TEST BANK Connect Core Concepts in Health, BIG, BOUND Test Bank18th For Edition By Paul Insel and Walton Edition, Connect Core Concepts in Health, BIG, BOUND Edition, 18th Edition By Paul Insel and Walton Roth | All Chapter 1-23 Roth Chapter 1-23 Answers are at the End of Each Chapter Chapter 1
Student name:__________ 1) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data on leading causes of death,
which lifestyle factor is LEAST associated with an increased risk of death from diabetes mellitus? A) excessive alcohol consumption B) inactive lifestyle C) smoking D) poor dietary habits
2) Which of the following is NOT considered one of the nine dimensions of wellness? A) dietary wellness B) emotional wellness C) environmental wellness D) cultural wellness
3) The nine dimensions of wellness A) are entirely within people's control. B) are interrelated and may affect each other. C) ensure the separation of mind and body. D) are static and unchangeable.
4) Which behavior or practice would contribute to a person’s physical wellness? A) participating in workplace training opportunities B) avoiding unsafe casual sex C) avoiding debt and impulse buying D) establishing an intimate relationship
5) Trust, self-confidence, and the ability to understand and accept one’s feelings are components
of A) B) C) D)
emotional wellness. interpersonal wellness. intellectual wellness. spiritual wellness.
6) Which quality is a component of emotional wellness? A) trust B) self-confidence C) ability to understand and accept D) All of these answers are correct.
7) Immigrant parents are not concerned about their child’s ability to adapt to school because the
child is curious, open to new ideas, and eager to learn new skills. Which wellness dimension BEST reflects the child’s qualities? A) emotional B) intellectual C) interpersonal D) cultural
8) Spiritual wellness is enhanced by having A) a strong support network of family and friends. B) a selfless concern for the well-being of others. C) the ability to express oneself creatively. D) an openness to new ideas.
9) The ability to interact well with people from different religions, ethnicities, or sexual
orientations is an aspect of A) interpersonal wellness. B) spiritual wellness. C) intellectual wellness. D) cultural wellness.
10) Financial wellness includes a person's ability to A) find a job that has a retirement pension. B) balance income and expenses. C) avoid occupational hazards. D) earn enough money to leave a regular occupation.
11) What is the significance of annual percentage rate (APR) and the minimum monthly payment
for credit cards? A) The minimum monthly payment determines the APR. B) The APR is reflected in the interest you pay on your balance with each monthly payment. C) APR and minimum monthly payment are the same thing. D) Debit cards have a higher APR than credit cards.
12) Which behavior or quality best demonstrates a person’s interpersonal wellness? A) motivation to master new skills B) creativity and capacity for love C) the ability to cultivate a support system of friends and family D) a sense of belonging to something greater than oneself
13) Occupational wellness can be enhanced by all of the following EXCEPT A) contributing to a retirement fund. B) being recognized and valued by the employer. C) enjoying social time with coworkers on lunch breaks. D) participating in continuing education opportunities at work.
14) Every Saturday, a couple walks to and from the local soup kitchen, where they volunteer.
They have made new friends and never miss a shift, even when it’s raining or inconvenient. This routine improves their A) emotional and environmental wellness. B) intellectual and cultural wellness. C) occupational and interpersonal wellness. D) spiritual and physical wellness.
15) Self-acceptance differs from self-esteem in that it A) means having a set of guiding beliefs, principles, or values that give meaning and
purpose to their life. B) is concerned with how a person perceives that others view them. C) is a feeling of trust in one’s own abilities and qualities. D) refers to personal satisfaction with oneself, regardless of other people’s opinions.
16) What is the role of genetics in determining life span? A) The strongest correlation between genes and mortality is susceptibility to coronary
artery disease. B) Studies show that over 75% of the variability in life span can be traced to genetics. C) Mortality is entirely determined by environmental and behavioral factors. D) Mortality is unrelated to genetics.
17) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, life expectancy for Americans
declined between 2014 and 2017 primarily due to all of the following conditions EXCEPT Which condition was NOT identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a primary factor in the decline of life expectancy between 2014 and 2017? A) homicide. B) obesity. C) suicide. D) drug overdose.
18) Public health achievements during the 20th century are credited with changing the major
causes of death from________ to________. A) infectious diseases; chronic diseases B) accidents; drug overdoses C) chronic diseases; infectious diseases D) infectious diseases; drug overdoses
19) Life expectancy among Americans almost doubled from 1900 to 1980 due to all of the
following measures EXCEPT A) development of vaccines. B) production of antibiotics. C) purification of water. D) availability of more immunotherapy drugs.
20) Which was the number one cause of death in 2020–2021 in the United States? A) accidents B) malignant neoplasms C) heart disease D) diabetes mellitus
21) Which of the following statements about obesity and life expectancy is FALSE? A) Researchers have identified obesity as a cause of recent declines in life expectancy. B) Rates of obesity among children have recently stabilized at about 10%, or 1 in 10
children. C) Developing obesity as a younger age is associated with greater obesity-related health effects due to longer exposure to excess body fat. D) Obesity is associated with multiple of the U.S. leading causes of death, including Covid-19.
22) To address the obesity epidemic, health promotion advocates proposed a solution to A) change food pricing to promote healthful options. B) include daily physical education classes in schools. C) control advertising of unhealthy foods targeting children. D) All of these answers are correct.
23) Which lifestyle factor would contribute to the development of heart disease? A) sex B) cigarette smoking C) family history D) age
24) The leading cause of death among Americans aged 15 to 24 is A) accidents. B) infectious diseases. C) homicide. D) suicide.
25) The dominant focus of U.S. government health policies is A) improving diversity among health care providers. B) preventing unhealthy behaviors. C) improving access to healthcare through provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). D) preventing deaths from respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD).
26) A primary goal of Healthy People 2030 is to A) shift the focus to environmental factors instead of social factors in determining health. B) increase the proportion of adults who meet federal guidelines for exercise. C) increase life expectancy beyond 100 years. D) reduce the cost of health care.
27) Which statement about the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is TRUE? A) Being a student disqualifies a person from being eligible for Medicaid. B) "Catastrophic" health plans are available but will have a higher premium. C) The majority of people can avoid a penalty if they choose not to get a health plan. D) Rehabilitative services are recognized as one of the policy’s 10 essential benefits.
28) On average, compared to people living in urban areas, people living in rural areas are A) more likely to seek preventive health care. B) more likely to be physically active. C) less likely to die of an injury-related cause. D) less likely to wear a seatbelt when driving.
29) Income and education are correlated with health status. The relationship between the poverty
rate and health status is________ , while the relationship between education level and health status is________. A) direct; direct B) inverse; direct C) direct; inverse D) inverse; inverse
30) As used in the discussion of health issues for diverse populations, the concept of sex differs
from that of gender in that sex refers to A) the act of intercourse. B) an individual’s internal sense of self. C) behaviors learned by a person according to prevailing cultural norms. D) the biological and physiological characteristics that define men, women, and intersex people.
31) Which gender-related wellness risk factor impacts women more than men? A) rising rates of injury deaths B) higher rates of smoking C) more drinking episodes D) lower earnings despite doing similar work
32) Which statement regarding the health of diverse population groups is TRUE? A) Rates of death related to smoking and alcohol use are lower among American Indians
and Alaska Natives than the general population. B) Latinos on average have higher rates of suicide than the general population. C) Rates of diabetes and asthma are lower among Pacific Islanders than the general population. D) Compared with white people, Black and Hispanic people are less likely to get appropriate medication for heart conditions.
33) Compared to the general population, which of the following diseases is of special concern for
many groups of American Indians and Alaska Natives? A) stroke B) heart disease C) cancer D) diabetes
34) Compared to the general population, African American people have lower rates of A) osteoporosis. B) asthma. C) high blood pressure. D) stroke.
35) Early screening for________ may be recommended for African American men due to
significantly elevated risk for the condition. A) osteoporosis B) suicide C) prostate cancer D) skin cancer
36) On average, Latinos have lower rates of________ compared to the general population. A) heart disease B) obesity C) diabetes D) gallbladder disease
37) When compared to the overall U.S. population, Asian Americans have A) lower rates of lung cancer. B) higher rates of alcohol abuse. C) lower rates of coronary heart disease. D) shorter life expectancies.
38) Which of the following statements about persons with disabilities are TRUE? A) Many people with disabilities do not have access to health care services. B) People with disabilities are more likely to have obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and to
smoke, compared with the general population. C) One in every four people in the United States has some form of disability, and the rate
is rising, particularly among younger generations. D) All of these answers are correct.
39) Which of the following statements about patterns related to health disparities is FALSE? A) When patients share equal status regarding education and income, there are no
racial/ethnic differences in treatments for heart disease or organ transplantation. B) An estimated 250,000 deaths per year in the United States can be attributed to low educational attainment. C) People in urban areas are more likely to have health insurance than people living in rural areas. D) Health disparities among LGBT individuals may be due to discrimination and denial of their civil and human rights.
40) Which of the following is a goal from Healthy People 2030? A) Reduce the current use of any tobacco product by adults. B) Maintain the proportion of people with health insurance. C) Increase the proportion of adults with hypertension. D) Increase the proportion of adults who are obese.
41) Which of the following health determinants does a person have the LEAST control over? A) diet B) exercise C) heredity D) stress
42) Which is NOT considered an environmental factor that affects health? A) household cleaning products B) amount of crime in your community C) access to vaccinations and screening tests D) radiation from sun exposure
43) Which statement would BEST differentiate the underlying factors related to cystic fibrosis
from those related to diabetes? A) Both conditions are primarily the result of genetic errors. B) Both conditions are due primarily to the interaction of behavior and environment. C) Diabetes is primarily related to genetic errors, whereas the interaction of behavior and environment contributes significantly to cystic fibrosis. D) Cystic fibrosis is the result of genetic errors, whereas the interaction of behavior and environment contributes significantly to diabetes.
44) Which action would be considered the initial step in improving wellness through lifestyle
management? A) seeking guidance and assistance from local programs B) selecting a target behavior C) asking a family member for assistance D) evaluating one’s current habits
45) Which strategy would MOST likely contribute to success in changing a person’s unhealthy
behavior? A) emphasizing a single target behavior they wish to change B) asking family members to track the behavioral changes C) adding only the short-term costs of behavior change that they identified and letting go of past failures D) identifying many unhealthy target behaviors and working on them all simultaneously
46) What is a target behavior? A) a habit or mannerism that is the focus of your behavior change plan B) a friend's behavior that you identified needs to be changed C) a health condition such as diabetes D) a characteristic such as obesity
47) A person can help prevent procrastination when creating their own personal behavior change
program by A) specifying important dates. B) stating their goal. C) listing down the steps they will take to measure their progress. D) having someone to actively help them with the program.
48) Which element is MOST likely to indicate the reliability of the information on a website? A) the popularity of the website B) the date of the post on the topic C) the “About Us” link D) the testimonials page of the website
49) Which strategy is LEAST helpful in promoting a behavior change for better health? A) Target multiple behaviors simultaneously. B) Identify cues to behaviors. C) Incorporate rewards for reaching goals. D) Make slow, systematic changes in behavior.
50) The belief in one's ability to be successful in the performance of a given task is referred to as A) self-control. B) self-efficacy. C) self-esteem. D) self-talk.
51) A person who is 25 pounds overweight also has significantly overweight relatives and views
this as the reason that they have been unable to successfully lose weight despite trying a variety of diets. Based on this information, you can conclude that this person has A) poor self-esteem. B) a lack of self-confidence. C) an external locus of control. D) an internal locus of control.
52) Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that events turn out as they do based on A) fate or luck. B) heredity. C) divine power. D) their own input and actions.
53) Visualizing one’s self engaging in a new, healthier behavior is one of the best ways to A) boost self-efficacy. B) improve physical strength. C) identify barriers to change. D) externalize locus of control.
54) Which strategy is MOST likely to improve a person’s chances of success while attempting to
change a behavior? A) select a different behavior to change in the event of temporary failure B) stick with the program even during periods of high stress C) utilize visualization techniques D) rationalize temporary setbacks to minimize feelings of failure
55) The precontemplation stage is characterized by A) no acknowledgement of a need to change. B) an outward modification of behavior. C) thinking about making a change. D) seeking outside support for the problem.
56) Following an annual physical, a patient reviews the lab work and finds out that their
cholesterol level is elevated. The physician explains that this can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke and recommends exercise. The patient plans to start a walking program when the snow melts in roughly four months. The patient is in which phase of the transtheoretical model of change? A) denial B) precontemplation C) contemplation D) action
57) A person noticed that their eating behaviors were unhealthy. Their response to stress in the
past was to severely restrict calorie intake, frequently eating only one modest meal each day, and their weight plummeted to dangerously low levels. They made numerous changes to address poor eating habits and have been eating better for the past four weeks. They are a lot happier now. Which phase of the transtheoretical model of behavior change is the person in? A) preparation B) action C) maintenance D) termination
58) Relapses sometimes occur when trying to change a behavior. If this happens, the best
strategy is to A) choose a different behavior to change. B) acknowledge defeat and give up. C) give oneself credit for the progress made and avoid self-blame. D) set an even more challenging goal to become more motivated.
59) Which action is a key to successful behavior change? A) beginning with identifying all the behaviors to be changed B) concentrating on several interrelated behaviors C) refusing to tolerate temporary setbacks D) anticipating problems and providing rewards
60) Which set of actions is the recommended sequence to develop a personalized plan for
change? A) identify patterns, monitor behavior, establish action plan, set goals, make a personal contract B) establish action plan, set goals, monitor behavior, identify patterns, make a personal contract C) make a personal contract, set goals, establish action plan, monitor behavior, analyze data D) monitor behavior, identify patterns, set goals, establish action plan, make a personal contract
61) Entries made into a health journal about a behavior should note all of the following EXCEPT A) how you felt at the time the behavior occurred. B) what you were doing when the behavior occurred. C) when and where the behavior occurred. D) “SMART” goal development.
62) A young person has the goal of exercising at least 30 minutes a day, five days a week, in
order to lose 10 pounds within two weeks. According to the “SMART” criteria, which element should they reconsider? A) the specificity B) the target behavior C) the time frame D) the reality of committing to five days a week of exercising
63) The chance to succeed in modifying a behavior would increase if a person A) set a very ambitious goal. B) ignored related habits. C) recruited support from friends or family. D) focused solely on short-term benefits.
64) To help ensure success with a behavior change program, a person should A) establish a very broad goal. B) involve the people around them. C) avoid setting a firm deadline for completion. D) give themselves a reward when the final goal is attained.
65) Rewards included in health action plans should A) be planned in advance. B) be provided only when the overall goal has been reached. C) come in the form of food or alcohol. D) be given when someone recognizes the person’s success.
66) Which item is NOT generally included in a personal contract for behavior change? A) setting a date to begin B) stating the goal C) identifying how to measure progress D) establishing consequences for failure to reach the goal
67) Which is a recommended strategy for maintaining behavior change? A) Assess stress levels. B) Rationalize failures. C) Avoid social influences. D) Resist the urge to change techniques.
68) A teenager has a genuine desire to become healthier. Which is the BEST first step for the
teenager to take in moving toward that goal? A) Begin journaling about things that trigger unhappiness. B) Identify community resources for help. C) Choose two unhealthy behaviors and make goals for change. D) Perform a self-assessment and discuss the results with a close friend or family member.
69) Carla has become very busy since she came to college. She is a full-time student and is very
active in campus clubs and organizations. Her classes and campus activities leave her little time to socialize with her friends. She is beginning to feel that she has let her friends down because she has had to miss several activities they had planned, but she also feels guilty if she isn't able to meet her other obligations. Carla has always thought that she was in control of her life and has managed well up until now. She is frustrated that she cannot spend more time with her friends without giving up her other activities.
69.1)
Carla's frustration surrounding limitations to her time with her friends is affecting her ________ wellness. A) spiritual B) interpersonal C) cultural D) intellectual
69.2)
If Carla succeeds in improving her time management and spending more time with her friends, she will most likely see a corresponding improvement in her ________ wellness. A) financial B) physical C) emotional D) occupational
69.3)
Carla wants to make a plan to spend more time with her friends. Which strategy is most likely to enhance the success of her plan? A) closely monitoring and evaluating her schedule B) focusing on what motivated her to change her behavior C) establishing a reward she can give herself once she has succeeded D) developing an external locus of control
69.4)
Which of Carla's characteristics would most help her succeed in balancing her time so that she can study, be active on campus, and have fun with her friends? A) her belief that she is in control of her own life B) her ability to resist rewards C) her ability to persuade friends to do as she asks D) her rigid application of a plan without allowing for alterations
70) The key element of wellness is the absence of disease. ⊚ true ⊚ false
71) Self-confidence affects self-esteem. ⊚ true ⊚ false
72) Strong friendships are a key component of a person’s environmental wellness. ⊚ true ⊚ false
73) Religion is a requirement for good spiritual health. ⊚ true ⊚ false
74) It is not possible to have health in the absence of wellness. ⊚ true ⊚ false
75) Interpersonal wellness includes the ability to detect problems. ⊚ true ⊚ false
76) Prior to the 20th century, infectious diseases were a primary cause of mortality. ⊚ true ⊚ false
77) Poor lifestyle choices are a primary factor in American mortality in the 21st century. ⊚ true ⊚ false
78) Morbidity and mortality are synonymous. ⊚ true ⊚ false
79) One goal being developed for Healthy People 2030 is to eliminate health disparities among
Americans. ⊚ true ⊚ false
80) Gender differences in rates of chronic diseases are reflected in the fact that men have higher
risk of Alzheimer’s disease and women are at a greater risk of depression. ⊚ true ⊚ false
81) Deaths from opioid overdose and alcohol abuse increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. ⊚ true ⊚ false
82) According to the National Center for Health Statistics, significant progress to reduce racial
and ethnic health disparities has been made over the past 15 years and there is no longer a gap in life expectancy between white people and Black people. ⊚ true ⊚ false
83) Education and economic status are among the factors considered significant health
determinants within Healthy People 2030. ⊚ true ⊚ false
84) The attainment of a four-year college degree is associated with an additional decade of life
expectancy. ⊚ true ⊚ false
85) Deeply rooted behaviors like addiction can never be changed through independent self-
management techniques alone. ⊚ true ⊚ false
86) A detailed cost-benefit analysis of a behavior change is recommended in the
precontemplation stage of change. ⊚ true ⊚ false
87) Motivation and commitment to change behavior increase with an external locus of control. ⊚ true ⊚ false
88) Motivation for behavior change is unaffected by social support. ⊚ true ⊚ false
89) The role of visualization in behavior change is to increase your external locus of control. ⊚ true ⊚ false
90) Lapses into previous unhealthy behaviors should be considered failures. ⊚ true ⊚ false
91) A health journal should address only the specific target behavior rather than the
circumstances around that behavior. ⊚ true ⊚ false
92) Most people are more likely to be motivated toward behavior change by long-term goals such
as the avoidance of disease in the future. ⊚ true ⊚ false
93) In the maintenance phase of behavior change, a person has exited the cycle of change and is
no longer tempted to revert to their old behavior. ⊚ true ⊚ false
94) Making adjustments to an original plan of action is a common part of the termination phase
of behavior change. ⊚ true ⊚ false
95) Effective rewards and support for behavior change are a key element of “SMART” goal
setting. ⊚ true ⊚ false
96) A person has just moved to a new town, started a new job, and is settling into a new
apartment when they learn that their grandmother has passed away. This may be the perfect time to institute a behavior change program. ⊚ true ⊚ false
97) Making a successful change in a physical health behavior has the additional benefit of
improved self-efficacy. ⊚ true ⊚ false
98) Behavior choices and actions have no impact beyond the health and wellness of the
individual making the change. ⊚ true ⊚ false
99) Select five of the nine dimensions of wellness discussed in the text and, for each dimension,
list three behaviors or habits that you would consider engaging in to promote its development.
100)
Explain and give an example of the interrelationship between emotional wellness and interpersonal wellness. Clearly distinguish between the two and then demonstrate their interrelationship.
101)
Discuss three ways in which a new graduate with a limited income can improve their financial wellness in the first year out of school.
102)
Discuss the role of lifestyle choices in determining quality of life. Give at least three examples of healthy lifestyle choices and explain how they promote quality of life and specifically affect the individual dimensions of wellness.
103)
Describe the four broad national goals of Healthy People 2030. Then choose one of the special population groups described in Healthy People 2030 and identify two health issues of particular importance for that group.
104)
Describe five strategies for critically evaluating health-related information.
Answer Key Test name: chapter 1 1) A 2) A 3) B 4) B 5) A 6) D 7) B 8) B 9) D 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A 14) D 15) D 16) A 17) A 18) A 19) D 20) C 21) B 22) D 23) B 24) A 25) B 26) B 27) D 28) D 29) B 30) D 31) D 32) D 33) D 34) A 35) C 36) A 37) C
38) D 39) A 40) A 41) C 42) C 43) D 44) D 45) A 46) A 47) A 48) C 49) A 50) B 51) C 52) D 53) A 54) C 55) A 56) C 57) B 58) C 59) D 60) D 61) D 62) C 63) C 64) B 65) A 66) D 67) A 68) D 69) Section Break 69.1) B 69.2) C 69.3) A 69.4) A 70) FALSE 71) TRUE 72) FALSE 73) FALSE 74) FALSE
75) FALSE 76) TRUE 77) TRUE 78) FALSE 79) TRUE 80) FALSE 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) TRUE 84) FALSE 85) FALSE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) FALSE 90) FALSE 91) FALSE 92) FALSE 93) FALSE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) FALSE 97) TRUE 98) FALSE 99) Essay
Answers will vary. 100)
Essay Answers will vary but should include a definition of each and then a discussion of how emotional and interpersonal wellness are intertwined. 101)
Essay Answers will vary but should include some aspect of budget awareness, understanding of responsible use of credit cards, contribution to employer sponsored retirement plans, paying off high interest rate debts, etc. 102)
Essay Answers will vary. 103)
Essay
Answers will vary. 104)
Essay Answers will vary.
Student name:__________ 105)
The term stressor refers to A) a response to normal activities of daily life. B) a physical or psychological event. C) a physical reaction to fright. D) a return to homeostasis.
106)
Which one is a stressor? A) a final exam B) sweaty palms C) elevated heart rate D) high fever
107)
Which item best represents the term stress? A) public speaking B) a startle response C) anxiety about a test D) taking a test
108)
Which option is NOT considered a stressor? A) memories of the death of a loved one B) sweaty palms C) getting married D) air pollution
109)
Which system would initiate the body’s physical response to stressors? A) cardiorespiratory system B) endocrine system C) lymphatic system D) musculoskeletal system
110)
Which neurotransmitter is activated when a person faces the threat of a physical attack? A) acetylcholine B) serotonin C) parasympathetic D) norepinephrine
111)
The autonomic nervous system directly controls all the following EXCEPT A) digestion. B) heart rate. C) voluntary muscle contraction. D) blood pressure.
112)
Which statement best describes the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system? A) It is responsible for mobilizing energy sources for use in a crisis. B) It activates the endocrine system. C) It is activated when one is frightened or angry. D) It aids in digestion and promotes growth.
113)
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated when a person is agitated by a stressor? A) central B) somatic C) parasympathetic D) sympathetic
114)
Which system helps control body functions by releasing hormones? A) central nervous system B) endocrine system C) endorphin system D) integumentary system
115)
Which change does NOT occur as a result of cortisol and epinephrine being released in response to stress? A) Hearing and vision become more acute. B) The pancreas increases secretion of insulin. C) The liver releases sugar into the blood. D) Perspiration increases.
116)
Which process is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system? A) lifting an apple toward the mouth B) release of digestive enzymes C) increased rate of breathing while crossing a street D) release of endorphins
117)
Which response would be expected from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system? A) activation of the adrenal glands B) increased storage of sugar in the liver C) constriction of pores and reduced sweat rate D) return of heart rate and respiration to resting levels
118)
Which activity would trigger the release of endorphins? A) drifting off to sleep B) eating a meal C) waking up in the morning D) walking briskly
119)
Which physical reaction characterizes the stress response? A) decreasing body temperature B) expanding blood vessels of the skin C) shrinking respiratory mucous membranes D) constricting pupils
120)
Which statement regarding the fight, flight, or freeze reaction is FALSE? A) It is particularly useful in coping with modern life. B) It enables the body to perceive danger more quickly. C) It enables a person to quickly escape possible injury. D) It prepares the body for action by boosting energy.
121)
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system returns the body to homeostasis following exposure to a stressor? A) central B) somatic C) parasympathetic D) sympathetic
122)
Which statement best defines homeostasis? A) It is the response of the body to unmanaged stress. B) It is the body's condition during the fight, flight, or freeze reaction. C) It is the body’s process of maintaining a stable internal environment. D) It is the response of the body to prolonged exposure to stressors.
123)
The sum of one's cognitive, behavioral, and emotional tendencies defines A) personality. B) temperament. C) happiness. D) intelligence.
124)
Which statement about people with hardy personalities is FALSE? A) They view stressors as growth opportunities. B) They tend to perceive fewer situations as stressful. C) They tend to have an external locus of control. D) They have a commitment to their activities.
125)
Which of the following best exemplifies someone with a resilient personality? A) a single parent successfully pursing a college degree while working a part-time job B) an athlete who focuses on training for an upcoming event C) an intelligent person who drops a class after failing an exam D) a person with an undiagnosed disability
126)
What description of American women was reported by Brigid Schulte in her book, Overwhelmed? A) They spend more time with their children than parents of the 1960s. B) They dominate visual social media platforms, such as Instagram and Snapchat. C) They are increasingly career-oriented rather than family-oriented. D) They accept that it is crucial to be pretty, sexy, kind, and liked by everyone in the real and virtual worlds.
127)
128)
What differentiates eustress from distress? A) Eustress is triggered by something pleasant but challenging. B) Eustress is only triggered by something considered to be a hindrance. C) Eustress does not trigger the stress response. D) Eustress is triggered only when there is an absence of stimulation.
A student is very anxious about their organic chemistry class and dreads taking the tests. Which action would improve the student’s cognitive response to this impending stressor? A) knowing the test schedules in advance B) acknowledging that they have no control over the situation C) leaving the classroom if the test becomes too difficult D) seeking to follow a stressed power motivation coping format
129)
Which individual would most likely demonstrate the psychological characteristic of unstressed affiliation motivation? A) Shania, a friendly colleague who always joins her workmates at lunch B) Saul, a first-year student who rarely speaks in class and has no affiliation to any campus clubs C) Mohammed, a member of several fraternities who always takes charge at the weekly meetings D) Cindy, a current leader of the debate club who was previously president of the Student Union
130)
A college student who failed a term paper would likely experience which type of stress? A) eustress B) allostatic stress C) distress D) chronic stress
131)
According to the general adaptation syndrome model, during which phase would the fight, flight, or freeze reaction occur? A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) recovery
132)
According to the general adaptation syndrome theory of stress, at which point would a person have the greatest resistance to injury? A) during periods when encountering several stressors simultaneously B) after being in a new school for a few weeks C) during final exam week at school D) during their first week at a new school
133)
A first-year student is very anxious about an upcoming exam and has no appetite, is easily distracted, and is having difficulty sleeping. According to the general adaptation syndrome theory, which stage of the stress response is this student most likely experiencing? A) alarm B) allostatic C) resistance D) exhaustion
134)
According to the general adaptation syndrome theory, what is the body’s typical response during the resistance stage? A) It is in a relaxed state. B) There is heightened activation of the sympathetic nervous system. C) A new level of homeostasis is established. D) It can no longer react effectively to normal life situations.
135)
According to the general adaptation syndrome theory, the exhaustion phase may occur when A) the fight, flight, or freeze reaction is resolved. B) stress-related hormones are secreted. C) allostatic load is alleviated. D) multiple stressors occur in succession.
136)
Which is NOT typical of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A) new homeostasis level B) chronic illness C) physiological depletion D) depression
137)
The physiological consequence of exposure to repeated or chronic stress is referred to as A) eustress. B) distress. C) homeostasis. D) allostatic load.
138)
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of interactions among all the following systems EXCEPT the A) nervous system. B) endocrine system. C) immune system. D) integumentary system.
139)
Which is the correct interpretation of psychoneuroimmunology? A) It is the study of how hormone-like substances translate stressful emotions into biochemical events that affect the immune system. B) It is the study of how immune system components like lymphocytes can affect personality traits. C) It is the study of how personality traits can affect the nervous system. D) It implies that interactions between the immune system and the nervous system can lead to personality traits like hardiness.
140)
Which relationship has been shown through the study of psychoneuroimmunology? A) There appears to be no relationship between cortisol and lymphocytes. B) Increased levels of cortisol are linked to a decreased number of lymphocytes. C) Increased levels of noradrenaline are linked to an increased number of lymphocytes. D) Decreased levels of epinephrine are linked to a decreased number of lymphocytes.
141)
What is the role of chronic stress in diseases such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes? A) acceleration of inflammation B) reduction in blood pressure C) reduced heart rate D) increased blood flow
142)
Which character trait is most closely associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease? A) hostility B) excitability C) lack of purpose D) resilience
143)
Stress has been found to contribute to which of the following conditions? A) depression B) schizophrenia C) autism D) osteoporosis
144)
Which condition has been linked to excessive stress? A) constipation B) myopia C) impacted teeth D) glaucoma
145)
Which statement regarding stress is FALSE? A) The sequence of physiological responses to eustress and distress are different. B) The college years are often very stressful. C) Positive changes in one's life can be significant stressors. D) Stress responses can vary depending on genetic factors.
146)
Which form of headaches is the most common? A) tension headaches B) migraine headaches C) cluster headaches D) sinus headaches
147)
Which group is disproportionately affected by cluster headaches? A) men B) women C) teenagers D) elderly
148)
According to the Stress in America survey, which action would reduce the stress level of workers? A) when they utilize sick leave credits to address burnout B) when they are involved in shaping their job descriptions and responsibilities C) when they are permitted to use their phones and check social media feeds at any time D) when they solely focus on their specific task and avoid involvement in labor unions
149)
A student who survived a school shooting last year experiences frequent flashbacks of the event, becomes anxious in crowded public spaces, and is unable to sleep soundly. Which statement regarding the student’s behavior is TRUE? A) Their symptoms are consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). B) It is a temporary challenge that can be overcome with positive thinking. C) The student can move forward by reviewing media coverage of the event. D) The student should have self-awareness and avoid social contact.
150)
Which circumstances would MOST likely reduce job stress among employees? A) participating in committees that determine job responsibilities B) having a desk job C) maintaining composure and motivation even with a very tight schedule D) having a position that mainly requires physical activity
151)
Despair and hostility are types of________ stressors. A) interpersonal B) internal C) environmental D) social
152)
Which strategy would be the LEAST effective to cope with stress? A) exercise regularly B) maintain a social support system C) ignore the stressor D) improve time-management skills
153)
If a person is still emotionally distressed weeks after a tragic event, the most helpful strategy would be to A) review the archived media coverage of the event. B) avoid sharing their feelings with others. C) seek professional help. D) take a long walk to reduce anxiety.
154)
Which statement regarding exercise and stress is FALSE? A) Exercise stimulates the birth of new brain cells. B) Fewer than 20% of Americans take part in exercise to cope with stress. C) Exercise results in reduced stress responses. D) Exercise expends built-up nervous energy.
155)
Which statement regarding exercise and stress is TRUE? A) Exercise is most effective within 15 minutes of experiencing a stressor. B) Three 45-minute walks per week can increase your sense of wellness. C) Taking a long walk can help reduce your heart rate. D) Exercising excessively will build stronger resistance to stress.
156)
Which action would be the MOST effective way to overcome procrastination? A) Avoid thinking about tasks that have been put off. B) Complete favorite tasks first before more complicated assignments. C) Integrate short-term goals into long-term goals. D) Consolidate tasks when possible.
157)
Which action would be MOST helpful when prioritizing several tasks? A) Prioritize tasks that take more time to finish. B) Divide tasks into three groups and ignore the least important group. C) Complete the simple tasks first because they only take a few minutes. D) Arrange tasks based on the degree of enjoyment.
158)
Which technique is NOT considered helpful for improving efficiency at completing tasks? A) Use the “SMART” goal-setting technique. B) Write down the goals. C) Only start toward a goal when there is enough time to reach it. D) Allow extra time to achieve goals.
159)
Which is NOT a recommended time-management strategy? A) Prioritize tasks. B) Consolidate tasks. C) Avoid unstructured time. D) Keep track of deferred tasks.
160)
Which is NOT helpful for improving time management? A) Emphasize only long-term goals. B) Visualize the achievement of goals. C) Delegate responsibility. D) Say "no" when necessary.
161)
A student likes watching television to relax, but has to write a big paper due tomorrow. Which activity would be most productive when the student needs a break? A) Limit a television break to 5–10 minutes. B) Take a five-minute walk. C) Only watch short televisions shows during breaks. D) Surf online for a few minutes.
162)
Which is a cognitive technique for stress management? A) progressive relaxation B) deep breathing C) cultivating higher expectations D) positive self-talk
163)
Which is NOT a cognitive technique for stress management? A) solving problems B) modifying expectations C) maintaining positivity D) delegating important tasks
164)
What is the physiological response several minutes after a good laugh? A) increased heart rate B) relaxed muscles C) increased blood pressure D) labored respiration
165)
Which physiological effect would a person have from regularly visiting a comedy club? A) increased release of cortisol B) reduced endorphin concentration C) reduced antibody concentration D) increased blood flow
166)
Which action would NOT benefit a person who is attempting to use mindfulness-based stress reduction to deal with stress? A) Focus on breathing for 5 to 15 minutes. B) Organize and prioritize goals. C) Be present in each moment, even if it is uncomfortable. D) Concentrate on sensory input.
167)
Which statement regarding the practice of mindfulness-based stress reduction is TRUE? A) It was first described in the early 13th century as being focused around the practice of yoga. B) It stands by the core philosophy that “there is more right with you than there is wrong with you.” C) A person must undergo training with a professional to achieve the desired benefits. D) Exercise is a fundamental requirement to achieve full mindfulness.
168)
A person who regularly practices mindfulness meditation would anticipate which physiological effects in the brain? A) improved connections between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex B) enhanced endorphin reuptake C) heightened activity within the cerebellum D) the person would experience no physiological effects
169)
Which stress management technique emphasizes the use of breath, control, and balance? A) meditation B) hatha yoga C) qigong D) tai chi
170)
What is the primary benefit of tai chi? A) It teaches students to remain calm and centered. B) It is an excellent cardiovascular workout. C) It helps the student become aware of stress through awareness of heart rate, skin temperature, or sweating. D) It is easily self-taught.
171)
How does biofeedback help people reduce stress? A) It temporarily removes the internal stressors experienced by individuals. B) It cleanses the body of toxins. C) It provides electrical stimulation which increases muscle strength and flexibility. D) It heightens awareness of physiological functions.
172)
Which strategy is NOT considered counterproductive in managing stress? A) smoking cigarettes B) avoiding all challenging situations C) increasing intake of fruits and vegetables D) drinking alcohol
173)
Which is the first step in creating a personal plan for managing stress? A) Design a plan. B) Recognize the body’s stress response. C) Seek professional help. D) Investigate support groups.
174)
What is the primary value of a support group? A) shared experiences B) inexpensive psychotherapy sessions C) relaxation techniques D) pastoral counseling
175)
How does caffeine work in stress management? A) It can enhance feelings of self-control in high doses. B) It can increase cortisol levels. C) It can reduce irritability. D) It can be detrimental even with a single cup daily.
176)
Braxton has been attending full-time college for about two months. During the past week, with two exams coming up, Braxton had trouble sleeping, experienced headaches, and had difficulty concentrating.
176.1) Braxton most likely is experiencing A) worry about postcollege career. B) academic stress. C) interpersonal stress. D) financial concerns.
176.2) Which strategy would be LEAST helpful in alleviating Braxton’s symptoms? A) concentrating on obstacles B) practicing affirmation C) joining a social group D) adopting a Yoga practice
177)
A physical or psychological event called a stressor triggers the stress response. ⊚ true ⊚ false
178)
A high score on a perceived stress scale generally means that a person is coping well with stressors. ⊚ true ⊚ false
179)
Emotional reactions are the sole form of stress response. ⊚ true ⊚ false
180)
Endorphins are brain secretions that inhibit pain. ⊚ true ⊚ false
181)
The physical responses to a given stressor are always consistent from person to person. ⊚ true ⊚ false
182)
Individual perceptions affect stress responses. ⊚ true ⊚ false
183)
A college student who enrolls in the most difficult course and views it as an opportunity for growth has the psychological characteristic of power motivation. ⊚ true ⊚ false
184)
There are no gender differences in the experience of stress. ⊚ true ⊚ false
185)
The intensity of an emotional response to a stressor has little to no impact on the intensity of the physical response. ⊚ true ⊚ false
186)
Being promoted to a longed-for but challenging job is more likely to be associated with distress than eustress. ⊚ true ⊚ false
187)
When individuals progress to the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome, they are likely to have distorted perceptions and disorganized thinking. ⊚ true ⊚ false
188)
The general adaptation syndrome is a theory that describes a universal and predictable response pattern to all stressors. ⊚ true ⊚ false
189)
190)
A high allostatic load can predispose a person to certain health problems. ⊚ true ⊚ false
During periods of stress, the cardiovascular system becomes more resistant to inflammation and heart attacks. ⊚ true ⊚ false
191)
High cortisol levels are associated with increased immune system functioning. ⊚ true ⊚ false
192)
Stress affects cardiovascular disease. ⊚ true ⊚ false
193)
Individuals with high stress levels are more resistant to asthma and allergy attacks. ⊚ true ⊚ false
194)
Daily hassles such as misplacing car keys can be a greater source of stress than major life changes such as moving. ⊚ true ⊚ false
195)
Marriage is associated with increased life expectancy and benefits women more than men. ⊚ true ⊚ false
196)
Regular physical activity impedes the ability to return to homeostasis after a stressful situation. ⊚ true ⊚ false
197)
Social isolation can produce changes in the autonomic nervous system. ⊚ true ⊚ false
198)
A key element of mindfulness-based stress reduction is to focus thoughts on more conceptual and discursive activities. ⊚ true ⊚ false
199)
Describe five physical reactions to the release of cortisol and epinephrine in response to a stressor, and specify why each reaction would be beneficial in the case of an acute danger.
200)
Compare and contrast the characteristics of stressed power motivation and unstressed affiliation motivation.
201)
Describe the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome, and discuss the longterm consequences of an extended period in this stage.
202)
Describe how diversity plays into the issue of stress and stress responses among a group of college students who recently emigrated from the Middle East. Describe potential unique stressors that may be distinct from the experience of those students who were born in the United States.
203)
Explain how overcommitment and procrastination interact and negatively impact time management. Identify and explain four strategies for improving time management.
204)
Describe the pathway that connects chronic stress to the immune system, and give three examples of stress-related health problems that could result from changes in immune system functioning.
205)
Yìchén constantly worries about events that have not happened yet. He has trouble sleeping and experiences frequent headaches. Describe two mindfulness or body awareness techniques that Yìchén could use to help him cope with the stressors. Discuss the benefits of each technique, and explain why you have chosen each one.
Answer Key Test name: chapter 2 1) B 2) A 3) C 4) B 5) B 6) D 7) C 8) D 9) D 10) B 11) B 12) B 13) A 14) D 15) C 16) A 17) C 18) C 19) A 20) C 21) A 22) A 23) A 24) A 25) A 26) C 27) A 28) B 29) A 30) C 31) D 32) A 33) D 34) D 35) A 36) B 37) A
38) A 39) A 40) A 41) A 42) A 43) A 44) A 45) A 46) A 47) B 48) C 49) C 50) B 51) B 52) D 53) B 54) C 55) C 56) A 57) B 58) D 59) D 60) B 61) D 62) B 63) B 64) A 65) B 66) A 67) D 68) C 69) B 70) A 71) B 72) Section Break 72.1) B 72.2) A 73) TRUE 74) FALSE 75) FALSE 76) TRUE
77) FALSE 78) TRUE 79) FALSE 80) FALSE 81) FALSE 82) FALSE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) FALSE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) Essay
Answers will vary but could include any of the responses highlighted and outlined in Figure 2.1. 96) Essay
Stressed power motivation is associated with people who are aggressive and argumentative and who need to have power over others. On the other hand, people with unstressed affiliation motivation are drawn to others and want to be liked as friends. 97) Essay
Answers will vary. 98) Essay
Answers will vary but may contain distinct descriptions of cultural norms, communication and language challenges, racism, intolerance to non-mainstream gender roles, religious persecution, altered access to familiar foods, etc. 99) Essay
Answers will vary. 100)
Essay
Answers will vary but should include the pathway in which prolonged secretion of cortisol may lead to a decrease in the number of lymphocytes and a reduction in immune cell efficiency, as well as the acceleration of inflammation that can contribute to a variety of diseases. 101)
Essay Answers will vary but may include meditation, mindful breathing, visualization, walking meditation, yoga, tai chi, and biofeedback.
Student name:__________ 206)
Which of the following statements regarding psychological health is true? A) Psychological health is independent of physical health. B) Being psychologically healthy means never having a mental illness or a mood disorder. C) Most people are psychologically healthy but still suffer from some form of mental illness. D) Psychological health can be defined as either the absence of sickness or the presence of wellness.
207)
According to Maslow, basic human needs are ranked in the following order from most urgent to least urgent. A) physiological needs, safety and security, being loved, maintaining self-esteem, and self-actualization B) safety and security, physiological needs, being loved, maintaining self-esteem, and self-actualization C) safety and security, physiological needs, maintaining self-esteem, and selfactualization D) self-actualization, physiological needs, safety and security, maintaining self-esteem, and being loved
208)
An example of realism is A) accepting your imperfections. B) having no fear about being true to yourself. C) searching for evidence that supports your desires. D) knowing what can and cannot be changed.
209)
A self-actualized person does NOT A) know the difference between what is and what he or she wants. B) accept evidence that contradicts what he or she wants to believe. C) focus on the way things should be instead of the way they are. D) continually look at the world with renewed appreciation.
210)
Xia has a beautiful home and a devoted partner, but she feels unhappy any time she thinks about leaving her house, since the neighbors across the street were robbed six months ago. Which level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is NOT being met? A) physiological needs B) safety and security C) love and belongingness D) self-esteem
211)
People with the quality of acceptance usually A) have a positive but realistic perception of themselves. B) can accept their own imperfections but reserve the right to judge others’ flaws. C) feel good about themselves but rarely live up to their self-image. D) are intolerant of their own imperfections.
212)
Which of the following statements describes people who are autonomous? A) They do not express their feelings because of fear of disapproval. B) They respond only to what they feel as outside pressure. C) They identify as introverted rather than extroverted. D) They are physically, socially, emotionally, and intellectually independent.
213)
People who are "real" and not afraid to be themselves can be described as A) authentic. B) creative. C) intimate. D) autonomous.
214)
All of the following are associated with a capacity for intimacy EXCEPT A) being able to share feelings without the fear of rejection. B) openness to physical pleasure. C) emotional independence. D) satisfaction from being close to others.
215)
The ability to look at the world with renewed appreciation and curiosity can enhance A) self-esteem. B) autonomy. C) intimacy. D) creativity.
216)
Which of the following is a difference between Martin Seligman’s pleasant life and engaged life dimensions? A) The pleasant life involves emotional intelligence, while the engaged life focuses on cultivating happiness. B) The pleasant life cultivates positive emotions about experiences, while the engaged life entails working with others toward a meaningful end. C) The pleasant life involves cultivating positive personality traits, while the engaged life focuses on maximizing positive emotions. D) The pleasant life focuses on maximizing positive emotions, while the engaged life involves cultivating positive personality traits.
217)
Raymond had a challenging childhood and is seeking therapy to develop a more positive feeling about his experience. He is therefore pursuing happiness in the dimension of the A) engaged life. B) pleasant life. C) meaningful life. D) past life.
218)
Erik Erikson’s stages of psychological development are experienced A) selectively. B) sequentially. C) randomly. D) simultaneously.