f.da,dldr leo,s ^ù l=re,a,ka" mka jvql=re,a,ka& iy we,jq leo,s ^jeys,sysKshka" leo,s ;=ß;hka& wd§ f,i l=re¨ leo,s wdldrhka iuQyhls' fndfyda mËSka leo,s ;kd tys ì;a;r ±óu isÿ l<o iuyrla wka úfYaI idok ,o leo,s ;=, ish ì;a;r ouhs' fuu l%shdj,sh leo,s mrfmdaIS;ajh (Brood Parasitism) f,i y÷kajk w;r fuhg iqm%lgu ksoiqk Cuculidue l=,fha fldyd (Eudynamys scolopaceus) h' óg wu;rj tu l=,fhau f.daur fldKav fldyd (Clamator jacobinus), Wl=iq fldals,hd (Cuculus varius), bkaÿ fldals,hd (Cuculus micropterus), ljqvq fldyd (Surniculus lugubris) fï i|yd fjk;a ksoiqka fõ'

© Gehan Rajeev

© Gehan Rajeev

msg ;U, jkniaid Glaucidium castanonotum

rc ishlaldrhd Phoenicopterus roseus

wfm%a,a ui fyda Bg wdikak ld,hl §h' Y%%S ,xldfõ mËSkaf.ka úfYaI 21 l m¾hgk .yKhka fukau iqjeÈ ksjeis .yKhka o wm ráka jd¾;d fõ' wdishd /yekaudrd (Terpsiphone paradisi) is¿ nUrl=iaid (Pernis ptilorhyncus) yd flkaá Tf,úhd (Charadrius alexandrinus) óg iq,n WodyrKhka h'

chapter

› ,xldj ;=, jiñka ì;a;r oud megjqka we;s±ä lr.kakd tkï iqjeÈ ksjeishka (Breeding Residents) jk mËSka úfYaI 240 ls' fuu mËSka w;=ßka úfYaI 27 la wm rfÜ muKla iajdNdúlj jik wdfõKsl úfYaIhka fõ' ;j;a mËS úfYaI 6 la wm rgg wdfõKsl njg fhdackd ù we;s w;r fudjqka fhdað; wdfõKsl (Proposed Endemic) mËSka f,i kï flf¾' ^flfia fj;;a iuyrla úoaj;=ka fuu úfYaI 6 o wdfõKsl f,i ms<s.kakd w;r Tjqkag wkqj › ,xldfõ wdfõKsl mËSka .Kk 33 ls'& fuhg wu;rj › ,xldfõ jd¾;d jk wfkla mËSka m¾hgk mËSka" (Migrant birds), whd,hka (vagrants) iy ;;ajh fkdokakd (Status Unknown) fyda meje;au wúksYaÑ; (Presence uncertain) mËSka f,i j¾.SlrKh l, yelsh' fï ish¨ ldKav tlaj i,lk úg › ,xldfõ j¾;udkh jk úg jd¾;d jk uq¿ mËS úfYaI .Kk 495 ls ^j¾;udkh jk úg › ,xldfõ jd¾;d jk uq¿ mËS úfYaI .Kk ms<sn|j úúO u; m%ldYh ù we;' 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; fmd; wkqj fuu ixLHdj 453 ls' kuq;a › ,xldfõ mËSka ms<sn| wOHhkhka /il kshe,S we;s ir;a fldg.u úiska 2010 § yd 2011 § rÑ; .%ka: wkqj by; ixLHdj ms<sfj,ska 492 la yd 494 la fõ' fï wkqj › ,xldfõ uq¿ mËS úfYaI .Kk 495 la f,i fuys i<ld we;&'

m¾hgk mËSka w;r ksYaÑ; rgdjla fkdfmkajk" iuyrla wjia:dj, muKla hï rglg m¾hgkh lrk mËSka whd,hka f,i ye¢kafõ' › ,xldfõ mËSka w;r whd,hkaf.ka iuyrla úfYaI ms<sn| j we;af;a b;d iq¿ jd¾;d .Kkla muKs' ^iuyrla wjia:d j, tlla fyda folla muKs'&

2

wm ráka jd¾;djk iuyrla mËS úfYaI" j;auka ;;ajh fkdokakd fyda meje;au wúksYaÑ; mËSka f,i ye|skaúh yel' w;S; jd¾;d we;s nj i`oyka jqj;a ;j ÿrg;a ieneúkau › ,xldfjka yuq jkafka oehs wúksYaÑ; mËSka meje;au wúksYaÑ; mËSka fia ie<fla' › ,xld ihqre iSudj ;=, jd¾;d jk uqyqÿ mËSka ish,a, mdfya ;;ajh fkdokakd mËSka f,i .efka' tA Tjqka ms<sn| we;s úr, jd¾;d u.ska Tjqka jir mqrd wm ihqre iSudfõ jd¾;d jkafkao ke;fyd;a hï l,lg muKla m¾hgkh lrkafka o hkak .ek ksYaÑ; woyila ,nd .ekaug we;s fkdyelshdj ksidh' › ,xldfõ úiq uq¿ iqjeÈ ksjeis .ykhu j| ù .shd hehs ie,l=kq kuq;a uE; ld,fha rg ;=,ska wjia:d .Kkdjl ^fndfyda fldgu m¾hgk iufha& jd¾;d jqKq len,s;a;d (Sarkidiornis melanotos) o ;j;a tjka mËSfhls'

84 Our Biological Heritage

© Gehan Rajeev

› ,xldj ;=, yuqjk ksjeis mËSkaf.a jHdma;sh i,lk úg m%Odk l,dm 6 la y÷kd.; yel' fuu l,dm mËS úoHd;aul l,dm f,i ye¢kafõ' fïjd my; mßÈh'

1' W;=re $ bka§h l,dmh

2' my;rg f;;a l,dmh

3' ueo rg f;;a l,dmh

4' l÷lr f;;a l,dmh

5' W!j l,dmh

6' úh<s l,dmh

ng weál=l=<d Centropus chlororhynchos

© Gehan Rajeev

› ,xldfõ mËSkaf.ka úfYaI 169 la ^34]& › ,xldjg m¾hgkh lrk ksyeß mËSyQ fj;s' mËs m¾hgkh hkq ld<.=Ksl fjkiaùï j,g m%;spdrhla f,i mËSka ;u iqjeÈ ìï (Breeding Grounds) j, isg hï ksYaÑ; u.la Tiafia nqÈk ìï (Feeding Grounds) j,g;a kej; iqjeÈ ìï lrd;a flfrk foÈid .ukls' fudjqka nqÈk ìï j, leo,s fkdidok w;r leo,s idod megjqka yod jvd .ekau isÿ lrkqfha iqjeÈ ìï j, muKls' idudkHfhka fuu l%shdj,sh isÿ jkqfha W;=re yd ol=Kq w¾Of.da, w;rhs' W;=re w¾Of.da,fha YS; R;=fõ § tu fmfoia j, jik iuyr mËSka bkaÈhdfõ ngysr fjr< ;Srh" bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr fjr< ;Srh yd wkaouka ÿm;a ^wkaouka ÿm;a yryd m¾hgk jd¾;d we;af;a l¿ bieis ueÈ ms<syqvqjd" Halcyon pileata iïnkaOj muKs'& yryd jegqKq m%Odk mshdieß ux ;=kla Tiafia W;=re bkaÈhdj" ldYaórh" kef.kysr hqfrdamh" ihsîßhdj wd§ m%foaY j, isg › ,xldjg meñfKa' m¾hgk mËSkaf.a meñKSu idudkHfhka iema;eïn¾ ui § muK isÿjk w;r Tjqkaf.a kslau hdu isÿjkafka

je,s yskakd Calidris alba

© Kasun Pradeepa

wm rfÜ yuqjk iuyr mËS úfYaI j, me;sÍu fuu tla tla l,dmhg iSud ù we;' › ,xldjg wdfõKsl jk fndfyda mËSka my; rg" ueo rg yd l÷lr f;;a l,dm j,g iSud jk w;r bka iuyrla l÷lr l,dmfha muKlau jd¾;d fõ' › ,xld w÷re ks,a ueisudrd $ › ,xld wkq-ueisudrd (Eumyias sordidus) › ,xld wrx.hd $ › ,xld Wrejka ;srdislhd (Myophonus blighi), › ,xld jk/úhd (Bradypterus palliseri) tfiau rkamd ngf.dhd (Treron phoenicopterus), ;s;a Wiaijgqjd$;s;a jgql=l=<d (Francolinus pictus) hk úfYaI W!j l,dmhg;a cj<sysKshd (Cursorius coromandelicus), w¿ jgqjd (Francolinus pondicerianus), Èla fm| inß;a;d (Lanis schach) ud, fldfnhshd (Streptopelia decaocto) hk úfYaI W;=re bka§h l,dmhg;a fndfyda fldgu iSud ù we;' fuu iuyrla úfYaI fjk;a l,dm j,o úr, f,i jd¾;d jqjo jir mqrd iq,n me;sÍula yd iqje§u ms<sn| jd¾;d idudkHfhka yuqjkafka by; l,dm j, muKs'

mËs ksÍCIK lÜg,h Gear for Birding

chapter

mËSka flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk mËs ksÍCIKfha fhfok ie<lsh hq;= msßila wm rfÜ jik neúka mËSka iïnkaO jd¾;d yd ksÍCIK ksr;=rej ,enqK o Wka iïnkaOj úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK m%udKj;a ;rï i;=gqodhl uÜgul fkdmj;S' WodyrKhla f,i › ,xldfõ wdfõKsl mËSka yd ±ä ;¾ckhg uqyKfok mËSka i<lk úg Wka ms<sn| úêu;a úoHd;aul wOHhkhka isÿ flÍ we;s wjia:d b;d w,am h' tf,i isÿ flfreKq tla wOHhkhla kï uE; Nd.fha § › ,xld leysfn,a,d (Urocissa ornata) ms<sn| flreKq m¾fhaIKhhs' › ,xldfõ ksyeß mËSka ms<sn| m¾fhaIK kï hï i;=gqodhl uÜgul mj;S' › ,xld mËs ljh ixúOdkh lrk jd¾Isl c,c mËs ix.Kkh yd › ,xld lafIa;% mËs úoHd ljh iy jk Ôù ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ixúOdkh lrk cd;sl mËs uqÿ oeófï jevigyk fuhg fya;= ù we;' tfiau f;;a l,dmsl jkdka;r ;=, mj;akd mËS kv ^wdydr fidhñka úfYaI .Kkdjl mËSka tla rxpqjla f,i .uka lsÍu& iïnkaO m¾fhaIK o i;=gqodhl uÜgul mj;sk njg ie<lsh yel'

±kg › ,xldfõ jd¾;djk l=vdu mËShd jkafka È.ska ^fydgh fl<jr isg j,s. fl,jrg& fi'ó 8 la jk <d ;=vq ms<s,sÉpd (Dicaeum erythrorhynchos) h' tfiau wm rfÜ mËSka w;r úYd,u mËShd jkqfha È.ska fi'ó 132 la jk w,sudkdjd (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) h' rg ;=, fuu mËshdf.a jHdma;sh m%Odk f,iu .sKsfldk È. l,dmfha reyqKq cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh wjg m%foaYhg iSud ù we;s w;r jd¾;d jk .ykh o b;d l=vdh' fï ksid w,s-udkdjd ±ä f,i wka;rdhg ,la jQ (Critically Endangered) mËShl= f,i ie,fla' tfukau leo,s iE§ug øjH /f.k hdu yd megjqka ksÍCIKh lr we;s kuq;a fï jk f;la fuu mËshl=f.a le±,a,la › ,xldfjka yuq ù ke;'

2 86 Our Biological Heritage

mËSkaf.ka wmg ,efnk m%fhdack rdYshls' mdßißl iu;=,s; nj mj;ajd .ekSug Wkaf.a ld¾h Ndrhg wu;rj wd¾Óluh jYfhkao mËSka wmg jeo.;a fõ' úfYaIfhka u f.da,Sh uÜgñka yd foaYSh uÜgñka úfkdaodxYhla f,i mËSka keröu uy;a m%p,s; njla ork ksidfjka mËSka u; mokï jQ ixpdrl l¾udka;hla › ,xldfõ o mj;S' fï ksidu fuu mËSka wdrlaId lr.ksñka Wkaf.a meje;au ;yjqre jk f,i ixj¾Ok l%shdj,Ska yd wfkla udkj l%shdldrlï fufyhùu mßirhg;a udkjhdg;a jeo.;a jkq we;'

© Gehan Rajeev

jk úkdYh Deforestation

rg ;=, jd¾;d jk iqjeÈ ksjeis mËSka ^iqjeÈ ksjeis yd ksyeß fofldgiu jd¾;d jk úfYaI j, iqjeÈ .yKh muKla i,lñka& 240 fokd ms<sn| 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; jd¾;dj i|yd isÿ flreKq we.hSï j,g wkqj tu úfYaI 240 ka 67 la u tkï iqjeÈ ksjeishkaf.ka 27'9] l m%;sY;hla ;¾ckhg ,la jQ mËs úfYaI fia y÷kd .kakd ,§' ñka úfYaI 18 la ±ä ;¾ð; (Critically Endangered(CR)) úfYaI f,i;a ;j;a 18 la ^wdfõKsl úfYaI 7 la iu.& ;¾ð; (Endangered(EN)) úfYaI f,i;a 31 la ^wdfõKsl úfYaI 11 la iu.& wjodkï (Vulnerable(VU)) ;;ajfha úfYaI f,i;a j¾.SlrKh ù we;' ;j;a mËS úfYaI 35 la wdikak ;¾ð; (Near Threatened(NT)) uÜgug wh;a fõ'

© Gehan Rajeev

› ,dxlsl mËSkag we;s ;¾ck ie,lSfï § m%Odku ;¾ckh jkqfha jdiia:dk úkdYhhs' tfukau jdiia:dk j, .=Kd;aul msßySu fukau jdiia:dk len,s ùu o m%Odk ;¾ck w;r fõ' úfYaIfhkau ixfõ§ jkdka;r mßir moaO;s ;=, muKla jdih lrk mËSka yd f;;a ìï jdiS mËSka fï ksid ±ä ;¾ckhlg uqyqK fohs' rg;=, hï l,dm j, muKla wdydr msKsi mËSka ovhu yd leo,s j,ska ì;a;r yd megjqka ,nd .ekSu isÿjk njgo jd¾;d mj;S'

wúÉÑhd Pitta brachyura

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh Weerakoon, D. K. and Gunawardena, K. (2012). The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Birds in Sri Lanka.

In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds.,Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 114-117 pp Weerakoon, D. K. (2012). Analysis of Faunal Groups. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds.,Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 1145-147 pp

;¾ckhg ,laj we;s nj ±kg mj;sk o;a; wkqj ;yjqre ù we;' bka úfYaI 13 la ±ä f,i wka;rdhgo (Critically Endangered) úfYaI 25 la wka;rdhg (Endangered) ,lajQ úfYaI f,i;a y`ÿkdf.k we;s w;r ;j;a úfYaI 15 la wjodkï (Vulnerable) ;;ajhl miq fj;s'

Axis axis © Gehan Rajeev

Y%S ,xldfõ ËSrmdhskaf.a úúO;ajh ks,ka; úYajkd;a

ËSrmdhska (Class Mammalia) hkq i;aj rdcOdksfha jvd;a ÈhqKqu i;aj j¾.hla f,i ye`Èkaúh yel' ËSr .%kaÓ msysàu" ifï iafõo .%kaÓ yd iafkay i%dù .%kaÓ ±Íu" iu u; frdau l+m msysgd ;sîu ^iuqø ËSrmdhska yer&" úIu oka;s" l+m oka;S" oaújdr o;a msysgd ;sîu jeks ,laIK u`.ska fuu i;aj j¾.h wka i;aj j¾. j,ska fjkia lr y`ÿkd .; yel' ;jo fuu ÈhqKq ,laIK yuqfõ jkdka;r" ldka;dr" ysu l`ÿ" O%ej" .eUqre uqyqo fukau Wvq .=jk jeks úúO mßir ch .ekSug fudjqkg yelshdjla ,eî we;' Y%S ,xldj ;=< fï jk úg iajNdúlj Èú f.jk ËSrmdhska úfYaI 94 la jd¾;d jk w;r óg wu;rj úfYaI 12 la úúO ld, j,oS ñksiqka úiska úúO rgj,ska furgg y`ÿkajd fok ,oS' furg iajNdúlj yuqjk ËSrmdhs úfYaI 21 la furgg muKla wdfõKsl tkï tAlfoaYsl ËSrmdhs úfYaI f,i y`ÿkd f.k we;' › ,xldfõ ËSrmdhska wh;a .K w;r Solisorex yd Sinhalamys hk .K fol wm rgg wdfõKsl fõ' óg wu;rj Y%S ,xldj wjg yuqjk iuqø ËSrmdhska úfYaI ixLHdj 30 ls' bka 29 la ;,auiqka yd fvd,a*ska úfYaI o tla úfYaIhla uqyqÿ W!rkao (Dugong) fõ' furg ËSrmdhs úfYaI ms<sn`oj isÿflfrk uQ,sl wOHhk isÿ lrk ,oafoa 1851 È fl,d¾Ü iy 1935 oS ms,smaia hk úoHd{hka úisks' miqld,Skj isÿ jQ fndfydauhla wOHhk wka;fha tla /ia lrk ,o fl!;=ld.dr kso¾Yl u; mokï ù we;' fï fya;=j ksid fndfydauhla úfYaI j, j¾;udk ixrlaIK ;;a;ajh ms<sn`oj ksis we.hSula lsÍug fkdyels ù we;' we;eï ËSrmdhska úfYaI 1935 g miqj ;ju;a jd¾;d ù fkdue;s kuq;a uy flmq¨ï jjq,d (Pouch bearing sheath-tailed bat- Saccolaimus saccolaimus) iy l=vd yïndjd (Small flying squirrel- Patinomys fuscocapillus) hk úfYaI miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=, lrk ,o m¾fhaIK j, m%;sM,hla f,i kej; fidhd .kakd ,oS' flfia kuq;a furg yuqjk fN!ñl ËSrmdhs úfYaI j,ska 53 la j`où hdfï

úoHd;aul ku Crocidura horsfieldi Crocidura miya Crocidura hikmiya Solisorex pearsoni Saccolaimus saccolaimus Tadarida aegyptiaca Chaerephon plicatus Kerivoula hardwickii Falsistrellus affinis Paradoxurus stenocephalus Axis porcinus Rattus montanus Vandeleuria nolthenii

isxy, ku

bx.S%is ku

l=Kq ysla óhd › ,xld .ia óhd

Horsfield's Shrew Sri Lanka Long-tailed Shrew

› ,xld .ia óhd uy flmq¨qï jjq,d uyosfõ /,s f;d,a jjq,d fmdÿ /,s f;d,a jjq,d r;a fndr flfy,a jjq,d fndr fldia weg jjq,d

Sri Lanka Pearson's Long-clawed Shrew Pouch-bearing Sheath-tailed Bat Continental Wrinkled-lip Bat Common Wrinkled-lip Bat Malpas's Bat Chocolate Bat Golden Dry Zone Palm Civet Hog Deer Nelu Rat Sri Lanka Long-tailed Tree Mouse

ú,a uqjd $ f.dak uqjd › ,xld fk¿ óhd › ,xld .ia óhd

j.=j 2'8 › ,xldfõ oeä wka;rdhg (CR) ,la jQ ËSrmdhSka uQ,dY%h: MOE, 2012

furg j`où hdfï ;¾ckhg ,laj we;s ËSrmdhS úfYaI w;=ßka jeä fofkla l=vd ËSrmdhska (small mammals) ùu ;j;a iqúfYaIS lreKls' kd.ÍlrKh" jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu" foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi hk lreKq yuqfõ isÿjk n,mEï j,g l=vd ËSrmdhska jvd;a ixfõoS ùu fuhg fya;=jhs' ;j o Microchiroptera Wmf.da;%hg wh;a lDñ NlaIl jjq,kaf.a .yKh;a b;d iS>% f,i wvqfjñka mj;sk w;r Èfkka Èk jeäjk lDñ kdYl Ndú;h fuhg m%Odk;u fya;=jla f,i ie<lsh yelsh" ;jo ñksiqka úiska wdydr msKsi l=vd jjq,ka uyd mßudKfhka w,a,d .ekSu ksid furg .,a.=yd wdY%s;j ðj;a jk jjq,kaf.a (cave dwelling bats) meje;au ;¾ckhg ,laj we;'

2 88 Our Biological Heritage

;s;a uqjd

chapter

© Gehan Rajeev

ß<jd Macaca sinica

© Gehan Rajeev

© Dulan Ranga

uy wia,dvï jjq,d Rhinolophus beddomei

wdishd;sl w,shd Elephas maximus

uqyqÿ W!rd Dugong dugon

© Gayan Edirisinghe

ngysr l¿ j`ÿrd Semnopithecus vetulus nestor

oYl ;=klg wêl ld,hla furg mej;s hqoaOh ksid tu m%foaY j, Ôj;a jQ i;aj úfYAI úYd, .Kklg wkdrËs; mßirhla f.dvke.sKs' tf,i ;¾ckhg ,lajQ i;aj úfYaIhka f,i j,id (Sloth Bear-Melursus ursinus) ye`Èkaúh yel' w;S;fha hd," ú,am;a;= yd kef.kysr m<df;a jkdka;r wdY%s;j myiqfjka ±l .; yels jQ fuu i;=ka wo jk úg cd;sl jfkdaoHdkhl oS mjd ±l.ekSu b;d wmyiq ù we;'

2 90 Our Biological Heritage

iS>% f,i j.dìï we;s lsÍfï m%;sM,hla wkqj ±ä f,i j|ù hdfï ;¾ckhg ,laj we;s ;j;a úfYaIhla f,ig ú,a uqjd (Hog deer-Axis porcinus) ye`oskaúh yel' fuu i;a;aj úfYaIh .sx .`. yd fnka;r .`. w;r msysá mgq ìï ;Srejl iSud iys; jHdma;shla fmkajhs' miq.sh ld,fha we;sl< oËsK wêfõ.S ud¾. jHdmD;sh hgf;a fuu i;a;ajhdf.a .yKh folv ù we;s w;r tu jHdmD;sfhaoS isÿ jQ jk ydhkh ksid fuu i;a;ajhskaf.a jdiia:dk jq l=vd l÷ .eg yd jkdka;r l=Üá /ila úkdY úh' ;jo m%foaYfha we;s l=re`ÿ j.djkag isÿjk ydksh ksid ;=jlal=" W.=,a yd ukao Ndú;d lr fuu i;=ka urKhg m;a lsÍuo fudjqkaf.a meje;aug we;s m%Odk ;¾ckhls'

chapter

› ,xldfõ OchOdß ËSrmdhs úfYaIhla f,i ye`Èkafjk wdishd;sl w,shd (Elephas maximus) o fuf,i ;¾ckhg ,lajQ ;j;a i;ajfhls' jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu" wkjir mÈxÑ ùï yuqfõ fuu i;=kag ysñ jdiia:dk Èfkka Èk wvqùu ksid w,s ñksia .egqu Èfkka Èk W.%fjñka mj;S' furg Èú f.jk jk w,s ixLHdfõ hï lsis j¾Okhla olakg we;;a furg yuqjk o< we;=kaf.a ixLHdj b;d iS>%fhka my< hñka mj;S' Bg fya;= ù we;af;a we;a o< ,nd .ekSu msKsi o< we;=ka ovhï lsÍuhs' fufia o< iys; msßñ i;=ka w,s .yKfhka bj;a ùu ksid o< we;s ùug n,mdk cdk ,laIK wod, .yKfhka bj;a ùu isÿfõ' fï ksid o< iys; we;=ka jkdka;r ;=,u ixrlaIKh lsÍu w,s we;=kaf.a meje;aug b;d jeo.;ah'

hg;a úð; iufha isÿjQ úYd, jk ydhkh yd j.d ìï we;s lsÍu ksid b;d ±ä f,i j| ù hdfï ;¾ckhg ,lajq úfYaIhla f,i l=vd yïndjd (Small flying squirrel) ye`Èkaúh yels w;r fuu úfYaIfha jHdma;sh ms<sn`o o;a; yd mßir úoHd;aul o;a; b;d w,amh' b;d uE;lÈ ,enqkq jd¾;d wkqj fuu úfYaIh isxyrdc jkdka;rfha yd ÿïnr l÷ jeáfha my; nEjqï j,ska jd¾;d jk w;r fuu i;ajhdf.a meje;au ;yjqre lsÍug ;j ÿrg;a m¾fhaIK isÿl< hq;=j we;'

kS;s úfrdaë f,i we;eï uiqka urkakka úiska ovhï lsÍu ksid furáka ;=rkaj hk iuqø ËSrmdhska úfYaIhla f,i uqyqÿ W!rd ye`Èkaúh yel' b;d fiñka .uka lrk fuu i;=kaf.a jdiia:dkh jkafka uqyqÿ ;DK nyq," fkd.eUqre id.r m;a,hs' kS;s úfrdaë ovhï lrejkag myiqfjka f.dÿrla ùu ksid fuu i;=ka b;d iS>%fhka furáka j|ù hñka mj;S' ±kg ukakdru we;=¿ W;=re uqyqÿ ;Srfha we;eï ia:dk lsysmhlg muKla isud ù isák fuu i;=kaf.a ixrlaIKh i`oyd l%shdud¾. fkd.;fyd;a b;d kqÿf¾oSu fudjqka furáka ;=rka ù hdu j<ld,sh fkdyel' furg ËSrmdhska iïnkaOfhka ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla kï we;eï úfYaI j, wkd.; meje;au ;yjqre ù we;;a tu úfYaI j,g wh;a we;eï Wm úfYaI oeä ;¾ckhg ,la ù mej;Suhs' l¿ j`ÿrdg (Purple-faced Leaf Monkey - Semnopithecus vetulus) wh;a Wm úfYaI ;=kla jk ol=Kq os. l¿ j`ÿrd (Southern Purple-faced leaf monkey- S. v. vetulus)" W;=re os. l¿ j`ÿrd (Northern Purple-faced Leaf Monkey - S. v. philbricki) yd j,ia j÷rd (Bear Monkey - S. v. monticola) ;u meje;au ;yjqre lr

chapter

© Gehan Rajeev

w¿ WKymq¨jd Loris lydekkerianus nordicus

2 wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

Nanayakkara, P. N., Vishvanath, N. & Kusuminda, T. G. T. (2012) Re-discovery of Pouch bearing sheath tailed bat Saccolaimus saccolaimus Temminck (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) from Sri Lanka after 75 years. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, December 2012. Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 134 –137.

Phillips, W. W. A. (1980). Manual of the mammals of Sri Lanka. Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka (Part - I / II / III).

o~q f,akd Ratufa macroura

f.k we;;a" kd.ÍlrKh yd udkj l%shdldrlï yuqfõ fld<U wjg m%foaYj, Ôj;a jk ngysr l¿ j`ÿrdf.a (Western Purple-faced Leaf Monkey - S. v. nestor) meje;au b;d ±ä f,i ;¾ckhg ,laj we;' ;jo f;;a l,dmSh r;a WKymq¨jd (Red Slender Loris - Loris tardigradus) f;;a l,dmh mqrd ±l.; yels jqj;a Bg wh;a Wm úfYaIhla jk l`ÿlr r;a WKymq¨jd (Mountain Slender Loris - Loris tardigradus nyoticeboides) b;du;a ÿ¾,N Wm úfYaIhla fõ' fujeks i;a;aj úfYaI j, ixrlaIK ;;ajh ms<sn`o we.hSula isÿjqj;a Bg wh;a Wm úfYaI ms<sn`oj we.hSï lr tjeks Wm úfYaI ixrlaIKh o ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKfhys ,d b;d jeo.;a fõ' Y%s ,xldfõ ËSrmdhska ixrlaIKfhys ,d uqyqK fok m%Odk .eg¨jla kï jir .Kkdjlska furg yuqjk ËSrmdhska ms<sn|j mßmQ¾K m¾fhaIKhla isÿj fkd;sîuhs' tjeks mßmQ¾K wOHhkhla ;=,ska furg yuqjk i;aj úfYaI j, iy Wm úfYaI j, mßir úoHdj ms<sn|j f;dr;=re /ila wkdjrKh lr .; yels w;r tjeks o;a; tu i;=kaf.a ixrlaIKhg fhdod.; yel' tA i|yd ish¿ md¾Yjhka tlaj lghq;= lsÍug ld,h t<U we;'

Weerakoon, D. K. (2012). The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Mammals in Sri Lanka. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 134-137 pp.

Our Biological Heritage

MOE 2012. The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp

92

© Dulan Ranga

Our Biological Heritage

Morning Side, dseniyaya

Chapter

ysñÈß fmfoi" fokshdh f

mßÉfþoh

› ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrËKh

3

Biodiversity Conservation of Sri Lanka

© Dulan Ranga

wkjir .sks ;eîï Illegal burning activites

Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrËKh

© Gehan Rajeev

Wuhx.d iQßhwdrÉÑ iy ;ukaoÍ m;srK

› ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajfha wkd.; meje;au ;¾ckhg ,la ùug ñksid úiska isÿ lrkakd jQ úúO wksh; ls%hdldrlï n,md we;' fï w;r jdiia:dk wysñ ùu$len,s ùu$tAjdfha .=Kd;aul fjkiaùï" wê mßfNdackh iy kS;s úfrdaë Ndú;hka" wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYS,S úfYaI j, jHdma;sh" mßir ¥IKh wdÈh m%uqL fõ'

uyje,s jeks uyd mßudK jdßud¾. jHdmD;s i`oyd l`ÿlr m%foaY j, iajNdúlj .,d niskd Èh myrj,a c,dY j,g yerùu fya;=fjka tA wdYs%; Ôù úfYaI j, iajNdúl jdiia:dk wysñ ù hhs' .x.d c,dOdr yd fmdaIl m%foaY j, wúêu;a N+ñ l<ukdlrKh" ;DK yd fnda. j.dj" .x.d wdYs%;j flfrk je,s f.dv oeóu" ueKsla m;,a l¾udka;h jeks fya;= ksid tu m%foaY j, mdxY= Ldokh ksidfjkaa my;a ìï wdYs%;j frdka uv ;ekam;a ùu isÿ fõ' fï u.ska .x`.d m;af,a uv tla ùfuka tAjdfha c, uÜgu by< hdu" c,h ¥IKh ùu iy c,fha mdr.uH nj wvq ùfuka tu mßir moaO;s j, m%Ndixiaf,aIKh wvmK ùfuka m%%d:ñl ksIamdokh my; jeàu jeks wys;lr n,mEï we;s fõ' fuu ;;ajhka j`o ù hdfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK md isák ñßÈh uiqka" ñßÈh ll=¿jka fukau c,c lSg wjia:d iys; n;a l+rka jeks Ôùkag o wys;lr n,mEï we;s lrkq we;' fujka úfYaI w;ßka mßir ;;aj j,g yd c,fha .=Kd;aul njg w;sYhska ixfõ§" l=vd m%foaY j, iSñ; jHdma;shla ork nkaÿ, fm;shd (Pethia bandula)" u,a mqMÜgd (Malpulutta kretseri)" m;srK id,hd (Devario pathirana) jeks wdfõKsl u;aiH úfYaI wdÈh b;d myiqfjka fuf,dúka ;=rka ùug fuu wys;lr n,mEï bjy,a jkq fkdwkqudkh' tfiau we;eï jdßud¾. jHdmD;s j, n,mEfuka úh,s l,dmfha iuyrla m%foaY .xj;=r wjodkug uqyqK §u o tu m%foaY j, ffcj úúO;ajhg wys;lr f,i n,md we;'

3 96 Our Biological Heritage

jkdka;r lv ùu

Forest Fragmentation

chapter

tfiau m;k yd iejdkd ;K ìï j, isÿ jk wkjir .sks ;eîï ksid o Ôù úfYaI .Kkdjla úkdY ùfï ;¾ckhg ,laj we;' jkdka;r j, há frdamKh or f,i Ndú;hg .ekSu" há frdamK bj;a lr tkid,a jeks fnda. j.d lsÍu wd§ ls%hdldrlï tu ia:r j, jdih lrk m`ÿre ueähka" iuk¨ka úfYaI" f.dMfn,a,ka úfYaI iy lgqiaika jeks Wr. úfYaI j, jdiia:dk wysñ ùu isÿ jk w;r iuk, úfYaI j, Odrl Ydl úkdY ùugo fuh fya;= fõ'

Ôùkaf.a iajNdúl jdiia:dk wysñ ùu, ffcj úúO;ajh ydhkh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl w;r m%uqL;u ;ekla .kakd w;r udkj ls%hdldrlï fï i`oyd uQ,slju odhl fõ' wd¾Ól yd iudÔh ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ksid jkdka;r t<s lsÍu" oej fy,Su" j.=re ìï yd f;;a ìï f.dv lsÍu wdÈh j¾;udkfha jeä jYfhka oel .; yel' fï fya;=fjka miq.sh oYl lsysmhl ld,h ;=, isg › ,xldfõ jk .ykh o iS>%fhka wvq ù we;'

© Amila Chanaka

› ,xldfõ wfkl=;a l,dm j,g idfmalaIj f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;r ffcj úúO;ajfhka fmdfydi;a h' j`o ù hdfï ;¾ckhg ,laj isák Ôùkaf.ka jeä ixLHdjla tu m%foaY j,ska jd¾;d ùu yd bka fndfyduhla wdfõKsl úfYaI ùu tu jkdka;r j, jeo.;alu lshd mdhs' j¾;udkfha udkj ls%hdldrlï ksid fuu jkdka;r úkdY ùu yd len,s ùu fya;=fjka Ydl iy i;aj úfYaI fndfyduhla uq¨ f,dúkau j`o ù hdfï wjodkug ,laj we;' tfiau f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;r j, úhka ia:rh idok we;eï Ydl úfYaI b;d by< oejuh jákdlulska hqla; Ydl úfYaI ùu fya;=fjka kS;s úfrdaë f,i oej fy,Sfï lghq;= o f;;aa l,dmfha jkdka;r ;=, oelsh yel' fuu oej fy,Sï ksid tu Ydlhg wu;rj tA u; hefmk Wvjeähd jeks wms Ydl fukau i;aj úfYaI o wysñ ùu isÿfõ'

lDIs l¾udka;h i`oyd lDIs ridhk Ndú;h Usage of agro chemicals

lDIs l¾udka;h › ,xldj mqrdu jHdma; ù we;s l¾udka;hls' fï i`oyd fhdod .kakd lDñ kdYl" ridhksl fmdfydr" j,a kdYl wd§ úúO ridhksl øjH ksis md,khlska yd jrKhlska f;drj iy we;eï wjia:d j, wêud;%d j,ska Ndú;h o ffcj úúO;ajhg nrm;, ;¾ckhla t,a, lrhs' fuu ridhksl øjH j,g Rcqj

© Dulan Ranga

ksrdjrKh ùfuka b,lal Ôùka jk m<sfndaOlhkag wu;rj mßirfha ;=,H;djg jeo.;a jk wfkla úfYaI o úkdY jk w;r tAjd jeis c,h iu. .,d f.k f.dia c,c mßir moaO;s j,g tla ùfuka tAjdfha iajdNdúl ridhksl ;;ajhka fjkia ùu o isÿ fõ' fuu fjkia ùï tu mßir j, jik Ôùkaf.a mßjD;Sh ls%hd j,g fukau meje;aug o wys;lr whqßka n,mdhs' tfiau fuu ridhksl øjH fndfyduhl wvx.= ner f,day wd§ ridhksl ix>gl §¾> ld,hla mqrd úkdY fkdù iajNdúl mßirh ;=, mej;Su ksid mi yd c,h ¥IKh ùfuka §¾> ld,Skj wys;lr m%;sM, Wod lrkq we;' fuu øjH j, we;s ;j;a ;¾ckhla kï ffcj idkaøKhg ,la ùuhs' tkï fïjd Ôùka ;=,g we;=,a jQ úg wdydr odu Tiafia .uka lrñka wdydr odu j, by< mqrela j, mj;sk Ôùka ;=, idkaø .; fõ' fuh tu Ôùkag fukau Tjqka f.dÿre lr.kakd úf,damslhkag o ydks odhl m%;sM, ,`.d lrkq we;' Èú ul=¿ úfYaIhla Poecilotheria subfusca

2005 § wmkhkh l< ixLHdj

nq,;a ymhd

2006 § wmkhkh l< ixLHdj

ixrlaIK ;;ajh 2007

ixrlaIK ;;ajh 2012

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chapter

u;aiH úfYaIh

2780

440

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Pethia nigrofasciata

f,a ;s;a;hd Puntius titteya

fomq,a,shd

98

Puntius cumingii

Our Biological Heritage

© Gehan Rajeev

uy .,a je,sf.dõjd Sicyopterus griseus

bß y`ohd Aplocheilus werneri

Èúhd Panthera pardus

› ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh uqyqK fok ;j;a m%Odku ;¾ckhla kï i;=ka kS;s úfrdaë f,i ovhï lsÍug ,la ùuhs' j`o ùfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK md isák fndfyduhla laISrmdhS úfYaI kS;s úfrdaë ovhug b,lal fj;s' Èúhd (Panthera pardus), w,shd (Elephas maximus), ú,a uqjd (Axis porcinus), ln,a,Ejd (Manis crassicaudata ), ;s;a uqjd (Axis axis) fï w;r m%uqL jk w;r fudjqka ovhï lsÍu uia msKsi fukau iï" we;a o< wd§ fjk;a øjH msKsi o isÿ fõ' tfiau ish j.djkag ydks lsÍu yd Ôú; j,g ;¾ckhla ùu ksid w,ska o" .DydYs%; i;=ka f.dÿre lr .ekSu ksid Èúhka o ovhï lsÍug ñksiqka fm<ö isá;s' fuf,i ovhug ,la jk ;j;a úfYaI w;r fnda. j.d j,g ydks lsÍu ksid ovhï flfrk l¿ j`ÿrd (Semnopithecus vetulus) iy uy yïndjka (Petaurista philippensis) m%Odk h'

iqr;,a i;=kag wu;rj j`o ùfï ;¾ckhg ,laj isák wdfõKsl c,c Ydl jk (Cryptocoryne sp.), (Lagenandra sp.), úúO ójk úfYaI" Wvjeähd úfYaI" ìkr wdÈh úis;=re Ydl f,iska kS;s úfrdaëj iajNdúl mßirfhka ,ndf.k wmkhkh flfrhs' T!IO" wdydr iy fjk;a wjYH;d msKsi wdrlaIs; m%foaY j, we;s ÿ¾,N Ydl úfYaI fyda tAjdfha fldgia tl;= lsÍu o tu Ydl iajNdúl mßirfhka j`o ù hdug fya;= ù we;' m;ka w, (Brachistelma lankana), fjksje,a .eg (Coscinium fenestratura) fodrK (Dipterocarpus glandulasus) fujka Ydl j,g WodyrK fõ'

© Dulan Ranga

úis;=re u;aiH l¾udka;h" iqr;,a i;aj l¾udka;h yd úúO ksIamdokhkaf.a wuq øjH msKsi Ôùka fyda Ôù fldgia iajNdúl mßirfhka kS;s úfrdaë f,i tla lsÍu o wfma ffcj úúO;ajh uqyqK fok ;¾ck w;r fõ' fuh Rcqju tu Ôùkaf.a iajNdúl .yk wvq ùug n,mdk w;r th Wkaf.a meje;aug oeä ;¾ckhls' u;aiH úfYaI lsysmhla 2005 iy 2006 j¾I j, wmkhkh l< ixLHdjka iy 2007 iy 2012 j¾I j, Tjqkaf.a ixrlaIK ;;aj ms<sn`o iudf,dapkhla j.=j 3'1 ys olajd we;' fuys i`oyka ish¨ i;=ka iajNdúl mßirfhka kS;s úfrdaë f,i tla lrk ,o i;=ka fkdjqk o fuu úfYaI j,g n,mdk ;j;a ;¾ck mej;=k o úYd, f,i wmkhkhg ,la ùu yd u;aiH úfYaI l%ufhka by< ;¾ð; ;;aj j,g m;aùu w;r hï in`o;djla we;s njg ñka b`.shla ,efí' ñßÈh uiqka yereKq úg Èú ul=¿jka" i¾mhka" lgqiaika wd§ i;=ka o iqr;,a i;=ka f,i wmkhkhg ,la fõ' fuu ls%hdj,Ska idudkHfhka isÿ jkqfha › ,xldfõ kS;s Í;s j,g mgyeks kS;s úfrdaë cdjdrï f,ig h' fuu cdjdrï i`oyd lsisÿ md,khlska f;drj iajdNdúl mßirfhka fuu i;=ka tl;= lsÍu Tjqka uqyqK fok nrm;, ;¾ckhls'

j.=j 3'1 u;aiH úfYaI lsysmhla 2005 ys 2006 j¾I j, wmkhkh l< ixLHdjka iy 2007 yd 2012 j¾I j, Tjqkaf.a ixrlaIK ;;aj

ìkr úfYaIhla Exacum Sp.

wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYS,S úfYaI o j¾;udkh jk úg › ,xldj mqrdu mdfya jHdma; fjñka wfma ffcj úúO;ajh ;¾ckhg ,la lrkd Wjÿrls' fuu úfYaIhka u.ska wm rfÜ iajNdúlj jik úfYaI wNsnjñka iajNdúl mßir moaO;s ;=, ;yjqre ùu tu mßir moaO;s fukau wfma iajNdúl úfYaI j,g ydkslr whqßka n,md we;' wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYS,S úfYaI j,ska nyq;rh úis;=re Ydl yd úis;=re i;=ka f,i wm rgg f.k tkq ,enQ úfYaI jk w;r ;j;a iuyrla wyïfnka jHdma; jQ úfYaI fj;s' fuu iuyrla Ydl yd i;aj úfYaI j.=j 3'2 ys oelafõ'

Ydl

ukakdjd (Chitala ornata) f.j;= f.d¿fn,a,d (Lissochatina fulica) rka wem,a f.d¿fn,a,d (Pomacea diffusa) ykaf.d,a,d Laevicaulis altae r;= lka bínd (Trachemys scripta) ialefjkac¾ u;aiHhd (Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus)

chapter

fj,a wd;d (Annona glabra) osh mr (Dillenia suffruticosa) cmka cnr (Eichornia crassipes) ie,aùkshd (Salvinia molesta) osh f.dajd (Pistia) osh ynr, (Limnocharis flava) fhdaO ksosl=ïnd (Mimosa pigra) iS; fmar md;Skshï

i;=ka

ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh i`oyd › ,xldj ;=, úúO ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrhs' fïjd w;r ia:dkSh ixrlaIK (In-situ conservation) fukau mßndysr ixrlaIK (Ex-situ conservation) ls%hdud¾. o fõ' ñka m%uqL;ajh .kakd ia:dkSh ixrlaIK l%ufõohla f,i wdrlaIs; l,dm msysgqùu ie<lsh yel' wm rg ;=, msysgqjd we;s wdrlaIs; l,dm m%Odk jYfhkau md,kh jkafka jk Ôù ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j iy jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j hgf;aa mj;sk wdrlaIs; l,dm wdldr lsysmhls' ñka by<u wdrlaIs; ;;ajh oeä iajNdj rlaIs; j,g ysñ w;r tAjd ;=,g we;=,a úh yelafla ksis wjirhla iys;j m¾fhaIK wjYH;d j,g muKs' yla., oeä iajNdj rlaIs;h" hd, oeä iajNdj rlaIs;h iy ßá., oeä iajNdj rlaIs;h › ,xldfõ msysá oeä iajNdj rlaIs; ;=khs' B,`. by<u wdrlaIs; ;;ajh cd;sl jfkdaoHdk j,g ysñ w;r fïjd ;=,g we;=,a úh yelafla ksis wjir m;la ñ, § .ekSfuka muKs' hd, cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh" ú,am;a;= cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh" .,a Th cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh" fyd¾gka ;ekak cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh fïjdg WodyrK fõ' óg wu;rj iajNdj rlaIs;" jk Ôù wNh N+ñ" jk ux fm;a wd§ f,i ;j;a jk Ôù ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j hgf;a md,kh jk wdrlaIs; l,dm .Kkdjls' jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j yryd wdrlaIs; ;;ajhg m;a lrk ,o rlaIs; jkdka;r o rdYshla wm rg ;=, oelsh yel' isxyrdc rlaIs; jkh" lkafk,sh rlaIs; jkh" udlkaodj rlaIs; jkh bka lsysmhls' fuu wdrlaIs; l,dm msysgqùfï § tAjdfha m%udKh úYd, jk ;rug th jvd WÑ; jk w;r ieu úgu l=vd m%foaY lsysmhlg jvd ;ks wLKavj me;sreKq úYd, m%foaYhla jvd fhda.Hh' tfukau fuu l,dm w;r Ôùkag yqjudre úh yels mßÈ jk ux fm;a mej;Su o wjYHh' fuh úfYaIfhkau úYd, N+ñ m%foaYhla mqrd ießirk w,ska jeks úYd, i;=ka i`oyd jeo.;a fõ'

j.=j 3'2 › ,xldfjka jd¾:djk wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYS,S Ydl iuyrla

3 100 Our Biological Heritage

óg wu;rj f.da,Sh foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihka yd tA fya;= lrf.k we;s ù we;s ;;ajhka ksid o ffcj úúO;ajh ;¾ckhg ,la fõ' mßir WIaK;ajh by< hdu fuhska m%Odku ;¾ckhhs' fï u.ska we;s jk mdßißl fjkialñ ksid Ôù úfYaI j, iy mßir moaO;s j, jHdma;sfha fjkia lï we;s ùfï ;¾ckhla mj;S' l`ÿlr jkdka;r iy tAjdfha jik Ôùkaf.a jHdma;sh fï u.ska ;j ÿrg;a iSud jkq we;s w;r jdhq ¥IKfha m%;sM,hla jk wï, jeis j,g iy ´fidaka ia:rh ydhkh ùfuka mdrcïnq, lsrK j,g ksrdjrKh ùu wdÈh ksid úfYaIfhka u ixfõ§ Ôùka ;j ÿrg;a j`o ùfï ;¾ck j,g uqyqK fokq we;'

© Amila Chanaka

fuu ish,q ;¾ck bÈßfha › ,dxlsl ffcj úúO;ajfha j;auka ;;ajh ie,lSfïÈ th b;d wjodkï wjia:djl mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' 2012 cd;sl r;= o;a; jd¾;dj i`oyd we.hSug ,la flreKq Ydl úfYaI 3492 yd i;aj úfYaI 2240 w;r wmDIaGjxYSkaf.ka 41] la ^úfYaI 1492 la w;ßka 612 la&" mDIaGjxYSka w;=ßka 46] la ^úfYaI 748 la w;ßka 345 la& iy Ydl j,ska 45] la ^úfYaI 3492 la w;ßka 1587 la& cd;sl uÜgñka j`o ùfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK md isá;s' mßndysr ixrlaIKh ^we;a w;=re fijk& Ex-situ conservation

› ,xldj ;=, we;s mßndysr ixrlaIK uOHia:dk w;r cd;sl i;aj WoHdkh yd WoaNso WoHdk m%uqL fõ' cd;sl i;aj WoHdkh u.ska õõO jk i;=ka ms<sn`o oekqu ck;dj fj; ,nd fok w;ru Tjqkaf.a ixrlaIKh i`oyd o jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrhs' úfYaIfhkau ÿ¾,N ñßÈh u;aiH úfYaI lD;su mßirhka ;=, wNsckkh lr iajNdúl mßirhg kej; uqod yeÍfï ls%hdj,Ska u.ska iajNdúl mßir j, Wkaf.a .ykhka by< oeóug Tjqka odhl;ajh imhhs' tfiau mskakj," Wvj,j wd§ m%foaY j, msysgqjd we;s w,s ixrlaIK uOHia:dk o ksß;È. fjr< l,dmfha we;s leianE ixrlaIK uOHia:dk o ,xldfõ ixrlaIk ls%hdj,shg hï odhl;ajhla imhhs'

© Amila Chanaka

cmka cnr Eichornia crassipes

› ,xld cd;sl iajNdj úoHd fl!;=ld.drh o ixrlaIK ls%hdj,Skag lsysm whqrlska odhl;ajh i<ihs' iajNdj úoHdj iïnkaOj krUkakka oekqj;a lsÍu fukau jk i;=ka iy Ydl j, kso¾Yl tl;+ka mj;ajd .ekSuo Tjqka w;ska bgq flf¾' fuu kso¾Yl ixrlaIKhg jeo.;a jk m¾fhaIK i`oyd jeo.;a fõ' fuhg wu;rj rg ;=, msysgqjd we;s fjk;a úúO rdcH wdh;k" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy iafõÉpd ixúOdk u.ska o úúO whqßka ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKh msKsi odhl;ajh iemfha'

Ydl iy jk i;=ka iu. fmdÿfõ mßir moaO;s wdrlaIs; ;;aj j,g m;a lrñka ixrlaIKh lrkakd fiau ;¾ckhg ,la jQ úfYaI fyda Ôù ldKav i`oyd iqúfYaIS jk ixrlaIK l%fudamdhka y`ÿkd .ksñka ls%hdjg kexùu o jeo.;a h' fujka ixrlaIK jevigyka ie,iqï lsÍug kñ tu Ôùka ms<s`n`o mq¿,a oekqula wjYH fyhska m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,Ska u.ska ;¾ð; Ôùka ms<s`n`o wOHhkhka isÿ lsÍu o w;HjYHh'

Dilmah Conservation

App wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh .=Kfialr" i' ^2009& wmkhkfhka rgg wysñ jk wdfõKsl ñßÈh uiqka' ;ïnmKaKs' fj¿u 4' 38-43 msgq' IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2007) The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. xiii+148pp.

MOE (2012). The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp.

Morden, P., Naggs, F., Ranawana, K., Kumburegama, S. and Grimm, B. (2003) A Guide to the Pest and Exotic Gastropods of Sri Lanka. Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London.

Our Biological Heritage

Description Provides information about: Nature & Animal Facts Updates about New Projects by Dilmah Conservation E Publications New tools for conservation biology Fun games and much more

www.dilmahconservation.org

Our Biological Heritage

YBA

SRI LANKA

fuu ixfYdaê; f;jk uQøKh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd PdhdrEm ,nd§fuka odhl;ajh ±lajq f.ydka rÔõ" ÿ,dka rx." wñ, pdkl" liqka m%§m" md,skao fmf¾rd" fïkka chr;ak" ;ß÷ rKisxy" wñ, iqukmd," ysfïIa chisxy" .hdka tÈßisxy hk ish¿ fokdg ixialdrl uKav,h jYfhka wmf.a yDohdx.u ia;=;sh mqolr isáuq'''''''