Aging and The Life Course An Introduction to Social Gerontology 6e Jill Quadagno (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) Chapter 01 The Field of Social Gerontology
Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 04) Which of the following is not part of the definition of senescence? A. the application of evolutionary principles to decline in old age B. death is a part of the process of natural selection C. death is a way to weed out worn-out members of a population D. old age can be a period of renewal and increased wisdom
2. (p. 04) A subfield of gerontology is A. scientology B. social gerontology C. sociology D. social work
3. (p. 04) Social gerontologists are concerned mainly with the _______ of aging. A. physical component B. biological component C. social component D. financial component
4. (p. 04) Which of the following is not a factor associated with successful aging? A. setting goals and working to achieve them B. participating in meaningful activities C. adopting a lifestyle to reach maximum level of functioning D. accepting compulsory retirement
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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology
5. (p. 06) All of the following are used to define age with the exception of: A. chronological age B. functional age C. subjective age D. cohort age
6. (p. 06-07) A good example of functional age is: A. a person between the ages of 65-74 B. retiring from one's employment at 48 C. at the age of 58, no longer being able to run 20 miles D. classifying oneself as "old" or "elderly"
7. (p. 06) Which of the following is not an example of chronological age? A. young old at 65-74 B. well old at any age C. middle-old 75-84 D. oldest-old 85 and older
8. (p. 06) Chronological age poses a problem in social gerontology because it: A. is a subjective factor B. lumps people of different generations together C. can be a good predictor of old age D. is a specific point in a person's life
9. (p. 07) The most important factor in determining subjective age identity is: A. income B. health C. marital status D. education
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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology
10. (p. 06) Mrs. Martin recently became a grandmother. The best term to define the change in her life is: A. social role B. functional age C. chronological age D. subjective age
11. (p. 07) Which of the following is not one of the functional categories devised by gerontologists? A. well elderly B. somewhat impaired elderly C. employed elderly D. frail elderly
12. (p. 07) Functional age may be measured by: A. reduced skin elasticity B. diminished long-term memory C. speech defect D. level of activity
13. (p. 07) Why do women tend to associate more negative connotations with aging than do men? A. Women, on average, die earlier than men. B. Women are evaluated on physical attractiveness and reproductive potential, and aging affects both. C. Women lose mental capacity as they age more quickly than men. D. Men think they get better looking with age so they don't mind it as much.
14. (p. 08) Gerontologists define a "cohort" as: A. studies of family processes B. actual number of years lived by a group of people C. average number of years lived by a group of people D. aggregate of individuals who experience the same event within the same time interval
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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology
15. (p. 09) Five distinct birth cohorts can be classified in the twentieth century. Which of the following is not one of these birth cohorts? A. swing generation B. silent generation C. rock generation D. baby boomers
16. (p. 08) Cohort aging refers to: A. people in different historical eras B. people 85 and over C. distinctive experiences which cohort members share. D. the continuous advancement of a cohort to one age category to another over the life span
17. (p. 10) Cohorts may vary in their composition. One compositional difference is: A. ethnicity B. kinship bonds C. household structure D. employment rates
18. (p. 10) The term "ageism" refers to: A. a composite of ideas and beliefs attached to people as a group or category B. avert or hostile attitudes directed toward a group of people C. overt action directed toward a group of older people D. systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old
19. (p. 12) Which is not a type of ageism that involves patronizing the elderly? A. discriminating against older adults in institutions B. discouraging the elderly from taking risks C. discouraging older people from exercising D. Denying the sexuality of older people
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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology
20. (p. 13) All of the following are examples of the double standard of aging by gender except: A. men are more likely to be evaluated for their sexual appeal and women for emotional support B. men are more likely to be independent and self-reliant than women C. aging in women is less attractive than for men D. women are more likely to use cosmetic techniques to conceal their age than men
21. (p. 12) Research has found that television: A. consistently portrays the aged in a positive and non-stereotypical fashion B. television ads have improved significantly in the way they depict older people C. mostly does not focus on young people D. rarely treat older people with disrespect
22. (p. 14) One common theme of aging in novels has been that: A. aging is seen as a period of self-revelation and is beneficial B. aging is seen as problematic C. aging is seen as a period of physical decline with economic hardships D. aging is portrayed in a very unrealistic way
23. (p. 14) All of the following are facts about aging except: A. Nearly a third of people 65 or older are in nursing homes B. The majority of older people have incomes about the poverty level C. It has never been common in the U.S. for older people to live with their adult children D. Personality is stable. It does not change with age.
24. (p. 14) Which of the following is not a stereotype of older adults? A. The aged are isolated from family members. B. Most older people are disabled. C. The majority of men and women are out of the labor force by age 62. D. The aged are politically powerful.
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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology
25. (p. 15) Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the marital status of older people: A. The majority of men aged 65 to 74 are widowed B. About one-quarter of women aged 65 to 74 are widowed C. Older African American men are more likely to be married than older white men D. Older African American women are more likely than white women to be married
26. (p. 17) What factor is most likely to lead to higher income in old age: A. Education B. Widowhood C. Living in a retirement community D. Being a minority
27. (p. 18) Which group has the highest income in old age? A. unmarried people B. married couples C. women living alone D. men living alone
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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology
True / False Questions 28. (p. 04) Social gerontology is a subfield of gerontology, concerned primarily with the social aspects of aging. TRUE
29. (p. 05) In an Israeli Kibbutz, all members have equal standing, regardless of age or status. TRUE
30. (p. 06) There is one major definition of aging. FALSE
31. (p. 08) An example of age cohort would include all interns at a particular company. TRUE
32. (p. 09) Five distinct cohorts have been identified by social gerontologists. TRUE
33. (p. 09) People who were born during the Depression are members of the "Swing Cohort". FALSE
34. (p. 09) There is little variation in cohorts by gender or ethnic composition. FALSE
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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology
35. (p. 10) According to research, by the year 2015 more than 66% of very old women will have at least two surviving children. TRUE
36. (p. 10) Research has found that by middle school age, most children have formed a strong image about aging and the elderly. FALSE
37. (p. 11) The tendency to discourage the elderly from taking risks is a form of ageism. TRUE
38. (p. 13) The portrayal of elderly people in television ads has improved significantly in the last 40 years. TRUE
39. (p. 16) Men are more likely to be widowed than women. FALSE
40. (p. 15) The majority of older people are in poor health. FALSE
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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology
Essay Questions 41. How would you define successful aging? Answers will vary
42. How are older people depicted in the television shows that you watch? Answers will vary
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
Chapter 02 Life Course Transitions
Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 28) Transitions are: A. social changes that occurs as one cohort replaces the other B. the impact of historical events on the entire society C. role changes individuals make as they leave school, take a job, marry, have children, or retire. D. ways of using age as a social category to group people by status
2. (p. 28) All of the following are characteristics of a trajectory except: A. it can be a multiple pathway in ordering and timing life events. B. it ranks individuals hierarchically in a social system. C. it can consist of distinct gender differences in employment. D. it has had an impact on women's income security in old age.
3. (p. 29) Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of age grade? A. It occurs in every society. B. Most societies have more clearly marked age grades for males than for females. C. Societies may vary in the number of age grades. D. Individual members of society can select the age grade they want to join.
4. (p. 29) One of the major methodological issues in research on the life course is: A. collecting data to test various hypotheses B. selecting the appropriate sample size C. distinguishing among age, period, and cohort effects D. distinguishing between abstract and concrete concepts for the study
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
5. (p. 30) An example of cohort effect is: A. an older cohort who believes that living together is wrong, when the younger cohort does not. B. an older cohort is more likely to perform better on intelligence tests than younger cohorts. C. the impact of the Civil Rights movement on The Lancer family during the 1960s D. the increase in the need for medical care for our society as people live longer
6. (p. 31) The best research design to distinguish among age, period, and cohort effects is: A. cross-sectional B. longitudinal C. secondary data D. participant observation
7. (p. 30) The finding that older people are more politically conservative than younger people is an example of: A. aging effect B. cohort effect C. period effect D. subculture effect
8. (p. 31) The longitudinal research design that focuses on the role that social support and personal relationships play in healthy aging is: A. The Health and Retirement Survey. B. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. C. National Social Life, Health and Aging Project D. Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest-Old.
9. (p. 32) Which of the following is not a technique used in qualitative research? A. Interviewing individuals using a survey instrument B. participant observation C. open-ended interviews D. observing people in a natural setting
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
10. (p. 32) All of the following are characteristics of longitudinal research designs except: A. they follow a particular group of people over time. B. they provide data about differences between age cohorts. C. they are costly. D. they are factual because all of the same subjects remain in the study.
11. (p. 34) The term "aging timetables" refers to: A. the number of years spent in each phase of the life cycle. B. appropriate ages for making various life course transitions. C. expected timing or deadline for life events. D. timetables that order life events.
12. (p. 32) Which of the following is not an example of life course transition in the family sphere? A. parenthood B. grandparenthood C. entering full-time employment D. marriage
13. (p. 31) The longitudinal research design which found that African-American respondents are less likely than Caucasian respondents to receive assistance or to use informal sources of health care was: A. Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest-Old study. B. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. C. The Health Retirement Study. D. The Longitudinal Study of Generations.
14. (p. 32) Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of longitudinal research designs? A. They are costly because they follow subjects over long periods of time. B. They are biased because subjects leave the study. C. They provide excellent health information and subjects. D. Those who remain in the study may differ from those who are no longer in the study.
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
15. (p. 33) The __________ clock orders major life events. A. biological B. social C. time D. age
16. (p. 34) One of the reasons for the "crowded nest" phenomenon is: A. low wage for young workers B. young adults these days are much less independent from their parents than in the past C. unavailability of other housing alternatives D. parents prefer to have their adult children living with them
17. (p. 35) The ________ refers to middle aged people who have both dependent children and aging parents. A. crowded nest B. social clock C. swing generation D. sandwich generation
18. (p. 35) Social scientists have found that there is a sequencing in the order of later life moves. The second move is more likely to occur when: A. older adults are seeking a comfortable lifestyle. B. older adults encounter physical incapacity. C. older adults develop chronic disabilities, a serious illness, or become widowed. D. older adults have remarried.
19. (p. 38) For nineteenth century women, _____ percent of their married lives were spent in childrearing. A. 60 B. 20 C. 90 D. 50
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
20. (p. 39) All of the following are characteristics of middle age except: A. it is an effect of demographic change. B. the early phase of middle age begins around 35. C. the later stage of middle age involves launching children, returning to the labor force, or caregiving to parents. D. most women are entering their first marriage.
21. (p. 40) One theory which seeks to explain why inequality increases with age is the: A. age stratification theory B. age inequality theory C. cumulative disadvantage theory D. demographic transition theory
22. (p. 40) Women are still the primary caregivers for children and aging parents. One of the disadvantages they face because of this is: A. they aren't able to spend as much time with their husbands B. they may turn down promotions at work in exchange for a flexible work schedule, leaving them with lower wages and less retirement income C. they have less time for socializing, so they often have few friends D. they suffer physically because they don't pay enough attention to their own health
23. (p. 40) The government has had the greatest impact on: A. adolescence and young adulthood B. children and older adults C. adolescence and old age D. children and adolescence
24. (p. 41) Why do most people think of "old age" as starting at 65? A. That's the age that most people retire these days. B. That's traditionally the age at which most health problems begin. C. That's the average age at which people become grandparents. D. Prior to the year 2000, that was the age at which retired workers could begin receiving Social Security benefits.
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
25. (p. 42) Which of the following was not part of the experience of the sent-down youth in China: A. Many were allowed to visit their families for only a few weeks every three years. B. Marriage and childbearing was significantly delayed. C. Most started out on the upper end of the occupational ladder. D. They were more likely to go to college and eventually had higher incomes.
True / False Questions 26. (p. 28) The life course of individuals is shaped entirely by the individual. FALSE
27. (p. 28) An example of a counter transition is achieving a bachelor's degree at age 18. FALSE
28. (p. 29) Age grades use age as a social category to group people by status. TRUE
29. (p. 29) A period effect is the social change that occurs in a society. FALSE
30. (p. 29) The best example of an aging effect is the Civil Rights movement of the 60s. FALSE
31. (p. 30) A cross-sectional research design consists of asking people in several age groups the same information. TRUE
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
32. (p. 31) A major advantage of the longitudinal research design is that the researcher can distinguish among age, period, and cohort effects. TRUE
33. (p. 31) The Health and Retirement Survey is an example of a longitudinal research study reported to the government panels making policy decisions about the family. FALSE
34. (p. 32) A major disadvantage of the longitudinal research design is the cost. TRUE
35. (p. 34) One example of change in the duration of the life course is the extension of adolescence. TRUE
36. (p. 35) The period of old age is also another change in the duration of the life course. It may last as long as 45 to 55 years. FALSE
37. (p. 35) If there are disorders in the sequencing of life events, there may be negative consequences for later life transitions. TRUE
38. (p. 37) One of the findings of Elder's work, Children of the Great Depression, was that younger children were more adversely affected by the Depression than older children. TRUE
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
39. (p. 39) Until recently, middle age was distinct from the rest of adult life. FALSE
40. (p. 39) By the 1970s, the average couple had their first child by their mid 20s and had a total of two children spaced two years apart. TRUE
41. (p. 40) The government has had the greatest impact on two phases of the life course: adolescence and old age. TRUE
42. (p. 41) Social Security is an old age government program meant to reduce later life poverty TRUE
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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions
Essay Questions 43. What are the major historical events that have affected your age cohort? Answers will vary
44. What is the ideal family size and how far apart should children be spaced? Answers will vary
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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging
Chapter 03 Theories of Aging
Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 49) The first practitioners of social gerontology were: A. social workers B. sociologists C. developmental psychologists D. biologists
2. (p. 49) Early studies of aging influenced by biological concerns suggested what? A. decline in old age is inevitable B. activity in old age does nothing to alleviate mental and physical decline C. those who are most active score highest on measures of life satisfaction D. social roles are not important for understanding "normal" aging
3. (p. 49) The central premise of the book Personal Adjustment in Old Age, was that: A. decline in old age is inevitable B. poor adjustment is due to being too busy C. poor adjustment was correlated with a lack of activity D. people adjusted best if they lived around young people
4. (p. 48) A theory is: A. an explanation for how data are collected. B. background information on a social concept. C. a broad explanation that provides the structure for organizing and interpreting multiple observable facts and their relationship to one another. D. another word for hypothesis.
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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging
5. (p. 48) Which of the following statements is not true? A. Theories not only guide scientists in deciding what questions to ask about the universe, but also reflect implicit values about the way things should be. B. What researchers decide to study and their attitudes toward the subject matter are products of their social environments. C. Theories tell us much about the concerns of people of a particular era. D. Theories are values that change from study to study.
6. (p. 49) A main finding of the Kansas City of Adult Life was what? A. There was a major change in the quality of role performance in middle age B. People began a process of disengaging in late middle age C. People remained fully engaged in their primary occupations D. People became less involved in family responsibilities
7. (p. 49) What was one of the major problems of the first project of the Kansas City of Adult Life? A. young adults were not included in the interviews. B. no one over age 70 was interviewed. C. too many minorities were interviewed. D. the measure of adjustment was flawed.
8. (p. 49) What was the major emphasis of the second project in the Kansas City Study of Adult Life: A. income of older adults across the life span. B. its emphasis on adjustment with measures of social role performance across the life span. C. its emphasis on the role that personality plays in the adjustment to aging. D. its emphasis on loss of status in old age.
9. (p. 50) All of the following are micro theories of aging with the exception of: A. continuity theory. B. political economy theory. C. activity theory. D. exchange theory.
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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems
58. (p. 183) Erectile Dysfunction in men does not have an effect on their female partners. FALSE
59. (p. 192) More than half of black grandparents are primary caregivers. TRUE
Essay Questions 60. Who are the members of your support system? What does your support system do for you? What benefits do you provide to them? Answers will vary
61. What best describes your relationship to your grandparents? Answers will vary
62. Has anyone close to you been divorced? How does divorce affect all family relationships? Answers will vary
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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements
Chapter 09 Living Arrangements
Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 202) The theory of intergenerational solidarity indicates: A. that all generations are supportive of one another. B. that all generations live in one household without any conflict. C. that a family will adjust its living arrangements to reflect the changing needs and resources of different generations. D. that a family will be available to all generations living within a household.
2. (p. 202) Researchers have identified _________ phases in the parent-child life course in terms of proximity of living arrangement. A. two B. three C. four D. five
3. (p. 202) Which of the following is not one of the phases in the parent-child living arrangements? A. Children marry and live close to their parents. B. Children live with or near their parents before they reach age 25. C. Children marry or move away in pursuit of education and employment. D. When aging parents become ill or disabled, they move nearer to their children.
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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements
4. (p. 203) One of the factors which influences parent-child living arrangements is: A. parents' network of friends. B. marital status. C. social class. D. religious background.
5. (p. 203) Older women are more likely than older men to live: A. alone. B. with children. C. with siblings. D. in a retirement home.
6. (p. 203) Which ethnic group is most likely to be living in an extended family household? A. Latinos B. Alaskan or Indians C. Middle Eastern D. Asians
7. (p. 203) For Asians, living arrangements are mostly a function of: A. filial piety B. poverty C. unfair housing practices D. political beliefs
8. (p. 203) __________ is the term for the movement of older people to the Sun Belt. A. Aging in place B. Geographic movement C. Residential movement D. Migratory stream
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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements
9. (p. 206) "Aging in place" is risky because: A. the neighborhood becomes more dangerous B. lack of access to neighborhood services C. de increased social isolation. D. all of the above
10. (p. 206) Home ownership is linked to: A. race B. self-esteem C. income D. gender.
11. (p. 206) African-Americans and Hispanics/Latinos have lower rates of home ownership due to: A. preference for remaining in a specific community. B. racial discrimination in housing. C. intergenerational housing arrangements. D. frequent moves from city to city.
12. (p. 209) All of the following are characteristics of poor housing quality among the elderly except: A. it is a problem for people who occupy rental properties. B. it is a problem for people who live in urban areas. C. it is a problem for the poorest elderly. D. it is a problem for ethnic minority groups.
13. (p. 210) Researchers have found that older homeless people are more likely to be: A. alcoholics. B. drug abusers. C. mentally challenged. D. poor.
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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements
14. (p. 210) Supportive housing refers to which of the following: A. housing options that offer assistance with daily living B. housing arrangements in inner cities. C. housing where older people live with students D. alternative living arrangements for people with developmental disabilities.
15. (p. 209) Which type of housing is at the bottom of the market: A. assisted living facilities. B. board-and-care homes. C. single room occupancy hotels (SROs). D. nursing homes
16. (p. 212) People 6¥85 and older are most likely to reside: A. traditional community B. community housing with services C. assisted living facility D. nursing home
17. (p. 214) What is the most important factor that affects job satisfaction among direct care workers? A. pay B. how well they are treated by their supervisors C. how much time it takes to commute to the job D. whether they are the same race/ethnicity as the residents
18. (p. 213) Assisted living facilities are a significant trend in housing for the elderly. All of the following are characteristics of assisted living facilities except: A. they provide social activities and transportation for residents. B. they help residents age in place. C. they usually retain residents suffering from dementia. D. they provide meals and personal care for residents.
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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements
19. (p. 213) There are currently between 30,000 and _______ assisted living facilities in the United States. A. 65,000 B. 70,000 C. 90,000 D. 1 million
20. (p. 214) What is one factor that determines whether residents of assisted living facilities feel "at home" in their facility? A. whether or not they have a lot of their own personal belongings surrounding them B. how close they live to family members C. their ability to make personal decisions and choices about their lives D. the amount of living space they occupy
21. (p. 214) The continuing care retirement communities grew out of the: A. women's movement. B. social protest movement. C. care concept developed by religious groups for the care of aging lay people and clergy. D. care concept developed by the political movement, Gray Panthers, whose founder was Maggie Kuhn.
22. (p. 214) A major attraction of the continuing care retirement communities is the: A. continuum of services provided to the residents. B. up-front fee and a continuing monthly fee from residents. C. location. D. number of available males.
23. (p. 214) A new type of continuing care retirement community is: A. semi-independent living community. B. dependent living community. C. independent living community. D. semi-dependent living community.
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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements
24. (p. 217) One of the advantages of continuing care retirement communities is the friendship networks. These friendships are frequently determined by: A. gender. B. chronological age. C. social class. D. marital status.
25. (p. 217) A major problem with continuing care retirement communities is the: A. staff. B. cost. C. social activities. D. range of services.
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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements
True / False Questions 26. (p. 202) The theory of intergenerational solidarity states that the aged maintain close ties with younger generations. FALSE
27. (p. 203) Most cases of intergenerational households are formed when children move in with elderly parents. TRUE
28. (p. 203) Women are less likely than men to live alone. FALSE
29. (p. 206) Home ownership rates are lower among widows. FALSE
30. (p. 213) A key component of the ALF philosophy is aging-in-pace. TRUE
31. (p. 217) Direct care workers are most concerned about pay. FALSE
32. (p. 217) Some retirement communities have refused to admit gay couples. TRUE
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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements
33. (p. 212) One study investigating assisted living facilities in Kansas found that the primary reason for discharge was related to the inability to pay for services. FALSE
34. (p. 211) Most continuing care retirement communities ask residents to pay an up-front fee and a continuing monthly fee. TRUE
35. (p. 211) Continuing care retirement communities help to reduce the risk of institutionalization. TRUE
36. (p. 217) The most important factor of CCRC resident's happiness is their relationships with staff and other residents. TRUE
Essay Questions 37. What is the ideal living arrangement for older adults? Answers will vary
38. What can be done to provide quality of care in assisted living facilities? Answers will vary
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
Chapter 10 Work and Retirement
Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 224) Among older men, the _______ of labor force participation varies. A. rate B. source C. income D. demand
2. (p. 233) The increase in work among older men can be attributed in part to which of the following? A. Changes in Social Security regulations B. The rise in standard of living among men C. The need for men to "prove themselves" in the workplace D. A rise in the demand for more experienced workers in the labor force
3. (p. 226) Women experience different patterns of work throughout their lives than do men due to the time they take off for childrearing and caring for aging parents. The disadvantages to this include all but which of the following? A. They make a lower wage overall B. They may not have pension benefits or health insurance, which normally come through a full-time job C. They have fewer marketable skills when re-entering the workforce at a later age D. They are unable to put to use the advanced or specialized degrees they may have gotten
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
4. (p. 273) There are several reasons why employers have stopped offering health benefits to their retired workers. Which of the following is not one of the reasons employers have stopped offering these benefits? A. policies have become increasingly expensive. B. the number of retired workers has increased. C. people are waiting to retire until they are eligible for Medicare and don't need these benefits. D. the federal government requires firms to report all costs and liabilities associated with retirees' health plans.
5. (p. 227) According to the Health and Retirement Survey, which ethnic group of women aged 51 to 55 are least likely to be employed? A. African Americans. B. Asian Americans. C. Latinos/Hispanics. D. Native Americans.
6. (p. 227) Among females 75 or older, _______ women work more. A. African American B. Asian American C. Latinos/Hispanic D. Native American
7. (p. 227) In 2001, 12 percent of African-American women were employed in domestic services; however, currently 33 percent of _________ women are employed in these jobs. A. Asian American B. Caucasian C. Latinos/Hispanic D. Native American
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
8. (p. 231) All of the following are reasons employers may be biased against older workers except: A. they are thought to be less productive than younger workers. B. they earn higher salaries. C. they are more stable than younger workers. D. they are perceived as incapable of adapting to change.
9. (p. 227) Over the life course, there are racial and ethnic differences in employment histories, which translate into different patterns of labor force participation in later life. Which of the following statements is accurate? A. In every age group, unemployment rates are higher for black and Hispanic men and women than they are for whites. B. Unemployment rates are lowest among black men until age 54. C. Black women have the highest unemployment rates until age 65 when they are exceeded by Hispanic women. D. At all ages, Hispanic men and women have the lowest unemployment rates.
10. (p. 230) The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 did which of the following? A. Banned discrimination against workers over age 65. B. Forbid employers from firing or demoting workers 65 and older without good cause. C. Banned discrimination against workers aged 40 to 65. D. Allowed employers to reduce the salaries of older workers if they were not as productive as younger workers.
11. (p. 229) A process in which workers can scale back their work responsibilities in order to ease into full retirement is termed: A. bridge jobs. B. contingent work. C. consultant work. D. phased retirement.
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
12. (p. 233) All of the following are characteristics of the defined contribution plan except: A. pays a specific amount when a worker has a certain number of years of service. B. most funds are invested in the stock market. C. workers tend to retire later compared to workers with a defined benefit plan. D. it is a saving plan with some tax advantage.
13. (p. 235) People who have worked at routine and unchallenged jobs all their lives are _________ to retire. A. reluctant B. wanting C. eager D. excited
14. (p. 237) Which type of retirement occurs when husbands and wives retire at the same time?? A. sequential retirement B. dual retirement C. joint retirement D. bridge retirement
15. (p. 237) All of the following are characteristics of women who continue to work after spouses have retired except which one? A. they live in smaller households. B. they have children younger than age 21. C. they have husbands with health problems. D. they live in larger households.
16. (p. 237) In which socioeconomic class is sequential retirement likely to be common? A. Higher socioeconomic status B. Middle socioeconomic status C. Upper-upper socioeconomic status D. Lower socioeconomic status
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
17. (p. 237) Retirement currently is a: A. single event. B. multiple process. C. dynamic process. D. static process.
18. (p. 238) Which one of the following is not consistently associated with happiness in retirement? A. Being married B. Adequate income C. Good health D. Continuing to work part-time
19. (p. 239) The most negative transition to retirement is experienced by: A. unmarried people. B. poor people. C. involuntary retirees. D. unhealthy people.
20. (p. 239) Retirement is a process but also a change in: A. status. B. income. C. health. D. daily activities.
21. (p. 240) There are several barriers to participating in leisure time pursuits among the elderly. Which of the following is not one of these barriers? A. Educational level B. Inadequate economic resources C. Poor health D. Lack of transportation
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
22. (p. 241) According to the Berlin Aging Study, the activity that took up the most minutes of the day for older men and women was: A. television. B. reading. C. personal care. D. instrumental activities of daily living—housework or paying bills.
23. (p. 248) Half of the volunteer work completed by older adults is for: A. churches or church related organizations. B. nursing homes. C. fundraising. D. tutoring others.
24. (p. 242) There are several factors responsible for the increase in volunteer work among older people. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. Better transportation B. More education C. Financial security D. Better health
25. (p. 244) The most commonly used measure of religiosity is: A. faith. B. church attendance. C. prayer. D. spirituality.
26. (p. 244) Older African Americans may receive instrumental as well as _______ support from their church affiliation. A. emotional B. daily C. health D. normative
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
27. (p. 244) There are numerous factors related to religious involvement and well-being. Which of the following is not related to the impact of religion on adaptation to aging? A. It can improve one's employment prospects. B. It can increase self-esteem. C. It can enhance life satisfaction. D. It can reduce symptoms of depression.
28. (p. 233) What factors contribute to later retirement? A. improved health B. decline in physically demanding job C. increase in Defined Contribution plans D. all of the above
29. (p. 240) What of the following factors does NOT affect labor force withdrawal? A. job satisfaction B. social security benefits C. pension type D. disability insurance
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
True / False Questions 30. (p. 234) In 2010 Congress eliminated the earnings test on Social Security benefits. FALSE
31. (p. 227) The decline in work among African-American men reflects the higher rates of unemployment. FALSE
32. (p. 227) From ages 50-74, Caucasian females have higher rates of labor force participation than African-American females. TRUE
33. (p. 230) Congress passed the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 to address age discrimination in employment. TRUE
34. (p. 235) Few employers pay retiree health benefits. TRUE
35. (p. 226) An obstacle facing women in middle age who have re-entered the labor force is the lack of health and pension benefits. TRUE
36. (p. 233) Improvements in Social Security, especially the cost-of living adjustments, have encouraged older workers to retire. FALSE
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
37. (p. 233) Under the defined benefit plan, there is no advantage to continuing to work beyond retirement age. TRUE
38. (p. 237) Joint retirement is more common among couples who shared both work and family roles early in their marriage. TRUE
39. (p. 240) Leisure activities are engaged in least by those in poor health. TRUE
40. (p. 241) The Berlin Aging Study found that German older people are likely to spend 80 percent of their time volunteering in organizations. FALSE
41. (p. 226) In Europe there has been no decline in the labor force participation of older men since the 1980s. FALSE
42. (p. 244) Men tend to be more involved than women in religious organizations. FALSE
43. (p. 240) Despite shrinking social circles, most older people maintain a sense of connectedness through neighbors, volunteering, and religious services. TRUE
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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement
Essay Questions 44. Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of bridge jobs. Answers will vary
45. What are some factors that are related to retirement as an individual decision? Answers will vary
46. Research has indicated that volunteering has a positive effect on one's health. Discuss whether unhealthy people should be required to volunteer to improve their health conditions. Answers will vary
47. What are some reasons for the high participation rates of older African Americans in religious activities? Answers will vary
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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care
Chapter 11 Health and Health Care
Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 250) Activities undertaken by an individual to promote good health and prevent health problems are called: A. healthy lifestyle. B. health prevention. C. health behavior. D. health maintenance.
2. (p. 251) According to the Center for Health Statistics, among people 65 and older, the most common chronic condition for both men and women is: A. heart disease B. hypertension C. diabetes D. cancer
3. (p. 251) The increase in life expectancy is referred to as the compression of morbidity thesis. Which of the following does not contribute to a longer life expectancy? A. Advances in medical technology B. Greater access to health care C. Greater access to transportation D. Changes in lifestyle
4. (p. 252) The degree of difficulty that people experience in performing activities of daily life is: A. functional capability. B. diagnostic measurement. C. functional status. D. dysfunctional tasks
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