Animal Physiology From Genes to Organisms 2nd Edition Sherwood Test Bank
Homeostasis and Integration: The Foundations of Physiology A.
Multiple Choice
Key/ Page
No.
b 1
1.
Physiology is the study of a. matter, energy and their interactions. b. how organisms function. c. the mind. d. temperament and character based on outward appearances.
a 1
2.
The process of maintaining physiological stability in the face of disturbance is referred to as a. homeostasis. b. homeothermy. c. home remedy. d. homeopathy.
c 1
3.
Which of the following statements is true? a. Structure/function relationships are evident at the organismal level, but not at the molecular level. b. Evolution by natural selection led to physiologic adaptation historically, but is not relevant to extant organisms. c. Homeostasis is the tendency toward relative stability in the internal environment of an organism. d. Feedback control refers specifically to the homeostatic mechanisms that help organisms stop eating when they’re satiated.
c 3
4.
The August Krogh Principle states that a. understanding physiology can only be accomplished through the study of evolution by natural selection. b. the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. c. understanding physiological phenomena is enhanced by studying model organisms that have adapted to deal with particular physiological challenges. d. salamanders are good for studying regeneration of limbs since what will be learned can be applied to human medicine.
a 6
5.
Which of the following is NOT part of the hypothetico-deductive method of scientific investigation? a. proving one's hypothesis b. asking questions about the natural world c. proposing explanations for phenomena in the natural world d. designing experiments that enable one to test a hypothesis e. conducting experiments and making observations
b 7
6.
The smallest unit of life is a. a DNA molecule. b. a cell. c. an organelle. d. a virus. e. a protein.
e 7
7.
The basic functions of all cells include a. self-organization. b. self-regulation. c. self-support (structural) and movement. d. self-replication. e. all of the above
d 2 13-17
8.
Which of the following terms have NO relationship? a. adaptations and cost-benefit ratio b. homologous traits and a common ancestry c. negative feedback and set point d. feedforward system and acclimiatization e. antagonistic control and two effectors
e 9, 10
9.
The primary types of tissues found in animals are a. muscular. b. nervous. c. epithelial. d. connective. e. all of the above
a 9
10.
Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue? a. muscle b. bone c. blood d. tendon e. cartilage
d 10 F 1-4
11.
Which of the following statements is true? a. The only physiological function for which surface-area-to-volume ratio is relevant is digestion. b. The only physiological function for which surface-area-to-volume ratio is irrelevant is reproduction. c. For any physiological function, a high surface-area-to-volume ratio is advantageous. d. Surface area increases as the square of the linear dimension while volume increases as the cube. e. All statements are true.
b 13
12.
With respect to thermoregulation, most fishes are a. regulators. b. conformers. c. warm-blooded. d. best fried.
c 13
13.
Enantiostasis is a. the maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment by direct compensatory mechanisms. b. the maintenance of one of two constant internal environments, in which the two environments are mirror images of each other. c. the maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment by an indirect compensatory mechanism. d. none of these.
b 17
14.
From a physiological perspective, the increase in pelage (i.e. fur) that some mammals experience in winter represents a. acclimation. b. acclimatization. c. adaptation. d. feedback inhibition.
b 17, 18
15.
Some hormones act to regulate the concentration of intracellular signals like cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP, or cAMP) by activating or inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, the enzyme responsible for its production, or by activating or inhibiting phosphodiesterases, which are responsible for its destruction. Cyclic AMP, in turn, functions by activating enzyme cascades that set certain metabolic pathways in motion. The regulation of cAMP levels in cells is an example of a. homeostasis. b. rheostasis. c. equilibrium. d. adaptation. e. all of these.
a 13, 14
16.
In physiological terms, a set point can be defined as a. the value of a parameter, such as the concentration of sugar in the blood, that homeostatic mechanisms aim to maintain. b. the value of a parameter, such as the concentration of sugar in the blood, that set homeostatic mechanisms in motion. c. the location in a thermal gradient at which a poikilothermic organism rests, reflecting is preferred body temperature. d. the winning stroke in a tennis match.
a 17
17.
Prior to being used as subjects, many laboratory animals are given a period of time to get used to the conditions in the laboratory, e.g., the light/dark cycle. The process they undergo during this time is referred to as a. acclimation. b. acclimatization. c. adaptation. d. adjustment. e. evolution.
a 21
18.
The nervous system is an example of a a. whole-body control b. maintenance c. support and movement d. reproductive e. solar plexus
e 21, 22
19.
Drinking, a behavioral effector of homeostatic control of body fluid levels, involves which of the following physiological systems? a. nervous b. endocrine c. muscular d. skeletal e. all of these
e 22
20.
Which of the following is NOT transported by the circulatory system? a. nutrients b. dissolved gases c. electrolytes d. heat e. none of these
e 3, 4
21.
Which of the following disciplinary courses of study contribute to understanding physiology? a. physics b. genomics c. evolution d. molecular biology e. all of these
system.
d 2
22.
Teleology is a. the study of bony fishes. b. the study of life on other planets. c. the study of media for mass communication. d. explanations that presume a purposeful goal for evolutionary adaptations. e. the study of bald-headed men.
d 7
23.
Pancreatic acinar cells are specialized for secreting digestive enzymes ultimately into the small intestine. This specialization reflects an elaboration of which of the following basic cell functions? a. obtaining oxygen and nutrients b. eliminating wastes c. synthesizing components needed for the cell's survival d. controlling movement of materials between the cell and its environment e. reproducing
e 12, 13
24.
Which of the following body parameters is NOT homeostatically maintained? a. concentration of blood sugar b. concentration of dissolved gases c. blood volume d. blood pressure e. urine volume
b 4, F 1-1
25.
Based on phylogenetic analysis, to which of the following phyla are chordates most closely related? a. Porifera (e.g. sponges) b. Echinodermata (e.g. sea stars) c. Platyhelminthes (e.g. flatworms) d. Arthropoda (e.g. insects) e. Mollusca (e.g. octopi)
d 9 F 1-2
26.
The parathyroid gland, which secretes parathyroid hormone, is an organ comprising mainly tissue. a. nervous b. muscle c. connective d. epithelial
d 9 F 1-3
27.
Salivary glands, which secrete amylase into the oral cavity, comprise tissue. a. nervous b. muscle c. connective d. epithelial
d 16, 17
28.
Which statement about a feedforward system is true? a. Feedforward systems anticipate oncoming disturbances. b. Feedforward systems reduce the delay response associated with negative feedback systems. c. The production and accompanying response insulin following the ingestion of food is one type of feedforward system. d. All of these are true. e. None of these are true.
e 2, 4 17
30.
Which of the following terms have NO relationship? a. analogous traits and independent evolution b. chordata and dorsal notochord c. dormancy and acclimatization d. acclimation and controlled environment e. none of these
e 2, 3 13
31.
Which of the following statements is true? a. The spine evolved as an adaptation for swimming in fish. b. Some organisms have vestigial genes. c. Enantiostasis involves a change in two variables. d. Two of these. e. All of these.
b 7
32.
Glial cells of the brain are remarkable for their ability to avoid exploding when they are placed in distilled water. This ability comes in part as a consequence of activating ion transport mechanisms that enable them to control cell volume. This activity is an example of a. self-organization. b. self-regulation. c. self-support (structural) and movement. d. self-replication. e. all of these.
e 7
33.
Which of the following exemplify the basic cellular function of structural "self-support and movement"? a. ciliary beating in the respiratory epithelium of the trachea b. flagellar beating of sperm cells c. microvilli on the luminal surface of intestinal epithelial cells d. muscle contraction e. all of these
e 17
34.
Which of the following is considered to be homeostatic? a. locomotion. b. nerve conductance. c. mammalian body temperature. d. Two responses are homeostatic. e. No responses are homeostatic.
d 2
35.
Smaller birds tend to lay smaller eggs with a smaller yolk supply than larger birds. This would be recognized as an example of a. down regulation. b. a preadaptation. c. genetic fitness. d. a cost-benefit trade off. e. intrinsic control.
b 1
36.
The presence of mitochondria in virtually all eukaryotic cells is attributed to the historical existence of bacterial endosymbionts which invaded ancestral eukaryotes. This explanation could be considered a. mechanistic. b. evolutionary. c. both of these. d. neither of these.
a 1
37.
Pronghorn antelopes are able to run at high altitudes where oxygen is scant relative to low altitudes for long periods of time. This ability is attributed to the superabundance of mitochondria in their limb muscles. This explanation could be considered a. mechanistic. b. evolutionary. c. both of these. d. neither of these.
c 2
38.
Organisms, like the arctic fox, that live in cold environments have evolved countercurrent heat exchangers in their limbs to help maintain their body temperature at a level well above the ambient temperature. This explanation could be considered a. mechanistic. b. evolutionary. c. teleological. d. all of these. e. none of these.
a 1, 11
39.
Insulin is secreted from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in response to elevated levels of glucose in the blood plasma. The effect of insulin is to stimulate cells to take up glucose (out of the plasma), resulting in decreased plasma glucose levels. This system is an example of the physiological principle of a. homeostasis. b. homeothermy. c. home remedy. d. homeopathy. e. digestion.
d 13, 14
40.
An unreferenced negative feedback system will include a. an integrator. b. an effector. c. both of these. d. neither of these.
B.
True or false
True 1
1.
Biological features are the result of variation and natural selection.
False F1-1
2.
In a evolutionary tree constructed using morphological and molecular data, annelids would be more closely related to mollusks nematodes.
True 1, 13
3.
In populations where social homeostasis is evident, an increase in population density would likely trigger a response within the colony causing a reduction in breeding.
True 4. 16 F 1-9a
The combined result of shivering to raise body heat and sweating to lower body heat is an example of antagonistic control of body temperature.
False 18, 19
Positive feedback mechanisms continually move the controlled variable in the direction of the initial change making them dangerous and not beneficial to humans.
5.
True 6. 22 F 1-11
The primary function of the integumentary system is similar to that of the plasma membrane to a cell.
False 2
7.
Bird wings and insect wings are considered to be homologous structures.
True 2
8.
In humans, the muscles responsible for moving the outer visible part of the ear, the pinna, are considered to be vestigial structures.
True 18
9.
Nonhomoeostatic regulation is referred to as rheostasis.
False 19, 20
10.
With regard to homeostic mechanisms, extrinsic control factors originate outside of the body and intrinsic factors originate within the body.
C.
Matching (correct answers are aligned with each number; e.g., #1 matches with letter a)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
A feature of all cells Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Epithelium Exocrine Endocrine Birth Pathophysiology Internal fluid environment
D.
Essay
Page 22
No. 1.
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
cell membrane muscle that moves the skeleton muscle found in the heart muscle found in the wall of the stomach tissue found in glands ducted ductless positive feedback disease extracellular fluid
Write an essay in PHYSIOLOGICAL terms agreeing with or disagreeing with the following statement from your text: “Reproductive systems are not essential for homeostasis and therefore are not essential for survival of the individual.”
13, 19 22
2.
Describe why the respiratory system is a good example of a system involved in maintaining homeostasis rather than homostasis.
13-16
3.
Describe a situation in which the breakdown of glycogen by a cell reflects exercise of local control and a situation in which the same process reflects response to commands from an "integrator."
7,8
4.
What features are shared in common by all cells?
7,8
5.
Many biologists do not consider viruses to be living because they are unable to perform some of the functions common to cells, and by extension, to living organisms. Choose one of the functions from the list below and describe whether viruses can or cannot perform that function. Conclude whether you consider viruses to be living. a. b. c. d. e.
self-organization self-regulation self-support (structural) and movement self-replication all of the above
Cellular and Molecular Physiology A.
Multiple Choice
Key/ Page
No.
e 25
1.
Which of the following is an organic molecule? a. naturally grown hemp b. oxygen c. phosphate d. sodium e. octane
a 26
2.
Which of the following is NOT a lipid? a. glycogen b. trigylceride c. phosphotidylserine d. cholesterol e. fatty acids
3.
Which of the following is a protein? a. creatine b. muscle c. insulin d. creatine phosphate
d 27
4.
Which of the following is the monomeric, building block of nucleic acids? a. ribose b. phosphate c. nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T, U) d. nucleotide e. amino acid
e 27
5.
Which of the following bases is unique to RNA? a. adenine b. cytosine c. guanine d. thymine e. uracil
c 26
d
6.
Which of the following bases is unique to DNA? a. adenine b. cytosine c. guanine d. thymine e. uracil
a 28
7.
Which of the following pairs have NO Relationship? a. ribosomes and membranous organelles b. inclusions and excess nutrients c. peroxisomes and detoxification d. mitochondria and rod or oval shapes e. vaults and octagonal barrels
d 27
8
The a. b. c. d. e.
b 27
9.
Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes in that the former lack a. cell walls. b. nuclei. c. DNA. d. membrane transport proteins. e. none of these.
e 27
10.
Protein function and activity can be modified by a. allosteric regulators. b. changes in electric fields. c. phosphorylation. d. physical deformation. e. all of these.
c
11.
The proteins with which DNA associates to form chromosomes are called a. histamines. b. histidines. c. histones. d. ribosomes. e. nuclear lamins.
27
30
is unique to eukaryotes. plasma membrane cytoplasm ribosomes nucleus genetic material
e 31
12.
Which DNA sequence must be bound by proteins to form a basal transcription complex which recognizes the promoter code and then activates RNA polymerase to make premRNA? a. AAGG b. TAGC c. GCTA d. GCGC e. TATA
d 33
13.
Which of the following has been shown to be associated with how long an animal might be expected to live (lifespan)? a. the amount of RNAi in cells b. the number of pseudogenes c. the amount of junk DNA d. the length telemeres e. none of these has been found to have any effect on the lifespan of an organism.
d 31
14.
Your muscle cells are able to express a different complement of proteins from your brain cells because a. they contain different genes. b. muscles and brains are the vestiges of different symbiotic organisms present in our ancestors. c. you inherit the genes for your muscles from your father and the genes for your brain from your mother. d. the expression of muscle-specific genes is regulated by transcription factors not present in brain cells and vice versa.
d 34
15.
A researcher identified an uncharacterized mouse gene and the protein it encoded. The researcher prepared antibodies to the purified protein. To determine the specificity of the antibody the researcher incubated tissue sections from a knock-out mouse with the new antibody. If the antibody were specific for the protein under study, would you expect to see labeling in these tissue sections? a. Yes, because antibody binding does not involve gene products. b. Yes, because the protein is a mouse protein. c. Yes, because the gene was knocked out, not the protein. d. No, because the protein cannot be expressed if the gene is absent. e. No, because proteins are too small to visualize under a light microscope.
e 35
16.
Gene chips a. are individual segments of DNA. b. are arrays of genomic DNA adhered to a substrate. c. bind cDNA. d. are bound to microtiter plates prior to analysis. e. Two answers are correct.
b 38
17.
Ribosomes function in the process of a. transcription. b. translation. c. transversion. d. transformation. e. transition.
e 38-41
18.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the secretory pathway in cells? a. rough endoplasmic reticulum b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi complex d. granules e. peroxisome
c 41
19.
The presence of abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum in vertebrate liver cells is related to its function in a. steroid hormone production. b. enzyme secretion. c. detoxification of harmful substances. d. protein synthesis. e. calcium storage.
a 41
20.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is another name for a. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells. b. the rough endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells. c. the secretory complex of muscle cells. d. the endocytic pathway of muscle cells. e. none of these.
e 41, 42
21.
Which of the following is NOT true of the Golgi complex? a. The Golgi complex consists of cisternae. b. The majority of newly synthesized proteins leave the smooth ER and travel to the Golgi. c. The vesicles leaving the Golgi have docking markers. d. The nematocysts found in cnidarians originate in the Golgi. e. All of these are true statements about the Golgi complex.
d 37
22.
Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Cellular division is one example of cloning. b. Cloning may involve nuclear transplantation. c. In whole animal cloning the cells need to revert to the pluripotent state d. All of these are true. e. None of these are true.
c 45, 46
23.
The genetically programmed process of cell death that occurs normally during development and aging is called a. proteoloysis. b. pneumatosis. c. apoptosis. d. ptosis. e. necrosis.
e 56
24.
Which of the following is a product of anaerobic metabolism? a. ethanol b. tauropine c. alanine d. alanopine e. all of these
c 464
25.
Catalase is an enzyme used to a. break beef down into its component amino acids. b. break prions down into their component amino acids. c. break hydrogen peroxide down to form water and oxygen. d. break carbonic acid down to form water and carbon dioxide. e. break down a variety of metabolites.
a 46
26.
The major product generated in the peroxisome is a. hydrogen peroxide. b. ethanol. c. perchloric acid. d. amino acids.
a 47
27.
Which of the following tissues has the highest mitochondrial density (is the most oxygendependent)? a. nervous tissue b. muscle tissue c. blood tissue d. respiratory epithelial tissue e. Mitochondrial density is consistent between tissues.
d 57, 59
28.
Which of the following do NOT have a relationship? a. microtubules and largest cytoskeletal elements b. molecular motors and intracellular transport c. anoxic animals and hydrogenosomes d. Clostridium and protozoa e. all pairs have a relationship
d 47
29.
In animal cells, the electron transport chain used in energy conversion is located in the a. plasma membrane. b. cytoplasm. c. outer mitochondrial membrane. d. inner mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix.
a 47
30.
The physiological significance of mitochondrial cristae is they a. provide more surface area across which electrons can be transported. b. provide a histological cue to enable organelle identification. c. decrease the volume of the matrix, thereby increasing the concentration of its components. d. decrease the volume of the matrix, allowing cells to economize on the production of its components. e. None of these.
b 48
31
The process of glycolysis occurs in the a. plasma membrane. b. cytoplasm. c. outer mitochondrial membrane. d. inner mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix.
d 48
32.
Which of the following is a potential substrate a cell can use to produce ATP? a. its own intracellular nutrient stores b. nutrients stored in other, specialized storage cells c. recently ingested (and digested) food d. all of these e. none of these
c 26, 48
33.
Which of the following statements about glycogen is NOT true? a. Glycogen is stored in glia. b. Glycogen is an energy source in short term as opposed to long term periods of strenuous activity. c. Glycogen is a major energy source for migrating salmon. d. Glycogen is stored in the fat-body of insects. e. Aerobic metabolism of glycogen can yield at least 30 molecules of ATP.
b 49
34.
The end-product of glycolysis is a. glucose. b. pyruvic acid. c. lactic acid. d. ethanol. e. carbon dioxide.
e 49
35.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the a. plasma membrane. b. cytoplasm. c. outer mitochondrial membrane. d. inner mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix.
c 51, 53
36
Most of the ATP generated as a consequence of oxidative breakdown of glucose comes from a. substrate-level phosphorylation associated with glycolysis. b. substrate-level phosphorylation associated with the citric acid cycle. c. oxidative phosphorylation associated with the electron transport chain. d. none of the above
e (b, d) 51
37
Which statement about oxygen is true? a. Oxygen is required for the synthesis of ATP.. b. Oxygen becomes negatively charged during ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. c. Oxygen is bound to water forming peroxide during the final step of ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. d. In the electron transport chain, oxygen receives an electron initially released from NADH. e. Two of these statements are true.
d 51-53
38.
The electron transport chain is involved in a. the oxidation of cofactors (NADH and FADH2) reduced during oxidation of citric acid cycle intermediates. b. the transport of hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. c. generating water. d. all of these e. none of these
b F 2-20
39.
During ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, a. hydrogen ions pass from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, activating ATP synthase. b. hydrogen ions pass from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix, activating ATP synthase. c. water passes from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, activating ATP synthase. d. water passes from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix, activating ATP synthase.