TEST BANK for Aging and The Life Course An Introduction to Social Gerontology 6th Edition. Jill Quad

Aging and The Life Course An Introduction to Social Gerontology 6e Jill Quadagno (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) Chapter 01 The Field of Social Gerontology

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 04) Which of the following is not part of the definition of senescence?

A. the application of evolutionary principles to decline in old age B. death is a part of the process of natural selection C. death is a way to weed out worn-out members of a population D. old age can be a period of renewal and increased wisdom

2. (p. 04) A subfield of gerontology is A. scientology B. social gerontology C. sociology D. social work

3. (p. 04) Social gerontologists are concerned mainly with the _______ of aging.

A. physical component B. biological component C. social component D. financial component

4. (p. 04) Which of the following is not a factor associated with successful aging?

A. setting goals and working to achieve them B. participating in meaningful activities C. adopting a lifestyle to reach maximum level of functioning D. accepting compulsory retirement

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

5. (p. 06) All of the following are used to define age with the exception of: A. chronological age B. functional age C. subjective age D. cohort age

6. (p. 06-07) A good example of functional age is: A. a person between the ages of 65-74 B. retiring from one's employment at 48 C. at the age of 58, no longer being able to run 20 miles D. classifying oneself as "old" or "elderly"

7. (p. 06) Which of the following is not an example of chronological age?

A. young old at 65-74 B. well old at any age C. middle-old 75-84 D. oldest-old 85 and older

8. (p. 06) Chronological age poses a problem in social gerontology because it: A. is a subjective factor B. lumps people of different generations together C. can be a good predictor of old age D. is a specific point in a person's life

9. (p. 07) The most important factor in determining subjective age identity is: A. income B. health C. marital status D. education

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

10. (p. 06) Mrs. Martin recently became a grandmother. The best term to define the change in her life is: A. social role B. functional age C. chronological age D. subjective age

11. (p. 07) Which of the following is not one of the functional categories devised by gerontologists?

A. well elderly B. somewhat impaired elderly C. employed elderly D. frail elderly

12. (p. 07) Functional age may be measured by: A. reduced skin elasticity B. diminished long-term memory C. speech defect D. level of activity

13. (p. 07) Why do women tend to associate more negative connotations with aging than do men?

A. Women, on average, die earlier than men.

B. Women are evaluated on physical attractiveness and reproductive potential, and aging affects both.

C. Women lose mental capacity as they age more quickly than men.

D. Men think they get better looking with age so they don't mind it as much.

14. (p. 08) Gerontologists define a "cohort" as: A. studies of family processes B. actual number of years lived by a group of people C. average number of years lived by a group of people D. aggregate of individuals who experience the same event within the same time interval

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

15. (p. 09) Five distinct birth cohorts can be classified in the twentieth century. Which of the following is not one of these birth cohorts?

A. swing generation B. silent generation C. rock generation D. baby boomers

16. (p. 08) Cohort aging refers to: A. people in different historical eras B. people 85 and over C. distinctive experiences which cohort members share.

D. the continuous advancement of a cohort to one age category to another over the life span

17. (p. 10) Cohorts may vary in their composition. One compositional difference is: A. ethnicity B. kinship bonds C. household structure D. employment rates

18. (p. 10) The term "ageism" refers to: A. a composite of ideas and beliefs attached to people as a group or category B. avert or hostile attitudes directed toward a group of people C. overt action directed toward a group of older people D. systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old

19. (p. 12) Which is not a type of ageism that involves patronizing the elderly?

A. discriminating against older adults in institutions B. discouraging the elderly from taking risks C. discouraging older people from exercising D. Denying the sexuality of older people

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

20. (p. 13) All of the following are examples of the double standard of aging by gender except: A. men are more likely to be evaluated for their sexual appeal and women for emotional support B. men are more likely to be independent and self-reliant than women C. aging in women is less attractive than for men D. women are more likely to use cosmetic techniques to conceal their age than men

21. (p. 12) Research has found that television: A. consistently portrays the aged in a positive and non-stereotypical fashion B. television ads have improved significantly in the way they depict older people C. mostly does not focus on young people D. rarely treat older people with disrespect

22. (p. 14) One common theme of aging in novels has been that: A. aging is seen as a period of self-revelation and is beneficial B. aging is seen as problematic C. aging is seen as a period of physical decline with economic hardships D. aging is portrayed in a very unrealistic way

23. (p. 14) All of the following are facts about aging except: A. Nearly a third of people 65 or older are in nursing homes B. The majority of older people have incomes about the poverty level C. It has never been common in the U.S. for older people to live with their adult children D. Personality is stable. It does not change with age.

24. (p. 14) Which of the following is not a stereotype of older adults?

A. The aged are isolated from family members.

B. Most older people are disabled.

C. The majority of men and women are out of the labor force by age 62.

D. The aged are politically powerful.

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

25. (p. 15) Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the marital status of older people: A. The majority of men aged 65 to 74 are widowed B. About one-quarter of women aged 65 to 74 are widowed C. Older African American men are more likely to be married than older white men D. Older African American women are more likely than white women to be married

26. (p. 17) What factor is most likely to lead to higher income in old age: A. Education B. Widowhood C. Living in a retirement community D. Being a minority

27. (p. 18) Which group has the highest income in old age?

A. unmarried people B. married couples C. women living alone D. men living alone

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

True / False Questions 28. (p. 04) Social gerontology is a subfield of gerontology, concerned primarily with the social aspects of aging.

TRUE

29. (p. 05) In an Israeli Kibbutz, all members have equal standing, regardless of age or status.

TRUE

30. (p. 06) There is one major definition of aging.

FALSE

31. (p. 08) An example of age cohort would include all interns at a particular company.

TRUE

32. (p. 09) Five distinct cohorts have been identified by social gerontologists.

TRUE

33. (p. 09) People who were born during the Depression are members of the "Swing Cohort".

FALSE

34. (p. 09) There is little variation in cohorts by gender or ethnic composition.

FALSE

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

35. (p. 10) According to research, by the year 2015 more than 66% of very old women will have at least two surviving children.

TRUE

36. (p. 10) Research has found that by middle school age, most children have formed a strong image about aging and the elderly.

FALSE

37. (p. 11) The tendency to discourage the elderly from taking risks is a form of ageism.

TRUE

38. (p. 13) The portrayal of elderly people in television ads has improved significantly in the last 40 years.

TRUE

39. (p. 16) Men are more likely to be widowed than women.

FALSE

40. (p. 15) The majority of older people are in poor health.

FALSE

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

Essay Questions 41. How would you define successful aging?

Answers will vary

42. How are older people depicted in the television shows that you watch?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

Chapter 02 Life Course Transitions

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 28) Transitions are: A. social changes that occurs as one cohort replaces the other B. the impact of historical events on the entire society C. role changes individuals make as they leave school, take a job, marry, have children, or retire.

D. ways of using age as a social category to group people by status

2. (p. 28) All of the following are characteristics of a trajectory except: A. it can be a multiple pathway in ordering and timing life events.

B. it ranks individuals hierarchically in a social system.

C. it can consist of distinct gender differences in employment.

D. it has had an impact on women's income security in old age.

3. (p. 29) Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of age grade?

A. It occurs in every society.

B. Most societies have more clearly marked age grades for males than for females.

C. Societies may vary in the number of age grades.

D. Individual members of society can select the age grade they want to join.

4. (p. 29) One of the major methodological issues in research on the life course is: A. collecting data to test various hypotheses B. selecting the appropriate sample size C. distinguishing among age, period, and cohort effects D. distinguishing between abstract and concrete concepts for the study

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

5. (p. 30) An example of cohort effect is: A. an older cohort who believes that living together is wrong, when the younger cohort does not.

B. an older cohort is more likely to perform better on intelligence tests than younger cohorts.

C. the impact of the Civil Rights movement on The Lancer family during the 1960s D. the increase in the need for medical care for our society as people live longer

6. (p. 31) The best research design to distinguish among age, period, and cohort effects is: A. cross-sectional B. longitudinal C. secondary data D. participant observation

7. (p. 30) The finding that older people are more politically conservative than younger people is an example of: A. aging effect B. cohort effect C. period effect D. subculture effect

8. (p. 31) The longitudinal research design that focuses on the role that social support and personal relationships play in healthy aging is: A. The Health and Retirement Survey.

B. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

C. National Social Life, Health and Aging Project D. Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest-Old.

9. (p. 32) Which of the following is not a technique used in qualitative research?

A. Interviewing individuals using a survey instrument B. participant observation C. open-ended interviews D. observing people in a natural setting

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

10. (p. 32) All of the following are characteristics of longitudinal research designs except: A. they follow a particular group of people over time.

B. they provide data about differences between age cohorts.

C. they are costly.

D. they are factual because all of the same subjects remain in the study.

11. (p. 34) The term "aging timetables" refers to: A. the number of years spent in each phase of the life cycle.

B. appropriate ages for making various life course transitions.

C. expected timing or deadline for life events.

D. timetables that order life events.

12. (p. 32) Which of the following is not an example of life course transition in the family sphere?

A. parenthood B. grandparenthood C. entering full-time employment D. marriage

13. (p. 31) The longitudinal research design which found that African-American respondents are less likely than Caucasian respondents to receive assistance or to use informal sources of health care was: A. Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest-Old study.

B. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

C. The Health Retirement Study.

D. The Longitudinal Study of Generations.

14. (p. 32) Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of longitudinal research designs?

A. They are costly because they follow subjects over long periods of time.

B. They are biased because subjects leave the study.

C. They provide excellent health information and subjects.

D. Those who remain in the study may differ from those who are no longer in the study.

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

15. (p. 33) The __________ clock orders major life events.

A. biological B. social C. time D. age

16. (p. 34) One of the reasons for the "crowded nest" phenomenon is: A. low wage for young workers B. young adults these days are much less independent from their parents than in the past C. unavailability of other housing alternatives D. parents prefer to have their adult children living with them

17. (p. 35) The ________ refers to middle aged people who have both dependent children and aging parents.

A. crowded nest B. social clock C. swing generation D. sandwich generation

18. (p. 35) Social scientists have found that there is a sequencing in the order of later life moves.

The second move is more likely to occur when: A. older adults are seeking a comfortable lifestyle.

B. older adults encounter physical incapacity.

C. older adults develop chronic disabilities, a serious illness, or become widowed.

D. older adults have remarried.

19. (p. 38) For nineteenth century women, _____ percent of their married lives were spent in childrearing.

A. 60 B. 20 C. 90 D. 50

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

20. (p. 39) All of the following are characteristics of middle age except: A. it is an effect of demographic change.

B. the early phase of middle age begins around 35.

C. the later stage of middle age involves launching children, returning to the labor force, or caregiving to parents.

D. most women are entering their first marriage.

21. (p. 40) One theory which seeks to explain why inequality increases with age is the: A. age stratification theory B. age inequality theory C. cumulative disadvantage theory D. demographic transition theory

22. (p. 40) Women are still the primary caregivers for children and aging parents. One of the disadvantages they face because of this is: A. they aren't able to spend as much time with their husbands B. they may turn down promotions at work in exchange for a flexible work schedule, leaving them with lower wages and less retirement income C. they have less time for socializing, so they often have few friends D. they suffer physically because they don't pay enough attention to their own health

23. (p. 40) The government has had the greatest impact on: A. adolescence and young adulthood B. children and older adults C. adolescence and old age D. children and adolescence

24. (p. 41) Why do most people think of "old age" as starting at 65?

A. That's the age that most people retire these days.

B. That's traditionally the age at which most health problems begin.

C. That's the average age at which people become grandparents.

D. Prior to the year 2000, that was the age at which retired workers could begin receiving Social Security benefits.

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

25. (p. 42) Which of the following was not part of the experience of the sent-down youth in China: A. Many were allowed to visit their families for only a few weeks every three years.

B. Marriage and childbearing was significantly delayed.

C. Most started out on the upper end of the occupational ladder.

D. They were more likely to go to college and eventually had higher incomes.

True / False Questions 26. (p. 28) The life course of individuals is shaped entirely by the individual.

FALSE

27. (p. 28) An example of a counter transition is achieving a bachelor's degree at age 18.

FALSE

28. (p. 29) Age grades use age as a social category to group people by status.

TRUE

29. (p. 29) A period effect is the social change that occurs in a society.

FALSE

30. (p. 29) The best example of an aging effect is the Civil Rights movement of the 60s.

FALSE

31. (p. 30) A cross-sectional research design consists of asking people in several age groups the same information.

TRUE

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

32. (p. 31) A major advantage of the longitudinal research design is that the researcher can distinguish among age, period, and cohort effects.

TRUE

33. (p. 31) The Health and Retirement Survey is an example of a longitudinal research study reported to the government panels making policy decisions about the family.

FALSE

34. (p. 32) A major disadvantage of the longitudinal research design is the cost.

TRUE

35. (p. 34) One example of change in the duration of the life course is the extension of adolescence.

TRUE

36. (p. 35) The period of old age is also another change in the duration of the life course. It may last as long as 45 to 55 years.

FALSE

37. (p. 35) If there are disorders in the sequencing of life events, there may be negative consequences for later life transitions.

TRUE

38. (p. 37) One of the findings of Elder's work, Children of the Great Depression, was that younger children were more adversely affected by the Depression than older children.

TRUE

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

39. (p. 39) Until recently, middle age was distinct from the rest of adult life.

FALSE

40. (p. 39) By the 1970s, the average couple had their first child by their mid 20s and had a total of two children spaced two years apart.

TRUE

41. (p. 40) The government has had the greatest impact on two phases of the life course: adolescence and old age.

TRUE

42. (p. 41) Social Security is an old age government program meant to reduce later life poverty TRUE

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

Essay Questions 43. What are the major historical events that have affected your age cohort?

Answers will vary

44. What is the ideal family size and how far apart should children be spaced?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

Chapter 03 Theories of Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 49) The first practitioners of social gerontology were: A. social workers B. sociologists C. developmental psychologists D. biologists

2. (p. 49) Early studies of aging influenced by biological concerns suggested what?

A. decline in old age is inevitable B. activity in old age does nothing to alleviate mental and physical decline C. those who are most active score highest on measures of life satisfaction D. social roles are not important for understanding "normal" aging

3. (p. 49) The central premise of the book Personal Adjustment in Old Age, was that: A. decline in old age is inevitable B. poor adjustment is due to being too busy C. poor adjustment was correlated with a lack of activity D. people adjusted best if they lived around young people

4. (p. 48) A theory is: A. an explanation for how data are collected.

B. background information on a social concept.

C. a broad explanation that provides the structure for organizing and interpreting multiple observable facts and their relationship to one another.

D. another word for hypothesis.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

5. (p. 48) Which of the following statements is not true?

A. Theories not only guide scientists in deciding what questions to ask about the universe, but also reflect implicit values about the way things should be.

B. What researchers decide to study and their attitudes toward the subject matter are products of their social environments.

C. Theories tell us much about the concerns of people of a particular era.

D. Theories are values that change from study to study.

6. (p. 49) A main finding of the Kansas City of Adult Life was what?

A. There was a major change in the quality of role performance in middle age B. People began a process of disengaging in late middle age C. People remained fully engaged in their primary occupations D. People became less involved in family responsibilities

7. (p. 49) What was one of the major problems of the first project of the Kansas City of Adult Life?

A. young adults were not included in the interviews.

B. no one over age 70 was interviewed.

C. too many minorities were interviewed.

D. the measure of adjustment was flawed.

8. (p. 49) What was the major emphasis of the second project in the Kansas City Study of Adult Life: A. income of older adults across the life span.

B. its emphasis on adjustment with measures of social role performance across the life span.

C. its emphasis on the role that personality plays in the adjustment to aging.

D. its emphasis on loss of status in old age.

9. (p. 50) All of the following are micro theories of aging with the exception of: A. continuity theory.

B. political economy theory.

C. activity theory.

D. exchange theory.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

10. (p. 50) The Disengagement theory developed by Cummings and Henry states that: A. it is best for people to stay active and to resist the shrinkage of her/her social world.

B. normal aging involves a natural and inevitable withdrawal from people in the social system.

C. aging is a continuous process.

D. people who share similar interests, problems and concerns age well.

11. (p. 50) Which of the following is not a criticism of the disengagement theory?

A. Disengagement may not happen everywhere and in all historical eras.

B. Disengagement does not happen to everyone.

C. Disengagement is always universal.

D. Disengagement might be affected by personality and temperament.

12. (p. 50) According to the activity theory: A. successful aging is active aging.

B. lack of activity contributes to aging more gracefully.

C. how well people age can be directly correlated to how much exercise they get.

D. the social and psychological needs of the elderly are very different than those of younger people.

13. (p. 50) Studies have found that participation in ________ activity is the best predictor of life satisfaction.

A. formal B. informal C. solitary D. productive

14. (p. 52) Persons at the greatest risk of becoming isolated or involuntarily disengaged are the: A. young old (65-74).

B. oldest old (85 and older).

C. middle old (75-84).

D. middle-aged.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

15. (p. 52) Which of the following is not a factor contributing to disengagement among nursing home residents?

A. Limited participation in activities B. Hearing and vision impairment C. Eating difficulties D. Depression

16. (p. 53) The continuity theory was first proposed by: A. Robert Atchley.

B. Donald Cowgill.

C. Jill Quadagno D. Vern Bengtson.

17. (p. 53) The continuity theory uses: A. a lifecourse perspective to define normal aging and to distinguish it from pathological aging.

B. role models to establish how successful older adults are aging.

C. objective tests to measure the aging process.

D. subjective test to measure the aging process.

18. (p. 53) The most controversial element of the continuity theory is the definition of: A. activity.

B. successful aging.

C. life satisfaction.

D. normal aging.

19. (p. 55) The subculture theory shares similar characteristics with activity and disengagement theories. It differs from the two in that: A. its origin is in the psychosocial area.

B. its origin is in the sociological theory of subcultural development.

C. its origin is in classical economics.

D. its origin is in social systems.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

20. (p. 55) Which of the following is not a condition for the development of subcultures?

A. People with similar interests B. People with similar concerns C. People who are excluded from participation in wider society D. People who recently became friends

21. (p. 55) According to Rose, within the subculture of the elderly, high status is conferred on those who: A. are married.

B. have friends.

C. have good mental and physical health.

D. have high income.

22. (p. 55) Older people are likely to form a subculture because: A. they are isolated from young people and share common experiences with older people.

B. they are excluded by friends who evaluate people based on their occupational statuses.

C. they are labeled by young people as senile, slow, and disinterested in current social activities.

D. they prefer to spend time with people their own age.

23. (p. 56) The origins of the exchange theory are in: A. developmental psychology.

B. micro economic theory.

C. social conflict theory.

D. strain theory.

24. (p. 56) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the exchange theory?

A. Older people with the greatest resource in an exchange with younger people are the most capable of remaining engaged.

B. If costs are greater than benefits, social interaction will be limited.

C. If benefits are greater than cost, rewards will be limited.

D. Maintaining an exchange relationship can be a struggle for people with few resources.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

25. (p. 56) Based on the definition of "deferred exchange strategies" the person most likely to be involved in this strategy would be a: A. doctor.

B. family member.

C. housekeeper.

D. grocery clerk.

26. (p. 56) Recent studies have found the exchange theory useful in explaining: A. social support and transition between generations.

B. gender differences in the aging process.

C. retirement patterns of different cohorts.

D. the decline in the status of adults.

27. (p. 56) The social constructionist approach views the individual: A. as capable of interpreting her/his social reality.

B. as incapable of defining her/his social reality.

C. perspective on rational choice.

D. perspective on non-rational choice.

28. (p. 57) A strength of the constructionist approach is: A. older people are viewed as energetic and creative.

B. older people are passive objects, not active subjects, in constructing their social worlds.

C. older people are not passive objects.

D. older people are visible because of their power to negotiate.

29. (p. 57) The modernization theory focuses on: A. the economic development of all societies.

B. the degree of gender integration after World War II. C. labor force participation of older adults after World War II. D. the continuum of societies from least to most developed based on indicators like industrialization and urbanization.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

30. (p. 58) All of the following are types of social change in the modernization theory except: A. health technology.

B. urbanization.

C. leisure activities.

D. education.

31. (p. 59) The greatest amount of criticism of modernization theory comes from: A. historical studies B. cross-cultural studies C. women's studies D. aging studies

32. (p. 60) Age stratification theory had its origins in: A. social networking.

B. status attainment research.

C. the process of professionalization.

D. high rates of urbanization.

33. (p. 61) An underlying assumption of age stratification is: A. all societies group people into social categories.

B. all societies rank individuals on ascribed characteristics.

C. all societies rank individuals on achieved characteristics.

D. there are similar social structures in all societies.

34. (p. 62) A central concept to age stratification theory is: A. age cohort.

B. life expectancy.

C. life span.

D. functional age.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

35. (p. 62) Which is not a central concern of age stratification theory?

A. how an individual's location in the changing age structure affects his/her behavior and attitudes B. how individuals related to each other within and between age strata C. how individuals pass through key transitions D. how biological decline leads to social isolation between age strata

36. (p. 63) An age-integrated institution is characterized by: A. distinct activities for specific age groups.

B. social norms based on chronological age.

C. absence of chronological age as means of entrance, participation, or exit.

D. social norms based on functional age.

37. (p. 63) Which of the following is not an example of an age-integrated institution?

A. Family setting B. Nursing home C. Sporting event D. Restaurant

38. (p. 63) ______ refers to outdated social structures which prevent people from participating fully in society.

A. Cultural lag B. Social lag C. Structural lag D. Economic lag

39. (p. 64) The political economy perspective is: A. a conceptual framework for understanding inequality in the aging process.

B. a policy solution for understanding inequality in the aging process.

C. a framework for examining the larger social context of problems associated with old age.

D. a way to think about the financial problems encountered by the elderly.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

40. (p. 64) A major element of political theory is: A. power struggles between groups and business interests.

B. cohort differences.

C. the decline in the status of the elderly.

D. to illuminate the gendered value of society.

41. (p. 66) A major criticism of political economy theory is: A. it ignores public policies.

B. it ignores individual actors and their motivation.

C. it ignores the status of the elderly.

D. it ignores the economy.

42. (p. 65) The feminist theory of aging notes that: A. men and women experience age differently because of social activities.

B. men and women have different interests and form groups based on these interests.

C. men and women experience aging differently because of the organization of social structure and gendered social definition of reality.

D. men and women experience age differently due to their power resources.

43. (p. 65) What example best applies to political economy theory?

A. the quality of care for the frail elderly B. the friendship networks of older women C. the mutual exchange between parents and adult children D. the adjustment to growing older

44. (p. 63) Age Integration theory suggests: A. societies are not segregated by age B. there are numerous examples of completely age-segregated societies in the real world C. all societies will one day be completely age integrated D. age segregation can be applied to periods of an individual's life course

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

45. (p. 66) Feminist Theories: A. are a formalized theory such as Activity Theory B. seek to prove that masculinity and femininity are not social constructed C. are only studied by women D. are actually an approach that use theory to illustrate gender differences in decision making and outcomes of men and women

True / False Questions 46. (p. 48) Theories are products of historical eras and tell us much about the concerns of the era as well as the subject matter.

TRUE

47. (p. 49) Early researchers saw old age as a period of physical and mental decline.

TRUE

48. (p. 50) The disengagement theory notes that as individuals become aware of death, they reduce the number of roles they play, and the intensity of involvement in roles is weakened.

TRUE

49. (p. 50) According to the activity theory, successful aging is based on individual attributes.

FALSE

50. (p. 54) Religious faith sustains people through many crises as they age.

TRUE

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

51. (p. 52) Johnson and Bauer, in their study of the oldest old, found that about half remained engaged in social activities.

TRUE

52. (p. 53) Continuity theory emphasizes that personality plays a major role in adjustment to old age and that adult development is an aging process.

TRUE

53. (p. 55) A major criticism of the continuity theory is that it defines normal aging around the male model of aging.

TRUE

54. (p. 55) Subcultures develop when people meet to share their concerns about ageism.

FALSE

55. (p. 56) The origins of exchange theory are in developmental psychology.

FALSE

56. (p. 57) The social constructionist approach focuses on older adults as active subjects who participate in the creation of their social realities.

TRUE

57. (p. 58) A central feature of the modernization theory is the social construction of reality.

FALSE

58. (p. 63) Most people are involved in both age-integrated and age-segregated activities.

TRUE

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

59. (p. 64) The political economy theories view old age as a socially constructed process created through power struggles.

TRUE

60. (p. 52) What matters most when staying active is actually performing the activities FALSE

61. (p. 63) Structural lag refers to when societies lag behind other societies due to older people demanding to be more fully integrated.

FALSE

62. (p. 66) One aspect of the feminist approach concerns gender differences in employment patterns and retirement.

TRUE

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

Essay Questions 63. Think of older people that you know. Are most engaged or disengaged? Who is happiest?

Answers will vary

64. What are the main premises of modernization theory?

Answers will vary

65. Think of some examples of structural lag.

Answers will vary

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

Chapter 04 Demography of Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 71) Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of the echo boomers?

A. Members of this cohort were born between 1977 and 1994.

B. Members of this cohort were born between 1964 and 1976.

C. Members of this cohort consist of approximately 72 million members.

D. Members of this cohort are more racially and ethnically diverse than the baby boomers.

2. (p. 71) _____________ is the study of population processes - fertility, mortality, and migration.

A. Social Gerontology B. Age Stratification C. Demography D. Life Course

3. (p. 72) The central clearinghouse for all national population in the United States is: A. Center for Disease Control.

B. Center for Economic Analyses.

C. National Center on Statistics.

D. Bureau of the Census.

4. (p. 72) One of the most difficult measures on which to obtain precise data is: A. income.

B. resident.

C. age.

D. family size.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

5. (p. 73) ________ is the greatest number of years any member of a species has been known to survive.

A. Life expectancy B. Sex ratio C. Life span D. Cohort

6. (p. 73) Which of the following is not an accurate statement on the sex ratio?

A. There are more male babies born at birth than females - 106 males to 100 females.

B. There are more female babies born at birth than males - 106 females to 100 males.

C. The sex ratio declines progressively over the life course for males.

D. There are more older women than older men.

7. (p. 74) All of the following are ways in which the population age structure changes except: A. fertility rate.

B. mortality rate.

C. sex ratio.

D. migration.

8. (p. 73) In developed countries, women can expect to live ___ to __ years longer than men.

A. six to eight B. nine to twelve C. fifteen to seventeen D. ten to twenty

9. (p. 74) Which of the following statements is not true?

A. The changes in the number of births play the most important role in determining the country's age structure.

B. Mortality exerts the least influence on an age structure.

C. Migration exerts the most influence on the population.

D. Migration exerts the least influence on age structure

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

10. (p. 74) A __________ displays the age structure of a population.

A. cohort B. sex ratio C. population pyramid D. life span

11. (p. 75) According to the demographic transition, the second stage is characterized by: A. high birth and death rates.

B. declining births and death rates.

C. low birth and death rates.

D. low birth but high death rates.

12. (p. 74) An example of a middle-aged nation in regard to the population pyramid is: A. Africa.

B. Japan.

C. Canada D. South Korea.

13. (p. 76) Average life expectancy in Africa in the year 2000 was only 46, due in large part to deaths from: A. pneumonia B. HIV/AIDS C. avian flu D. polio

14. (p. 79) The fastest growing segment of the population is: A. young old (65-74 years).

B. middle old (75-84 years).

C. oldest old (85 and over).

D. teenagers (13-18 years)

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

15. (p. 78) _________ is another way to measure population aging.

A. Aging index B. Population pyramid C. Dependency ratio D. Sex ratio

16. (p. 80) All of the following were factors which contributed to the decline in the fertility rate of women between 1971 and 1980 except: A. birth control pill.

B. increase in labor force participation.

C. increase in educational opportunities for women.

D. The environmental movement.

17. (p. 80) There are almost as many echo boomers than baby boomers due to: A. the increase in fertility of women during the 1980s.

B. the decline in female labor force participation.

C. the number of baby boomers who had children.

D. the decrease in the use of birth control in the 1980s.

18. (p. 82) The leading cause of death in the United States for the 65 and older population is A. cancer.

B. heart disease.

C. stroke.

D. influenza and pneumonia.

19. (p. 82) Over the last 15 years the racial differences in mortality rate (higher mortality rates for African Americans) has: A. declined for men but not women.

B. declined for both men and women.

C. increased significantly.

D. stayed the same.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

20. (p. 84) All of the following are characteristics of SES except: A. people with higher income are more likely than the poor to have health insurance and good health care.

B. people with higher income live in less polluted areas and have better access to public services.

C. middle income people are less likely to exercise regularly and to control their weight.

D. middle income people are more likely to eat breakfast and less likely to smoke and drink excessively.

21. (p. 84) ___________ refers to the mortality rates of African-Americans which fall below that of Caucasians.

A. Ethnic crossover B. Race crossover C. Age crossover D. Race advantage

22. (p. 84) Most recent immigrants to the U.S. can trace their ancestry to: A. Europe.

B. Africa.

C. Asia.

D. Asia and Latin America.

23. (p. 85) When large numbers of young people move to another country, the age structure appears: A. older.

B. wider.

C. younger.

D. older and wider.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

24. (p. 85) Only _______ percent of recent immigrants have been over age 65.

A. five B. ten C. fifteen D. twenty

Multiple Choice Questions 25. (p. 85) Immigration and higher birth rates will make the U.S. population more racially and ethnically diverse in the 21st century. It is projected that the Caucasian population will decline from 85 percent of people 65 and older to only: A. 15 percent.

B. 30 percent.

C. 50 percent.

D. 67 percent.

26. (p. 85) The elderly dependency ratio is expected to be fewer than _______ workers for each person over 65 in 2030.

A. two B. three C. four D. five

27. (p. 86) All of the following are the consequences of an aging population except: A. an aging population will increase the burden on the younger population in heath care costs and income support.

B. older people no longer pay taxes.

C. there will be fewer workers to pay social security taxes.

D. there will be demands for health care and housing that cater to older adults' special needs.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

28. (p. 88) The increase in female life expectancy has numerous consequences. All of the following are consequences except: A. the majority of older women are single.

B. the majority of older women are married.

C. women without caretakers are likely to be institutionalized.

D. older women without spouses have higher poverty rates.

29. (p. 90) One of the most pressing issues of the quality of life in the twenty-first century is A. income.

B. social support.

C. health care.

D. housing.

True / False Questions 30. (p. 71) The echo boomers consist of more people than the baby boomers.

FALSE

31. (p. 71) The subject matter of demography involves fertility, mortality, and employment.

FALSE

32. (p. 72) The Census Bureau makes a national count of the population every five years.

FALSE

33. (p. 73) Life expectancy is the greatest number of years any member of a species has been known to survive.

FALSE

34. (p. 73) The sex ratio is the number of males to every 100 females.

TRUE

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

35. (p. 73) The population pyramid displays the age structure of a population.

TRUE

36. (p. 75) During stage one of the demographic transition, the population pyramid forms a perfect triangle.

TRUE

37. (p. 75) An "old" population forms a square population pyramid.

FALSE

38. (p. 76) By 2025, the world's population over 65 is expected to be 822 million.

TRUE

39. The youngest nations are in Western Europe and North America, while one of the oldest countries is Latin America.

FALSE

40. (p. 78) The dependency ratio is a descriptive tool to examine the proportion of workers to retirees.

FALSE

41. (p. 79) The baby boom was created by a change in the life span.

FALSE

42. (p. 83) The greatest declines in mortality occurred during the 1940s and 1970s.

TRUE

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

43. (p. 85) Race crossover is an intriguing concept that is fully understood by demographers.

FALSE

44. (p. 86) According to estimates by the U.S. Census, about 20 percent of the total growth of the elderly population in the U.S. from 1992 - 2000 was due to international migration.

FALSE

45. (p. 87) The decline in the sex ratio among people 85 and older is due to an increase in female life expectancy.

TRUE

46. (p. 85) Younger people are more willing to migrate than older people because they have weaker ties.

TRUE

47. (p. 87) An older age structure means leads to less need to care for the frail elderly.

FALSE

48. (p. 87) A younger age structure can lead to strain on the education system.

TRUE

Essay Questions 49. Which cohort do you belong to? What are the defining characteristics of your cohort?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

50. What can men do to improve their life expectancy?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

Chapter 05 Old Age and the Welfare State

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 95) Before _____, the U.S. had no national social welfare program.

A. 1915 B. 1935 C. 1960 D. 1980

2. (p. 96) The term "welfare" as used by social scientists refers to programs that protect people from the risk of loss due to all of the following except: A. unemployment.

B. retirement.

C. accidents.

D. disability.

3. (p. 96) Which of the following is not one of the classifications of welfare programs?

A. Social insurance B. Social maintenance C. Social assistance D. Fiscal welfare

4. (p. 97) All of the following are characteristics of social assistance programs except: A. it is indirect payment to individuals through the tax system.

B. programs under this category contain eligibility criteria.

C. the programs are typically paid through income taxes.

D. the social assistance programs derive from sixteenth century British System for poor relief.

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

5. (p. 97) Social insurance programs have, as their main purpose, to: A. provide help to individuals who meet certain mean tests.

B. provide economic security over the life course and prevent people from falling into destitution.

C. provide economic security to people during the middle years of the life course.

D. provide a tax break to individuals.

6. (p. 97) Social insurance programs are paid for through: A. tax deductions.

B. investments.

C. payroll taxes.

D. voluntary contributions.

7. (p. 97) In the United States, fiscal welfare is called: A. tax consumption.

B. tax expenditures.

C. tax assistance.

D. tax investment.

8. (p. 99) Which of the following is not included in the amendments to the Social Security Act? A. Addition of benefits for widows and spouses of retired workers B. Workers were allowed to retire at age 62 with a reduced benefit C. National health insurance for all citizens D. Disability Insurance for workers who, because of illness, are unable to work

9. (p. 98) In the nineteenth century, the ________ was the major source of support for most elderly people.

A. family B. neighbors C. charities D. community

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

10. (p. 99) In 2011, more than ____ million Americans received Social Security benefits.

A. 15 B. 30 C. 52 D. 85

11. (p. 101) In 2010, 64 percent of Social Security benefits went to retired workers. The next highest level (15 percent) went to: A. the disabled.

B. widows, widowers, and parents.

C. children.

D. wives and husbands of retired workers.

12. (p. 101) The replacement rate for Social Security refers to the amount of pre-retirement pay that is replaced by Social Security. For low wage earners, the replacement rate is: A. lower.

B. higher.

C. none.

D. the same.

13. (p. 100) What is the single most important source of income for older people?

A. Social Security B. SSI C. Disability Insurance D. Private pensions

14. (p. 102) One reason that SSI (Supplemental Security Income, a means-tested program for the aged, blind, and disabled poor) doesn't adequately protect the poorest elderly is: A. people spend the money too quickly when they get it B. payments are eliminated if the recipient lives with a relative C. many older people are unwilling to undergo a means test, because it is embarrassing D. the program is set up so that the payments only come once a year

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

15. (p. 104) Medicare contains Parts A, B, C and D. Part B of Medicare pays for which of the following?

A. Hospitalization B. Doctor's office visit C. Nursing home care D. Community-based service care

16. (p. 104) The most recent change to Medicare was the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, which added: A. coverage for family members B. a prescription drug benefit C. coverage for medical equipment D. coverage for physical therapy

17. (p. 108) All of the following are characteristics of the Medicaid program except: A. only those with low income are eligible for the program.

B. paying for nursing home care.

C. reimbursing doctors at rates lower than the fees they charge their private-pay patients.

D. reimbursing doctors at rates higher than the fees they charge the private-pay patients.

18. (p. 107) What has the U.S. used as an incentive to encourage employers to provide health insurance?

A. Free coverage for low-income workers B. Tax code C. Matching funds D. Employees' contributions

19. (p. 107) Physicians have a role in determining if applicants for Disability Insurance meet the criteria for benefits. There are several problems with determining eligibility. Which of the following is not one of these factors?

A. Doctors must know the individual's impairment but also what abilities her/his job requires.

B. For many people, there are no clear organic impairments.

C. Some people with a given impairment may be able to work, others may not.

D. Doctors must be able to document thoroughly the cause of impairment.

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

20. (p. 108) Once an individual is awarded Disability Insurance benefits, s/he may receive them until medical recovery or: A. return to work B. up to six months.

C. up to one year.

D. up to two years.

21. (p. 108) The Supplemental Security Income Disability Program is operated by the: A. state.

B. federal government.

C. federal government and state.

D. private agencies.

22. (p. 108) One type of long-term care service is: A. nursing care.

B. physician service.

C. home health care.

D. recreational therapist.

23. (p. 109) Most long term care expenditures are paid by: A. Medicare B. Private long term care insurance C. Medicaid D. The Home and Community-Based Services program

24. (p. 97) Which of the following best fits the concept of social insurance?

A. A program that provides minimal benefits for people below poverty level B. A program that provides economic security and is based on the concept of earned entitlement C. Indirect payments to individuals through the tax system D. Health insurance for working-age people provided through their employers.

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

25. (p. 110) There is variation in the cost for private long-term-care insurance. Which of the following is not one of these variations?

A. Age of person B. Person's health C. Type of policy D. Gender of person

26. (p. 110) The Older Americans Act (OAA) did which of the following: A. Provided services to enhance independent living, including meals, personal care and meals-on-wheels.

B. Established the Social Security program.

C. Established Medicare and Medicaid D. Provided funding for nursing home care for the frail elderly

27. (p. 110) One of the services not provided by the Older Americans Act is: A. dental care.

B. day care.

C. Meals-on-Wheels.

D. personal care.

28. (p. 110) Which of the following is not a barrier in the use of senior centers by the elderly?

A. Lack of transportation B. Lack of culturally sensitive programs C. Lack of professional staff D. Lack of knowledge about the Center

29. (p. 112) The _________ component of the housing program expands the supply of low income housing through a provision known as Section 8.

A. tax expenditure B. tax deduction C. subsidy D. home share

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

30. (p. 112) The ideal housing policy would provide a continuum of services. These services would range from: A. independent to community-based care.

B. independent to institutional care.

C. semi-independent to community-based care.

D. semi-independent to institutional care.

31. (p. 104) Which of the following best describes Medicare: A. An age-based health insurance program B. A needs-based health insurance program C. An income support program for retirees D. A program that pays for nursing home care for the oldest-old

32. (p. 112) The country that has been a pioneer in designing and implementing a long-term-care program that promotes health care and reduces institutionalization is: A. Denmark.

B. France.

C. Japan.

D. Norway.

33. (p. 113) Which group of elderly immigrants is less likely to go to senior centers, receive transportation services or Meals-on-Wheels, or employ a home health aide?

A. Korean Americans B. Japanese Americans C. Chinese Americans D. Vietnamese Americans

34. (p. 113) There is currently a debate related to who should be eligible to receive social service programs. Some people feel that _______ should be the criterion for receiving such a service.

A. need B. income C. health status D. age

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

True / False Questions 35. (p. 96) The term welfare refers to private and public programs that protect people from the risks of loss of income due to unemployment, disability, divorce, poor health, or retirement.

FALSE

36. (p. 96-97) Social assistance programs are based on entitlements.

FALSE

37. (p. 97) Social insurance programs are based on means tests to prove that one is worthy of support.

FALSE

38. (p. 97) Tax expenditure programs promote equality.

FALSE

39. (p. 97) Benefit levels for social security are determined by a formula that reflects length of time worked and the amount of wages earned.

TRUE

40. (p. 99) The Supplemental Security Income program serves as a magnet to attract poor immigrants to the United States.

FALSE

41. (p. 104) Medicare is a national health insurance program for all people 62 years and older who are also eligible for Social Security.

FALSE

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

42. (p. 104) Eligibility for Medicaid is based on income.

TRUE

43. (p. 107) Many people remain on disability insurance for the fear they might lose their employment or might not earn enough to survive.

TRUE

44. (p. 108) The main source of funding for long-term care is Medicare.

FALSE

45. (p. 112) An example of one of the programs under the Older Americans Act is senior centers.

TRUE

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

Essay Questions 46. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of social assistance, social insurance, and fiscal welfare programs.

Answers will vary

47. What are the pros and cons of using age and need in determining the eligibility for social benefits program?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

Chapter 06 Biological Perspectives on Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 122) Most scientists agree that aging has: A. multiple causes.

B. a single cause.

C. unknown causes.

D. environmental causes.

2. (p. 120) Which of the following theories equates the body to a machine that eventually wears out?

A. Somatic mutation B. Cross-linkage C. Wear and tear D. Immune function

3. (p. 122) According to the ______ theory, the aging process is programmed into each cell of our bodies.

A. free radical B. genetic control C. cross-linkage D. immune function

4. (p. 120) Which type of theory emphasizes aging as a result of random damage?

A. Developmental/Genetic theories B. Life Course C. Environmental D. Pathological

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

5. (p. 121) The ________ theory notes that as one ages, the collagen loses some of its elasticity and there is a hardening of the arteries of the circulating system.

A. immune function B. free radical C. cross-linkage D. genetic control

6. (p. 122) Which theory has been used to help explain Alzheimer's disease?

A. Somatic mutation B. Free radical C. Wear and tear D. Immune function

7. (p. 122) Jeanne Calment, the oldest living human, has been the subject of study for the: A. free radical theory.

B. wear and tear theory.

C. immune function theory.

D. genetic control theory.

8. (p. 123) The increased vulnerability to stress and the increased probability of death is termed: A. biological aging.

B. senescence.

C. obsolescence.

D. adolescence.

9. (p. 125) The active life expectancy differs for men and women. Women can expect to have 58 years while men can expect A. 60 years.

B. 56 years.

C. 62 years.

D. 54 years.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

10. (p. 126) Internationally, active life expectancy is highest for males and females in: A. Austria.

B. France.

C. Netherlands.

D. Switzerland.

11. (p. 126) All of the following are related to active life expectancy for minorities except: A. they are less likely to have health insurance.

B. they are more likely to engage in a physical fitness program.

C. they are more likely to be employed in a job where there may be a greater risk of injury.

D. they are more likely to engage in behaviors like smoking.

12. (p. 126) One of the most obvious signs of aging is: A. gray hair.

B. skin discoloration.

C. wrinkling of the skin.

D. hair loss.

13. (p. 127) Often on the hands of older people one may see purple bruises. They are called: A. lentigo.

B. malignant melanoma.

C. neurons.

D. senile purpura.

14. (p. 125) All of the following are considered to be activities of daily living (ADLs) except: A. reading.

B. bathing.

C. eating.

D. toileting.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

15. (p. 128) There are different nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Which nerves carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to muscles and glands throughout the body?

A. Neurons B. Sensory C. Motor D. Vagal

16. (p. 128) The area of the brain that controls voluntary movement may lose _______ to _______ percent of its cells.

A. 5, 15 B. 15, 25 C. 20, 35 D. 30, 40

17. (p. 128) One of the consequences of the loss of cells in the cerebellum is _______ A. loss of eyesight.

B. an increase in the tendency to fall.

C. memory loss.

D. a decrease in appetite.

18. (p. 129) As people age, they are more likely to: A. sleep more.

B. sleep periodically.

C. sleep less.

D. sleep soundly.

19. (p. 130) The majority of people become aware of sensory change when they reach their mid-: A. 30s.

B. 40s.

C. 50s.

D. 60s.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

20. (p. 131) Most age-related changes in vision have their onset in: A. middle age.

B. childhood.

C. young adulthood.

D. middle old.

21. (p. 132) One study of people between the ages of 62 and 97 found that _____ was more important than age in limiting activities.

A. poor hearing B. poor vision C. poor balance D. feeling ill

22. (p. 132) Which of the following is NOT one of the ways older drivers reduce the risk of being involved in an accident?

A. stop driving at night B. stop driving in heavy traffic C. only drive when another adult is in the car D. give up their driver's license voluntarily

23. (p. 134) Cataracts are part of: A. a visual disorder that is not a part of normal aging.

B. a type of hearing loss C. considered normal aging.

D. a type of skin disorder

24. (p. 134) Which of the following is not a social consequence of hearing loss?

A. People are likely to feel lonely and left out of a group.

B. People have difficulty paying attention.

C. People are encouraged by family members to engage in conversations.

D. People do not enjoy their free time.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

25. (p. 135) Older people have more difficulty maintaining normal body temperature because they: A. have less bone density.

B. have limited mobility.

C. have lost some of their sense of touch.

D. sweat less.

26. (p. 137) Older ______ are more likely to die from excessive heat.

A. women B. men C. men who live alone D. women in institutions.

27. (p. 135) Peak bone mass occurs around age: A. 20.

B. 30.

C. 40.

D. 55.

28. (p. 136) _________ is severe bone depletion.

A. Muscular degeneration B. Vertebral fractures C. Osteoporosis D. Skeletal degeneration

29. (p. 137) Women are at greater risk of developing osteoporosis because: A. their bones are smaller than men's.

B. their bones are heavier than men's.

C. they don't drink as much milk as men.

D. they deplete their calcium stores by doing most of the housework.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

30. (p. 137) The most cited reason for disability in older people is: A. osteoporosis.

B. declining vision.

C. hearing loss.

D. arthritis.

31. (p. 138) Which of the following is not a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?

A. It can occur at any age.

B. It is more prevalent in men than women.

C. It is more prevalent in women than men.

D. The bones in the joint degenerate.

32. (p. 139) The syndrome of changes, both physical and behavioral, that occurs in the reproductive system is termed: A. menopause.

B. erectile dysfunction.

C. climacteric.

D. hormonal loss.

33. (p. 139) All of the following occurs during menopause in women except: A. there is a decline in the production of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.

B. the walls of the vagina become thinner.

C. sexual intercourse is not painful.

D. the vagina takes longer to lubricate in response to sexual stimulation.

34. (p. 139) Women in the United States experience menopause on average around age: A. 45.

B. 50.

C. 48.

D. 55.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

35. (p. 140) Until recently, a commonly prescribed treatment for menopause was: A. hormone treatment therapy.

B. diet.

C. exercise.

D. increased sexual intercourse.

36. (p. 140) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sexual functioning among older males?

A. It takes them longer to achieve an erection than younger men.

B. The frequency of sexual activity declines C. Older men have complete erections.

D. Older men have incomplete erections.

37. (p. 140) Research studies in 2002 found that hormone replacement therapy increased the risk of: A. heart disease and stroke B. arthritis C. throat cancer.

D. diabetes

38. (p. 140) ________ is a common problem in older men.

A. Erectile dysfunction B. Sexual intercourse C. Sexual stimulation D. Hormonal loss

39. (p. 141) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the aging heart?

A. There is muscle atrophy.

B. There is a reduction in the amount of blood pumped with each contraction.

C. There is an increase in the nonconducting cells.

D. There is a decrease in the nonconducting cells.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

40. (p. 141) Blood pressure increases with age due to: A. loss of elasticity of blood vessels.

B. slow blood flow.

C. limited physical activities.

D. limited fluid intake.

41. (p. 141) Hypertension is made worse by the fatty deposits called plaque which narrow the arteries. Plaque formation has been linked to: A. saturated fats such as red meats.

B. excessive sugar intake C. caffeine D. Vitamin B

42. (p. 141) In the study of Swedish twins on the prevalence of angina or chest pain, it was found that _________ factors played only a small role in the risk of having angina.

A. environmental B. genetic C. diet D. stress

43. (p. 141) For men, all of the following were risk factors associated with angina except: A. smoking.

B. work pressure.

C. obesity.

D. low-level of emotional well-being.

44. (p. 141) Which is not one of the factors that can reduce the risk of heart disease?

A. Diet B. Low levels of stress C. Smoking D. Exercise

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

45. (p. 127) Which form of cancer is the most common?

A. Skin B. Lung C. Liver D. Stomach

46. (p. 129) Parkinson's disease is: A. a mental disorder B. specific to certain ethnic groups C. a neurological disorder D. a disorder mostly prevalent in young children

True / False Questions 47. (p. 122) Genes alone determine whether an individual gets a specific disease.

FALSE

48. (p. 122) In practice, it is not difficult to distinguish between disease and the process of normal aging.

FALSE

49. (p. 127) An aspect of aging is the increasing limitations in the ability to physically perform the activities of daily living (ADLs).

TRUE

50. (p. 126) The measure of the number of years a person can expect to live without a disability is termed active life expectancy.

TRUE

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

51. (p. 127) The graying of the hair is caused by an increase in the number of active pigment producing cells.

FALSE

52. (p. 129) Damage in the cerebellum can produce changes in sleep patterns.

FALSE

53. (p. 132) As people age, they need more light to perceive depth and to see clearly.

TRUE

54. (p. 133) Visual disorders such as glaucoma and cataracts are a part of normal aging.

TRUE

55. (p. 133) Hearing is most acute during the 20s.

TRUE

56. (p. 136) As people grow older, their bodies lose some ability to regulate heating and cooling.

TRUE

57. (p. 136) Most hearing loss is simply due to old age.

FALSE

58. (p. 141) Menopause is considered complete if a woman goes a full two years without a menstrual cycle.

FALSE

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

59. (p. 141) According to research, though it is different than women's, men experience their own menopause.

FALSE

60. (p. 141) In many cases, erectile dysfunction is caused by ordinary stress and anxiety.

TRUE

61. (p. 128) Dark-complexioned people cannot get skin cancer FALSE

Essay Questions 62. Discuss the main premises of each biological theory of aging. Which theory seems best supported by scientific evidence?

Answers will vary

63. What are the main visible age-related changes in the human body?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

Chapter 07 Psychological Perspectives on Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 148) The branch of psychology that studies mental processes is: A. experimental.

B. behavioral.

C. clinical.

D. cognitive.

2. (p. 148) ______________ is the most elusive mental process to define and measure.

A. Wisdom B. Mental process C. Creativity D. Knowledge

3. (p. 149) According to research, all of the following are characteristics of wisdom except: A. ability to reason B. helps people adapt to aging.

C. helps people to make correct decisions.

D. allows people to make compromises.

4. (p. 151) The ability to reflect on past experience and socialization is: A. fluid intelligence.

B. wisdom.

C. crystallized intelligence.

D. creativity.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

5. (p. 149) ______________ intelligence is largely uninfluenced by prior learning.

A. Fluid B. Crystallized C. Verbal D. Performance

6. (p. 152) An example of tip-of-their tongue phenomenon is: A. forgetting where one placed a shopping list.

B. forgetting where one placed a friend's phone number.

C. inability to remember a friend's name in an introduction.

D. inability to remember where the car keys are.

7. (p. 155) What is the permanent storage site for past experiences?

A. long term memory.

B. short term memory C. working memory.

D. learning

8. (p. 150) The classic aging pattern refers to _______________.

A. the combination of fluid and crystallized intelligence B. the fact that older people have more difficulty than younger people storing learned materials C. the finding that older people have less interest in learning than younger people D. age-related declines in verbal and performance intelligence among older people

9. (p. 161) Personality studies of the very old suggest: A. a decrease in social vitality and openness B. an increase in anger and hostility C. a decrease in patience for younger people D. an increase in warmth and self-control

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

10. (p. 153) What change has been made by the International Civil Aviation Organization in regard to the upper age limit for airline pilots: A. pilots now must retire at age 60 B. pilots can now fly until age 65 if they have a younger pilot in the cockpit.

C. pilots can now fly until age 70.

D. pilots can fly until age 55 if they have a younger pilot in the cockpit.

11. (p. 155) Older people tend to be less computer savvy than younger people. Which of the following is NOT a reason for this lack of computer expertise?

A. Older people have had less exposure to new technologies and feel less confident about their abilities to use the computer.

B. Older people take longer to complete computer training.

C. Older people lack the money to purchase a computer.

D. Older people have more problems working the computer mouse due to motor control and manual dexterity.

12. (p. 155) A type of mental disorder which affects memory, cognitive functions, and personality to a degree sufficient to interfere with normal activities and social functioning is: A. depression.

B. dementia.

C. Parkinson's disease.

D. psychoses.

13. (p. 157) Alzheimer's patients tend to forget: A. permanently.

B. temporarily.

C. sporadically.

D. easily.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

14. (p. 157) There are two categories of theories for explaining the cause of Alzheimer's disease.

One general category is genetic predisposition. The other one is: A. biological influences.

B. lack of social support systems.

C. nutrition.

D. environmental influences.

15. (p. 157) One study of 8000 twins who were World War II veterans found that: A. There was a high prevalence of Alzheimer's overall, more than 35 percent.

B. Among the veterans who were fraternal twins, both twins tended to develop Alzheimer's.

C. Among the veteran who were identical twins 35 percent of those who had Alzheimer's had a twin who also developed the disease.

D. The study provided strong support for environmental influences on Alzheimer's risk.

16. (p. 158) A _________ is a rupture or obstruction of blood vessel to the brain that damages brain tissue.

A. vascular dementia B. stroke C. tumor D. blackout

17. (p. 158) Approximately what percent of dementia is actually vascular dementia?

A. 40 B. 90 C. 75 D. 60

18. (p. 163) New research suggests Erikson's stages of identity development: A. Are a biological characteristic of all humans B. Are actually dependent on cultural context C. Are a universal psychological manifestation D. Are untrue and apply to no one

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

19. (p. 159) Which of the following is not a symptom of clinical depression?

A. Loss of speech B. Loss of appetite C. Fatigue D. Difficulties in thinking and concentration

20. (p. 159) One of the reasons women tend to be more depressed then men is: A. women have more biological tendencies to be depressed B. men are more likely than women to remarry if widowed or divorced, so have more social support C. men have stronger emotional constitutions so don't get depressed as easily D. women watch too many sad movies and this makes them depressed

21. (p. 159) Rates of depression are especially high among: A. widowed females and males.

B. nursing home residents.

C. older adults who have never married.

D. low income older adults.

22. (p. 161) Enduring dispositions toward thoughts, feelings and behaviors, both inherited and learned, are called: A. personality traits.

B. adaptation.

C. coping skills.

D. temperament.

23. (p. 161) According to the trait theory, personality can be organized into five major factors.

Which of the following is not one of these factors?

A. openness B. closeness C. neuroticism D. conscientiousness

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

24. (p. 161) _______________ includes the ideas and images people have of themselves.

A. Personality B. Adaptation C. Temperament D. Self-concept

25. (p. 162) The state of compatibility between the individual and the environment that allows a person to maintain a sense of well-being or satisfaction with quality of life is: A. adaptation.

B. temperament.

C. coping.

D. development.

26. (p. 162) Three adaptive can enhance coping or help to alleviate stress. Which of the following is not one of these skills?

A. substituting new roles for role losses B. Modifying one's environment C. Remaining active D. being able to marshal social support

27. (p. 164) A major finding from Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life was: A. men after age 50 wanted to forge a new path or modify the old one.

B. men who have made work and career a priority shifted gears in midlife and made family and family life a concern.

C. men began to re-examine their work and attempted to obtain less dominating positions.

D. men were extremely dissatisfied with their current home and work lives.

28. (p. 166) Which of the following is not one of the types of women identified by Apter in midlife?

A. Traditional B. Innovative C. Expansive D. Retreatist

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

29. (p. 166) The ________________ were pioneers in a man's world. They had strong career ambitions and guarded against distractions.

A. innovators B. traditionalists C. retreatists D. expansives

30. (p. 168) A major criticism of Levinson and Apter's research is: A. stages are not clearly defined.

B. broad generalizations are made about universal development processes based on a small number of subjects.

C. the concept of "midlife" is not valid.

D. there are too many stages.

31. (p. 168) Theories proposed by Levinson and Apter are called stage theories. Social gerontologists are critical of these theories which rely on an implicitly biological model of development because they ignore: A. social environments.

B. place of residence.

C. ethnicity.

D. historical and environmental factors.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

True / False Questions 32. (p. 151) Intelligence consists of five types of skills.

FALSE

33. (p. 151) The Seattle Longitudinal study confirmed in a general way the classic aging pattern but showed a more complex picture of cognitive change.

TRUE

34. (p. 153) The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a symptom of Alzheimer's disease.

FALSE

35. (p. 151) Several studies have found that older people are more efficient than younger people at planning ahead.

TRUE

36. (p. 157) Short term memory seems to slow down with age.

TRUE

37. (p. 159) Alzheimer's disease is a common type of depression.

FALSE

38. (p. 159) Two theories, genetic predisposition and environmental influence, support the cause of Alzheimer's disease.

TRUE

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

39. (p. 167) New research suggests individuals experience stages of identity development differently depending on their race, ethnicity, gender, and social circumstances.

TRUE

40. (p. 162) Depression in nursing home patients is very common, due mostly to their physical ailments.

FALSE

41. (p. 165) There are different types of coping strategies. Three of these strategies are confrontational, resigned, or passive.

TRUE

42. (p. 164) According to one study, having an "optimistic outlook" on life can help reduce the risk of heart disease.

TRUE

43. (p. 166) For Erikson, each of his stages posed an opposing possibility or dilemma. To successfully resolve the dilemma and move on to the next development stage, a person needed to master certain tasks.

TRUE

44. (p. 168) In the midlife transition of Levinson's model, men sought to answer the question, "What have I done with my life"?

TRUE

45. (p. 168) One of the criticisms of Levinson and Apter's findings is that they may reflect cohort effect rather than a developmental path.

TRUE

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

46. (p. 158) Aphasia is one of the consequences of Alzheimer's.

FALSE

47. (p. 156) The African American Twin Study of Aging found that cognitive impairment was inherited.

TRUE

48. (p. 156) Traumatic head injuries increase the risk of dementia but not of Parkinson's disease.

FALSE

Essay Questions 49. Why do you think younger people are more computer-savvy than seniors?

Answers will vary

50. Have you ever had a head injury? What are some of the long-term consequences of head injuries?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

Chapter 08 Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 174) The convoy model of social relations refers to: A. a way to think about how the social support system operates over the life course B. a transportation system developed to help older people get around when they can no longer drive.

C. a system of exchange between older people and their families.

D. the network of friends, relatives and organizations that provide social support

2. (p. 174) Among older adults, studies have found that family members provide more: A. emotional support.

B. financial support.

C. instrumental support.

D. daily support.

3. (p. 174) The _________ provides exchanges over a lifetime.

A. social support system.

B. convoy.

C. support bank.

D. support network.

4. (p. 175) All of the following are characteristics of women's social networks except: A. women have simple relationships with network members.

B. compared to men, women have complex relationships with network members.

C. women have more people in their networks.

D. women have more frequent contact with network members.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

5. (p. 175) Individuals are now aging in families that are different, both _________ and __________, from those of their grandparents.

A. structurally, quantitatively B. structurally, qualitatively C. quantitatively, qualitatively D. structurally, functionally

6. (p. 176) People are more likely than ever to grow older in a four or even five generation family. This phenomenon is termed: A. verticalization.

B. family life cycle C. extended family.

D. bean pole family.

7. (p. 176) Families now are smaller. The average person has: A. one sibling.

B. two siblings.

C. three siblings.

D. no siblings.

8. (p. 177) Younger couples divorce because of: A. lack of sexual activity B. their parents' dissatisfaction with partner choice C. conflicts over finances or childrearing styles D. abuse

9. (p. 177) The risk of divorce in late life has been: A. rising B. declining C. remaining steady D. about the same as newly-weds

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

10. (p. 178) Couples who have been married a long time tend to be very ________ with their marriages.

A. bored B. happy C. ambivalent D. dissatisfied

11. (p. 178) The Long Island Long Term Marriage survey interviewed 576 couples who had been married 50 years or more. The Survey found that all of the following are secrets to a successful marriage except: A. high sexual satisfaction.

B. agreement about life's goals.

C. an ability to laugh together.

D. compatible interests and values.

12. (p. 178) Older couples tend to divorce because: A. one finally wins the lottery B. they fall back in love with a long lost lover C. the husband wants to trade in for a younger lover D. desire to be free from a dead or unsatisfying marriage

13. (p. 179) Which of the following statements is a consistent finding about the frequency of sexual activity for men and women?

A. It increases with age.

B. It declines with age.

C. It stops with age.

D. It provides little satisfaction with age.

14. (p. 179) Studies have found that the vast majority of men and women continue to have sexual intercourse well into their: A. 60s.

B. 70s.

C. 80s.

D. 90s.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

15. (p. 179) ________ may educe sexual activities in older couples.

A. Fatigue B. Conflict C. Caregiving D. Health problems

16. (p. 179) The most important predictor of sexual activity among women is: A. health.

B. physical appearance.

C. marital status.

D. economic status.

17. (p. 180) Which of the following statements regarding the parent-child relationship is NOT true?

A. Positive parent-child relationships increase well-being B. Older parents who have close relations with their adult children are less likely to be depressed C. Conflict between parents and their adult children is rare D. A source of conflict between parents and their adult children is lifestyles and personal habits

18. (p. 180) Quirouette and Gold's study found that the most important factor in a wife's well-being was her: A. perception of the marriage.

B. husband's perception of the marriage.

C. in-laws' perception of the marriage.

D. children's perception of the marriage.

19. (p. 180) Marital satisfaction varies in retirement, especially in household chores. Which of the following categories has the highest level of well-being in retirement?

A. Wives and husbands who retire together and share household chores.

B. Wives who continue to work after husbands retire.

C. Husbands who continue to work after wives retire.

D. Wives and husbands, who are retired, yet continue to work.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

20. (p. 181) Intergenerational living arrangements are influenced by a family's: A. social solidarity.

B. social network.

C. social class.

D. physical health.

21. (p. 181) The theory of __________ has six components, and families the world over provide it.

A. Intergenerational exchange B. Intergenerational solidarity C. Intergenerational reciprocity D. Intergenerational proximity

22. (p. 183) Researchers have documented that African Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans have potentially larger support networks than Caucasian Americans. Which of the following is not a reason for this?

A. Incorporation of non-blood relatives B. High fertility rates C. Extended family living arrangements D. Residential location

23. (p. 184) One reason that parent-child relationships often suffer is because the child does not pursue the ________ course of adult development.

A. prescribed B. normative C. adaptive D. relative

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

24. (p. 184) Elderly parents, grandparents, or spouses may be abused for a number of reasons.

Which theory notes that an abuser might have been a victim of abuse in the past and later became the abuser?

A. Learned Violence hypothesis B. Socialization theory C. Stressed care-giver hypothesis D. Dependency hypothesis

25. (p. 186) Studies have found that children whose parents have divorced have ________ a sense of obligation to parents than children from intact families.

A. more of B. less of C. the same D. no

26. (p. 186) One of the consequences of divorce is the frequency with which parents see their children. Which divorced parent or grandparent is least likely to be in contact with adult children?

A. grandfather B. grandmother C. father D. mother

27. (p. 186) The most common reason for remarrying among older widowed people is: A. income.

B. to have a travel partner.

C. companionship.

D. to provide a social network for grandchildren.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

28. (p. 188) The nature of sibling relationships is partly determined by the _______ and gender composition of the sibling group.

A. health B. income C. age D. size

29. (p. 189) The style of grandparenting in which grandparents had a ritualistic and symbolic relationship with grandchildren is: A. remote.

B. companionate.

C. involved.

D. weak.

30. (p. 189) The style of grandparenting in which grandparents love their grandchildren and then send them home is: A. remote.

B. companionate.

C. involved.

D. weak.

31. (p. 189) Which of the following is true regarding grandfathers raising grandchildren?

A. Grandfathers are about 50 percent of all grandparent caregivers.

B. Grandfather caregivers are especially vulnerable to poverty.

C. Latinos/Hispanics grandfathers are least likely to be poor.

D. Grandfathers raising grandchildren are less likely to be poor than grandmothers raising grandchildren.

32. (p. 190) Pruchno's study found that the primary reason grandparents began caring for their grandchildren was due to: A. economic crises.

B. spouse abuse.

C. drug or alcohol addition.

D. mental illness.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

33. (p. 190) Overall, grandparents caring for their grandchildren do NOT experience: A. companionship B. health disadvantages C. love D. closeness

34. (p. 190) Middle aged parents who interact regularly with their parents provide a source of: A. socialization for the children.

B. role model for the children.

C. social identity for the children.

D. well-being for the children.

35. (p. 191) There is a life course pattern to the grandparent-grandchild relationship. It is called: A. grandparent career.

B. grandparent role.

C. grandparent norm.

D. grandparent commitment.

36. (p. 191) One researcher found that grandchildren felt closer to grandmothers, especially on the ________ side than grandfathers.

A. maternal B. paternal C. step-maternal D. step-paternal

37. (p. 191) Researchers have identified several patterns between parents and their divorcing children. Which of the following is not a pattern?

A. Increase in bond between parents, the adult child, and grandchildren.

B. Children strike out alone and retain a separate, private life.

C. There is a blurring of relatives by blood, marriage, divorce, and remarriage.

D. There is no contact at all between grandparents and children.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

38. (p. 193) In Cooney and Smith's study, one of the findings was young adults from divorced families were _______ likely to initiate visits with their grandparents than those from intact families.

A. more B. less C. equally D. somewhat

39. (p. 194) Gay men and women plan for aging by creating a: A. family.

B. sound retirement.

C. support system.

D. health system.

40. (p. 195) Friendships are significant to the life satisfaction of men and women. Among men, the major function of friendship is: A. someone in whom one can confide.

B. someone to share a laugh with.

C. source of transportation.

D. source of care giving.

41. (p. 196) For women the major source of friendship is: A. neighbors.

B. associations.

C. family.

D. work.

42. (p. 196) _______ frequently changes the composition of the friendship network.

A. Widowhood B. Remarriage C. Divorce D. Grandparenting

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

True / False Questions 43. (p. 178) Researchers make a distinction between the quality and quantity of social support.

TRUE

44. (p. 178) The social support system can consist of one's professional organizations.

TRUE

45. (p. 179) Over the life course, men are more likely than women to maintain social networks.

FALSE

46. (p. 179) The term "verticalization" refers to the increase in links (vertical ties) between preceding and subsequent generations.

TRUE

47. (p. 129) The bean pole family is one whose family is very skinny FALSE

48. (p. 182) The Long Island Long-Term Marriage Survey found that the happiest couples are those who share their lives and have compatible interests and values.

TRUE

49. (p. 183) A study of healthy 80-102 years old found that the most common sexual activity was sexual intercourse.

FALSE

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

50. (p. 186) One example of intergenerational solidarity is running an errand for parents.

TRUE

51. (p. 186) When parents reach age 75 or over, adult children tend to give more help than they receive.

TRUE

52. (p. 188) It is estimated that between 1 and 11 percent of the population over age 65 has been the victim of elder abuse or neglect.

TRUE

53. (p. 191) In the United States, nearly half of the single, childless elderly people belong to a social support network.

FALSE

54. (p. 192) In 2000, about 90% of all 20 year olds had one living grandparent.

TRUE

55. (p. 194) Contact between grandparents and grandchildren is weakest during the adulthood stage of grandchildren.

FALSE

56. (p. 200) People dating in later life are most likely to meet a dating partner through a friend.

FALSE

57. (p. 188) About 50% of all marriages end in divorce.

TRUE

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

58. (p. 183) Erectile Dysfunction in men does not have an effect on their female partners.

FALSE

59. (p. 192) More than half of black grandparents are primary caregivers.

TRUE

Essay Questions 60. Who are the members of your support system? What does your support system do for you? What benefits do you provide to them?

Answers will vary

61. What best describes your relationship to your grandparents?

Answers will vary

62. Has anyone close to you been divorced? How does divorce affect all family relationships?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

Chapter 09 Living Arrangements

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 202) The theory of intergenerational solidarity indicates: A. that all generations are supportive of one another.

B. that all generations live in one household without any conflict.

C. that a family will adjust its living arrangements to reflect the changing needs and resources of different generations.

D. that a family will be available to all generations living within a household.

2. (p. 202) Researchers have identified _________ phases in the parent-child life course in terms of proximity of living arrangement.

A. two B. three C. four D. five

3. (p. 202) Which of the following is not one of the phases in the parent-child living arrangements?

A. Children marry and live close to their parents.

B. Children live with or near their parents before they reach age 25.

C. Children marry or move away in pursuit of education and employment.

D. When aging parents become ill or disabled, they move nearer to their children.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

4. (p. 203) One of the factors which influences parent-child living arrangements is: A. parents' network of friends.

B. marital status.

C. social class.

D. religious background.

5. (p. 203) Older women are more likely than older men to live: A. alone.

B. with children.

C. with siblings.

D. in a retirement home.

6. (p. 203) Which ethnic group is most likely to be living in an extended family household?

A. Latinos B. Alaskan or Indians C. Middle Eastern D. Asians

7. (p. 203) For Asians, living arrangements are mostly a function of: A. filial piety B. poverty C. unfair housing practices D. political beliefs

8. (p. 203) __________ is the term for the movement of older people to the Sun Belt.

A. Aging in place B. Geographic movement C. Residential movement D. Migratory stream

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

9. (p. 206) "Aging in place" is risky because: A. the neighborhood becomes more dangerous B. lack of access to neighborhood services C. de increased social isolation.

D. all of the above

10. (p. 206) Home ownership is linked to: A. race B. self-esteem C. income D. gender.

11. (p. 206) African-Americans and Hispanics/Latinos have lower rates of home ownership due to: A. preference for remaining in a specific community.

B. racial discrimination in housing.

C. intergenerational housing arrangements.

D. frequent moves from city to city.

12. (p. 209) All of the following are characteristics of poor housing quality among the elderly except: A. it is a problem for people who occupy rental properties.

B. it is a problem for people who live in urban areas.

C. it is a problem for the poorest elderly.

D. it is a problem for ethnic minority groups.

13. (p. 210) Researchers have found that older homeless people are more likely to be: A. alcoholics.

B. drug abusers.

C. mentally challenged.

D. poor.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

14. (p. 210) Supportive housing refers to which of the following: A. housing options that offer assistance with daily living B. housing arrangements in inner cities.

C. housing where older people live with students D. alternative living arrangements for people with developmental disabilities.

15. (p. 209) Which type of housing is at the bottom of the market: A. assisted living facilities.

B. board-and-care homes.

C. single room occupancy hotels (SROs).

D. nursing homes

16. (p. 212) People 6¥85 and older are most likely to reside: A. traditional community B. community housing with services C. assisted living facility D. nursing home

17. (p. 214) What is the most important factor that affects job satisfaction among direct care workers?

A. pay B. how well they are treated by their supervisors C. how much time it takes to commute to the job D. whether they are the same race/ethnicity as the residents

18. (p. 213) Assisted living facilities are a significant trend in housing for the elderly. All of the following are characteristics of assisted living facilities except: A. they provide social activities and transportation for residents.

B. they help residents age in place.

C. they usually retain residents suffering from dementia.

D. they provide meals and personal care for residents.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

19. (p. 213) There are currently between 30,000 and _______ assisted living facilities in the United States.

A. 65,000 B. 70,000 C. 90,000 D. 1 million

20. (p. 214) What is one factor that determines whether residents of assisted living facilities feel "at home" in their facility?

A. whether or not they have a lot of their own personal belongings surrounding them B. how close they live to family members C. their ability to make personal decisions and choices about their lives D. the amount of living space they occupy

21. (p. 214) The continuing care retirement communities grew out of the: A. women's movement.

B. social protest movement.

C. care concept developed by religious groups for the care of aging lay people and clergy.

D. care concept developed by the political movement, Gray Panthers, whose founder was Maggie Kuhn.

22. (p. 214) A major attraction of the continuing care retirement communities is the: A. continuum of services provided to the residents.

B. up-front fee and a continuing monthly fee from residents.

C. location.

D. number of available males.

23. (p. 214) A new type of continuing care retirement community is: A. semi-independent living community.

B. dependent living community.

C. independent living community.

D. semi-dependent living community.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

24. (p. 217) One of the advantages of continuing care retirement communities is the friendship networks. These friendships are frequently determined by: A. gender.

B. chronological age.

C. social class.

D. marital status.

25. (p. 217) A major problem with continuing care retirement communities is the: A. staff.

B. cost.

C. social activities.

D. range of services.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

True / False Questions 26. (p. 202) The theory of intergenerational solidarity states that the aged maintain close ties with younger generations.

FALSE

27. (p. 203) Most cases of intergenerational households are formed when children move in with elderly parents.

TRUE

28. (p. 203) Women are less likely than men to live alone.

FALSE

29. (p. 206) Home ownership rates are lower among widows.

FALSE

30. (p. 213) A key component of the ALF philosophy is aging-in-pace.

TRUE

31. (p. 217) Direct care workers are most concerned about pay.

FALSE

32. (p. 217) Some retirement communities have refused to admit gay couples.

TRUE

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

33. (p. 212) One study investigating assisted living facilities in Kansas found that the primary reason for discharge was related to the inability to pay for services.

FALSE

34. (p. 211) Most continuing care retirement communities ask residents to pay an up-front fee and a continuing monthly fee.

TRUE

35. (p. 211) Continuing care retirement communities help to reduce the risk of institutionalization.

TRUE

36. (p. 217) The most important factor of CCRC resident's happiness is their relationships with staff and other residents.

TRUE

Essay Questions 37. What is the ideal living arrangement for older adults?

Answers will vary

38. What can be done to provide quality of care in assisted living facilities?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

Chapter 10 Work and Retirement

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 224) Among older men, the _______ of labor force participation varies.

A. rate B. source C. income D. demand

2. (p. 233) The increase in work among older men can be attributed in part to which of the following?

A. Changes in Social Security regulations B. The rise in standard of living among men C. The need for men to "prove themselves" in the workplace D. A rise in the demand for more experienced workers in the labor force

3. (p. 226) Women experience different patterns of work throughout their lives than do men due to the time they take off for childrearing and caring for aging parents. The disadvantages to this include all but which of the following?

A. They make a lower wage overall B. They may not have pension benefits or health insurance, which normally come through a full-time job C. They have fewer marketable skills when re-entering the workforce at a later age D. They are unable to put to use the advanced or specialized degrees they may have gotten

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

4. (p. 273) There are several reasons why employers have stopped offering health benefits to their retired workers. Which of the following is not one of the reasons employers have stopped offering these benefits?

A. policies have become increasingly expensive.

B. the number of retired workers has increased.

C. people are waiting to retire until they are eligible for Medicare and don't need these benefits.

D. the federal government requires firms to report all costs and liabilities associated with retirees' health plans.

5. (p. 227) According to the Health and Retirement Survey, which ethnic group of women aged 51 to 55 are least likely to be employed?

A. African Americans.

B. Asian Americans.

C. Latinos/Hispanics.

D. Native Americans.

6. (p. 227) Among females 75 or older, _______ women work more.

A. African American B. Asian American C. Latinos/Hispanic D. Native American

7. (p. 227) In 2001, 12 percent of African-American women were employed in domestic services; however, currently 33 percent of _________ women are employed in these jobs.

A. Asian American B. Caucasian C. Latinos/Hispanic D. Native American

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

8. (p. 231) All of the following are reasons employers may be biased against older workers except: A. they are thought to be less productive than younger workers.

B. they earn higher salaries.

C. they are more stable than younger workers.

D. they are perceived as incapable of adapting to change.

9. (p. 227) Over the life course, there are racial and ethnic differences in employment histories, which translate into different patterns of labor force participation in later life. Which of the following statements is accurate?

A. In every age group, unemployment rates are higher for black and Hispanic men and women than they are for whites.

B. Unemployment rates are lowest among black men until age 54.

C. Black women have the highest unemployment rates until age 65 when they are exceeded

by Hispanic women.

D. At all ages, Hispanic men and women have the lowest unemployment rates.

10. (p. 230) The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 did which of the following?

A. Banned discrimination against workers over age 65.

B. Forbid employers from firing or demoting workers 65 and older without good cause.

C. Banned discrimination against workers aged 40 to 65.

D. Allowed employers to reduce the salaries of older workers if they were not as productive as younger workers.

11. (p. 229) A process in which workers can scale back their work responsibilities in order to ease into full retirement is termed: A. bridge jobs.

B. contingent work.

C. consultant work.

D. phased retirement.

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

12. (p. 233) All of the following are characteristics of the defined contribution plan except: A. pays a specific amount when a worker has a certain number of years of service.

B. most funds are invested in the stock market.

C. workers tend to retire later compared to workers with a defined benefit plan.

D. it is a saving plan with some tax advantage.

13. (p. 235) People who have worked at routine and unchallenged jobs all their lives are _________ to retire.

A. reluctant B. wanting C. eager D. excited

14. (p. 237) Which type of retirement occurs when husbands and wives retire at the same time??

A. sequential retirement B. dual retirement C. joint retirement D. bridge retirement

15. (p. 237) All of the following are characteristics of women who continue to work after spouses have retired except which one?

A. they live in smaller households.

B. they have children younger than age 21.

C. they have husbands with health problems.

D. they live in larger households.

16. (p. 237) In which socioeconomic class is sequential retirement likely to be common?

A. Higher socioeconomic status B. Middle socioeconomic status C. Upper-upper socioeconomic status D. Lower socioeconomic status

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

17. (p. 237) Retirement currently is a: A. single event.

B. multiple process.

C. dynamic process.

D. static process.

18. (p. 238) Which one of the following is not consistently associated with happiness in retirement?

A. Being married B. Adequate income C. Good health D. Continuing to work part-time

19. (p. 239) The most negative transition to retirement is experienced by: A. unmarried people.

B. poor people.

C. involuntary retirees.

D. unhealthy people.

20. (p. 239) Retirement is a process but also a change in: A. status.

B. income.

C. health.

D. daily activities.

21. (p. 240) There are several barriers to participating in leisure time pursuits among the elderly.

Which of the following is not one of these barriers?

A. Educational level B. Inadequate economic resources C. Poor health D. Lack of transportation

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

22. (p. 241) According to the Berlin Aging Study, the activity that took up the most minutes of the day for older men and women was: A. television.

B. reading.

C. personal care.

D. instrumental activities of daily living—housework or paying bills.

23. (p. 248) Half of the volunteer work completed by older adults is for: A. churches or church related organizations.

B. nursing homes.

C. fundraising.

D. tutoring others.

24. (p. 242) There are several factors responsible for the increase in volunteer work among older people. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A. Better transportation B. More education C. Financial security D. Better health

25. (p. 244) The most commonly used measure of religiosity is: A. faith.

B. church attendance.

C. prayer.

D. spirituality.

26. (p. 244) Older African Americans may receive instrumental as well as _______ support from their church affiliation.

A. emotional B. daily C. health D. normative

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

27. (p. 244) There are numerous factors related to religious involvement and well-being. Which of the following is not related to the impact of religion on adaptation to aging?

A. It can improve one's employment prospects.

B. It can increase self-esteem.

C. It can enhance life satisfaction.

D. It can reduce symptoms of depression.

28. (p. 233) What factors contribute to later retirement?

A. improved health B. decline in physically demanding job C. increase in Defined Contribution plans D. all of the above

29. (p. 240) What of the following factors does NOT affect labor force withdrawal?

A. job satisfaction B. social security benefits C. pension type D. disability insurance

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

True / False Questions 30. (p. 234) In 2010 Congress eliminated the earnings test on Social Security benefits.

FALSE

31. (p. 227) The decline in work among African-American men reflects the higher rates of unemployment.

FALSE

32. (p. 227) From ages 50-74, Caucasian females have higher rates of labor force participation than African-American females.

TRUE

33. (p. 230) Congress passed the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 to address age discrimination in employment.

TRUE

34. (p. 235) Few employers pay retiree health benefits.

TRUE

35. (p. 226) An obstacle facing women in middle age who have re-entered the labor force is the lack of health and pension benefits.

TRUE

36. (p. 233) Improvements in Social Security, especially the cost-of living adjustments, have encouraged older workers to retire.

FALSE

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

37. (p. 233) Under the defined benefit plan, there is no advantage to continuing to work beyond retirement age.

TRUE

38. (p. 237) Joint retirement is more common among couples who shared both work and family roles early in their marriage.

TRUE

39. (p. 240) Leisure activities are engaged in least by those in poor health.

TRUE

40. (p. 241) The Berlin Aging Study found that German older people are likely to spend 80 percent of their time volunteering in organizations.

FALSE

41. (p. 226) In Europe there has been no decline in the labor force participation of older men since the 1980s.

FALSE

42. (p. 244) Men tend to be more involved than women in religious organizations.

FALSE

43. (p. 240) Despite shrinking social circles, most older people maintain a sense of connectedness through neighbors, volunteering, and religious services.

TRUE

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

Essay Questions 44. Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of bridge jobs.

Answers will vary

45. What are some factors that are related to retirement as an individual decision?

Answers will vary

46. Research has indicated that volunteering has a positive effect on one's health. Discuss whether unhealthy people should be required to volunteer to improve their health conditions.

Answers will vary

47. What are some reasons for the high participation rates of older African Americans in religious activities?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

Chapter 11 Health and Health Care

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 250) Activities undertaken by an individual to promote good health and prevent health problems are called: A. healthy lifestyle.

B. health prevention.

C. health behavior.

D. health maintenance.

2. (p. 251) According to the Center for Health Statistics, among people 65 and older, the most common chronic condition for both men and women is: A. heart disease B. hypertension C. diabetes D. cancer

3. (p. 251) The increase in life expectancy is referred to as the compression of morbidity thesis.

Which of the following does not contribute to a longer life expectancy?

A. Advances in medical technology B. Greater access to health care C. Greater access to transportation D. Changes in lifestyle

4. (p. 252) The degree of difficulty that people experience in performing activities of daily life is: A. functional capability.

B. diagnostic measurement.

C. functional status.

D. dysfunctional tasks

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

5. (p. 252) Which of the following diseases is the only one NOT linked to smoking?

A. heart disease B. cancer C. diabetes D. stroke

6. (p. 253) Many older people who "power walk" are likely to do so in shopping malls. There are several advantages of exercise. Which of the following is not one of these advantages?

A. Elderly people are likely to be more fit.

B. Elderly people are more likely to keep their weight under control.

C. Elderly people will not get hypertension.

D. Elderly people have fewer backaches and joint problems.

7. (p. 254) In a recent study done regarding the intensity of exercise vs. the quantity, what did researchers discover?

A. That the amount of exercise one does may be more important than the intensity.

B. That the intensity of exercise made the biggest difference.

C. That there are no limits on how much one can exercise in a week.

D. That the quantity of exercise made no significant difference in the aerobic fitness of the patients.

8. (p. 255) There are advantages and disadvantages to alcohol consumption. Which of the following is not an advantage?

A. Moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk of a stroke.

B. Alcohol consumption enables people to lose weight.

C. Alcohol consumption appears to protect against heart disease.

D. People who drink an occasional glass of wine with dinner have a lower risk of mortality than nondrinkers.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

9. (p. 256) There are several advantages of having a social support system. It is associated with better physical functioning and: A. reduction in illness.

B. better diet.

C. reduced risk of mortality.

D. lower level of depression.

10. (p. 257) The Malaysian Family Life Survey found that: A. older adults had lower levels of depression.

B. older adults who participated in exercises had higher life expectancy.

C. older adults who had daily contact with children had greater protection from illness.

D. older adults who had daily contact with children had less of a weight problem.

11. (p. 258) Studies have consistently found a link between socioeconomic status (SES) and health. Socioeconomic status consists of education, occupation, and income. Which is the best indicator of SES for the elderly?

A. Occupation.

B. Income.

C. Education D. Retirement.

12. (p. 258) Which theory suggests that people who begin life with greater resources continue to have opportunities to accumulate them in later years?

A. convergence theory.

B. cumulative disadvantage theory.

C. contingent theory.

D. income disparity theory.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

13. (p. 259) Japan has the highest life expectancy at birth than any country and has lower rates of death from cancer and heart disease than Americans. Which of the following is not a factor contributing to this?

A. Japanese elderly are protected by family. More than half of Japanese live with children.

B. There is a low level of income inequality.

C. They exercise more than Americans.

D. They have a healthy diet.

14. (p. 260) The ethnic group with the highest risk of diabetes, high blood pressure and stroke is: A. Asian Americans.

B. African Americans.

C. Hispanics/Latinos.

D. Native Americans.

15. (p. 262) Racial disparities in medical treatment have declined, especially in regard to: A. mammograms B. flue shots.

C. yearly check-up.

D. prostate cancer checks

16. (p. 260) The racial differences in diet, smoking, and activity level can almost always be explained by differences in: A. life style.

B. education.

C. income.

D. occupation.

17. (p. 266) In a study examining hypertension among African Americans, Jamaicans, and Nigerians, it was found that an explanation of hypertension among African Americans is: A. environmental.

B. heredity.

C. lack of support system.

D. diet.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

18. (p. 262) Which of the following ethnic groups is least likely to have health insurance?

A. African Americans B. Asian Americans C. Hispanics/Latinos D. Native Americans

19. (p. 262) The ethnic group, on the whole, that is healthier than other ethnic groups is: A. African Americans.

B. Asian Americans.

C. Hispanics/Latinos.

D. Native Americans

20. (p. 263) The best possible resource to communicate health care issues with ethnic/racial subordinate groups is: A. social groups and clubs.

B. television ads.

C. newspaper ads.

D. magazine ads.

21. (p. 263) Some studies have found that physicians have a/an ________ view of older people.

A. uncaring B. childlike C. biased and stereotyped D. unhealthy

22. (p. 264) A major problem between physicians and older patients is communication. This problem is especially true if the patient is from a different cultural background. This is why _________ living in the United States prefer traditional healers over doctors.

A. Chinese B. Japanese C. Koreans D. Vietnamese

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

23. (p. 261) In one study, physicians expressed several concerns about treating older patients.

Which of the following is not an area of concern?

A. The elderly have more complex health problems B. The elderly are at risk of rapid decline C. Physicians might not get paid for their services D. It is frustrating to treat chronic diseases

24. (p. 264) Until the 1950s, the primary means for reimbursing physicians was through: A. health insurance.

B. fee for service.

C. payment plan.

D. social insurance plan.

25. (p. 264) The main purpose of health maintenance organizations or managed care is to: A. achieve efficiency and control cost.

B. provide better diagnosis of illness.

C. encourage patients to see specialists.

D. reduce amount of drugs prescribed.

26. (p. 265) Studies have documented the advantages of HMOs. According to one study, all of the following are advantages except: A. reduce hospital admission rates.

B. shorten hospital stays.

C. encourage patients to see specialists.

D. make less use of expensive technologies.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

27. (p. 267) The Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 was a groundbreaking change in Medicare, due in large part to the new prescription drug benefit. Which of the choices below was NOT one of the reasons that this new benefit was confusing to people?

A. The "doughnut hole" that stops coverage until someone spends $3600 on prescription drugs.

B. The cost of the benefits and costs of the drugs vary widely, making it difficult for older people to know which plan to choose.

C. The rules of the plan have to do with whether or not someone is above or below the poverty line.

D. The plan requires elderly people to justify all of the drugs they are taking and for what ailments.

28. (p. 267) All of the following are reasons employers see retirees' health insurance plans as a liability except: A. policies have become increasingly expensive.

B. the number of retired workers has increased.

C. the federal government monitors the amount of money spent for the plan.

D. the federal government requires firms to report all costs and liabilities associated with retirees' health plans.

29. (p. 268) Which of the following was not part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010?

A. increased regulations on insurance companies B. allow children to stay on their parents policies until age 26 C. eliminates donut hole in Medicare D. pays for care in an assisted living facility

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

True / False Questions 30. (p. 250) The first stage of the epidemiologic transition is characterized by a decline in deaths from epidemics and famine.

FALSE

31. (p. 252) The number of people who smoke has steadily been declining for the last 20 years.

TRUE

32. (p. 253) One study indicates the amount of exercise is more important than the intensity.

TRUE

33. (p. 255) In contrast to the rest of the population, the number of elderly people who are obese has been decreasing in recent years.

FALSE

34. (p. 256) Several studies have found social support to have a positive effect on the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems.

TRUE

35. (p. 259) Women have higher rates of disability than men. This can be attributed in part to their longer life expectancy.

TRUE

36. (p. 264) Capitation refers to a method of payment in which reimbursement to health provider is set after the service is provided.

FALSE

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

37. (p. 252) Over the past 40 years smoking rates among men have steadily declined.

TRUE

38. (p. 253) Among women, smoking rates are still on the rise.

FALSE

39. (p. 253) Among the very old, regular exercise no longer has an effect on mortality FALSE

Essay Questions 40. It has been observed that efforts to educate ethnic/racial groups on health issues have not been successful because they are promoted through the mass media. What are some programs that might be used to address ethnic/racial groups' health issues?

Answers will vary

41. Poor communication between older patients and physicians is cited as one of the reasons for under-treatment of the elderly. How might the communication problem between older patients and doctors be addressed?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

Chapter 12 Caring for the Frail Elderly

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 272) Care of the frail elderly exists on a continuum of care. The least formal care is performed by: A. social workers B. public or private institutions.

C. family members.

D. former colleagues.

2. (p. 272) All of the following are activities of daily living except: A. reading the newspaper.

B. eating.

C. bathing.

D. getting in and out of the bed.

3. (p. 272) Which of the following category of caregivers is most likely to provide caregiving to the aging?

A. Spouse B. Children C. Friends D. Siblings

4. (p. 274) The primary caregiver, in all studies, usually are: A. children.

B. siblings.

C. women.

D. friends.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

5. (p. 275) There is a gender difference in the division of labor among caregivers. Daughters are more likely to provide all of the following except: A. household chores.

B. feeding.

C. dressing.

D. bathing.

6. (p. 274) For the countries Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and West Germany, which reports the highest percentage of elderly receiving money from children?

A. Canada B. Japan C. United Kingdom D. West Germany

7. (p. 274) Women are more likely to assume a disproportionate share of care giving because: A. they have been socialized to be caring.

B. they are less likely to have other obligations.

C. their primary responsibility has been for unpaid domestic labor, thus they are seen as natural caregivers.

D. they are the primary parents in providing care for children.

8. (p. 275) What factor is not important in creating caregiver stress?: A. the caregiver's coping skills B. having helpers who provide hands-on help C. having a strong social support system.

D. not being in the labor force.

9. (p. 276) Which measure is not a part of allostatic load?

A. blood pressure and cholesterol levels B. elevated cortisol C. a depression scale D. having the flu.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

10. (p. 277) All of the following are ways in which employed caregivers compensated for stress except: A. working fewer hours.

B. working more hours.

C. rearranging schedules.

D. taking time off without pay.

11. (p. 277) One policy to address the caregiving problems has been the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Which of the following is not an adequate description of this act?

A. It allows employees to take a paid or unpaid leave at the discretion of the employer.

B. It allows employees to take 12 weeks of paid or unpaid leave for family-related reasons.

C. It allows employees to take 8 weeks of paid or unpaid leave for family-related reasons.

D. The act applies to firms that employ at least 50 people.

12. (p. 278) Which of the following is usually not one of the issues that arise when siblings are caring for an aging parent?

A. conflict when one sibling feels the others are not doing their fair share B. disagreements over how to care for a parent C. refusing to contribute financially D. increased closeness between siblings

13. (p. 279) Marriage can be affected by caregiving responsibilities. Which is the consequence, according to Bookwala?

A. the wear and tear hypothesis is correct.

B. husbands and wives reported higher levels of marital satisfaction.

C. husbands and wives reported great financial stress.

D. wives felt that they experienced emotional abuse from their husbands.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

14. (p. 278) Caregiving can have an effect on parent-child relationships. A study by Walker and Allen found several patterns of relationships between mothers and daughters. Which of the following is not one of these patterns?

A. Conflicted B. Innovators C. Mutuality D. Ambivalent

15. (p. 278) In the _________ pattern of mother and daughter relationships, there are rewards but also costs, and the relationship is sometimes tense.

A. conflicted B. innovative C. mutuality D. ambivalent

16. (p. 278) One study examining stress for women caring for a parent with Alzheimer's disease found that the greatest source of stress was: A. caregiver's spouse.

B. children.

C. siblings.

D. spouse of parent.

17. (p. 279) Which of the following is not a problem for grandchildren when their parents are caregivers for their grandparents?

A. Making an educational sacrifice B. Competition with grandparents for their parent's attention C. Making a financial sacrifice D. Loss of privacy in the household

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

18. (p. 279) A study of 20 adolescent grandchildren of Alzheimer's patients found that the caregiving experience had had a/an ________ influence on family relationships.

A. positive B. negative C. ambivalent D. major

19. (p. 280) Which of the following activities is not one performed by home and community-based services?

A. Housekeeping B. Case management C. Travel plans D. Personal care

20. (p. 280) All of the following statements related to home care are true except: A. there is no evidence that home and community-based services reduce costs of nursing home use.

B. family members do withdraw support when home services are provided.

C. family members do not withdraw support when home services are provided.

D. home and community-based services are not always adequate.

21. (p. 282) Two problems create high turnover rates among home health aides. They are: A. transportation and training B. low wages and transportation C. low wages and poor working conditions D. poor working conditions and training

22. (p. 283) Elderly minorities are in poorer health than Caucasian elderly. Yet they are __________ likely to receive home and community-based services.

A. more B. less C. both D. not

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

23. (p. 284) Among the American Indians, the use of formal services by aged tribal members represents a failure of: A. tribal care.

B. family care.

C. care by children.

D. care by siblings.

24. (p. 284) One reason ethnic minority groups are less likely to receive home and community-based services or even to enter a nursing home is cultural preference. Another reason is: A. finances B. lack of access.

C. lack of information on services.

D. fear of abuse.

25. (p. 285) Long term care insurance has been slow to grow in the United States. What is one of the reasons?.

A. pricing mistakes on the part of insurance companies have stopped many from offering coverage B. most people do not need long term care C. people prefer family care D. Medicaid will pay all these costs

26. (p. 285) Long-term care insurance is one option to pay for home care services. There are several problems with private insurance. Which of the following is not one of these problems?

A. Policies do not cover home care for people in their 90s.

B. Premiums are costly because most people wait until they are in their 70s and 80s to purchase insurance.

C. People with health problems are turned down by private insurers.

D. A high proportion of policy holders permit their policies to lapse.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

27. (p. 285) What percent of people over age 65 will spend some time in a nursing home?

A. 2 percent B. 15 percent C. 20 percent D. 35 to 50 percent

28. (p. 285) In 1995, a report by the General Accounting office found that _______ of the nation's nursing homes were operating at a substandard level.

A. 33% B. 75% C. 10% D. 2%

29. (p. 285) Turnover among workers in the health care industry is extremely high, exceeding 100 percent each year. Which of the following statements is not a reason for the turnover?

A. Starting salary for nursing assistants is usually minimum wage with few fringe benefits such as health insurance or pensions.

B. The work requires aides to manually lift patients which often results in back injuries.

C. The work requires that the aides receive monthly training.

D. There are few opportunities for advancement and participation in the planning of the care for residents.

30. (p. 287) Research has shown that the highest quality of care is provided in homes operated by: A. profit-making companies.

B. nonprofit organizations.

C. small "mom and pop" teams.

D. educational organizations.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

31. (p. 289) The process of entering a nursing home as a private pay, depleting one's income and assets and becoming poor is known as: A. medical downsizing.

B. financial downsizing.

C. spending up.

D. spending down.

32. (p. 288) Members of racial and ethnic minorities are more readily accepted for _________ on admission to nursing homes than Caucasians.

A. Medicare B. Medicaid C. private health insurance D. private pay

33. (p. 288) A nursing home is what Erving Goffman called a total institution. Total institutions are characterized by all of the following except: A. separating the main spaces of life—sleep, work, and play.

B. handling many human needs by bureaucratic organizations.

C. serving as a retreat from the world.

D. making simple independent decisions like taking a walk.

34. (p. 288) According to Jaber Gubrium's book Living and Dying at Murray Manor, the most difficult loss when moving into a nursing home is: A. independence.

B. friends.

C. familiar places.

D. familiar furniture or objects.

35. (p. 289) "Bed-and-body work" refers to: A. bedside conversations with residents to calm them at bedtime.

B. bathing and dressing residents so that they may be neat and clean in their beds.

C. the daily routine of feeding, dressing, bathing and preparing residents for bed.

D. physical therapy.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

36. (p. 290) Timothy Diamond's book, Making Gray Gold: Narrative of Nursing Home Care, is: A. about the poor quality of care in nursing homes.

B. about the lack of social stimulation in nursing homes.

C. about how poorly paid nursing assistants struggled to reconcile the care they wanted to give patients with care that they were required to give.

D. about how nursing assistants organize patients to advocate for better emotional care.

37. (p. 290) Abuse in nursing homes stems from high turnover and high: A. absenteeism.

B. emotional demands.

C. efficiency demands.

D. physical demands.

38. (p. 291) Once a family member is admitted to a nursing home, sometimes stress: A. decreases.

B. increases.

C. remains the same.

D. comes in cycles.

39. (p. 291) The workshop developed by a group of Cornell University researchers focused on improving listening skills and enhancing: A. communication.

B. empathy.

C. respect.

D. efficiency.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

True / False Questions 40. (p. 272) Instrumental activities of daily living involve such tasks as keeping track of money and running errands.

TRUE

41. (p. 274) Most long-term care of the frail elderly is provided by nursing assistants.

FALSE

42. (p. 275) Daughters who provide care for elderly parents do not give up other obligations; they give up their free time.

TRUE

43. (p. 275) One explanation for the gender gap in caregiving is daughters perform more intimate tasks for elderly parents than sons do.

TRUE

44. (p. 277) Men are likely to leave the workforce once they begin caring for a family member.

FALSE

45. (p. 275) Researchers distinguish between caregiver burden and caregiver stress.

TRUE

46. (p. 278) For the parent-child relationship, stress increases if there is role reversal.

TRUE

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

47. (p. 280) Research shows that families do not withdraw support when home and community-based services are provided, but the disabled elderly receive more care.

TRUE

48. (p. 282) Currently, there is little regulation of home and community-based services.

TRUE

49. (p. 283) Most of the money for home care services is paid by Medicare and Medicaid.

FALSE

50. (p. 292) Abuse in nursing homes stems from instances in which overworked, underpaid aides, who provide all the hands-on care, become frustrated or simply make mistakes.

TRUE

51. (p. 281) Adult children who live far from an aging parent do not feel the caregiver's burden.

FALSE

52. (p. 281) Siblings of gay and lesbian people often presume that they are the most appropriate caregivers for aging parents.

TRUE

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

Essay Questions 53. How can home and community-based services by regulated to ensure quality of care?

Answers will vary

54. What kind of stresses are placed on families when caring for an aging relative?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

Chapter 13 Dying, Death, and Bereavement

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 298) The dead are instilled with special powers and considered potentially harmful in many _________ societies.

A. agrarian B. eastern C. Native American D. preliterate

2. (p. 298) "The Day of the Dead" is a celebration in: A. Indian culture.

B. Native American culture.

C. Mexican culture.

D. Indonesian culture.

3. (p. 299) The religion that views death as the passing of the soul from one body to another is: A. Hinduism.

B. Muslim.

C. Buddhism.

D. Judaism.

4. (p. 299) The religion that practice widow sacrifice or suttee is: A. Hinduism.

B. Muslim.

C. Buddhism.

D. Judaism.

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

5. (p. 299) In which country are the dead cremated in fields because of the limited number of crematoria?

A. Thailand B. Cambodia C. Philippines D. Malaysia

6. (p. 299) Death was transformed in the United States in the nineteenth century. Which of the following statements was not a factor in this transformation?

A. There was a shift in the death rate for people 14 or younger. More deaths occurred among people 65 and older.

B. There was a change in the type of disease likely to end in death. At one time, it was acute diseases. Today it is likely to be chronic diseases.

C. Death is less visible. In the 19th century, most people died at home.

D. In the past there was less fear of death.

7. (p. 300) At what age do children begin to comprehend that death is irreversible and universal?

A. very young (age 1-2) B. middle childhood C. pre-teen years D. teenage years

8. (p. 301) The physician Elizabeth Kubler-Ross identified five stages of dying. Which of the following is NOT one of those five stages?

A. anger B. bargaining C. confusion D. depression

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

9. (p. 301) In what stage does a person promise good behavior in the hope God will grant an extension of life?

A. anger B. denial C. bargaining D. confusion

10. (p. 301) In what stage does a person develop coping mechanisms to face death?

A. anger B. denial C. bargaining D. depression

11. (p. 303) In ________, individuals specify their wish for treatment in advance.

A. living testimony B. living will C. directive D. power of attorney

12. (p. 303) Surveys have indicated public opinion for physician-assisted suicide for mentally competent patients. Those likely to favor legalizing assisted suicide were Caucasian males.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of this group?

A. Not very religious B. Strained family relationships C. Failing health D. Low income

13. (p. 305) Who has the highest rate of suicide among those aged 65 and older, according to the U.S. Census Bureau?

A. African-American women B. Hispanic men C. White men D. Asian men

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

14. (p. 305) What is the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric disorder among the elderly?

A. depression B. schizophrenia C. borderline personality disorder D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

15. (p. 305) The rates of suicide increase with age. Which of the following is not a reason for the increased suicide rate?

A. Social isolation B. Financial hardship C. Loss of physical attractiveness D. Chronic illness and pain

16. (p. 305) Suicide, among the elderly, often occurs without: A. physical or mental illness.

B. depression.

C. discussion of dying.

D. warning

17. (p. 307) A main component of the hospice philosophy is: A. pain management.

B. depression management.

C. withdrawal management.

D. anger management.

18. (p. 307) The United States has five models of hospice care. The largest number, paid for by Medicare, is the: A. home-based hospice.

B. free-standing hospice.

C. nursing home hospice.

D. hospital-based hospice.

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

19. (p. 309) The main source of payment support for hospice care is: A. private insurance.

B. private pay.

C. charitable donations.

D. Medicare.

20. (p. 309) One study found that 46% of the cost in the last year of life occurs during the last 60 days. A major reason for this cost is: A. hospice care.

B. demand by family member to prolong life.

C. hospital and physicians' payments.

D. high tech medical equipment.

21. (p. 311) Which is not one of the possible effects of widowhood?

A. loss of a beloved person B. crushing sense of loneliness C. loss of social support network D. loss of social position

22. (p. 314) The widowhood effect is defined as: A. loss of a beloved person B. an increase in the survivor's change of dying.

C. taking on new roles.

D. seeing friends more often.

23. (p. 314) According to research, older people who lose a close relative survive longer when they have intimate ties to a/an: A. adult child.

B. close friend.

C. support group.

D. sibling.

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

24. (p. 311) Van den Hoonaard's longitudinal study of a condominium-type retirement community found that widows commonly were _________ activities with people with whom they considered friends.

A. included in B. excluded from C. ignored in D. resigned from

25. (p. 313) The problem of widowhood for men is compounded by the traditional role of: A. assertiveness.

B. aggressiveness.

C. dominance.

D. independence.

26. (p. 313) Widowers rarely use: A. church groups.

B. support groups.

C. educational groups.

D. health groups.

27. (p. 314) Which of the following statements about adult children who have lost their parents is not true: A. most people lose one of their parents when they are in their 50s.

B. the death of a parent severs one of the most emotionally significant bonds.

C. the death of a parent may occur after a long illness D. the loss of a father is more upsetting than the loss of a mother.

28. (p. 315) In a study of 107 married middle-aged daughters' responses to their mother's death, the study found nearly all ___________ their grief.

A. selectively addressed B. overcame C. symbolized D. selectively controlled

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

29. (p. 307) Hospices do NOT provide which of the following services: A. medications and treatment B. rehabilitation C. funeral planning D. emotional, social, and spiritual support

True / False Questions 30. (p. 298) In some societies, the dead are considered members of the community. They may serve as intermediaries between the world of the living and dead.

TRUE

31. (p. 299) In Buddhism, death is a reminder that there is no permanent solid self.

FALSE

32. (p. 299) During the eighteenth century, death became more intellectualized.

FALSE

33. (p. 302) A major criticism of Kubler-Ross' stages of dying is that they cannot be identified in every culture.

FALSE

34. (p. 303) A living will specifies the type of treatment an individual should be granted if s/he becomes terminally ill.

TRUE

35. (p. 303) The lowest suicide rates occur among divorced and widowed men.

FALSE

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

36. (p. 314) Widowhood has been associated with increased risk of illness and mortality.

TRUE

37. (p. 311) Older widows are more welcomed in support networks than younger widows.

TRUE

38. (p. 314) According to some research, the loss of a father is more upsetting than the loss of a mother.

FALSE

39. (p. 305) In the United States, Medicare is the main source of payment for hospice care.

TRUE

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

Essay Questions 40. What is meant to be the role of hospice care? What are some problems that can occur?

Answers will vary

41. Widowhood alters relationships, especially friendships, and is especially problematic for males. What can the family and community do to assist men in this process?

Answers will vary

42. Discuss three different cultures perspectives on death.

Answers will vary

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

Chapter 14 The Economics of Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 322) All of the following are factors which have improved the economic status of the aged since the 1960s except: A. marital status.

B. diverse sources of income.

C. private pensions that have tripled in income.

D. the number of children providing economic support.

2. (p. 322) The government has the power to tax. The taxes which finance social security are: A. from income.

B. from payroll.

C. progressive.

D. regressive.

3. (p. 323) The elderly today benefited from the riding tide of prosperity in the post World War II era. Which of the following statements is not related to this prosperity?

A. High marriage rates B. Stable employment histories C. Stable low divorce rates D. Low birth rates

4. (p. 324) The baby boom generation has had fewer opportunities than their parents. One reason for this lack of opportunity is: A. the size of the cohort.

B. the number of children born to members in this cohort.

C. competition among members of this cohort.

D. limited resources.

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

5. (p. 326) Until recently demographers predicted that the ___________ will enter retirements with more savings, better pension coverage, and greater prospects for inheriting wealth than any other generation.

A. echo boomers B. baby boomers C. baby bust cohort D. silent cohort

6. (p. 327) _________ is the most successful program of the welfare state.

A. Social Security B. Medicare C. Medicaid D. Disability insurance

7. (p. 330) One of the recommendations to preserve Social Security is to raise the normal retirement age to 70. A consequence of raising it to this age is: A. fewer people will receive the benefits.

B. it could worsen racial and ethnic inequality among older Americans.

C. more older people will fall below the poverty level.

D. companies will suffer due to the increasing average age of their employees.

8. (p. 327) Between 2000 and 2010 attitudes toward Social Security have shifted. Which statement best describes this shift?

A. Older people now feel too much is being spent on Social Security B. Young people now feel too little is being spent on Social Security C. The majority of people now feel that too much is being spent on Social Security D. The majority of people now feel that the government is spending too little or just about the right amount on Social Security

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

9. (p. 331) Reducing benefits is another option to preserve Social Security. Which group of people are likely to be adversely affected by reducing benefits?

A. Low income elderly B. Middle income elderly C. Upper income elderly D. Corporate elderly

10. (p. 332) A third recommendation to pressure Social Security is to increase the payroll tax rate of 15.2 percent. Which country, internationally, has the highest payroll tax?

A. Finland B. Spain C. Italy D. Portugal

11. (p. 332) Which country internationally has the lowest payroll tax?

A. Canada B. Germany C. Italy D. United States

12. (p. 332) One recommendation to use a means test to quality for Social Security benefits. This means test: A. would require financial eligibility of all recipients and permit benefits to these with certain incomes.

B. would reduce benefits only to higher income individuals.

C. would be administered through the tax system, instead of welfare bureaucracy.

D. would be administered through the state's tax system.

13. (p. 333) One country with a means tested pension is: A. Australia B. Finland C. Germany D. Italy

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

14. (p. 333) One major obstacle of means testing is: A. it encourages risk-taking in the stock market.

B. it discourages savings.

C. planning your retirement.

D. it encourages savings.

15. (p. 333) The privatization of Social Security would mandate that individuals be more in charge of their own retirement and the government less responsible. One country with a privatization program in existence is: A. Argentina.

B. Chile.

C. Norway.

D. Sweden.

16. (p. 333) All of the following are risks of privatization except: A. with the stock market plunging, retirees will be left with little income in their old age.

B. there is no income redistribution in the system.

C. some individuals would not have money to invest in the system.

D. some individuals might need to withdraw their savings due to the risk of a life crisis.

17. (p. 334) Which of the following is not a characteristic of defined benefit plans?

A. They typically pay lump benefits.

B. The amount of benefit is based on years of service and prior earnings.

C. They are not indexed to inflation.

D. Funds may not be invested wisely, thus there are not enough to cover all those eligible for them.

18. (p. 334) ______________ was passed in 1974 to curb problems associated with defined pension plans.

A. Employee Retirement Fund B. Employee Retirement Security Act C. Employee Retirement Income Security Act D. Employee Security Act

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

19. (p. 336) Defined contribution plans represent a savings plan with some tax advantages.

Which of the following is not a problem with defined contribution plans?

A. The plan is involuntary.

B. The plan is voluntary.

C. Workers may withdraw funds before retirement.

D. Workers sometimes are encouraged or required to place all their contributions into company stock.

20. (p. 337) Personal savings are a third source of income in retirement. Problems with saving for retirement include all of the following except: A. the uncertainty related to life expectancy.

B. uncertainty in the labor market.

C. little encouragement or advice to save.

D. chronic illness can deplete resources.

21. (p. 339) A major reason that the national saving rate has declined is: A. the employment participation rate.

B. the leveling off of economic opportunities.

C. using savings for bad investments.

D. using savings to pay for leisure time activities.

22. (p. 341) Saving rates are lower among the elderly because they spend their money on: A. health care and housing B. their children C. vacations D. jewelry

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

True / False Questions 23. (p. 323) The primary policy tools of government are the power to tax and the power to spend.

TRUE

24. (p. 323) The elderly today do not have the diverse source of income compared to the elderly of the 1960s.

FALSE

25. (p. 323) In the last 40 years, there has been a vast improvement in the economic position of the aged.

TRUE

26. (p. 324) Because so much of the net worth of older people is housing wealth, some retirees have started using their home equity to pay for their retirement.

TRUE

27. (p. 324) Median net worth is the total value of all assets TRUE

28. (p. 327) One of the changes contributing to the decrease in the Social Security trust fund is decline in the birthrate.

TRUE

29. (p. 329) The United States is one of several countries thinking about raising the retirement age.

TRUE

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

30. (p. 332) An increase in the payroll tax, to increase the Social Security fund, will fall heavily on high income earners.

FALSE

31. (p. 332) The idea of a means test appeals to many Americans. One reason for its appeal is the continued growth in living standards for most working Americans.

FALSE

32. (p. 332) The greatest risk of a means test is it would create two unequal classes of retirees.

TRUE

33. (p. 334) Vesting is an important requirement of the defined benefit plans.

TRUE

34. (p. 337) The Individual Retirement Account allows certain groups of workers and their spouses to place money into a special retirement account without paying tax on the income or earnings.

TRUE

35. (p. 337) Young workers are extremely realistic about what they will need to fund a comfortable lifestyle in retirement.

FALSE

36. (p. 339) The Employee Benefit Research Institute found that 62 percent of current workers save for retirement.

TRUE

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

37. (p. 327) The majority of citizens believe spending on Social Security is too high.

FALSE

38. (p. 327) Public support for Social Security is low.

FALSE

39. (p. 339) Wealth continues to rise until one dies.

FALSE

Essay Questions 40. Discuss the pros and cons of raising the retirement age to pressure the Social Security Trust Fund.

Answers will vary

41. List some things a 30-35 year old could begin to do to save for her/his retirement.

Answers will vary

42. What are the major differences between a defined benefit and a defined contribution plan?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

Chapter 15 Poverty and Inequality

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 346) The concept of "social class" includes all of the following dimensions except: A. income.

B. prestige.

C. power.

D. cumulative wealth.

2. (p. 346) According to the theory of cumulative disadvantage, inequality begins with those who have greater resources and more opportunities to _________ additional resources.

A. occupy B. own C. acquire D. develop

3. (p. 348) Older adults have numerous sources of income. The largest source of ethnic/racial disparity in income is from: A. pensions.

B. savings.

C. assets.

D. antiques.

4. (p. 349) Inequality in old age is not a random pattern but a consistent one. A person's _______ has a major factor in her/his income security in old age.

A. assets B. inheritance C. work history D. pension benefits

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

5. (p. 351) Among older men and women, regardless of ethnic group, women are less likely to receive income from: A. pensions.

B. assets.

C. stocks.

D. social security.

6. (p. 351) Gender inequality in old age, especially economic resources, can be attributed to: A. low labor force participation.

B. low educational achievement.

C. familial responsibilities.

D. type of occupations in which women are employed.

7. (p. 352) With respect to Social Security, people receiving the highest lifetime earnings receive the _______ benefits.

A. best B. highest C. longest D. consistent

8. (p. 352) Data have indicated that women earn lower wages than men. In 2009 women aged 25 to 34 earned ____ percent of what men earn.

A. 77 B. 40 C. 10 D. 88

9. (p. 352) One recommendation to achieve gender inequality in Social Security benefits is to take into account the differences between men and women and utilize measures to compensate the disadvantaged gender. This is referred to as: A. gender neutrality.

B. gender equalization.

C. gender recognition.

D. gender compensation.

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

10. (p. 352) Which of the following countries has credited a mother or father with 75 percent of average earnings for one year for each child reared?

A. Sweden B. Denmark C. Germany D. Switzerland

11. (p. 352) Although younger women in the U.S. are working more continuously than women in older generations, it is estimated that by 2030, only ______ percent will have contributed the full 35 years to Social Security.

A. 60 B. 40 C. 25 D. 15

12. (p. 353) Poverty increases among women if they divorce. Which of the following statements does not reflect the eligibility requirement for spousal benefit after a divorce?

A. S/he must be at least 60 years old.

B. S/he must have been married for 10 years.

C. S/he must not be currently married.

D. S/he must not be currently employed.

13. (p. 353) The current spouse and survivor benefits are based on a particular family type. It is the: A. nuclear/traditional family.

B. extended family.

C. single parent family.

D. blended family

14. (p. 356) In which European country are there virtually no poor elderly people?

A. Sweden B. Italy C. Holland.

D. Denmark

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

15. (p. 357) There are several factors that reduce women's eligibility for pensions. Which of the following is not one of these factors?

A. Generally women work in smaller, non-unionized firms.

B. One-fourth of American women work in retail and service industries.

C. Women have interrupted work histories.

D. Women have limited employment mobility.

16. (p. 359) All of the following are advantages of the Retirement Equity Act of 1984 except: A. pensions for married couples must be joint and survivor annuities.

B. the pension is considered a part of property settlement in divorces.

C. under no terms can survivor's benefits be waived.

D. the act applies only to private sector workers.

17. (p. 359) Pension splitting refers to the following: A. the pension is part of a divorce decree and applies to the divorced spouse B. an agreement that a husband and wife each get half of each other's pension C. an arrangement so that gay couples can receive a portion of their partner's pension D. an agreement that the federal government will regulate pension rights

18. (p. 357) One of the problems with 401(k) plans is they: A. discriminate against subordinate ethnic groups.

B. discriminate against certain occupations. Occupations in the professional and technical field are preferred.

C. discriminate against women.

D. discriminate against older people.

19. (p. 359) For the 2010 Census, how many racial categories were specified as options for respondents to check?

A. 6 B. 10 C. 16 D. 24

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

20. (p. 360) Home ownership represents the single most important asset of Americans. All of the following are reasons African Americans have lower housing wealth except: A. the policy of redlining.

B. institutional discrimination in the housing system.

C. preference for same-race neighborhoods by minorities D. restrictive covenants.

21. (p. 360) Due to the lack of housing wealth, most older African Americans have less income security for their age, and an emergency can deplete their resources. The unequal distribution of wealth perpetuates: A. powerlessness.

B. classism.

C. cumulative disadvantage.

D. racism.

22. (p. 361) The group among Hispanic/Latinos with the lowest rates of labor force participation and lowest level of education is: A. Cubans.

B. Columbians.

C. Mexicans.

D. Puerto Ricans.

23. (p. 362) Hispanic/Latinos are ineligible for Medicare due to: A. language barriers B. employment in occupations not covered by Social Security.

C. low wages.

D. seasonal work.

24. (p. 362) Many elderly Chinese males migrated alone to the West Coast to work on the railroad during the early part of the 20th century. These men currently have: A. no pensions.

B. no family support system.

C. no private property.

D. no children.

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

25. (p. 362) The prosperity for some Asian groups can be explained by the high value they emphasize on: A. investment/savings.

B. family support system.

C. hard work.

D. education.

26. (p. 363) ________ constitute the largest Native American group.

A. Seminoles B. Creeks C. Navajos D. Cherokees

27. (p. 364) Native Americans tend to live on reservations in which they are isolated from other groups and have little chance of economic growth. Due to these factors, among ethnic groups, Native Americans have the highest unemployment and: A. disability rates.

B. birth rates.

C. mortality rates.

D. suicide rates.

28. (p. 364) For Native Americans, health care is provided by the Indian Health Services. This service is the responsibility of the: A. tribe.

B. state government in which the Indian group lives.

C. local government in which the Indian group lives.

D. federal government.

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

29. (p. 364) What accounted for the high number of Native American elderly left alone on reservations in the years 1952-1972?

A. The relocation of more than 100,000 Native Americans to urban areas B. The high death rate of middle-aged Native Americans C. The reorganization of reservations by age D. The refusal of the elderly to leave the reservations when the government attempted to force them to do so.

30. (p. 364) Many European countries admitted temporary migrants on work permits after World War II. They were referred to as guest workers. These guest workers have high rates of poverty. Which of the following is not a factor in this high rate of poverty?

A. Incompatible educational credentials B. Language barriers C. Limited family support system D. Job skills may not be transferable to host country

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

True / False Questions 31. (p. 347) The median income of the elderly relative to other age groups has improved since the 1960s TRUE

32. (p. 348) The disparity in income by ethnicity/race can be explained by the type of employment that the person had before retirement.

FALSE

33. (p. 349) Caucasian women are more likely to receive pensions than other ethnic/racial gender group.

FALSE

34. (p. 353) Dual entitlement under Social Security refers to men and women who have worked outside the home and are eligible for benefits as well as for benefit as a spouse.

TRUE

35. (p. 355) The spouse benefit has been subjected to some criticisms. One recommendation is to provide low-income workers a livable income during retirement.

FALSE

36. (p. 357) One's access to a pension is determined by one's employment.

TRUE

37. (p. 359) All state and local government workers' pension plans are regulated by the Retirement Equity Act of 1984.

FALSE

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

38. (p. 359) The concepts of ethnicity and race are socially constructed and highly unscientific categories.

TRUE

39. (p. 360) The Federal Reserve found widespread home mortgage discrimination in the nation's banking system.

TRUE

40. (p. 362) The poverty rate for older Asian women is much lower than that for Caucasian women.

TRUE

41. (p. 363) More than half of the Native American population lives on reservations.

TRUE

42. (p. 363) High suicide rates have reduced the number of elderly Native Americans.

FALSE

43. (p. 364) The Indian Health Services was established to provide health care for American Indians at no cost. One of the problems of this service is it provides few chronic and long-term care services.

TRUE

44. (p. 353) Marriage has a positive effect on a woman's finances in old age.

TRUE

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

Essay Questions 45. The loss of net worth in widowhood is greater among African American women Answers will vary

46. Since women of all ethnic groups are involved in more unpaid household work, childcare, and elder care responsibilities, what are some programs which might assist them with adequate sources of income in their retirement years?

Answers will vary

47. What might younger African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos do to limit the pattern of cumulative disadvantages during their older years?

Answers will vary

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

Chapter 16 The Politics of Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 370) In 2008 _______ percent of young people voted in presidential elections.

A. 52 B. 41 C. 67 D. 74

2. (p. 387) The ownership society is designed to appeal to _________ works who like the idea of having an opportunity to build wealth.

A. middle-income B. middle-aged C. old D. young

3. (p. 371) Retrospective voting is a type of bloc voting and occurs when: A. voters give votes to candidates based on promises made.

B. the elderly voters withhold votes to candidates based on judgment of past performance.

C. voters tell their friends not to vote for a candidate based on past performance.

D. elderly voters do not vote but think about the past times in which they have voted.

4. (p. 371) Older people do not engage in bloc voting because: A. of intergenerational solidarity.

B. they may not be registered to vote.

C. they constitute different cohorts.

D. they are diverse in income, social, class, education, and health.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

5. (p. 374) Research has found lower voter turnout among people with: A. health disabilities.

B. little or no employment.

C. caregiving responsibilities.

D. limited transportation.

6. (p. 374) Proof that age does impact voting preferences is shown by the percent of young people who voted for Barack Obama in 2008. That percent was: A. 45 B. 28 C. 11 D. 66

7. (p. 374) Research has shown very little difference between young and old people in their support for Medicare and Social Security. The variables that really matter are all of the following except: A. gender.

B. ethnicity/race.

C. income.

D. religious affiliation.

E. educational level.

8. (p. 377) All of the following are factors in the increase of the "gray lobby" except: A. battle over health insurance.

B. convening of White House Conference on Aging.

C. the consideration by President Carter to cut Social Security benefits as a solution to the declining reserves in the program trust fund in 1977.

D. the Townsend Movement.

9. (p. 377) The largest senior voluntary organization is the: A. National Council of Senior Citizens.

B. Gray Panthers.

C. National Association of Retired Federal Employees.

D. American Association of Retired Persons (AARP).

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

10. (p. 377) The organization that was created by AFL-CIO to lobby for Medicare is the: A. National Council of Senior Citizens.

B. Gray Panthers.

C. National Association of Retired Federal Employees.

D. American Association of Retired Persons.

11. (p. 378) The main role of old age interest groups has been that of: A. lobbying for benefits.

B. winning new benefits.

C. protecting existing benefits.

D. proposing new benefits.

12. (p. 378) Older people are ________ likely of all age groups to support a social movement.

A. more B. highly C. least D. rarely

13. (p. 378) The first social movement which attracted older people was the: A. Gray Panthers.

B. Senior Power Movement.

C. Intergenerational Movement.

D. Townsend Movement.

14. (p. 380) The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 illustrates an example of: A. interest groups.

B. social movement.

C. gray lobby.

D. pressure group.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

15. (p. 382) The age at which the Constitution mandates that a person can be President is: A. 35.

B. 36.

C. 38.

D. 40.

16. (p. 383) Older people are not only involved in voting and holding offices. All of the following are other examples of involvement except: A. watching a party convention on television.

B. working in voter's registration drive.

C. helping to recruit local candidates to run for office.

D. attending national party conventions.

17. (p. 384) An example of an entitlement program is: A. home health care.

B. Medicare.

C. income tax rebate D. reverse mortgage

18. (p. 385) The generational equity debate first gained notice in 1984 by the demographer: A. Charles Longino.

B. Maggie Kuhn C. Samuel Preston.

D. Paul Erlich

19. (p. 385) The major issue in the generational equity debate is that there is more spending by the government for the elderly than for the youth. An international study on trends in spending on children and the elderly in Western nations found: A. higher spending for the elderly was associated with lower spending for children.

B. there is no relationship between spending for the elderly and spending for children.

C. high spending for the elderly was not associated with low spending on children.

D. There is equal spending for the elderly and children.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

20. (p. 386) All of the following are findings from a representative sample of Floridians regarding their attitudes toward the elderly except: A. younger respondents viewed older Floridians as an economic burden.

B. people with the most critical attitudes toward the elderly came from a county with a low proportion of older adults.

C. younger respondents viewed older Floridians as an unconstructive community element.

D. younger respondents viewed older Floridians an economically selfish voting bloc.

21. (p. 386) Critics who feel that there is an entitlement crisis note: A. the federal budget is out of control.

B. spending on entitlement programs should cease.

C. there is a disproportionate share of the budget being spent on the elderly, crowding out other social needs.

D. entitlement programs will increase.

True / False Questions 22. (p. 370) Older people are much less likely than young people to register and actually vote.

FALSE

23. (p. 371) Some people vote to punish parties/candidates that they disagree with.

FALSE

24. (p. 371) Older people in the U.S. are more likely to register and vote. This pattern holds true in other countries as well.

TRUE

25. (p. 371) Older people are more likely to engage in bloc voting than any other age group.

FALSE

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

26. (p. 372) Most surveys show that people of all ages do not agree that Social Security taxes are at the right level.

FALSE

27. (p. 377) A main goal of the National Council of Senior Citizens is to lobby for health insurance legislation.

TRUE

28. (p. 378) Older people, more so than any other age group, are more likely to be adherents to a social movement.

FALSE

29. (p. 378) The first major social movement consisting primarily of older people was the Townsend movement.

TRUE

30. (p. 381) Older people are more likely to hold political offices because of their wisdom.

FALSE

31. (p. 386) The entitlement program debate is really a struggle over the future of Social Security and Medicare.

TRUE

32. (p. 386) The main reason that generational equity is not viewed as a problem in Canada is the national health insurance system that it has for all its citizens.

TRUE

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

33. (p. 386) Many citizens mistakenly believe that Social Security will run out of money.

TRUE

Essay Questions 34. Did you vote in the last election? What factors went into your decision to vote or not to vote? What factors influenced your candidate of choice?

Answers will vary

35. What evidence is there that an entitlement crisis exists?

Answers will vary

16-7 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part