Adolescence 1e Robert Feldman (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) Answers At The End Of Each Chapter Chapter 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Those who study cognitive development of adolescents are interested in 1) _______ A) adolescents' social relationships. B) hormonal changes that take place during adolescence. C) intellectual capabilities of adolescents. D) the biological makeup of the body. 2) The ________ perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. A) evolutionary B) sociocultural C) bioecological D) psychoanalytic
2) _______
3) Who recognized that geese are genetically pre-programmed to become attached to the first moving object that they see? A) Lev Vygotsky B) Ivan Pavlov C) Konrad Lorenz D) B. F. Skinner
3) _______
4) Late adolescence approximately covers the age range of A) 10 to 13 years. B) 8 to 12 years. C) 14 to 17 years.
4) _______ D) 18 to 22 years.
5) Those who study social and personality development of adolescents are interested in A) adolescents' social relationships. B) changes in adolescents' decision-making processes. C) intellectual capabilities of adolescents. D) the biological makeup of the body.
5) _______
6) An advantage of a sequential study is that A) it allows researchers to identify age-related changes and differences. B) research participants are more likely to give an honest answer during the study. C) it prevents participants from becoming test-wise. D) it prevents participants from dropping out of the study.
6) _______
7) Kirsten is a developmental psychologist who is doing research about adolescents' decision-making processes. Kirsten is studying A) physical development. B) social and personality development. C) bioecological development. D) cognitive development.
7) _______
8) A middle school teacher attempted to improve the behavior of her class by rewarding her students for good behavior. This approach is most consistent with which of the following developmental perspectives? A) psychosocial perspective B) Piaget's perspective of development C) social-cognitive perspective D) operant conditioning perspective
8) _______
9) Piaget's theory of development focuses on A) qualitative changes in thinking as people grow older. B) learning from reinforcements. C) social cognitions based on observing and learning from the behaviors of others. D) quantitative changes in thinking as people grow older.
9) _______
10) The ________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. A) learning perspective B) psychoanalytic perspective
10) ______
C) cognitive perspective
D) behavioral perspective
11) When researchers use the term continuous change, they are referring to A) specific, atypical changes in adolescents' environments that occur on a daily basis. B) biological and environmental changes that take place continuously over several days. C) gradual changes with achievements at one level building on previous levels. D) changes that occur in distinct stages or steps.
11) ______
12) Which of the following is a criticism of the Piaget's cognitive perspective? A) Piaget's cognitive perspective focuses too much on operant learning. B) Piaget's cognitive perspective overemphasizes the universality of cognitive stages. C) Piaget's cognitive perspective focuses too much on unconscious influences. D) Piaget's cognitive perspective overemphasizes schemes.
12) ______
13) The field of study that examines how our biological makeup influences our behaviors is A) sociology. B) anthropology. C) ethology. D) bioecology.
13) ______
14) A form of learning in which a person learns by observing the behavior of another person is A) reinforcements. B) classical conditioning. C) modeling. D) operant conditioning.
14) ______
15) Personality is the study of A) how to overcome being shy and be more outgoing. B) ways in which people interact with other people. C) stability and change in enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another. D) how people change to fit into society.
15) ______
16) Of the following, who recognized cultural influences as central components to development? A) Ivan Pavlov B) Sigmund Freud C) Lev Vygotsky D) B. F. Skinner
16) ______
17) The information-processing perspective focuses on A) quantitative changes in how information is processed as people grow older. B) reinforcements that people experience in their everyday environments. C) processing of unconscious influences. D) qualitative stages in how thinking changes as people grow older.
17) ______
18) The term ethnicity refers to a A) political category. C) cultural background.
18) ______ B) biological concept. D) ideological category.
19) The perspective of development that suggests it is more important to examine observable behaviors than unconscious influences is the A) stage perspective. B) social-cognitive perspective. C) behavioral perspective. D) psychoanalytic perspective.
19) ______
20) A study that collects data from adolescents of different ages at a single point in time is best described as a(n) A) longitudinal study. B) sequential study. C) age-based study. D) cross-sectional study.
20) ______
21) The connections between the various aspects of an adolescent's microsystem is the
21) ______
A) exosystem.
B) macrosystem.
C) microsystem.
D) mesosystem.
22) The perspective of development that examines adolescent development through the lens of brain processes is the A) cognitive neuroscience perspective. B) psychoanalytic perspective. C) behavioral perspective. D) social-cognitive perspective.
22) ______
23) Which of the following is a criticism of the behavioral perspective? A) The behavioral perspective focuses too much on mistakes that young children make when they attempt to use reason and logic. B) The behavioral perspective overemphasizes qualitative stages. C) The behavioral perspective focuses too much on unconscious influences. D) The behavioral perspective is overly simplistic.
23) ______
24) Urie Bronfenbrenner is most closely associated with the A) social-cognitive perspective. B) psychoanalytic perspective. C) bioecological perspective. D) behavioral perspective.
24) ______
25) Middle adolescence approximately covers the age range of A) 8 to 12 years. B) 10 to 13 years. C) 14 to 17 years.
25) ______ D) 18 to 22 years.
26) Schemes are A) organized mental patterns representing behaviors and actions. B) adolescents' reinforcement schedules. C) adolescents' patterns of behavior. D) adolescents' quantitative understandings of their social world.
26) ______
27) The contextual perspective focuses on A) qualitative stages in how thinking changes as people grow older. B) quantitative changes in how information is processed as people grow older. C) relationships between adolescents and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds. D) reinforcements that people experience in their everyday environments.
27) ______
28) Biological and environmental challenges shared by adolescents who lived in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 2005 and share experiences associated with hurricane Katrina are examples of A) history-graded influences. B) age-graded influences. C) sociocultural-graded influences. D) nonnormative life events.
28) ______
29) Early adolescence approximately covers the age range of A) 14 to 17 years. B) 18 to 22 years. C) 10 to 13 years.
29) ______ D) 8 to 12 years.
30) The term nurture refers to A) traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents. B) environmental influences that shape behavior. C) biological and environmental changes that take place continuously over several days. D) normative and natural developmental pathways for adolescents.
30) ______
31) Who is most closely associated with the psychodynamic perspective? A) Jean Piaget B) B. F. Skinner C) Ivan Pavlov D) Sigmund Freud
31) ______
32) A group of people born at around the same time and place is known as a A) cohort. B) clique. C) peer group.
32) ______ D) microsystem.
33) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes A) daily reinforcements one receives in the environment. B) the interconnectedness of the influences of development. C) cognitive neuroscience processes. D) how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions.
33) ______
34) The idea that a person's behavior is partially the result of unconscious influences is most consistent with A) operant conditioning. B) social-cognitive theory. C) social-learning theory. D) psychoanalytic theories.
34) ______
35) History-graded influences are A) specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most adolescents. B) social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual. C) biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they were raised. D) biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment.
35) ______
36) Adolescence is a period of transitions in A) biology. C) personality.
36) ______ B) cognitive abilities. D) all of the above.
37) Professor Nathan was studying how hormones are related to changes in adolescents' brains. His research focus is on A) bioecological development. B) physical development. C) cognitive development. D) social and personality development.
37) ______
38) The term nature refers to A) normative and natural developmental pathways for adolescents. B) biological and environmental changes that take place continuously over several days. C) traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents. D) environmental influences that shape behavior.
38) ______
39) Sociocultural-graded influences are A) biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they were raised. B) biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment. C) social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual. D) specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most adolescents.
39) ______
40) The phrase sturm und drang was created by A) G. Stanley Hall. C) Sigmund Freud.
40) ______ B) Jean Piaget. D) Erik Erikson.
41) The perspective of development that examines the relationships between adolescents and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds is the A) cognitive neuroscience perspective. B) social-cognitive perspective.
41) ______
C) contextual perspective.
D) behavioral perspective.
42) Biological and environmental challenges that an adolescent experiences as the result of a sibling's death in an automobile accident is an example of A) sociocultural-graded influences. B) nonnormative life events. C) age-graded influences. D) history-graded influences.
42) ______
43) The everyday immediate environment in which adolescents live their lives is the A) microsystem. B) mesosystem. C) exosystem. D) macrosystem.
43) ______
44) Who is most closely associated with the psychosocial perspective? A) B. F. Skinner B) Jean Piaget C) Ivan Pavlov
44) ______ D) Erik Erikson
45) Those who study adolescence are interested in A) stabilities in adolescents' lives. B) consistency and continuity with prior behavior. C) change and growth during adolescence. D) all of the above.
45) ______
46) Biological and environmental challenges shared by black, but not white, adolescents are examples of A) sociocultural-graded influences. B) history-graded influences. C) nonnormative life events. D) age-graded influences.
46) ______
47) A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by association with positive or negative consequences is A) classical conditioning. B) reinforcements. C) modeling. D) operant conditioning.
47) ______
48) The theory that focuses most on qualitative changes in how people know and understand their world is most closely associated with A) Erik Erikson. B) B. F. Skinner. C) Ivan Pavlov. D) Jean Piaget.
48) ______
49) According to Freud, the id A) is the part of the personality that is reasonable and rational. B) represents a person's conscience and makes distinctions between right and wrong. C) is the raw, unorganized, and inborn part of personality. D) is a series of stages, in which pleasure or gratification is focused on erogenous zones.
49) ______
50) Cohort effects are examples of A) sociocultural-graded influences. C) age-graded influences.
50) ______ B) history-graded influences. D) nonnormative life events.
51) When researchers use the term discontinuous change, they are referring to A) specific, atypical changes in adolescents' environments that occur on a daily basis. B) biological and environmental changes that take place continuously over several days. C) gradual changes with achievements at one level building on previous levels. D) changes that occur in distinct stages or steps.
51) ______
52) A cohort consists of A) a group of people born at around the same time and place. B) a small group of people who have face-to-face contact.
52) ______
C) a small exclusive group of friends. D) a small group of people who know each other, but may or may not be friends. 53) Biological and environmental challenges shared by adolescents in all times and in all cultures are examples of A) nonnormative life events. B) sociocultural-graded influences. C) history-graded influences. D) age-graded influences.
53) ______
54) Broad cultural influences on an individual that may include the religious and political value systems are referred to as part of the A) exosystem. B) microsystem. C) mesosystem. D) macrosystem.
54) ______
55) Who is most closely associated with the cognitive perspective? A) Erik Erikson B) B. F. Skinner C) Ivan Pavlov
55) ______ D) Jean Piaget
56) Those who study physical development of adolescents are interested in A) the biological makeup of the body. B) intellectual capabilities of adolescents. C) adolescents' social relationships. D) changes in adolescents' decision-making processes.
56) ______
57) Age-graded influences are A) biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they were raised. B) biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment. C) social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual. D) specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most adolescents.
57) ______
58) The perspective of development that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of others is the A) psychosexual perspective. B) psychosocial perspective. C) operant conditioning perspective. D) social-learning perspective.
58) ______
59) The bioecological approach emphasizes the A) cultural cognitive view of development. B) cognitive neuroscience processes. C) interconnectedness of the influences of development. D) daily reinforcements one receives in the environment.
59) ______
60) The bioecological approach is most closely associated with A) Erik Erikson. B) Urie Bronfenbrenner. C) B. F. Skinner. D) Ivan Pavlov.
60) ______
61) One reason that adolescents in the United States have a different educational experience than adolescents in Japan is that the cultural values in the United States are more individualistic than those in Japan. Research, from a bioecological perspective, that emphasizes these differences is focused on the A) macrosystem. B) exosystem. C) microsystem. D) mesosystem.
61) ______
62) Which of the following perspectives of development is most valid? A) cognitive B) behavioral
62) ______
C) psychoanalytic
D) none of the above
63) The term race refers to a A) biological concept. C) cultural background.
B) political category. D) ideological category.
63) ______
64) An advantage of longitudinal studies is that A) change over time can be studied. B) they are less expensive. C) study participants become test-wise. D) studies can be completed in a short amount of time.
64) ______
65) Nonnormative influences are A) biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment. B) biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they were raised. C) specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most adolescents. D) social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual.
65) ______
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 66) The study of ________ consists of examining stability and change in the enduring 66) _____________ characteristics that differentiate one person from another. 67) The study of ________ consists of examining intellectual abilities.
67) _____________
68) Researchers studying changes in the makeup of the body during adolescence are interested in the ________ topical area of development.
68) _____________
69) Information-processing approaches to cognitive development focus on how people take in, use, and ________ information.
69) _____________
70) The term that is used to describe social policies that provide more benefits to some generations, such as young children or older persons, than to other generations, such as adolescents, is ________.
70) _____________
71) The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is a process known as ________.
71) _____________
72) G. Stanley Hall is known for his ________ view of adolescence.
72) _____________
73) A(n) ________ based approach to social policy means that a particular approach has been tested and shown to be effective before implemented on a wide scale.
73) _____________
74) The ________ is the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and collection of data.
74) _____________
75) One of the primary forms of learning is ________, a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.
75) _____________
76) Change that takes place in distinct steps or stages is referred to as ________ change.
76) _____________
77) ________ is a biological concept, which should be used only to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of a species.
77) _____________
78) Critics of the cognitive neuroscience approach to development suggest that the approach provides more of a description than a(n) ________ for development.
78) _____________
79) ________ is a broad term that refers to cultural background, nationality, religion, or language.
79) _____________
80) The dominant Western philosophy emphasizing personal identity, uniqueness, and freedom is known as ________.
80) _____________
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 81) When evaluating evidence about adolescence, it is important to be skeptical.
81) ______
82) Maturation refers to the environmental influences that people experience as they grow older.
82) ______
83) Information-processing approaches to development focus on how people move from one cognitive stage to the next.
83) ______
84) Longitudinal research is research that measures the behavior of one or more study participants at more than one point in time.
84) ______
85) One criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that some people seem to never reach the highest level of cognitive sophistication.
85) ______
86) Developmental tasks are the activities and achievements that society and culture say are typical for normal development.
86) ______
87) In the past 100 years, the developmental period known as adolescence has been growing longer.
87) ______
88) A good source of information about adolescence is anecdotal evidence.
88) ______
89) The chronosystem focuses on large cultural influences on development that include political value systems and religious ideologies.
89) ______
90) The terms race and ethnicity are essentially two different words for the same concept.
90) ______
91) Ethnicity is a biological concept.
91) ______
92) Most adolescents have positive views of themselves and harmonious relationships with their parents.
92) ______
93) Race is a biological concept.
93) ______
94) For most, adolescence is a period characterized by low self-esteem and high levels of conflict with their parents.
94) ______
95) Cross-sectional research is research that measures the behavior of one or more study participants at more than one point in time.
95) ______
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
96) Describe why G. Stanley Hall used the term sturm and drang to describe adolescence. 97) Describe the differences between continuous and discontinuous change. 98) What is the difference between race and ethnicity? 99) Define the three major structures of the personality that were identified by Freud and briefly describe the role of each. 100) Why are scientific methods of knowing about adolescence preferable to common sense about adolescence?
1) C 2) A 3) C 4) D 5) A 6) A 7) D 8) D 9) A 10) C 11) C 12) B 13) C 14) C 15) C 16) C 17) A 18) C 19) C 20) D 21) D 22) A 23) D 24) C 25) C 26) A 27) C 28) A 29) C 30) B 31) D 32) A 33) D 34) D 35) D 36) D 37) B 38) C 39) C 40) A 41) C 42) B 43) A 44) D 45) D 46) A 47) D 48) D 49) C 50) B 51) D
52) A 53) D 54) D 55) D 56) A 57) A 58) B 59) C 60) B 61) A 62) D 63) A 64) A 65) C 66) personality development 67) cognitive development 68) physical 69) store 70) generational inequality 71) maturation 72) storm and stress 73) empirically 74) scientific method 75) operant conditioning 76) discontinuous 77) Race 78) explanation 79) Ethnicity 80) individualism 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) TRUE 88) FALSE 89) FALSE 90) FALSE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) G. Stanley Hall believed that adolescents experienced large mood swings so that they may be happy and pleasant and, in only a few moments, change to being unhappy and unpleasant. 97) Continuous change is gradual, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels. In other words, continuous change may be quantitative change, or change in degree. Qualitative change, in contrast, is a change in kind or category. Development that occurs in distinct stages or steps is an example of qualitative change. 98) Race is a biological concept that emphasizes physical or structural aspects of species. In contrast, ethnicity is a broader term that encompasses a person's cultural background, nationality, religion, or language. 99) The id is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth. The role of the id is to house the
primi related to sex, hunger, aggression, and irrational impulses. The ego is the part of personality that is rational and tive reasonable. The role of the ego is to act as a buffer between the real world outside us and the primitive id. The drive superego represents a person's conscience. The role of the superego is to make distinctions between right and s wrong. 100) Common sense about adolescents is often contradictory and wrong. There are numerous examples of things that are commonly believed about adolescents, such as the belief that adolescents have tumultuous relationships with parents, that have been contradicted by research.
Chapter 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The secular trend refers to the trend of 1) _______ A) decrease in the average age of the onset of puberty. B) increased prevalence of immoral behaviors of adolescents. C) increased activity in the HPG axis during adolescence. D) increase in sexual awareness of adolescents. 2) The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with which of the following abilities? A) spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression B) regulating basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate C) regulating hormones related to sexual development and emotional mood D) speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning
2) _______
3) The gland that is sometimes referred to as the "master" gland is the ________ gland. A) gonad B) pituitary C) hypothalamus D) thyroid
3) _______
4) About ________ of adolescents who are obese become obese adults. A) 60% B) 80% C) 90%
4) _______
5) In regard to sleep, many adolescents develop A) a partial phase preference. C) an interrupted phrase preference.
D) 70% 5) _______
B) a delayed phase preference. D) an accelerated phase preference.
6) About ________ adolescents can be classified as obese. A) one in ten B) one in forty C) one in twenty
6) _______ D) one in five
7) The rapid physical growth of adolescence is accompanied by A) a rapid decrease in self-esteem. B) an increase in the intake of food energy. C) a rapid increase in self-esteem. D) a decrease in the intake of food energy.
7) _______
8) Spermarche refers to A) a boy's first ejaculation. C) an interruption in the HPG axis.
8) _______ B) a rapid increase in levels of testosterone. D) increased activity of the adrenal glands.
9) One of the major androgens is A) glucogen. B) estradiol.
C) testosterone.
9) _______ D) estrogen.
10) Anorexia nervosa mostly affects adolescents who are from A) homeless families. B) minority households. C) poor families. D) high-achieving, affluent households.
10) ______
11) Fundamental activities such as breathing and heart rate are regulated in the ________ of the brain. A) prefrontal cortex B) cerebral cortex C) frontal lobes D) subcortical levels
11) ______
12) Girls' experiences with early maturation are largely determined by A) hormone levels. B) interruptions in the HPG axis. C) pituitary activation. D) cultural norms and standards.
12) ______
13) About ________ of adolescents with anorexia nervosa are male. A) 10% B) 8% C) 5%
13) ______ D) 2%
14) Leptin is a A) neurotransmitter. B) hormone produced by the pituitary gland. C) protein produced by fat cells. D) hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
14) ______
15) An eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging is A) myopia. B) nervosic. C) bulimia. D) anorexia nervosa.
15) ______
16) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates A) sperm production in males and follicle production in females. B) homeostasis and growth. C) the metabolic rate and the immune system. D) production of testosterone and estrogen.
16) ______
17) The adolescent growth spurt refers to very rapid growth in ________ that occurs during adolescence. A) language development B) the myelin coating of axons C) synaptic density D) height and weight
17) ______
18) Exceptionally high levels of hormones are related to ________ in males. A) depression B) sadness C) anxiety
18) ______ D) anger
19) As compared to non minorities, minority adolescents are likely to have ________ health problems. A) more B) less C) less urgent D) about the same number of
19) ______
20) About ________ adolescents can be classified as overweight. A) one in twenty B) one in five C) one in ten
20) ______ D) one in forty
21) The function of the ________ is to monitor and regulate basic drives such as eating, drinking, self-protection, and sexual behavior. A) hypothalamus B) pituitary C) gonad D) thyroid
21) ______
22) Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic? A) increased body hair B) growth of penis C) change in voice D) increased facial hair
22) ______
23) One of the major estrogens is A) testosterone. B) insulin.
23) ______ C) glucogen.
D) estradiol.
24) The Tanner stages are regular patterns of ________ that occur during adolescence. A) changes in hormone levels B) the development of secondary sex characteristics C) the development of primary sex characteristics D) cognitive development
24) ______
25) Plasticity refers to the A) degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable. B) ability of neurons to form synapses without actually touching. C) myelin coating on axons. D) ability of neurons to migrate.
25) ______
26) Chemical messengers that circulate through the blood system and affect the functioning or growth of parts of the body are A) laterals. B) hormones. C) myelins. D) white blood cells.
26) ______
27) Adolescents' psychological reactions to the changes that occur during the onset of puberty are most likely related to A) cultural meanings associated with pubertal changes. B) lower levels of adrenal gland activity. C) pituitary activation. D) interruptions in the HPG axis.
27) ______
28) The actual beginning of puberty is marked by A) andrenarche. C) myelenation.
28) ______ B) endochronology. D) gonadarche.
29) Synapses are A) small gaps between neurons. B) neurotransmitters. C) clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons. D) long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons.
29) ______
30) Androgens are in the bodies of A) only adults. C) everyone.
30) ______ B) only male children and adults. D) only female children and adults.
31) Girls who mature earlier than their same-aged peers are likely to ________ than their same-age peers. A) feel more uncomfortable and different B) be more ready for one-on-one dating situations C) be less sought after for dates D) experience less ridicule
31) ______
32) A delayed phase preference refers to A) interruptions in adolescents' sleep. B) the propensity of adolescents to sleep too much. C) adolescents' propensities to return to infant sleep patterns. D) adolescents' changing sleep patterns.
32) ______
33) The ________ gland in the brain sends a signal via gonadotropins to increase the production of sex hormones to adult levels. A) pituitary B) hypothalamus C) thyroid D) gonad
33) ______
34) Menarche refers to A) the onset of menstruation. C) increased activity of the adrenal glands.
34) ______ B) an interruption in the HPG axis. D) rapid increase in levels of testosterone.
35) For most adolescents, the major nutritional issue is A) guarding against the development of eating disorders. B) ensuring that they consume a sufficient balance of appropriate foods. C) getting sufficient nutritional intake. D) limiting their nutritional intake. 36) The main category of male hormones are A) insulins. B) estrogens.
35) ______
36) ______ C) androgens.
D) glucogens.
37) Puberty begins when the ________ gland signals the sex glands to raise hormones to adult levels. A) thyroid B) pituitary C) hypothalamus D) gonad
37) ______
38) The pituitary gland works in tandem with the ________, the structure of the brain that monitors and regulates basic drives such as eating, drinking, self-protection, and sexual behavior. A) gonad B) pituitary C) thyroid D) hypothalamus
38) ______
39) Androgens and estrogens first begin playing a large role in development during the ________ period of development. A) adolescent B) infancy C) late childhood D) prenatal
39) ______
40) The leading cause of adolescent deaths is A) illness. C) homicide.
40) ______ B) suicide. D) unintentional injuries.
41) It is recommended that adolescents engage in at least ________ minutes of activity on most days of the week. A) 60 B) 120 C) 30 D) 20
41) ______
42) The major reason for the lack of exercise among adolescents is that A) most do not make sports teams. B) they spend time watching television and other sedentary activities. C) most adolescents do not like organized sports. D) they lack opportunities.
42) ______
43) The ________ system communicates by sending chemical messages throughout the body via the bloodstream. A) nervous B) endocrine C) cognitive D) limbic
43) ______
44) The main category of female hormones are A) glucogens. B) estrogens.
44) ______ C) androgens.
45) About ________ of adolescents regularly engage in vigorous exercise. A) 10% B) 70% C) 25%
D) insulins. 45) ______ D) half
46) Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? A) growth of ovaries B) increased body hair C) growth of penis D) growth of testes
46) ______
47) Estrogens are in the bodies of A) only male children and adults. C) only female children and adults.
47) ______ B) only adults. D) everyone.
48) The hormonal change in the adrenal glands that begins around age 9, and sometimes earlier, is referred to as A) gonadarche. B) andrenarche. C) myelenation. D) endochronology.
48) ______
49) Lateralization is the dominance of A) one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions. B) the subcortical levels over the cortical levels of the brain for basic functions. C) the frontal lobes over the parietal lobes of the brain for higher level cognitive functions. D) the prefrontal cortex over the subcortical levels of the brain.
49) ______
50) A function of school-based health centers is to A) provide services for mental health problems. B) improve students' academic performance. C) provide services for adolescents with physical health problems. D) all of the above.
50) ______
51) Obesity is caused by ________ factors. A) a combination of genetic and environmental B) genetic C) biomedical D) environmental
51) ______
52) Axons are A) clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons. B) long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons. C) small gaps between neurons. D) neurotransmitters.
52) ______
53) Boys who mature earlier than their same-aged peers are likely to ________ than their same-age peers. A) have more negative emotions B) have a more positive self-concept C) be less popular D) be less successful in athletics
53) ______
54) Adolescents who are sleep deprived are likely to A) have more difficulty in school. C) sleep too much.
54) ______ B) sleep walk. D) work well under pressure.
55) Lutenizing hormone (LH) regulates A) the metabolic rate and the immune system. B) homeostasis and growth. C) the production of testosterone and estrogen. D) the production of insulin and glucogen. 56) Adolescents moods are affected by A) family relationships. C) hormones.
55) ______
56) ______ B) life events. D) all of the above.
57) Dendrites are A) clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons. B) long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons.
57) ______
C) small gaps between neurons. D) neurotransmitters. 58) Exceptionally high levels of hormones are related to ________ in females. A) depression B) sadness C) aggressiveness
58) ______ D) anger
59) Adolescents from minority families are more likely than others to A) use health insurance. B) visit the dentist. C) use the emergency room. D) visit a family physician.
59) ______
60) Most adolescents in the United States A) walk in their sleep. C) get too much sleep.
60) ______ B) are sleep deprived. D) get just the right amount of sleep.
61) The right hemisphere of the brain is associated with which of the following abilities? A) speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning B) regulating basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate C) regulating hormones related to sexual development and emotional mood D) spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression
61) ______
62) A biopsychosocial perspective ________ to understand adolescent health. A) focuses on social transmission of poor health decisions, such as smoking B) emphasizes biological factors, instead of psychological and social factors C) emphasizes psychological and social factors, instead of biological factors D) focuses on the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
62) ______
63) Boys who mature later than their same-aged peers are likely to ________ than their same-age peers. A) be more popular B) be more successful in athletics C) have fewer negative emotions D) have fewer difficulties in school
63) ______
64) The ability of some adolescents to overcome circumstances that place them at physical and psychological risk is A) overcomingness. B) resilience. C) stamina. D) perseverance.
64) ______
65) Obesity is measured by A) weight. C) skin fold measures.
65) ______ B) comparing weight to height. D) a blood test.
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 66) The period of rapid physical change characterized by the maturation of the sexual 66) _____________ organs is referred to as ________. 67) The pituitary, hypothalamus, and gonads form a feedback loop called the ________ axis.
67) _____________
68) The hypothalamus contains the ________, which operates a bit like the thermostat that regulates the furnace in a home.
68) _____________
69) A severe eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat is ________.
69) _____________
70) Axons of neurons become coated with ________, a fatty substance that provides
pro tection and
speeds 70) the transmiss ion of nerve impulses.
___ ___ ___ ___ _
71) Adolescents' desires to go to bed late at night is referred to as the ________ preference.
71) _____________
72) A severe eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging is ________.
72) _____________
73) Unlike a school-based health center, a school-________ health center is located adjacent to a school, but is not in a school.
73) _____________
74) The onset of menstruation is ________.
74) _____________
75) The ability to overcome circumstances that place adolescents at risk for a variety of psychological and physical risks is referred to as ________.
75) _____________
76) The ________ is the rapid growth in height and weight that occurs during adolescence.
76) _____________
77) Obesity is defined as body weight that is ________ percent above the average weight for a given height.
77) _____________
78) ________ hormone stimulates sperm production in the testes of males and follicle production in the ovaries of females.
78) _____________
79) Although puberty doesn't formally start until later, ________ refers to hormonal changes in the adrenal glands and begins around age 9, but sometimes earlier.
79) _____________
80) ________ sex characteristics refer to organs and structures of the body that are directly related to sexual reproduction.
80) _____________
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 81) The adolescent growth spurt begins earlier for boys than girls.
81) ______
82) Although each hemisphere of the brain specializes in specific functions, the specialization is not absolute.
82) ______
83) Androgens and estrogens are absent in the bodies of children prior to puberty.
83) ______
84) One way to identify changes associated with adolescence that are not influenced by culture is to study biological processes, such as brain lateralization.
84) ______
85) Sexual attraction begins before puberty.
85) ______
86) One explanation for the growth in cognitive abilities that takes place during adolescence is that adolescents grow many new neurons.
86) ______
87) Gonadarche begins about two years after the beginning of puberty.
87) ______
88) One function of school-based health centers is to increase the academic performance of students.
88) ______
89) Androgens are the main category of male hormones.
89) ______
90) Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents.
90) ______
91) The two hemispheres of the brain function interdependently and the differences between them are minor.
91) ______
92) Estrogens are the main category of male hormones.
92) ______
93) Synaptic pruning makes positive contributions to the development of cognitive abilities.
93) ______
94) It seems that it is the rapid increase in hormone levels, not just high levels of hormones, which influence adolescent's moods.
94) ______
95) Sex hormones begin playing a significant role in development as early as 8 - 12 weeks after conception.
95) ______
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 96) Why are adolescents who spend a great deal of time in sedentary activities, such as watching television or playing video games, at exceptional risk for obesity? 97) Describe brain lateralization. 98) Why are early maturing boys more likely to become involved in delinquency and substance abuse? 99) How does a delayed phase preference contribute to poor academic performance? 100) Briefly describe the meaning of the HPG axis.
1) A 2) D 3) B 4) B 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) D 11) D 12) D 13) A 14) C 15) C 16) A 17) D 18) D 19) A 20) B 21) A 22) B 23) D 24) B 25) A 26) B 27) A 28) D 29) A 30) C 31) A 32) D 33) A 34) A 35) B 36) C 37) B 38) D 39) D 40) D 41) C 42) B 43) B 44) B 45) C 46) B 47) D 48) B 49) A 50) D 51) A
52) B 53) B 54) A 55) C 56) D 57) A 58) A 59) C 60) B 61) D 62) D 63) D 64) B 65) B 66) puberty 67) HPG 68) gonadostat 69) anorexia nervosa 70) myelin 71) delayed phase 72) bulimia 73) linked 74) menarche 75) resilience 76) adolescent growth spurt 77) twenty 78) Follicle-stimulating 79) adrenarche 80) Primary 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) Not only are adolescents not getting the exercise that they need, but they are often eating high-calorie snacks while involved in sedentary activities. 97) Brain lateralization is a process in which some functions are located more in one hemisphere than the other. For example, the left hemisphere concentrates on verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning. The right hemisphere concentrates on comprehension of spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, and emotional expression. 98) Their large size makes it likely that they will seek out the company of older boys who may involve them in activities that are inappropriate for their age.
99) If permitted to follow their natural sleep patterns, adolescents prefer to go to bed around 1:00 a.m. and sleep until 10 in the morning. Unfortunately, this is at odds with school schedules that require adolescents to wake up early in the morning. As a result, many adolescents are sleep deprived, resulting in poor academic performance. 100) The letters H-P-G stand for hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads which work together to form a feedback system that monitors levels of hormones in the body and attempts to keep them at a consistent level. The hypothalamus monitors levels of sex hormones in the body and sends messages to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland sends messages to gonads to increase or decrease levels of sex hormones.
Chapter 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) According to Vygotsky, the term scaffolding refers to the 1) _______ A) production, migration, and elimination of synaptic connections throughout adolescence. B) zone of development in which adolescents were progressing from one stage of cognitive development to the next. C) process of maturation in the prefrontal cortex. D) support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth. 2) Thinking that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples is ________ thought. A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) propositional D) qualitative
2) _______
3) The term crystallized intelligence refers to A) the ability to deal with new problems and situations. B) accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations. C) changes in IQ that occur over time. D) cross-cultural differences in the meaning and measuring of intelligence.
3) _______
4) A technique for teaching reading comprehension strategies that reflects Vygotsky's theory of development is A) reciprocal teaching. B) accommodation. C) assimilation. D) cooperative learning.
4) _______
5) One reason that traditional educational practices may not lead to critical thinking is that A) there are cultural differences in the meaning of critical thinking. B) the emphasis is on mental shortcuts that can be used to solve problems. C) those educational practices do not account for how adolescents make cognitive progress from one stage to the next stage. D) the focus is on what to think instead of how to think.
5) _______
6) In contrast to cognitive processes that require little or no attention, those that require a great deal of attention are A) controlled. B) automatic. C) processed. D) encoded.
6) _______
7) A criticism of the information-processing approach is that A) there is too little focus on quantitative change over time. B) there are many different kinds of memory that are not accounted for by this approach. C) the approach does not account for metacognition. D) the approach does not adequately paint a whole, comprehensive picture of cognitive development.
7) _______
8) A state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself is A) adolescent egocentrism. B) selfishness. C) self-reflectivity. D) self-centeredness.
8) _______
9) The key cognitive ability associated with formal operations is the ability to think A) abstractly. B) concretely. C) qualitatively. D) operationally.
9) _______
10) From an information-processing perspective, storage
10) ______
A) is the process by which information is initially recorded in an appropriate way. B) refers to the placement of information in memory. C) is dependent on persons' sociocultural contexts. D) is the ability to acquire multiple intelligences. 11) The kind of thinking characterized by beginning with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome and then deducing explanations for specific situations in which a particular outcome is observed is A) operational thinking. B) qualitative thinking. C) hypotheticodeductive reasoning. D) concrete thinking.
11) ______
12) According to Vygotsky, the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) was the A) level at which an individual can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task, but can learn to do so with the assistance of someone more competent. B) zone of development in which adolescents were progressing from one stage of cognitive development to the next. C) ability of neurons to form synapses without actually touching. D) cultural institution in which adolescent instruction takes place.
12) ______
13) Adolescents who take risks, such as driving at very fast speeds, are likely influenced by A) low levels of specific components of intelligence that enable them to make good decisions. B) immaturity in their ability to think about unusual events. C) immaturity in their ability to combine responses or ideas in novel ways. D) their personal fables that make them feel invulnerable to risks that threaten others.
13) ______
14) The term personal fable refers to A) the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else. B) adolescents' misperceptions of other people who they are observing and are attempting to learn from. C) the adolescent version of children's imaginary friends. D) fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as they do themselves.
14) ______
15) Heuristics are A) ways of thinking that lead adolescents to make mistakes in thinking about risk behaviors. B) cultural differences in thinking that lead to differences in IQ scores. C) abilities to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions. D) mental shortcuts that we employ to make decisions and solve problems.
15) ______
16) According to information-processing approaches, cognitive development consists of A) gradual improvements in the ways people perceive, understand, and remember information. B) acquiring psychological tools from one's culture that can be used to process information. C) the development of the use of formal logic to solve problems. D) periods of homeostasis followed by rapid development from one stage to the next.
16) ______
17) The term fluid intelligence refers to A) cross-cultural differences in the meaning and measuring of intelligence. B) changes in IQ that occur over time. C) accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through
17) ______
experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations. D) the ability to deal with new problems and situations. 18) The emotional aspect of intelligence refers to A) the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions. B) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors. C) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments. D) relationships among intelligence, people's prior experiences, and their ability to cope with new situations.
18) ______
19) Intelligence refers to the A) use resources effectively when faced with challenges. B) think with rationality. C) capacity to understand the world. D) all of the above.
19) ______
20) The process of change in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events is A) accommodation. B) stagnation. C) schemation. D) assimilation.
20) ______
21) According to Sternberg, the practical aspect of intelligence refers to A) mental components involved in analyzing data used in solving problems. B) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments. C) relationships among intelligence, people's prior experiences, and their ability to cope with new situations. D) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors.
21) ______
22) Lower average intelligence scores for minorities as compared to non minorities is attributable to A) differences in componential, but not experiential components of intelligence. B) heredity. C) differences in experiential, but not componential components of intelligence. D) environmental conditions, such as poverty, lower employment, and other social factors.
22) ______
23) According to Vygotsky, cognitive development proceeds as a result of A) maturation of the prefrontal cortex of the brain. B) social interactions in which partners jointly work together to solve problems. C) proceeding through qualitative stages of development. D) increased speed of information processing.
23) ______
24) From an information-processing perspective, cognitive growth is considered A) the ability to process information with increased speed and sophistication. B) dependent on persons' sociocultural contexts. C) reaching the next stage in development. D) the ability to acquire multiple intelligences.
24) ______
25) A cognitive rule that is applied in judging the likelihood of an event by considering the ease with which it can be recalled from memory is A) the availability heuristic.
25) ______
B) the recall quotient. C) metacognition. D) the componential component of intelligence. 26) Divergent thinking refers to A) thinking that leads adolescents to behave in divergent or delinquent behaviors. B) immaturity in their ability to combine responses or ideas in novel ways. C) cultural differences in thinking that lead to differences in IQ scores. D) the ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions.
26) ______
27) The information-processing perspective focuses on how people A) develop the abilities to use formal logic. B) have multiple kinds of intelligences. C) take in, use, and store information. D) cognitively move from one stage to the next.
27) ______
28) In contrast to Piaget's approach, information-processing researchers A) focus on multiple kinds of intelligences. B) consider the specific processes by which people acquire and use information to which they are exposed. C) seek to identify the universal, broad milestones in cognitive development. D) focus on how people make cognitive advances from one stage to the next.
28) ______
29) Information-processing approaches are analogous to a A) culture. B) computer. C) stage.
29) ______
30) Which of the following is an example of a cultural tool? A) calculator B) pencil C) language
D) bucket. 30) ______ D) all of the above
31) According to Piaget, the cognitive stage most closely associated with adolescence is the ________ stage. A) concrete operational B) formal operational C) sensorimotor D) preoperational
31) ______
32) The process in which a person understands an experience in terms of her or his current stage of cognitive development or way of thinking is A) assimilation. B) schemation. C) stagnation. D) accommodation.
32) ______
33) A criticism of the information-processing approach is that A) there is too little focus on quantitative change over time. B) the approach does not appropriately account for cultural differences in cognitive development. C) there are many different kinds of memory that are not accounted for by this approach. D) the approach does not account for metacognition.
33) ______
34) Robert Sternberg proposed that instead of focusing on the subcomponents that make up the structure of intelligence, an information-processing approach should focus on A) the fluid nature of intelligence as a person ages. B) cooperative interaction between the individual who is being assessed and the person doing the assessment.
34) ______
C) both verbal and performance tasks of intelligence. D) processes that underlie intelligent behavior. 35) One of the first intelligence tests developed by Binet A) provided an accurate way of identifying a person's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). B) helped researchers to determine whether or not children were making adequate progress through Piaget's stages of cognitive development. C) was guided by a clear theory of what intelligence means. D) was developed using a trial-and-error process.
35) ______
36) Vygotsky's theory is growing in influence because A) he emphasized how children and adolescents progress cognitively from stage to stage. B) research findings are supportive of his ideas that cognitive development proceeds through gradual quantitative improvements in attention, perception, understanding, and memory. C) his idea that children's and adolescents' comprehension of the world is an outcome of their interactions with their parents, peers, and other members of society is both appealing and well supported by research findings. D) he emphasized the link between brain development processes and information-processing perspectives.
36) ______
37) Vygotsky demonstrated how A) adolescents progress from one qualitative stage of development to another. B) both assimilation and accommodation contribute to cognitive development. C) culture emphasizes particular tasks that adolescents are expected to accomplish. D) higher-order thinking is the result of maturation in the prefrontal cortex.
37) ______
38) An achievement test A) determines a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area. B) measures intelligence. C) predicts a person's ability in a particular area or line of work. D) is a method of measuring a person's success in their career.
38) ______
39) Vygotsky's critics have raised concerns about A) Vygotsky's stage approach to cognitive development has not been supported by research suggesting that cognitive development is best characterized as a continuous process. B) concepts, such as assimilation and accommodation, which are vague and difficult to test experimentally. C) his emphasis on attention, encoding, and memory does not provide a comprehensive view of cognitive development. D) concepts, such as the Zone of Proximal Development, which are vague and are difficult to test experimentally.
39) ______
40) The traditional method of calculating a person's intelligence quotient (IQ) was A) brain scans of the prefrontal cortex. B) based on deviations from the average score. C) based on the bell curve. D) (MA/CA)*100, where MA is a person's mental age and CA is a person's chronological age.
40) ______
41) According to Binet, mental age refers to A) a measure of a person's psychological and emotional development. B) simply a person's age. C) development level of the prefrontal cortex.
41) ______
D) the typical intelligence level found for people of a given chronological age. 42) According to Sternberg, the experiential aspect of intelligence refers to A) the relationships among intelligence, people's prior experiences, and their ability to cope with new situations. B) both fluid and crystallized elements of intelligence. C) mental components involved in analyzing data used in solving problems. D) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.
42) ______
43) It has been estimated that ________ of college students achieve formal operational thinking. A) nearly all B) between 40% and 60% C) between 80% and 90% D) less than 10%
43) ______
44) Piaget defined ________ as organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions. A) accommodations B) qualitative stages C) assimilations D) schemes
44) ______
45) Metacognition refers to the A) very rapid increase in cognitive abilities experienced during adolescence. B) knowledge people have about their own thinking processes and the ability to monitor their own cognition. C) stage of development that, according to Piaget, characterizes adolescents' thoughts. D) ability to solve multiple problems at the same time.
45) ______
46) From an information-processing perspective, retrieval is A) the process by which information is located in memory, brought into awareness, and used. B) the ability to acquire multiple intelligences. C) dependent on persons' sociocultural contexts. D) the process by which information is initially recorded in an appropriate way.
46) ______
47) Intelligence is a product of A) heredity. C) nature.
47) ______ B) nurture. D) both nature and nurture.
48) Encoding is A) the process by which information is initially recorded in an appropriate way. B) the process of learning a new language. C) the ability to acquire multiple intelligences. D) dependent on persons' sociocultural contexts.
48) ______
49) Education practices that emphasize the importance of students working together in groups to achieve a common goal is A) accommodation. B) scaffolding. C) assimilation. D) cooperative learning.
49) ______
50) An aptitude test A) measures intelligence. B) determines a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area. C) predicts a person's ability in a particular area or line of work. D) is a method of measuring a person's success in their career.
50) ______
51) The process involving reanalysis, questioning, and challenging of underlying assumptions is A) heuristics. B) critical thinking. C) practical intelligence. D) adolescent egocentrism.
51) ______
52) Education practices that emphasize the importance of students working together in groups to achieve a common goal are most consistent with ________ perspective of cognitive development. A) Piaget's B) the information-processing C) Vygotsky's D) Skinner's
52) ______
53) The term imaginary audience refers to A) adolescents' misperceptions of other people who they are observing and are attempting to learn from. B) the adolescent version of children's imaginary friends. C) fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as they do themselves. D) the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.
53) ______
54) Binet's definition of intelligence was A) based on measuring discrepancies between students' actual scores and where students should be according to Vygotsky's Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD). B) based on measuring discrepancies between students' actual scores and where students should be on Piaget's stages of development. C) that which his test measured. D) based on how rapidly people could process information.
54) ______
55) According to Sternberg, the aspect of intelligence measured by most intelligence tests is the ________ aspect of intelligence. A) practical B) componential C) experiential D) fluid
55) ______
56) Improvement in adolescents' critical thinking skills are the result of A) the ability to apply their new cognitive skills in novel situations to reach better solutions. B) greater effectiveness in making judgments and solving problems. C) a broader range of strategies that adolescents can use to obtain information. D) all of the above.
56) ______
57) One criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that A) unlike Piaget theorized, nearly everyone reaches the highest stage of development. B) Piaget's stages are out of order compared to actual observations of adolescents. C) cognitive development is much more inconsistent with significant differences between individuals and even within individuals over time than Piaget suggested. D) unlike Piaget theorized, people progress through cognitive stages with relative uniformity.
57) ______
58) Gains in cognitive abilities during adolescence make adolescents more likely to A) enjoy art classes more than math classes. B) follow the crowd. C) overcome the limitations of culture. D) question authorities, including parents.
58) ______
59) The key to the effectiveness of the reciprocal teaching technique is that it A) provides strategies for retrieving information from memory. B) emphasizes giving students the chance to take on the role of the teacher. C) helps students encode information into memory. D) increases students' capacities for paying attention.
59) ______
60) An advantage of the information-processing approach is that the approach A) emphasizes how cognitive development occurs in qualitative stages. B) focuses on how cognitive development is influenced by cultural factors. C) is precisely stated and capable of leading to testable hypotheses. D) paints a whole, comprehensive picture of cognitive development.
60) ______
61) According to Sternberg, the componential aspect of intelligence refers to A) both fluid and crystallized elements of intelligence. B) mental components involved in analyzing data used in solving problems. C) the relationships among intelligence, people's prior experiences, and their ability to cope with new situations. D) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.
61) ______
62) Automatization refers to the A) development of complex schemes. B) processes whereby information is located in memory, brought into awareness, and used. C) placement of information into memory. D) degree to which an activity requires attention.
62) ______
63) One of the results of having a growing store of knowledge from being exposed to more material is that adolescents have A) increased automatization. B) more social skills. C) greater inhibitory capacities. D) increased memory capacity.
63) ______
64) Vygotsky argued that the focus of cognitive development should be on A) the processes of attention, memory, and retrieval. B) qualitative stages representing different ways of thinking. C) an individual's social and cultural world. D) how frontal lobes of the brain contribute to higher level cognitive functions.
64) ______
65) The term concepts refers to A) information bits that are encoded prior to placement into long-term memory. B) categorization of objects, events, or people that share common characteristics. C) information bits that are located in memory, brought into awareness, and used. D) processes that govern the development of complex schemes.
65) ______
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 66) In contrast to fluid intelligence, ________ intelligence is the store of information, skills, 66) _____________ and strategies that people have acquired through education and prior experiences. 67) Adolescents in the formal operational stage use ________ reasoning, in which they start with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome and then deduce explanations for specific situations in which they see a particular outcome.
67) _____________
68) Adolescents often develop a ________, the view that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.
68) _____________
69) The process involving reanalyses, questioning, and the challenging of underlying assumptions is ________ thinking and enables adolescents to think divergently, to consider the source of information when evaluating its reliability, and to identify the
ass ons that um underlie a pti statement.
69)
_____________ 70) Individuals' knowledge about their own thinking process and their ability to monitor their own cognition is ________.
70) _____________
71) The SAT and ACT tests are designed to predict how successful someone will be in college and are, therefore, referred to as ________ tests.
71) _____________
72) The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking is referred to as ________.
72) _____________
73) A technique for teaching reading comprehension strategies referred to as ________ teaching consists of encouraging students to skim a passage, raise questions about its central point, summarize the passage, and finally predict what will happen next.
73) _____________
74) Although Herrnstein and Murray created a large controversy by claiming the intelligence was largely heritable, most research suggests that variation in intelligence is largely the result of both nature and ________.
74) _____________
75) The ________ perspective focuses on gradual changes in how individuals take in, use, and store information.
75) _____________
76) Skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions is ________ intelligence, and allows people to get along well with others, to understand what others are feeling and experiencing , and to respond appropriately to the needs of others.
76) _____________
77) While academic success is based on knowledge of particular types of information, obtained largely from reading and listening, ________ intelligence is learned primarily through observing others and modeling their behaviors.
77) _____________
78) The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition (WAIS-III) provides separate measures for verbal and ________ skills, as well as a total score.
78) _____________
79) The process by which information is initially recorded into a form usable for memory is ________.
79) _____________
80) When we change our existing ways of thinking, understanding, or behaving in response to encounters with new stimuli or events, ________ takes place.
80) _____________
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 81) One criticism of Vygotsky's theory is that it has little support from research.
81) ______
82) The information-processing approach focuses on how individuals take in, use, and store information.
82) ______
83) In Robert Sternberg's triarchic approach to intelligence, it is the contextual component that most resembles traditional IQ tests.
83) ______
84) Assimilation refers to changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.
84) ______
85) Binet developed an intelligence test that was largely based on trial-and-error instead of a specific theory about intelligence.
85) ______
86) Automatization is the degree to which an activity requires attention.
86) ______
87) According to Vygotsky, cultural tools are things that change across cultures, such as languages, but are not items that are consistent across cultures, such as calculators.
87) ______
88) Researchers have found support of Piaget's theory in that, by the end of adolescence, nearly everyone solves problems consistent with the use of formal operations.
88) ______
89) There is widespread disagreement about the definition of intelligence.
89) ______
90) For most, IQ scores are highly related to career and social success throughout life.
90) ______
91) Modern intelligence quotients are based on how much an individual's score deviates from the average score.
91) ______
92) Practical intelligence refers to the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.
92) ______
93) Metacognition refers to knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their own cognition.
93) ______
94) During adolescence, the ability to think critically increases considerably.
94) ______
95) Piaget argued that movement from one stage to the next occurs when an individual reaches an appropriate level of physical maturation and is exposed to relevant experiences.
95) ______
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 96) Describe two reasons why some adolescents do not develop critical thinking skills. 97) What is the Bell Curve controversy and how are racial differences in intelligence scores best explained? 98) Describe at least two criticisms of Piaget's theory of development. 99) What is a personal fable and what role do personal fables play in risk taking? 100) Describe Vygotsky's concept of cultural tools and give some examples.
1) D 2) C 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) A 7) D 8) A 9) A 10) B 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) A 15) D 16) A 17) D 18) A 19) D 20) A 21) D 22) D 23) B 24) A 25) A 26) D 27) C 28) B 29) B 30) D 31) B 32) A 33) B 34) D 35) D 36) C 37) C 38) A 39) D 40) D 41) D 42) A 43) B 44) D 45) B 46) A 47) D 48) A 49) D 50) C 51) B
52) C 53) C 54) C 55) B 56) D 57) C 58) D 59) B 60) C 61) B 62) D 63) D 64) C 65) B 66) crystallized 67) hypotheticodeductive 68) personal fable 69) critical 70) metacognition 71) aptitude 72) assimilation 73) reciprocal 74) nurture 75) information-processing 76) emotional 77) practical 78) performance 79) encoding 80) accommodation 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) Critical thinking requires effort, and adolescents may lack the motivation to implement critical thinking skills. Also, critical thinking develops as a result of experiences, and traditional educational practices do not focus on the development of critical thinking skills. 97) The authors of the controversial book the Bell Curve argued that race differences in intelligence were the result of heredity. Moreover, they argued that environmental conditions, such as poverty and low employment were the result of low intelligence. Research, however, suggests that intelligence is the result of factors associated with both nature and nurture, as well as environmental conditions, such as differences in socioeconomic status are the best explanation for racial differences in intelligence scores.
98) Some evidence suggests that Piaget's stages are not as universal as he claimed. For example, it is likely that not everyone reaches formal operations. Also, it is likely that development takes place more gradually over time than Piaget suggested instead of taking place rapidly as children and adolescents move from stage to stage. 99) Personal fables are adolescents' beliefs that their experiences are unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else. These beliefs likely play a role in adolescent risk-taking behaviors because they lead them to believe that they are invulnerable to the risks that threaten others. 100) Cultural tools are actual, physical items, as well as an intellectual and conceptual framework for solving problems. Examples could include calculators, computers, paper, and language.
Chapter 4 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Although it is clear that genetics plays an important role in determining the personalities of 1) _______ adolescents, ________ influences also play a significant role in making those traits consistent across the life span. A) age B) environmental C) temperamental D) intelligence 2) Freud believed that adolescence began at the BEGINNING of the ________ stage. A) latency B) genital C) anal D) oral
2) _______
3) From Piaget's perspective, the earliest stage of moral development is ________ and is characterized by children's beliefs that rules are invariant and unchangeable. A) autonomous cooperation B) incipient cooperation C) heteronomous D) sensorimotor
3) _______
4) The raw, unorganized, inherited portion of personality that seeks to fulfill our primitive urges relating to hunger, sex, and aggression is, according to Freud, the A) superego. B) unconscious. C) id. D) ego.
4) _______
5) The part of the personality that, according to Freud, impels adolescents to behave in a moral way is the A) ego. B) unconscious. C) superego. D) preconscious.
5) _______
6) A purpose of a role is to A) determine whether or not an adolescent has achieved important milestones for society to consider that person an adult. B) provide direction and guidelines for behavior. C) clearly define laws about what adolescents can and cannot do, such as buy alcohol or cigarettes. D) determine whether or not an adolescent is ready to participate in a rite of passage.
6) _______
7) When it comes to prosocial behavior, females are more likely than males to have a(n) ________ orientation. A) communal B) agentic C) preconventional D) postconventional
7) _______
8) From a psychodynamic perspective, personality is shaped by A) an adolescent's cultural context. B) adolescents' interactions with peers that take place on a daily basis. C) inner forces and conflicts about which adolescents have little awareness or control. D) how efficiently a person can process information.
8) _______
9) Someone who is very sympathetic, kind, and appreciative is likely to be described by the trait A) agreeableness. B) openness to experience. C) conscientiousness. D) extraversion.
9) _______
10) Adolescents' growing cognitive abilities allow them to distinguish between prosocial behavior that is self-serving (done to gain something, such as looking better in others' eyes), or truly ________ (done to help others and requiring clear self-sacrifice). A) altruistic B) moral C) concrete D) abstract
10) ______
11) In regard to adolescent roles, A) there is little change until adulthood. B) adolescents reject most predetermined social roles. C) adolescents may "try on" various roles, experiment with those roles, and make decisions to adopt some roles and reject other roles. D) adolescents' new roles are the root of most behavioral problems.
11) ______
12) Personality is a A) pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiate people, including the behaviors that make each adolescent a unique individual. B) way of predicting whether or not adolescents are likely to have behavior problems. C) method of determining how outgoing and friendly a person is. D) reference to an adolescent's social status within a high school.
12) ______
13) G. Stanley Hall wrote that adolescence was a A) reenactment of earlier periods of life. B) period of raging hormones. C) time when adolescents were apt to be carried away by their impulses. D) period of storm and stress.
13) ______
14) In regard to personality traits, there is some evidence that adolescence is a time of A) development of personality traits that cannot be observed in children. B) relative consistency so that personality traits in childhood are consistent throughout adolescence. C) unpredictability. D) large changes in personality traits that occur between childhood and adulthood.
14) ______
15) Kohlberg's account of moral development focused on moral ________ of persons. A) obedience B) behaviors C) processing D) judgments
15) ______
16) Which of the following is NOT a dimension of temperament? A) irritability B) extraversion C) activity level
16) ______ D) adaptability
17) A ceremony or ritual that marks a person's transition from one stage of life to another A) is a rite of passage. B) no longer exists in modern culture. C) passage ceremony. D) is a painful process for most boys.
17) ______
18) According to the social domain approach, adolescents' moral reasoning is based on A) universal principles of justice and fairness. B) principles of non violence. C) adolescents' levels of cognitive development. D) considerations of the context in which judgments are being made at a given time.
18) ______
19) One challenge of blended families is role ambiguity, which means that A) there is declining dependence of adolescents on family members. B) increased independence and autonomy are experienced by adolescents. C) there are disagreements about whether or not adolescents are ready to participate in rites of passage. D) roles and expectations are unclear.
19) ______
20) One change that takes place during adolescence is that the role of friend A) takes precedence over other roles.
20) ______
B) is the cause of most adolescents' behavior problems. C) diminishes in importance as adolescents become more independent. D) is the most problematic role for adolescents to resolve. 21) Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development that suggested that moral reasoning emerges in a ________-level sequence that can by further subdivided into ________ substages. A) six, seven B) two, five C) four, five D) three, six
21) ______
22) Studies of ________ have illustrated the importance of heredity in personality studies. A) people in different cultures B) information processes C) identical twins D) extraversion
22) ______
23) From Piaget's perspective, the latest stage of moral development is ________ and is characterized by full awareness that formal game rules can be modified if the people who play them agree. A) incipient cooperation B) sensorimotor C) autonomous cooperation D) heteronomous
23) ______
24) People who believe that it is their responsibility to behave in certain ways reason about morality from ________ orientation. A) a communal B) a rights-based C) an entitlement D) a duty-based
24) ______
25) The period of life known as adolescence is A) defined in the law. C) ambiguously defined.
25) ______ B) clearly defined. D) biologically determined.
26) In regard to the "storm and stress" view of adolescence, most researchers have found A) that this view is a stereotype and inaccurately describes the experiences of most adolescents. B) support for this view. C) that the adolescent period of life represents a recapitulation of the evolutionary development of the species. D) that the tumultuousness of the period is largely determined by hormones.
26) ______
27) For some adolescents, the role of student A) is taken on when adolescents acquire the ability to form multiple intelligences. B) is consistent with the ability to process information with increased speed and sophistication. C) marks the next stage in development. D) may conflict with other roles that are rising in importance, such as the role of friend.
27) ______
28) From a social learning perspective, adolescents are more likely than children to base their behavior on general rules and principles of behavior that is referred to as A) post-conventional moral development. B) concrete modeling. C) moral reasoning. D) abstract modeling.
28) ______
29) Which of the following may be an example of a modern rite of passage? A) graduating from high school B) graduating from the 8th grade
29) ______
C) getting a driving license
D) all of the above
30) An important prerequisite for feeling empathy for collective groups, such as feeling empathy for people who live in poverty, is the ability to A) reason at the incipient cooperation level. B) think postconventionally.
30) ______
C) think abstractly.
D) express sympathy.
31) Someone who is very talkative, fun-loving, and sociable is likely to be described by the trait A) conscientiousness. B) agreeableness. C) openness to experience. D) extraversion.
31) ______
32) For early adolescents, the role of family member may be complicated because A) raging hormones cause adolescents to not meet the expectations of the role of family member. B) parents may encourage adolescents to participate in rites of passage before adolescents are ready. C) parents expect that adolescents will soon be moving out and forming their own families. D) adolescents may view themselves as worthy of increasing independence, but parents may be reluctant to grant them the new autonomy they desire.
32) ______
33) Freud argued that much of behavior is motivated by ________, a part of personality of which a person is not aware. A) a cultural awareness B) the unconscious C) a social role D) egocentrism
33) ______
34) A criticism of Freud's approach to personality is that A) he focused too much on personality development in adulthood and not enough on personality development during adolescence. B) there is little scientific evidence to support his theory. C) there is evidence that suggests that personality is fixed by the end of adolescence. D) personality development is an unconscious process.
34) ______
35) According to Gilligan, girls understand morality in terms of A) broad principles, such as justice or fairness. B) responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships. C) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors. D) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.
35) ______
36) According to Freud, the ________ represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught by an individual's parents and society. A) unconscious B) superego C) preconscious D) ego
36) ______
37) Prescribed roles are A) associated with and come to be expected of people in a given position. B) milestones that mark the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood. C) laws that govern what people of specific ages may or may not do, such as laws about underage drinking. D) rules about being an adult that adolescents must learn and pass a test on before participating in a rite of passage.
37) ______
38) Prosocial behavior is behavior that A) reflects adolescents' misperceptions of other people who they are observing and are attempting to learn from. B) promotes the moral development of children. C) benefits others.
38) ______
D) reflects adolescents' preoccupation with maintaining social relationships. 39) According to Gilligan, boys understand morality in terms of A) broad principles, such as justice or fairness. B) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors. C) responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships. D) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.
39) ______
40) Someone who is very independent, imaginative, and prefers variety is likely to be described by the trait A) openness to experience. B) agreeableness. C) conscientiousness. D) extraversion.
40) ______
41) Which of the following describes a temperament? A) high maintenance C) extraversion
41) ______ B) neuroticism D) irritability
42) Adolescents' sense of justice and of what is right and wrong is referred to A) justice orientation. B) heteronomy. C) egocentrism. D) moral development.
42) ______
43) Adolescents who are shy and have a relatively high level of physiological reactivity to a novel situation are likely to be described as A) moody. B) inhibited to the unfamiliar. C) irritable. D) extraverted.
43) ______
44) In regard to temperament, some adolescents may be easily upset and get bothered with little provocation. This refers to A) extraversion. B) irritability. C) adaptability. D) activity level.
44) ______
45) Kohlberg used the term ________ to refer to the first level of moral development that was characterized by concern about rewards and punishments. A) autonomous cooperation B) conventional C) preconventional D) postconventional
45) ______
46) The part of the personality that seeks to balance the desires of the id with the realities of the objective, rational world is, according to Freud, the A) ego. B) superego. C) unconscious. D) preconscious.
46) ______
47) Personality researchers have identified ________ broad traits that describe basic personality. A) two B) five C) four D) three
47) ______
48) When it comes to prosocial behavior, males are more likely than females to have a(n) ________ orientation. A) postconventional B) agentic C) communal D) preconventional
48) ______
49) There is some evidence that the ________ system in the brain may be the source of unconscious motivations, in support of Freud's theory. A) frontal B) limbic C) cortex D) parietal
49) ______
50) According to Gilligan, the most advanced level of moral development for girls is referred to as A) an orientation toward individual survival. B) post conventional morality. C) goodness as self-sacrifice. D) a morality of non violence.
50) ______
51) Kohlberg used the term ________ to refer to the second level of moral development that was characterized by people's concern about their own position as good, responsible members of society. A) conventional B) postconventional C) autonomous cooperation D) preconventional
51) ______
52) Someone who is careful, disciplined, and organized is likely to be described by the trait A) neuroticism. B) openness to experience. C) extraversion. D) conscientiousness.
52) ______
53) People who believe that certain rights, such as the freedom of speech, are assumed, do not have to be earned, and are the birthright of every citizen reason about morality from ________ orientation. A) a communal B) a rights-based C) a duty-based D) an entitlement
53) ______
54) The theoretical perspective that focuses on moral behavior, instead of moral reasoning, is based on A) Piaget's approach to moral development. B) a social learning perspective. C) Gilligan's account of moral development for boys and girls. D) Kohlberg's sequence of moral development.
54) ______
55) Temperaments are A) patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring. B) patterns of enduring characteristics that differentiate people. C) the development of personality traits that cannot be observed in children. D) large changes in personality traits that occur between childhood and adulthood.
55) ______
56) Researchers suggest that adolescents' temperaments may ________ environmental influences, such as when an adolescent who is irritable may cause people around him or her to also be irritable. A) be resilient to B) be influenced by C) be tempered by D) evoke
56) ______
57) Adolescents often volunteer because it is A) a reflection of their wish to truly help others, even at significant personal expense. B) a way of winning the social approval of others. C) an expression of their personal values and compassion. D) all of the above.
57) ______
58) The period of adolescence is best described as a(n) A) legal transition. C) biological or pubertal transition.
58) ______ B) educational transition. D) social construction.
59) One approach to understanding personality is to examine ________, enduring dimensions of
personality
character 59) istics along which adolesce nts differ. A) processes
___ ___
B) egos
C) traits
D) superegos
60) From Piaget's perspective, the second stage of moral development is ________ and is characterized by an increasingly social nature of children's games. A) heteronomous B) autonomous cooperation C) incipient cooperation D) preoperational
60) ______
61) Kohlberg used the term ________ to refer to the third level of moral development that was characterized by people's concern about universal moral principles that are considered broader than rules of the particular society in which they live. A) preconventional B) conventional C) autonomous cooperation D) postconventional
61) ______
62) According to some developmentalists, ________, the understanding of what another individual feels, lies at the heart of many kinds of moral behavior. A) perspective B) empathy C) sympathy D) altruism
62) ______
63) Freud believed that adolescence began at the END of the ________ stage. A) latency B) oral C) genital
63) ______ D) anal
64) Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote that adolescence was a period of tumultuous change, so much so that it represented a A) time when adolescents were apt to be carried away by their impulses. B) reenactment of earlier periods of life. C) period of storm and stress. D) period of raging hormones.
64) ______
65) The shyness that is associated with inhibition to the unfamiliar likely A) has a biological basis and is consistent across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. B) is related to a high degree of irritability. C) is related to a high degree of moodiness. D) goes away when children become adolescents.
65) ______
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 66) According to Freud, adolescence coincides with the ________ stage of development. 66) _____________ 67) Prosocial behavior that is truly ________ is motivated by a desire to help others and requires clear self-sacrifice.
67) _____________
68) Ceremonies or rituals that mark a person's transition from one stage of life to another are ________.
68) _____________
69) ________ approaches to personality are based on assumptions that adolescents are inherently good and have a tendency to function at more sophisticated levels as they age.
69) _____________
70) Adolescents gain the ability to experience ________ for collective groups, such as the homeless, whose experiences may be completely unfamiliar to them.
70) _____________
71) Piaget believed that the earliest stage of moral development was ________ morality and was characterized by perceiving rules as invariant and unchanging.
71) _____________
72) The process in which modeling paves the way for development of more general rules and principles is a process called ________ modeling.
72) _____________
73) Moral reasoning based on the assumption that people are expected to behave in a certain way because it is their responsibility are using ________-based reasoning.
73) _____________
74) According to the social domain approach, contexts involving the need for social groups to function well are part of the ________ domain.
74) _____________
75) In regards to gender, volunteers are more likely to be ________ than ________.
75) _____________
76) The dimension of temperament that has been termed ________ is characterized by high reactivity to a novel stimulus and is exhibited as shyness.
76) _____________
77) One challenge of stepfamilies is there is often a fair amount of ________, in which roles and expectations are unclear.
77) _____________
78) Whereas Piaget and Kohlberg focused on moral reasoning, social learning approaches to moral development focus on moral ________.
78) _____________
79) Whereas males are more likely to have an agentic orientation in regards to prosocial behavior, females are likely to have a ________ orientation that centers on interests in relationships and community.
79) _____________
80) A ________ is a shared notion or reality, one that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time.
80) _____________
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 81) Most evidence suggests that personality traits undergo extensive changes during adolescence so that by the time adolescence is over, most individuals have completely different personalities as compared to when adolescence began.
81) ______
82) Women typically score lower than men on measures of moral development that are based on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
82) ______
83) One focus of those who study personality is to determine why some people have good personalities and are fun to spend time with and other people have bad personalities.
83) ______
84) Adolescence is a period in the life span that is, in many ways, arbitrarily and culturally derived.
84) ______
85) Studies that show how personality traits are strongly influenced by genes also prove that environments have very little influence in the development of personality traits.
85) ______
86) Gilligan argued that there are fundamental differences in how males and females view moral behavior.
86) ______