TEST BANK for Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 16th edition by Madigan Michael, Bender Kelly, Aiyer by digitaldownload87

Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Global Edition, 16e (Madigan et al.) Chapter 1 The Microbial World 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Microbial cells can exist as single cells. B) Microbial cells carry out their life processes of growth independently. C) Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses. D) Microbial cells are surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I 2) Which of the following statements is correct? A) Microorganisms are significant contributors to the total biomass on Earth. B) Microorganisms represent a much smaller amount of Earth's biomass than plants. C) Microorganisms represent a much smaller amount of Earth's biomass than animals. D) Microorganisms are significant in number, but not in overall biomass. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.1 Learning Objective: 1.I 3) Differential selection and decent with modification occurs during a process called A) cellular differentiation. B) evolution. C) growth. D) transformation. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I 4) In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented? A) Archaea B) Bacteria C) Eukarya D) Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.4 Learning Objective: 1.I

5) Biological catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactions are called A) catalytic converters. B) growth agents. C) evolutionary molecules. D) enzymes. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I 6) Regarding early life on Earth, A) microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life. B) microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants. C) microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time. D) it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 7) The person who described the "wee animalcules" was A) Robert Hooke. B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. C) Louis Pasteur. D) Ferdinand Cohn. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.7 Learning Objective: 1.II 8) Walther Hesse and ________ pioneered the use of agar as a solidifying agent. A) Louis Pasteur B) Ferdinand Cohn C) Robert Koch D) Sergei Winogradsky Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III

9) Which of the following is/are characteristic of all cellular organisms? A) Communication B) Evolution C) Motility D) Communication, evolution, and motility Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I 10) Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA-based tree of life. A) Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA. B) Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced. C) They can infect other organisms, which complicates the genetic comparisons. D) They lack ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.15 Learning Objective: 1.IV 11) Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for A) anthrax only. B) fowl cholera only. C) rabies only. D) anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.11 Learning Objective: 1.III 12) The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of A) industrial microbiology. B) agricultural microbiology. C) marine microbiology. D) aquatic microbiology. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I

13) Microbial sterilization is used to A) decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture. B) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes. C) kill all microbes in or on objects. D) clean a work area. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.11 Learning Objective: 1.III 14) Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called A) Petri dishes. B) baker dishes. C) sterilization plates. D) culture medium plates. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 15) Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________. A) rumens / nodules B) nodules / rumens C) nodules / fortrans D) fortrans / rumens Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 16) Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur? A) Determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation B) Developed enrichment culture techniques C) Developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swannecked flask D) Developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.11 Learning Objective: 1.III

17) The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of A) Louis Pasteur. B) Robert Koch. C) Robert Hooke. D) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.11 Learning Objective: 1.III 18) A Pasteur flask has a(n) A) swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask. B) double neck so two substances may be added at the same time. C) secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage. D) inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.11 Learning Objective: 1.III 19) Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and maintained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood. A) Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation. If he did sterilize the flasks, the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been supported. B) His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation. C) Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation. D) Viruses would have still been present, and his conclusion would have been unchanged. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.11 Learning Objective: 1.III 20) A pure culture A) is sterile. B) is a population of identical cells. C) is made of a clearly defined chemical medium. D) contains one microbial cell. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III

21) Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate A) green algae. B) certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria. C) certain sulfate-reducing bacteria. D) green algae, certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria, and certain sulfate-reducing bacteria. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.13 Learning Objective: 1.III 22) Chemolithotrophy involves A) oxidation of organic compounds. B) oxidation of inorganic compounds. C) reduction of organic compounds. D) metabolic autotrophy. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.13 Learning Objective: 1.III 23) Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of A) Sergei Winogradsky. B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. C) Joseph Lister. D) Robert Koch. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 24) Microbial control in wastewaters would most logically be a part of A) microbial genetics. B) aquatic microbiology. C) medical microbiology. D) bacterial energetics. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I

25) Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to A) develop the tuberculin test only. B) formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease only. C) use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media only. D) develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 26) Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very difficult to stain because of the A) presence of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. B) location of the DNA within the cell. C) large amounts of a waxlike lipids present in its cell wall. D) lack of a cell wall. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 27) Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. B) the rabies vaccine. C) optical isomers. D) cultivation of E. coli. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.11 Learning Objective: 1.III 28) Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of A) carbon only. B) nitrogen only. C) sulfur only. D) carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I

29) Microbial ecology is the study of A) microbial processes in the rhizosphere that benefit plant growth. B) the diversity and activities of microorganisms. C) the grouping and classifying of microorganisms. D) microorganisms in their natural environments. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 30) The structure that confers structural strength on the cell is known as the A) cytoplasmic membrane. B) cell wall. C) ribosome. D) cytoplasm. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I 31) A microbial cell's membrane is considered ________, because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment. A) differential B) microselective C) rigid D) semipermeable Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I 32) Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type. A) differentiation B) genetic exchange C) maturation D) mutagenesis Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I

33) Cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria both obtain energy from light. However, only the ________ are capable of releasing ________. A) cyanobacteria / organic compounds B) cyanobacteria / oxygen C) purple bacteria / organic compounds D) purple bacteria / oxygen Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 34) The process whereby microorganisms are used to help clean up pollution created by human activities is known as A) bioaugmentation. B) biodegradation. C) bioengineering. D) bioremediation. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 35) Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for A) developing a smallpox vaccination. B) identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis. C) making an effective rabies vaccine. D) developing a smallpox vaccination, identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis, and making an effective rabies vaccine. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 36) Bacillus anthracis deficient in its ability to differentiate would not be able to A) chemotax toward growth substrates. B) create vesicles. C) form spores. D) grow without additional supplemented nutrients. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.3 Learning Objective: 1.I

37) Microbial biochemistry most specifically involves the discovery of microbial ________ and the ________ they perform. A) organelles / diffusion B) enzymes / organelles C) reactions / enzymes D) macromolecules / functions Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.14 Learning Objective: 1.IV 38) Microbial cells first evolved on Earth approximately ________ billion years ago. A) 1.6 to 1.8 B) 3.8 to 4.3 C) 5.4 to 5.6 D) 7.0 to 7.2 Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 39) The first documented description of a microorganism was of a ________ by ________. A) bacterium / Ferdinand Cohn B) fungus / Robert Koch C) mold / Robert Hooke D) yeast / Martinus Beijerinck Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.7 Learning Objective: 1.II 40) ________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States, and specialized ________ are needed to make this a commercially available product. A) Biodiesel / biotechnologists B) Biodiesel / industrial microbiologists C) Ethanol / biotechnologists D) Ethanol / industrial microbiologists Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I

41) ________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first person to see bacteria. A) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch C) Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek D) Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.7 Learning Objective: 1.II 42) The production of human proteins (e.g., insulin) by genetically engineered microorganisms is an example of ________, a subdiscipline of microbiology. A) applied microbiology B) biotechnology C) industrial microbiology D) molecular microbiology Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 43) Approximately two billion years ago, ________ were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth. A) algae B) Archaea C) cyanobacteria D) purple sulfur bacteria Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 44) Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ________ which Eukarya contain, such as mitochondria. A) membranes B) nuclei C) membrane-enclosed organelles D) nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.4 Learning Objective: 1.I

45) Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients that help microorganisms degrade pollutants. A) accelerates the natural cleanup process B) exploits genetic exchange mechanisms C) invokes microbial evolution D) uses chemotaxis of biodegrading microorganisms Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 46) Electron microscopy has greater ________ than light microscopy, because the wavelength of visible light is much larger than the wavelength of electrons. A) contrast B) magnification C) resolution D) penetration Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.10 Learning Objective: 1.II 47) Which of the following types of microscopy is especially effective for viewing details of internal structures within live cells? A) Phase-contrast microscopy B) Transmission electron microscopy C) Bright-field microscopy D) Scanning electron microscopy Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.8 Learning Objective: 1.II 48) Which of the following types of microscopy could be used to visualize the layers of the cell membrane and the cell wall? A) Phase-contrast microscopy B) Transmission electron microscopy C) Bright-field microscopy D) Confocal microscopy Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.10 Learning Objective: 1.II

49) Who was the first researcher to provide direct experimental data that supported the germ theory to explain infectious disease? A) Pasteur B) Winogradsky C) Lister D) Koch Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 50) When medical devices are left in the body, bacteria may grow on them as ________, which makes them especially resistant to treatment. A) biofilms B) liquids C) populations D) communities Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 51) Microbes that live at high temperatures in hot springs are A) always Archaea. B) also able to thrive at low temperatures. C) called extremophiles. D) rarely found. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 52) What field focuses specifically on the use of microbes to make products, such as antibiotics, on a large scale? A) Microbial ecology B) Biotechnology C) Industrial ecology D) Medical microbiology Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I

53) Which statement about the relationship between microbes and humans is FALSE? A) Most microbes are pathogenic. B) Infectious disease is an important public health concern. C) Bacteria in the digestive tract are important for digestion. D) Microbes in root nodules fix nitrogen and allow plants to make nitrogen-rich products. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 54) Why is ribosomal RNA especially useful for the study of phylogenetic relationships? A) It is only found in some species, helping them to distinguish from others. B) It is highly conserved. C) It is highly variable. D) It is extremely short. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.15 Learning Objective: 1.IV 55) Why is it important to use cultivation-independent methods to help understand microbial diversity? A) It allows researchers to identify species that cannot be grown in culture. B) It is the only way that phylogenetic trees can be constructed. C) It must be used after bacteria are cultured to more fully sequence their DNA. D) It is necessary to be able to examine ribosomal RNA. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.15 Learning Objective: 1.IV 56) Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have ________ surface-to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange. A) lower / lower B) lower / higher C) higher / lower D) higher / higher Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 1.3 Learning Objective: 1.I

57) An organism of the genus Staphylococcus is ________, while an organism of the genus Spirochaeta is ________. A) spherical / rod shaped B) rod shaped / coiled C) spherical / coiled D) coiled / spherical Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.3 Learning Objective: 1.I 58) The morphology of a cell influences its A) motility. B) metabolism. C) surface-to-volume ratio. D) motility and surface-to-volume ratio. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.3 Learning Objective: 1.I 59) You have discovered a new microorganism and would like to classify it as a eukaryote or a prokaryote. To investigate this question, you prepare a slide with a simple stain and view it with a light microscope with a 40X objective lens and 10X ocular lens. You also prepare a control slide using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a unicellular eukaryote). You can see the cells on your control slide, but you don't see cells when you look at your unknown microorganism. What can you conclude from this experiment? A) The experiment failed to visualize the organism because the stain killed it. B) Your new unknown microorganism is probably a virus. C) The cells of the new unknown microorganism may be too small to see with the objective and ocular lenses you used. D) The new unknown microorganism is probably an archaeon. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.7 Learning Objective: 1.II 60) Aseptic technique refers to A) the microbial inoculum placed into a test tube or onto a Petri plate. B) a series of practices to avoid contamination. C) the autoclave and other sterilizing procedures. D) cleanliness in the laboratory. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.10 Learning Objective: 1.II 15 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

1.2 True/False Questions 1) Most microorganisms are pathogenic. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 2) All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 3) Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I 4) According to our present understanding, each of the three major domains has what is known as its own universal ancestor. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 1.4 Learning Objective: 1.I 5) Both environmental conditions and nutrient resources strongly influence the composition of a microbial community. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.1 Learning Objective: 1.I 6) The environment in which a microbial population lives is called its habitat. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 7) Differentiation occurs only in multicellular organisms. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I

8) The discipline of microbiology is intimately associated with biochemistry and genetics, because cells are both biochemical catalysts and genetic coding devices. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.14 Learning Objective: 1.IV 9) Today, the enrichment culture technique developed over a century ago by Martinus Beijerinck remains a feasible approach to discovering bacteria capable of degrading pollutants. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 1.13 Learning Objective: 1.III 10) Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.13 Learning Objective: 1.III 11) Treponema pallidum, a bacterium associated with syphilis, is not considered a pathogen because to date it remains unculturable in the lab, and, therefore, Koch's postulates are unable to be fulfilled. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 12) Not only do some microorganisms tolerate extremely hot temperatures, some actually require high temperatures for optimal growth. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.4 Learning Objective: 1.I 13) Electron microscopes have less resolving power (resolution) than light microscopes. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.10 Learning Objective: 1.II 14) Smaller prokaryotic cells generally grow faster than larger ones due to a higher surface-areato-volume ratio. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.3 Learning Objective: 1.I 17 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

15) A bacterial cell is interpreted as gram-positive when it forms purple insoluble crystal violetiodine complexes within the cell during the Gram stain. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.8 Learning Objective: 1.II 16) Viewing the shape of a bacterial or archaeal cell using a microscope gives a great deal of information about the metabolism and lifestyle of the organism. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.8 Learning Objective: 1.II 1.3 Essay Questions 1) Explain the nature and function of an enrichment culture. Answer: Answers will vary, but an enrichment culture uses media, chemicals, or culture conditions to select for or encourage the growth of organisms with specific characteristics. An answer could describe providing only carbon dioxide as a source of carbon to select for autotrophs, for example. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.10 Learning Objective: 1.II 2) Why is it incorrect to say that an object is partially sterile? Answer: Sterile means the absence of all living organisms. Something is either sterile or it is not. Other terms are used to describe objects that have been cleaned but are not sterile, such as disinfected. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.10 Learning Objective: 1.II 3) Microbes were first formally observed during the mid-1600s, but the cell theory was not enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not become a formally recognized science until Louis Pasteur's and Robert Koch's time. Answer: Answers will vary, but a theme should be the lack of powerful microscopy tools. Without sufficient microscopes, individual cells could not be seen but the activities of microorganisms could be observed, such as the production of ethanol in Louis Pasteur's experiments on fermentation. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.11, 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III

4) Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in terms of both applied techniques and basic science. Answer: Answers will vary, but should highlight the differences between basic scientific research in which fundamental ideas are discovered opposed to the usage of microbiological principles to solve larger questions. Examples of Pasteur's basic science contributions are his work showing that fermentation was mediated by microorganisms and the preferential metabolism of particular optical isomers by microbes. Pasteur also applied his ideas to develop sterilization techniques. Robert Koch focused more on the application of microbiology to identify the cause of tuberculosis by developing pure culturing techniques and the four postulates to link microbes to a disease. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.11, 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 5) Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function in higher organisms. Answer: Answers will vary, but should include commonality of function, biochemical and genetic similarities, and ease and speed with which they can be grown in large quantities. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I 6) Compare and contrast the leading causes of death in 1900 with the leading causes of death today. What roles have microbiologists played in the dramatic changes that are evident? Answer: Answers will vary, but a focus should be that pathogens that killed people in the early 1900s are now treatable due to knowledge learned from microbiologists. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 7) Explain how you would use Robert Koch's postulates to determine that Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis ("strep throat"). Answer: Answers will vary but will need to detail how S. pyogenes will be subjected to all four postulates. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 8) Describe beneficial and harmful ways in which microorganisms interact with agricultural crops. Answer: Certain microbes are beneficial to crops when they produce nutrients (e.g., NH4+, SO42−) usable by a crop from a substrate that was unusable. Other microbes can cause diseases in plants, much like pathogens cause disease in humans. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I

9) Provide evidence supporting the statement that an "ecosystem is controlled by microbial activities." Answer: Answers will vary, but one example could be oxygen depletion, where a loss of oxygen would then favor anaerobic microorganisms. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.5, 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 10) Explain why only anaerobic bacteria inhabited Earth for the first two billion years of its existence. Answer: The key idea is an anoxic environment will not allow aerobic organisms to survive. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.I 11) Using specific examples, explain why it is sometimes impossible to satisfy Robert Koch's postulates. Answer: Answers will vary, but one issue is the consideration for a model animal host that will react to the (human) pathogen in the same manner as in a human host. For example, a chicken would not show flu-like symptoms when infected with the influenza virus. Another issue is the inability to cultivate some microorganisms outside of the host. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.12 Learning Objective: 1.III 12) Explain why infectious diseases are much less lethal in developed countries than in underdeveloped countries. Answer: Answers will vary, but should emphasize ways in which increased knowledge about microbial pathogenesis has influenced preventative care (e.g., sanitation) and treatment (e.g., antimicrobial drugs). Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 13) Describe two capabilities of microbes that exemplify their dynamic nature in interacting with their environment. Answer: Answers could possibly include cell-cell communication, ability to move (motility), ability to differentiate, and exchange of materials (any two). Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I

14) Compare and contrast the functions microbes serve in the digestive systems of both humans and ruminants (e.g., cattle). Answer: Answers will vary, but should focus on humans having a high cell localized density in the colon (large intestine), whereas rumens have higher microbial populations in the rumen. Microbes in both systems aid in digestion and improve nutrition/health of the host. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 15) The explosive chemical trinitrotoluene (TNT) can remain in soils after use and is hazardous to humans. Propose an experiment in which TNT-degrading microorganisms could be isolated for purposes of bioremediation. Also, indicate what experimental evidence would be useful to isolate TNT-degrading microorganisms. Answer: Experimental designs will vary, but one example would be to use the enrichment culture technique with soil from an ammunition site. While adding TNT to the enrichment culture, a key piece of experimental evidence could be the loss of TNT in the culture to initiate isolation attempts. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.6 Learning Objective: 1.I 16) What type of microscope would you use to visualize the internal structures of a chloroplast? Support your answer with evidence based on the size of the structures you want to see and the resolution and magnification power of different types of microscopes. Answer: Transmission electron microscopy would be necessary to visualize the internal structures of a chloroplast. Chloroplasts are less than 5 μm in diameter and the internal membranes are only 10 nm thick. Light microscopes only have a resolution of 200 nm, thus any structure less than 200 nm will not be visible. Individual chloroplasts could be seen with a light microscope, but not the structures inside. Scanning electron microscopy can only see external features because electrons cannot penetrate the cell, thus the cell must be sectioned and prepared for transmission electron microscopy to see the inside of the chloroplasts. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.10 Learning Objective: 1.II 17) Explain why prokaryotes tend to survive and adapt more rapidly to extreme and dynamic environmental conditions than eukaryotes. Answer: Answers will vary, but should reflect an understanding of how the higher surface-tovolume ratio influences the growth rate and total accumulation of mutations in prokaryotes. Another feature that increases mutation rate is the haploid nature of prokaryotes. Lastly, answers could mention that the rigid cell walls and various changes in the cytoplasmic membrane make it easier for prokaryotes to survive in unusual and extreme environments. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I

18) Explain why being small is advantageous for cells and how it affects growth rates. Answer: A smaller cell has a greater surface area to volume ratio than a larger cell. This means that smaller cells can more rapidly exchange materials with their surroundings because there is so much surface membrane relative to the internal volume. This increases growth rates, meaning that smaller cells generally grow faster than larger cells. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.I

Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Global Edition, 16e (Madigan et al.) Chapter 2 Microbial Cell Structure and Function 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Bacteria with type IV pili A) possess tubular or stalk-like extensions of their cells. B) likely exhibit twitching motility. C) have capsules that promote dehydration. D) live in aquatic environments. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.6 Learning Objective: 2.II 2) The terms "run" and "tumble" are generally associated with A) eukaryotic cells. B) nutrient transport. C) chemotaxis. D) clustering of certain rod-shaped bacteria. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.11 Learning Objective: 2.III 3) The cytoplasmic membrane could best be described as A) an impermeable barrier. B) a passive conduit for intracellular transport. C) a highly selective permeability barrier. D) a rigid structure that protects the cell. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I 4) The use of the Gram stain in microbiology is important because it differentiates A) Bacteria from Archaea. B) prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells. C) bacterial cells with different types of cell walls. D) archaeal cells with different types of metabolism. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I

5) Some archaea have unique phospholipids in their cytoplasmic membrane that A) form a monolayer due to the presence of diglycerol tetraethers. B) form a bilayer due to the presence of sterols. C) form a stable ring structure due to the presence of crenarchaeol. D) form a bilayer due to the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I 6) Transport proteins located in the cytoplasmic membrane are necessary when A) diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell. B) movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient. C) the level of nutrients in nature is very low. D) nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, transport is needed against the concentration gradient, or diffusion is not possible. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 7) Cells move polar molecules across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient using A) energy and transport proteins. B) simple diffusion. C) modifications to membrane lipids. D) random molecular movement. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I 8) Bacteria stain as gram-positive or gram-negative because of differences in the cell A) wall. B) cytoplasm. C) nucleus. D) chromosome. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I

9) You are given an electron micrograph of a bacterial cell. In the micrograph, you can clearly see three thin layers of different densities surrounding the cell. Based on the micrograph, you can infer that this cell is ________ and would appear ________ after application of the Gram stain procedure. A) gram-positive / purple B) gram-negative / pink C) gram-positive / pink D) gram-negative / purple Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 10) The cell wall of a gram-positive bacterium is composed of a thick ________ layer. A) protein B) poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) C) lipopolysaccharides (LPS) D) peptidoglycan Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 11) You have discovered a new coccoid-shaped microorganism with no nucleus, a rigid cell wall, and a diameter of 2 μm. Chemical tests reveal that its cell wall does NOT contain peptidoglycan. The new microorganism is A) most likely a bacterium. B) most likely a eukaryote. C) most likely an archaeon. D) either a bacterium or an archaeon. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 12) The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer is found ONLY in the cell walls of A) gram-positive Bacteria. B) gram-negative Bacteria. C) Archaea. D) Eukarya. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.4 Learning Objective: 2.I

13) An endotoxin is A) the toxic portion of the LPS. B) a toxin produced within archaeal cells. C) a toxin known for its primary attack on the epidermis of mammals. D) a toxin produced in the periplasm of most bacteria. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.4 Learning Objective: 2.I 14) Hydrolytic enzymes function in the A) initial degradation of nutrients. B) transport of substrates within the cell. C) chemotactic response, particularly in gram-negative Bacteria. D) regeneration of the periplasm. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.4 Learning Objective: 2.I 15) Using phase contrast microscopy on a wet mount of live cells, you observe motile bacilli moving rapidly and randomly through the field of view, changing directions after a brief tumble and taking off in a different direction. These cells are exhibiting ________ motility. A) twitching B) swimming C) gliding D) twitching or gliding Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.9 Learning Objective: 2.III 16) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) A flagellar protein subunit is flagellin. B) In flagellar motion, the basal body acts as a motor. C) Flagellar rotation generates ATP. D) The hook is the wider region at the base of the flagellum. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.9 Learning Objective: 2.III

17) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Fimbriae are generally longer and less numerous than flagella. B) Fimbriae are involved in genetic exchange between cells. C) Hami are common in Bacteria but not found in Archaea. D) Fimbriae are usually shorter than flagella, whereas pili are involved in genetic exchange. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.6 Learning Objective: 2.II 18) Cellular inclusions in prokaryotic cells serve to A) store energy rich compounds. B) protect DNA. C) position cells in the appropriate environment for survival. D) store energy rich compounds and position cells in the appropriate environment for survival. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.7 Learning Objective: 2.II 19) A major function of prokaryotic gas vesicles is to A) confer buoyancy on cells by decreasing their density. B) serve as a reservoir for oxygen and carbon dioxide. C) keep the cell's organelles separated during flagellar motion. D) store oxygen for aerobic growth when oxygen becomes depleted in the environment. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.7 Learning Objective: 2.II 20) The membrane of a gas vesicle is composed of A) various phospholipids. B) proteins. C) carbohydrates. D) both glycoproteins and phospholipids. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.7 Learning Objective: 2.II

21) What is the biological function of endospores? A) They are bacterial reproductive structures. B) They enable organisms to endure extremes of temperature, drying, and nutrient depletion. C) They transport toxins. D) Endospores can serve as reproductive structures, enable survival in harsh environments, and transport toxins. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.8 Learning Objective: 2.II 22) The lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacteria and ________ contain ester linkages, while the cytoplasmic membrane of ________ contain ether linkages. A) Archaea / Eukarya B) Archaea / fungi C) Eukarya / prokaryotes D) Eukarya / Archaea Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I 23) Based on your knowledge of porins from the chapter, what is the best description of the specific type of porin called an aquaporin? A) Water transport proteins B) Molecules that prevent water from crossing a membrane C) Enzymes involved in the generation of water within cells D) Cations bound to water molecules Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.4 Learning Objective: 2.I 24) ________ are charged molecules that are partially responsible for the ________ charge of the gram-positive bacterial cell surface. A) Diaminopimelic acids / positive B) Teichoic acids / negative C) Phospholipids / negative D) Peptide interbridges / neutral Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I

25) Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains A) pseudopeptidoglycans. B) lipoteichoic acids. C) poly-β-hydroxybutyric acids (PHB). D) lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.4 Learning Objective: 2.I 26) One of the many types of proteins found in the cytoplasmic membrane that is involved in the chemotactic response is called a A) hydrolytic enzyme. B) chemoreceptor. C) binding protein. D) porin. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.11 Learning Objective: 2.III 27) When does endospore formation commence? A) When bacterial growth ceases due to limitation of an essential nutrient B) When the bacterium is undergoing binary fission C) When bacteria are dividing exponentially D) Following bacterial death Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.8 Learning Objective: 2.II 28) Which is/are a function(s) of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes? A) It functions as a permeability barrier. B) It is an anchor for many proteins involved in bioenergetic reactions and transport. C) It is a major site of energy conservation. D) It serves as a permeability barrier, a docking station for proteins involved in bioenergetics reactions and transport, and a site for energy conservation. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I

29) All eukaryotes contain A) a membrane-enclosed nucleus. B) mitochondria. C) hydrogenosomes. D) a nucleus, mitochondria, and hydrogenosomes. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.13 Learning Objective: 2.IV 30) Mitochondria and hydrogenosomes are similar in that they both A) are the site of energy production in eukaryotic cells. B) evolved via endosymbiosis of bacterial cells. C) are the site of aerobic respiration. D) evolved via endosymbiosis and are sites for aerobic respiration and energy production. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.13 Learning Objective: 2.IV 31) Membrane-enclosed organelles, such as nuclei, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts A) form specialized compartments within eukaryotic cells for specific functions to occur. B) increase the structural complexity of eukaryotic cells. C) help large eukaryotic cells overcome the limitations of diffusion imposed by their large cell size. D) increase structural complexity, help eukaryotes overcome diffusion limitation due to their size, and form specialized environments for specific functions to occur. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.13 Learning Objective: 2.IV 32) The Golgi complex functions to A) modify and secrete proteins to the external environment. B) sort proteins used within the cell. C) both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures. D) synthesize proteins. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.15 Learning Objective: 2.IV

33) The membrane-enclosed compartments that contain digestive enzymes in eukaryotic cells are called A) cristae. B) mitosomes. C) lysosomes. D) stromas. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.15 Learning Objective: 2.IV 34) Where within a eukaryotic cell is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesized? A) Cytoplasm B) Lysosome C) Mitochondrion D) Nucleolus Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.13 Learning Objective: 2.IV 35) The energy source derived from the charge separation across the cytoplasmic membrane is referred to as A) the proton motive force. B) carbohydrate charging. C) adenosine triphosphate. D) the voltage source. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I

36) Based on the table of attributes given below, which of the following statements are FALSE about the two organisms? Characteristic Endospore formation Capsule Type IV pili Flagella Morphology

Bacterium A yes no yes no bacillus

Bacterium B no yes no no bacillus

A) Bacterium A is more resistant to heat and ultraviolet light. B) Bacterium B likely forms a slime layer better than Bacterium A. C) Bacterium B is likely to exhibit motility. D) Both bacteria may attach to surfaces. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 2.5, 2.6, 2.9 Learning Objective: 2.I, 2.II, 2.III 37) Small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) protect DNA from ultraviolet light and are found in high numbers within A) gram-positive Bacteria. B) endospores. C) inclusion bodies. D) gram-negative Bacteria. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.8 Learning Objective: 2.II 38) The peptide interbridge crosslinking between peptidoglycan layers is found ONLY in the cell walls of A) Archaea. B) Eukarya. C) gram-positive Bacteria. D) gram-negative Bacteria. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I

39) Type IV pili are involved in A) attachment of cells to surfaces. B) twitching motility. C) pathogenesis. D) attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.6 Learning Objective: 2.II 40) Eukaryotes have ________ in their cytoplasmic membranes, which serve to strengthen and stabilize the membrane and make it less flexible. A) ether bonds B) lipids C) sterols D) phospholipids Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.5 Learning Objective: 2.I 41) The rigid layer that is present in the cell walls of Bacteria that is primarily responsible for the strength of the wall is known as A) pseudomurein. B) S-layer. C) cellulose. D) peptidoglycan. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 2.2 Learning Objective: 2.I 42) Some of the intestinal symptoms elicited by pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia are due to the presence of A) pseudomurein. B) S-layers. C) lipopolysaccharides. D) peptidoglycan. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.4 Learning Objective: 2.I

43) Using bright-field microscopy to look at a slide prepared with a basic dye you observe cells with a clear inner compartment within the cell at 400X magnification. The cell is most likely a(n) A) prokaryote. B) bacterium. C) archaeon. D) eukaryote. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 2.13 Learning Objective: 2.IV 44) While examining cellular material, you find that organelle DNA is present. What organelle(s) must be within the sample? A) Lysosomes B) Rough or smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Chloroplasts or mitochondria D) Golgi complex Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.14 Learning Objective: 2.IV 45) Which of the following is evidence for the endosymbiotic theory? A) Mitochondria have circular DNA. B) The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. C) Chloroplasts have thylakoids. D) The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.14 Learning Objective: 2.IV 46) Actin is found within A) the prokaryotic cytoskeleton. B) eukaryotic microfilaments. C) eukaryotic microtubules. D) eukaryotic intermediate filaments. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.15 Learning Objective: 2.IV

47) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Eukaryotic flagella rotate in the same manner as prokaryotic flagella. B) Lysosomes synthesize proteins and carbohydrates. C) Cilia generally move with a slow, whip-like motion. D) The major function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is lipid synthesis. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.15 Learning Objective: 2.IV 48) Archaeans have archaella that rotate like bacterial flagella though they A) have greater diameters than bacterial flagella. B) are longer than bacterial flagella. C) only rotate in one direction. D) consist of multiple protein types. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.9 Learning Objective: 2.III 49) You find endospores of a particular species. Which of the following is most likely TRUE of this species? A) It is an archaean. B) It is a gram-positive bacterium. C) It is a gram-negative bacterium. D) It is equally likely to be an archaean, a gram-positive bacterium, or a gram-negative bacterium. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 2.8 Learning Objective: 2.II 50) The disease anthrax is caused by the pathogenic bacterium ________, which produces heatresistant structures known as ________. A) Azotobacter chroococcum / endospores B) Azotobacter chroococcum / plasmids C) Bacillus anthracis / endospores D) Bacillus anthracis / plasmids Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.8 Learning Objective: 2.II

2.2 True/False Questions 1) In general, most cell inclusions function as energy reserves or as a reservoir of structural building blocks. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.7 Learning Objective: 2.II 2) In general, lipids in archaeal cytoplasmic membranes lack true fatty acids. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I 3) Some membrane proteins are involved in bioenergetic reactions, while others are involved in membrane transport. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.2 Learning Objective: 2.I 4) Both hydrophilic and charged molecules readily diffuse through the cytoplasmic membrane. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I 5) Teichoic acids are commonly found in gram-negative cell walls. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 6) Despite the invariance of the backbone of peptidoglycan, there are more than 100 different types of peptidoglycan. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 7) Lysozyme is an enzyme that can ultimately lyse and kill eukaryotic cells by breaking β-1, 4glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 14 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

8) Porins are channels in the outer membranes of gram-positive Bacteria. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.4 Learning Objective: 2.I 9) In general, swimming is performed with flagella, whereas gliding uses other cellular components such as pili. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.6 Learning Objective: 2.II 10) Chemotaxis is a sensory response affecting the rotational direction of the flagellar motor. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.11 Learning Objective: 2.III 11) Photoreceptors are analogous to chemoreceptors in that they are both proteinaceous sensors. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.12 Learning Objective: 2.III 12) Pathogenic bacteria that contain S-layers are protected against host defense mechanisms. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.5 Learning Objective: 2.I 13) Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) is a carbon- and energy-storing polymer. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.7 Learning Objective: 2.II 14) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, which supports the endosymbiotic hypothesis. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.14 Learning Objective: 2.IV

15) Macromolecules resulting from lysosomal digestion are used in cellular biosynthesis and energy generation. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.15 Learning Objective: 2.IV 16) ATP-binding cassette transport systems have high substrate affinity and thus help microorganisms survive in low nutrient environments. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.2 Learning Objective: 2.I 2.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe the makeup of the phospholipid bilayer. Include molecular orientation and proteins as well. Answer: The fatty acid components of the lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane are oriented toward each other, whereas the glycerol-phosphates point out toward the cytoplasm and external environment. Proteins can span the entire membrane (both layers) or be embedded in the phospholipids on either side of the membrane. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I 2) Compare and contrast the chemical composition and structure of the cytoplasmic membranes found in Bacteria and Archaea. What is the advantage of the archaeal membranes in relationship to the types of environments archaea may inhabit? Answer: Bacterial cytoplasmic membranes contain fatty acids with ester linkages that always form a phospholipid bilayer that is highly fluid. Archaeal cytoplasmic membranes contain glycerol ethers that are either diether or tetraethers. Glycerol diether molecules form a bilayer membrane and glycerol tetraether form a monolayer membrane. Both the ether linkages and the monolayer structure are more rigid than the bilayer ester-linked fatty acids and are more stable at high temperatures and pressures. Archaea tend to inhabit more extreme environments in terms of temperature, pressure, and salt, thus the more stable membrane components allow archaea to survive under these conditions. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I

3) You are studying swimming motility in a pathogenic bacillus. You create mutations in random genes and then test which mutations effect swimming motility by looking at the mutant cells under the microscope. One of the mutant bacteria cannot swim anymore, but still rotates around in one spot when you watch them. Using electron microscopy, you discover that some parts of the flagella are still present in the cell wall, but no long flagella are visible. Which gene do you think is mutated (i.e., missing) and which motility-related parts are still present in this mutant? Answer: The flagellar apparatus is put together in a particular order, first the MS ring, anchoring proteins, and the hook extend off of the cytoplasmic membrane. Flagellin proteins then pass through the narrow filament channel and cap proteins finally are put onto the end when roughly 20,000 flagellin have been assembled. Flagellar growth thus occurs after the assembly of the basal body, rings, and hook. The basal body provides the rotation and uses the proton motive force to rotate the basal body. From the information given above, one can infer that the basal body and hook can still rotate, but the flagellin proteins are missing or defective so that no long flagella can form. This would explain why the cells might still rotate in place, but not be able to move forward rapidly. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.9 Learning Objective: 2.III 4) Describe the mechanisms by which certain prokaryotes glide. What are the ecological advantages of gliding motility? Answer: Mechanisms will vary depending on the organism described, some of which include the involvement of proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane, slime extrusion, and type IV pili. Examples of advantages could include biofilm formation on a surface, increased pathogenesis or movement toward a different habitat with new resources. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.10 Learning Objective: 2.III 5) What is the function of an endospore and how is an endospore formed? Answer: The function of an endospore is to allow the cell to survive harsh conditions by going into a dormant state. An environmental trigger, such as nutrient depletion or dehydration triggers the formation of compounds such as SASP and dipicolinic acid to protect the DNA from damage and reduce the water content inside the endospore. These changes protect the DNA and other critical chemical components from heat, desiccation, and UV exposure. The function of an endospore is not for reproduction because every cell forms only one endospore. (The amount of detail expected in this answer should commensurate with the amount of detail discussed in class.) Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.8 Learning Objective: 2.II

6) You have discovered a new bacterial strain that causes urinary tract infections. Closely related bacterial species cannot cause infections. You compare the strains and find that your new strain has structures composed of protein external to its cell wall. What structures might your new strain have that the other strains do not? Why? Answer: Pili or fimbriae are the most likely structures that are found in the new pathogenic strain but missing in the nonpathogenic strains. Both pili and fimbriae aid in attachment of cells to surfaces and tissues. Attachment is important for pathogenesis. In addition, some pili are involved in twitching motility, which can help cells invade the body. (Other answers such as the capsule would only be partly correct, since the capsule is not made of protein. Flagella could also be an acceptable answer if they logically connect swimming motility to pathogenesis.) Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.6 Learning Objective: 2.II 7) Construct a chart to show at least five major differences between the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall of bacteria and archaea. What are the implications of these differences? Answer: Answers could include the following: the abundance or presence of amino acid stereoisomers, polysaccharides, pseudomurein and S-layers, action of lysozyme and penicillin, and type of glycosidic bonds. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.1, 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 8) Elaborate on why discovering endospores was important to microbiology. Answer: Endospores allow bacteria to survive boiling water, UV light, and extreme desiccation, as well as allowing them to be in a dormant state for very long periods of time. Two possible themes could be how the discovery of endospores changed sterilization procedures for food and surgical instruments, as well as a change in our view of how bacteria can survive, such as surviving in space and surviving 1,000s of years in a dormant state. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.8 Learning Objective: 2.II 9) Predict what would happen to a motile bacterium undergoing chemotaxis if the Mot proteins suddenly ceased to function. Answer: The function of Mot proteins should be described producing the rotation of the flagella. This would probably allow flagella to form, but they would not be able to rotate. The bacterium would not be able to move, but the flagella would still look normal. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.9 Learning Objective: 2.III

10) Explain why a eukaryotic cell needs membrane-enclosed lysosomes and peroxisomes. Answer: The structures both contain high concentrations of enzymes that serve as a localized region to perform specific reactions. Enclosed membranes provide a barrier to maintain conditions within the lysosomes and peroxisomes that are unlike those in the cytoplasm, which is important because environmental conditions for these processes to be optimal are often different than the conditions in the cytoplasm. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.15 Learning Objective: 2.IV 11) Antibiotics such as penicillin interfere with the ability of bacteria to synthesize cell walls. Explain why cell walls are a good target for a useful antibiotic and whether you think that penicillin would be effective against a bacterial cell in an isotonic environment. Answer: Because human cells do not use peptidoglycan, an antibiotic that affects peptidoglycan can harm bacterial cells with less risk of damage to human cells even though all medications may have some adverse effects (such as causing an allergic reaction). In an isotonic environment, a bacterial cell can survive without a cell wall and therefore penicillin would be less effective than in a hypotonic environment. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 2.3 Learning Objective: 2.I 12) How would the presence of endospores in Louis Pasteur's nutrient solutions have affected his conclusions about spontaneous generation? Answer: Answers will vary, but ultimately this could have confounded Pasteur if the endospores sometimes went into a vegetative growth phase and other times no growth was observed. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 2.8 Learning Objective: 2.II 13) Explain the differences between symporters and antiporters. Answer: Answers should highlight differences in transport direction and energy input. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 2.1 Learning Objective: 2.I

Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Global Edition, 16e (Madigan et al.) Chapter 3 Microbial Metabolism 3.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The sum of all biosynthetic reactions in a cell is known as A) metabolism. B) anabolism. C) catabolism. D) synthatabolism. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.11 Learning Objective: 3.III 2) Based on the functional roles of phosphate in various microbial metabolisms, which of the following compounds most likely contain phosphate? A) Organic compounds B) Inorganic compounds C) Both organic and inorganic compounds D) Neither organic nor inorganic compounds Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.I 3) Which of the following would be used by a chemoorganotroph for energy? A) C2H3O2B) H2 C) CO2 D) H+ Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.I 4) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Most bacteria are capable of using ammonia as their sole nitrogen source. B) Some bacteria are able to use nitrates or nitrogen gas as their nitrogen source. C) Most available nitrogen is in organic forms. D) Nitrogen is a major component of proteins and nucleic acids. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.12 Learning Objective: 1.IV 1 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

5) Based on your understanding of metabolism, generalize when an enzyme's rate of activity can be changed A) before enzyme production. B) during enzyme production. C) after enzyme production. D) at any point—before, during, or after enzyme production. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 3.5 Learning Objective: 3.I 6) The change in free energy for a particular reaction is most useful in determining A) the amount of energy catalysts required for biosynthesis or catabolism. B) the potential metabolic reaction rate. C) whether there will be a requirement or production of energy. D) energy stored in each compound. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.I 7) If is negative, the reaction is A) exergonic and requires the input of energy. B) endergonic and requires the input of energy. C) exergonic and energy will be released. D) endergonic and energy will be released. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.I 8) Activation energy is the energy A) required for a chemical reaction to begin. B) given off as the products in a chemical reaction are formed. C) absorbed as moves from negative to positive. D) needed by an enzyme to catalyze a reaction without coenzymes. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.5 Learning Objective: 3.I

9) A catalyst A) requires more reactants but makes the reaction rate faster. B) increases the amount of reactants produced but does not change the rate. C) changes the rate of the reaction but does not change the end amount of products. D) changes both the rate of a reaction and the amount of the product that will be obtained as the reaction is completed. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.5 Learning Objective: 3.I 10) The portion of an enzyme to which substrates bind is referred to as the A) substrate complex, B) active site, C) catalytic site, D) junction of van der Waals forces, Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.5 Learning Objective: 3.I 11) What is the difference between a coenzyme and a prosthetic group? A) Coenzymes are essential for an enzyme's function and prosthetic groups only enhance its reaction rate. B) Coenzymes are weakly bound whereas prosthetic groups are strongly bound to their respective enzymes. C) Coenzymes are organic cofactors and prosthetic groups are inorganic cofactors. D) Coenzymes require additional ions to bind to enzymes but prosthetic groups are able to directly interact with enzymes. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 3.5 Learning Objective: 3.I 12) If an oxidation reaction occurs, A) simultaneous reduction of a different compound will also occur, because electrons do not generally exist alone in solution. B) another oxidation reaction will occur for a complete reaction, because one oxidation event is considered a half reaction. C) a cell is undergoing aerobic respiration, because oxygen is being used. D) a reduction reaction would not occur, because they are opposite reaction mechanisms. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.I

13) A chemoorganotroph and a chemolithotroph in the same environment would NOT compete for A) oxygen. B) carbon. C) nitrogen. D) phosphorous. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.I 14) A chemoorganotroph and a photoautotroph in the same environment would NOT compete for A) oxygen. B) carbon. C) nitrogen. D) carbon and oxygen. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.I 15) The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway is another name for A) the citric acid cycle. B) glycolysis. C) electron transport. D) NADH production. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.II 16) The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose fermented is A) 1. B) 2. C) 4. D) 8. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.II

17) Which of the following is a common energy storage polymer in microorganisms? A) Acetyl~S-CoA B) Glycogen C) Adenosine triphosphate D) H2 Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.13 Learning Objective: 3.IV 18) Fermentation has a relatively low ATP yield compared to aerobic respiration because A) more reducing equivalents are used for anaerobic catabolism. B) less ATP is consumed during the first stage of aerobic catabolism. C) oxidative phosphorylation yields a lot of ATP. D) substrate-level phosphorylation yields a lot of ATP. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.II 19) From the standpoint of fermentative microorganisms, the crucial product in glycolysis is A) ATP and regenerated NAD+; the fermentation products are waste products. B) ethanol or lactate; ATP is a waste product. C) CO2; ATP is a waste product. D) not relevant because glycolysis is not a major pathway. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.II 20) In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) water. D) ATP. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.II

21) Which of the following is NOT membrane-associated? A) NADH dehydrogenases B) Flavoproteins C) Cytochromes D) None of the above. Cytochromes, flavoproteins, and NADH dehydrogenases can all be membrane-associated. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.II 22) During electron transport reactions, A) OH- accumulates on the outside of the membrane while H+ accumulates on the inside. B) OH- accumulates on the inside of the membrane while H+ accumulates on the outside. C) both OH- and H+ accumulate on the inside of the membrane. D) both OH- and H+ accumulate on the outside of the membrane. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.II 23) The rising of bread dough is the result of A) biotin production. B) carbon dioxide produced by fermentation. C) oxidative phosphorylation. D) oxygen being released. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.II 24) Which intermediate compound(s) in the citric acid cycle is/are often used for biosynthetic pathways as well as carbon catabolism? A) Only α-ketoglutarate B) Only oxaloacetate C) Only succinyl-CoA D) α-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, and succinyl-CoA Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.II

25) Microbial growth on the two-carbon acetate substrate invokes A) the citric acid cycle for aerobic catabolism. B) both the citric acid and glyoxylate pathways. C) the glyoxylate pathway. D) the glyoxylate and glycolysis pathways. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.II 26) Which is one major difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration? A) Electron donor B) Electron acceptor C) Use of electron transport D) Use of proton motive force Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.I 27) For a carbon source, chemoorganotrophs generally use compounds such as A) citrate, fumerate, and glucose. B) bicarbonate and carbon dioxide. C) nitrate and nitrite. D) acetate, bicarbonate, and nitrate. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.II 28) All of the following are nonprotein electron carriers EXCEPT A) FADH2. B) FMNH2. C) cytochromes. D) quinones. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.II

29) Which two metabolic processes are most dissimilar? A) Citric acid cycle and glycolysis B) Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis C) Proton motive force and substrate-level phosphorylation D) Pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.13 Learning Objective: 3.IV 30) How does the proton motive force lead to production of ATP? A) ATPase requires one proton to make one ATP. B) Protons must be pumped against a concentration gradient from outside of the cell into the cell to rotate the F0 subunit of ATPase for the F1 subunit to make ATP. C) Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase requires protons as cofactors in the reaction. D) Translocation of three to four protons drives the F0 component of ATPase, which in turn phosphorylates one ADP into ATP. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.III 31) Five-carbon sugars are used in the A) biosynthesis of DNA and RNA. B) catabolic pentose phosphate pathway for carbon and energy. C) biosynthesis of DNA and RNA as well as catabolic pentose phosphate pathway. D) activation of pentoses to form glycogen for energy storage. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.13 Learning Objective: 3.IV 32) Improperly functioning acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) would likely result in A) a physiological shift to anaerobic metabolism where an energized membrane is less important for energy production. B) enhanced growth of a bacterium due to faster growth substrate uptake by a weakened membrane. C) no harm to bacteria, because only archaeons and eukaryotes use ACPs for fatty acid biosynthesis. D) death for a bacterium due to poor lipid bilayer integrity. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 3.15 Learning Objective: 3.IV

33) A bacterium running low on NADPH could ________ to generate more of this coenzyme. A) degrade an amino acid or nucleic acid B) invoke the pentose phosphate pathway C) degrade a fatty acid D) use a broad specificity phosphatase with inorganic phosphatase and NADH Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Chapter Section: 3.13 Learning Objective: 3.IV 34) One example of an electron acceptor that can be used in anaerobic respiration is A) NADH. B) water. C) nitrate. D) FMN. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.I 35) When culturing a chemoorganotrophic bacterium, what outcome is LEAST likely to occur if ammonia and phosphate are provided at equal concentrations? A) Cells require much less P to grow than N, so extra P will be used for ATP synthesis and result in a faster growth rate. B) Cells will never consume all of the phosphate, because N is needed in higher quantities than P. C) The final biomass of cells will be no different than if only 50% of the phosphate was provided. D) The bacteria will import all of the ammonia to use for biosynthetic pathways. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.II 36) Most of the carbon in amino acid biosynthesis comes from A) citric acid cycle intermediates. B) citric acid cycle intermediates and glycolysis products. C) glycolysis products. D) glycolysis intermediates and products. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.II

37) Which metabolic cycle or pathway is LEAST likely to be invoked during the biosynthesis of DNA? A) Citric acid cycle B) Glycolysis C) Gluconeogenesis D) Pentose phosphate pathway Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 3.14 Learning Objective: 3.IV 38) Hypothetically, if free electrons existed in sufficient numbers for enzymes to use in metabolic reactions, A) a higher diversity of cytochromes would likely be observed. B) cytochromes would be unnecessary for cells and quinones would be more important. C) Q-cycle reactions would no longer be necessary for electron transport, but the proton motive force would otherwise be unchanged. D) most metabolic pathways for both anabolism and catabolism would have to be rewritten. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Chapter Section: 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.I 39) Which metabolic strategy does NOT invoke the proton motive force for energy conservation? A) Aerobic catabolism B) Fermentation C) Chemoorganotrophy D) Photoautotrophy Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.II 3.2 True/False Questions 1) Regeneration of oxaloacetate is essential for the citric acid cycle to be cyclical. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.II

2) Depending on the particular metabolism of a bacterium, electron transport can be used to energize and rotate ATP synthase. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.II 3) Each amino acid made during protein biosynthesis first requires a separate biosynthetic pathway to be invoked by a cell. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.II 4) The terminating step of moving electrons onto oxygen releases additional ATP during aerobic metabolism not made during anaerobic growth. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.II 5) Nitrogenases not only reduce N2 but also can act on acetylene (C2H2). Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.12 Learning Objective: 3.IV 6) Due to the number of phosphate groups, ATP has approximately three times more energy stored than AMP, and ADP has approximately two-thirds the energy stored of ATP. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.I 7) In a given chemical reaction, if the free energy of formation is known for all of the reactants and each of the products, the change in free energy can be calculated for the reaction. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.I 8) Free-energy calculations are dependent on the rates of the reactions. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Chapter Section: 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.I 11 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.