CHAPTER 1 TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) A main area of study for physical anthropologists is the study of evolution. ⊚ ⊚
2)
Science can provide answers to all possible questions. ⊚ ⊚
3)
true false
The idea that humans are superior to other animals is termed anthropocentrism. ⊚ ⊚
6)
true false
A theory is more certain than a guess but less certain than a fact. ⊚ ⊚
5)
true false
An empirical observation is one that is made with the help of a microscope or telescope. ⊚ ⊚
4)
true false
true false
Charles Darwin was the first person to recognize that nature could be dynamic. ⊚ ⊚
true false
7) Lamarck proposed the theory of acquired characteristics, which states that traits gained during a lifetime can be passed to the next generation. Version 1
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true false
8) Darwin's theory states that groups who are better suited to their environment will be more likely to survive and reproduce. ⊚ ⊚
9)
true false
Darwin lacked an accurate understanding of the mechanisms of inheritance. ⊚ ⊚
true false
10) The study of the change in body color of peppered moths described in chapter one showed that evolution could be observed in a shorter period of time than Darwin thought possible. ⊚ ⊚
true false
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 11) The field that studies fossil records is: A) primatology B) paleontology C) genetics D) archaeology
12)
The subfield of physical anthropology includes the study of:
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A) human genetics B) forensic anthropology C) human biological variation D) all of these
13)
Cultural anthropology: A) is a branch of archaeology B) is the study of art and music C) includes the study of human social organizations and learned patterns of behavior D) includes paleontology as a major topic
14)
The study of a people's political organization would be a part of: A) cultural anthropology B) linguistics C) archaeology D) physical anthropology
15)
An anthropological linguist: A) always attempts to learn to speak as many languages as he or she possibly can B) teaches students foreign languages C) studies the history, function, structure, and physiology of language D) would only be interested in cultures that have writing systems
16)
The practical application of anthropological knowledge to real-world concerns is called:
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A) academic anthropology B) lived anthropology C) applied anthropology D) realistic anthropology
17)
An empirical observation is one that is: A) measurable B) a fact C) received through the senses D) all of these
18)
Hypotheses: A) are always considered to be correct statements B) are the same thing as laws in science C) are not a necessary part of the scientific method D) must be logical and testable
19)
Hypotheses: A) can be disproven B) can be tested through experiments and observations C) are based on empirical observations D) all of these
20)
A tentative statement about the relationship between two variables is a(n):
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A) hypothesis B) theory C) empirical statement D) rationalization
21)
An example of a variable would be: A) the theory of evolution by natural selection B) the cranial capacities of a series of skulls C) that all mammals give live birth D) all of these
22)
Once proposed, a hypothesis may be tested by: A) comparing it to known data gathered from nature B) conducting an experiment C) comparing one phenomenon with another to determine the relationships between
them D) all of these
23) A hypothesis may be tested in a number of ways. One of the following is not a way to test a hypothesis. A) Test the predictive value of the hypothesis by comparing it to all known data from nature. B) Ask all scientists doing research in the area the hypothesis concerns and confirm that the hypothesis is based on a consensus of the opinions of those scientists. C) Conduct experiments D) Through comparative studies
24)
A theory is:
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A) a speculative statement B) a statement of extremely high validity C) the same as a hypothesis D) the same as a fact
25)
Darwin's explanation of evolution by natural selection is an example of a(n): A) theory B) hypothesis C) empirical statement D) experiment
26)
That evolution has occurred is a(n): A) theory B) hypothesis C) fact D) experiment
27)
Statements about the ways in which evolution occurs (the processes) are: A) facts B) theories C) experiments D) variables
28)
Scientific investigation can:
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A) provide answers to all possible questions B) generate statements that are considered to be absolute truths C) only deal with empirical observations D) all of these
29)
When scientists say that evolution is a theory, they mean that evolution is: A) a general law or principle supported by mass data B) an educated guess C) but one of several possible explanations for the diversity of life D) accepted by the majority of scientists
30)
A control in science is: A) a situation that differs from the situation being tested B) an empirical observation C) always easy to achieve in physical anthropology D) a monocausal explanation for a phenomenon
31) Which of the following statements is true regarding scientific hypotheses and theories about human evolution? A) Scientists refuse to consider supernatural causes to explain their observations because most scientists are atheists. B) Explanations of natural phenomena based upon religious dogma are superior because science cannot explain the great many things about the world. C) Scientists refuse to invoke supernatural causes because the scientific method restricts scientific inquiry to hypotheses that are falsifiable and testable. D) While evolution has been fairly well demonstrated in bacteria, plants, and simple animals, it has not been demonstrated to have taken place in humans.
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32)
Which of the following statements is true?
A) One cannot accept science and also be a religious person. B) Science can successfully answer questions about ethics and morality. C) Scientific conclusions are based upon available evidence and therefore can change when new evidence appears. D) Scientific conclusions are considered to be absolute facts within the scientific community.
33)
The idea that humans are superior to other animals is termed: A) egocentrism B) anthropocentrism C) ethnocentrism D) geocentricism
34)
The belief that people are the center of the universe is termed: A) ethnocentrism B) anthropocentrism C) holism D) cultural relativism
35)
The idea that life can form from nonliving material is known as: A) uniformitarianism B) spontaneous generation C) anthropocentricity D) immutability
36)
An early belief was that life is immutable, meaning:
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A) once created, a type of organism remains unchanged B) once created, a type of organism may become extinct or change into some other type of organism C) once created, a type of organism may evolve through time into other types of organisms D) none of these
37) In the eighteenth century, the accepted date for the origin of the earth, as calculated in the seventeenth century by Archbishop Ussher, was: A) 1 million B.C. B) 250,000 B.C. C) 10,550 B.C. D) 4004 B.C.
38)
The fact that the earth is not the center of the universe was conclusively demonstrated by: A) James Ussher B) Nicolaus Copernicus C) Carolus Linnaeus D) Comte de Buffon
39)
An eighteenth-century scientific classification of the living world was made by: A) Nicolaus Copernicus B) Carolus Linnaeus C) Comte de Buffon D) Charles Lyell
40)
Linnaeus's classification was important because:
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A) it imposed order on nature's infinite variation B) it provided the means of seeing change and possible ancestral relationships C) it included humans D) all of these
41)
The eighteenth-century biologist Comte de Buffon: A) argued that the earth was the center of the universe B) believed that living forms are immutable C) proposed that the earth is much older than 6,000 years D) developed a classification of the living world that is still used today
42)
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck was important because: A) his theory of evolution was correct in detail B) he speculated on the mechanisms of change C) he proposed the idea of uniformitarianism D) all of these
43)
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck is associated with: A) the first scientific account of the gorilla B) the concept of uniformitarianism C) the concept of natural selection D) the principle of acquired characteristics
44) If a woman and a man both lift weights and become muscular, it follows that their offspring:
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A) are more likely to be muscular B) will inherit their father's, but not their mother's, muscularity C) will be genetically weaker D) will not be more muscular simply because their parents lift weights
45) Lamarck believed that parts of the body that are used are strengthened and improved, whereas parts of the body that are not become weak and might disappear. This is the principle of: A) Lamarckism B) strength and weakness C) use and disuse D) inheritance and disinheritance
46)
George Cuvier developed the theory of: A) acquired characteristics B) catastrophism C) uniformitarianism D) anthropocentrism
47) Catastrophists believe that the geographic history of the earth and changes in the biological world are a result of: A) natural selection as described by Charles Darwin B) gradual changes caused by such factors as wind, water, earthquakes, and volcanoes C) a series of violent and sudden events D) the first six days of creation as depicted in Genesis
48) The idea that animal forms are arranged in a ladder whereby organisms progress from a lesser to a greater state of perfection is termed:
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A) holism B) uniformitarianism C) great chain of being D) anthropocentrism
49)
William Smith is noted for: A) being the first geologist to recognize what a fossil was B) developing the concept of uniformitarianism C) finding the earliest known stone tools of human manufacture D) studying the strata of the earth and creating the first geologic map of England
50) The recognition that the layers of the earth or strata could be identified by specific features and always existed in the same order resulted in the construction of the first geologic map of England by: A) William Smith B) Charles Lyell C) Alfred Russel Wallace D) Peter Grant
51)
Charles Lyell is associated with the concept of: A) uniformitarianism B) catastrophism C) the theory of acquired characteristics D) the heliocentric view of the universe
52)
The principle of uniformitarianism refers to the concept that:
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A) the geological processes at work today are the same as those at work in the past B) evolution is a universal fact C) the basic biological processes of life are the same wherever life is found D) the laws of heredity are universal
53)
The concept of uniformitarianism states that: A) the human genome is uniform throughout the world B) the basic skeletal structure of primates shows much uniformity C) the mechanism of heredity is uniform throughout the animal kingdom D) the physical laws of nature are uniform throughout time
54)
The importance of uniformitarianism for the development of Darwinian theory is that it: A) showed that the earth's age was many times greater than previously thought B) explained the uniformity of shape among different animal species C) allowed for changes in a species over time D) explained the existence of fossils
55) The first person to make a systematic attempt to demonstrate the existence of a prehistoric period was: A) Charles Darwin B) Jacques Boucher de Perthes C) Comte de Buffon D) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
56)
Jacques Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes:
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A) was the first to demonstrate that the earth was extremely old B) recognized primitive stone tools as evidence of prehistoric peoples C) believed that collections of now-extinct fossil animals in particular strata ended with catastrophic events D) developed the principle of use and disuse
57) That each stratum was characterized by distinct fossils that could be used to indicate the age of strata was found by: A) Charles Lyell B) Charles Darwin C) William Smith D) Carolus Linnaeus
58)
Charles Darwin: A) is best known for explaining evolution in terms of natural selection B) was the first person to conceive the idea of evolution C) published The Origin of Species in 1696 D) was the first person to work out the basic principles of heredity
59) When Charles Darwin began his voyage around the world in 1831, he was given a textbook on geology that set forth ideas on the evolution of the earth. This book, Principles of Geology, was written by: A) Thomas Malthus B) Alfred Russel Wallace C) Charles Lyell D) William Smith
60)
Darwin's five-year voyage on board the HMS Beagle:
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A) was disappointing to him since he only was able to visit South America B) allowed him to gain new insights into the plants and animals in different parts of the world C) was important because he traveled with the older and more experienced naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace D) all of these
61) was:
The main destination of the HMS Beagle, on which Darwin was the ship's naturalist,
A) Europe B) Asia C) South America D) North America
62)
The Galápagos Islands are located off the coast of: A) New Guinea B) Ecuador C) Australia D) England
63)
Which of the following statements is not correct?
A) Charles Darwin was the first person to conceive the idea of evolution. B) The concept of evolution was the result of a long chain of discoveries and hypotheses. C) The theory of evolution was not developed by one person. D) Thomas R. Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population was influential on Darwin and Wallace in their conceptualization of natural selection.
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64) The concept of natural selection was developed by Charles Darwin and, at about the same time, by another biologist: A) Thomas Malthus B) Charles Lyell C) Alfred R. Wallace D) Carolus Linnaeus
65) Charles Darwin realized that populations have the potential to grow at a faster rate than their food supply. This idea came from the writings of: A) Thomas Malthus B) James Hutton C) Charles Lyell D) Georges Cuvier
66)
Charles Darwin wrote in On the Origin of Species that: A) the genetic material is a protein B) traits are inherited through paired genes C) natural selection occurs because of differences in fertility rates among individuals D) humans are descended from apes
67)
Charles Darwin: A) was the first to apply the scientific method to examine evolution B) proved that evolution had occurred C) provided a mechanism to explain how evolution works D) disproved the biblical account of creation
68)
Alfred Russel Wallace:
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A) wrote Essay on the Principles of Population B) was a rigorous opponent of the concept of natural selection C) came up with the idea of natural selection at about the same time as Charles Darwin D) disproved spontaneous creation
69)
Darwin laid out his ideas on evolution by natural selection in the book: A) The Antiquity of Man B) The Principles of Populations C) On the Origin of Species D) The Principles of Geology
70) The synthetic theory of evolution integrates the Darwinian concept of natural selection with: A) genetics B) paleontology C) embryology D) all of these
71)
Which of the following statements is true? A) The earth is 4000 years old. B) Evolution has never been actually seen occurring. C) Evolution generates testable predictions. D) Evolution is not accepted by substantial number of biologists.
72) Essential elements of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection include which of the following?
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A) Individuals within a population vary. B) While organisms are able to reproduce rapidly, resource growth is limited. C) Individuals with favorable variations will be more likely to survive and reproduce. D) All of these
73)
Darwin lacked an accurate understanding of: A) inheritance B) variability of populations C) population growth D) differential survival rates
74) Darwin's theory states that ____________ who are more well suited to their environment will be more likely to survive and reproduce. A) individuals B) species C) families D) groups
75)
Darwin believed that evolution: A) happened quite rapidly B) could be observed in an individual's lifetime C) occurred over extremely long periods of time
76)
Which of the following is not a part of the concept of natural selection?
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A) There are limited resources for which individuals compete. B) Modifications acquired by an organism during its lifetime are passed on to its offspring. C) Individuals in a population vary in physical characteristics. D) Variations possessed by individuals are, in part, inherited.
77)
Court cases advocating the teaching of creation science: A) are now on the books in over 40 states B) have not occurred in the last twenty years C) are supported by the majority of anthropologists D) are still being fought well into the 21 st century
78)
Intelligent design theory is: A) a new version of evolutionary theory B) a creationist explanation C) an attempt to blend natural selection and religion D) based on new genetic information
79) The creationist idea that the great complexity found in living organisms implies the existence of a creator is called: A) intelligent design theory B) God as creator theory C) the science of design theory D) creation science
80)
Creationism and Intelligent Design are:
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A) scientific explanations of phenomena that do not appear to be affected by natural selection B) attempts to discredit evolution and replace evolutionary theory by religious-based ideas C) based upon new discoveries in genetics D) developed because of growing doubts about the validity of evolution within the scientific community
81)
Intelligent Design Theory:
A) answers important questions that have not been successfully explained by natural selection B) suggests that the existence of complex design in the world is evidence of an intelligent designer C) is consistent with the scientific methods and should be included in scientific discussions
82) From 1925 to until recently, a series of court cases have ruled that which of the following laws or policies was legal? A) law prohibiting the teaching of evolution B) law mandating equal treatment of creation-science with evolution C) school district rule restricting the right of teachers to teach creationism in the classroom D) All of these were declared illegal.
83) On November 20, 2005, Federal Judge John Jones ruled in a case involving the attempt of the Dover Pennsylvania school board to introduce Intelligent Design into the biology curriculum that:
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A) since the "designer" is not identified as God, Intelligent Design is not a religious concept B) Intelligent Design is a form of creationism and, being a religious concept, cannot be taught in the public schools as science C) in order to present all sides of an issue, Intelligent Design should be taught alongside evolution in the science classroom
84)
In the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District legal case, the Judge declared that:
A) intelligent design was a legitimate scientific concept B) the school board had the right to require teachers to discuss intelligent design in their th 9 grade classes C) intelligent design is not a scientific concept D) the concept of evolution is a religious concept
85)
The synthetic theory of evolution refers to the fusion of natural selection with: A) intelligent design theory B) theology C) genetics, paleontology, and other disciplines D) new discoveries in astronomy and astrophysics
86) Of the following, the most tentative statement about the relationship between two variables is a: A) hypothesis B) theory C) law D) rationalization
87)
An early belief was that life is immutable, meaning:
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A) life was created once and only once B) once created, a type of organism remains unchanged C) once created, an organism will eventually change into some other type of organism D) once created, a type of organism may evolve through time into other types of organisms
88)
The principle of uniformitarianism refers to the concept that: A) evolution occurs in a uniform manner for every species B) the geological processes at work today are the same as those at work in the past C) the laws of heredity are universal D) all of these
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 89) What is anthropology? What are some of the subfields within anthropology?
90) Early views on the nature of humankind were anthropocentric. What major intellectual and historical events served to move people away from an anthropocentric view?
91) Why was the classification scheme of Linnaeus so important to the later development of evolutionary biology?
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92) Great ideas seldom develop in a vacuum. Summarize the ideas that were developed prior to 1859 that influenced the work of Charles Darwin.
93) Contrast the concepts of catastrophism and uniformitarianism. What is the relationship of each of these concepts to the development of evolutionary theory?
94) What role did the development of historical geology play in the development of evolutionary theory?
95) What is meant by the synthetic theory of evolution? How does the synthetic theory of evolution differ from the concept of evolution as conceived by Charles Darwin?
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96) What are some of the major concepts of creationism? Discuss the debate over the teaching of evolution in public schools.
97) What is the theory of intelligent design? What do scientists say to counter the claims of intelligent design theory?
98) Describe the basic principles of scientific thinking. Can science provide answers to all questions?
99) Many people confuse the terms hypothesis and theory. What do these two terms mean and how do they differ?
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100) Ideas do not develop in a vacuum. Darwin was certainly not the first person to conceive the idea of biological evolution. The roots of the concept of biological evolution go back to at least the time of ancient Greece. Research and discuss these early concepts and why they failed to become widely accepted.
101) What were some of the concepts about human nature and the relationship between humans and nature that had to change before an evolutionary concept could develop?
102)
Explain the components of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
103) How does a scientific inquiry work? Can science provide answers to all questions? Why/why not?
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104) How does the peppered moth example, discussed in this chapter, help explain the concept of natural selection?
105)
What is the concept of intelligent design and what are the scientific arguments against it?
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