Issuu

S 4 Shuffle

Unit 4

Doctor Who Focus on â€Ś Time flies Natural disasters Extraterrestrials The basics Modal verbs Modal verbs: requests, offers, orders and permissions Modal verbs: ability Modal verbs: obligation and compulsion Modal verbs: possibility and certainty Past continuous Some, any, much, many, few, little â€Ś

Mouth gymnastics "The" Did you know? Doomsday preppers Shuffle The Cotswolds Finger exercise Prepping for doomsday On the spot

On speaking terms Discussing time Discussing natural disasters Discussing the universe

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 163

163

12/05/20 11:48

2. On speaking terms The time of our lives!

Discussing time Can you take this from me?

I need some free time.

I am always late!

You should make yourself a schedule and stick to it!

You are late.

Yes, I am sorry. Next time I will be early.

You can’t gain time; you know that. You can only lose time. What’s the matter? Are you bored?

It feels like I’ve done this already. No, I have a déjà vu.

Oh, I am sorry, I have to run. I am terribly late! You know mum; she’ll be angry. She’s so punctual!

Discuss. • • • • • •

168

Who’s the most punctual student in class? How many students use an agenda? What for? How many of you have got a watch? How often do you look at it? What is your favourite time of day / year? Name something that is a waste of time. What is quality time? What is leisure time?

Divide the class in two teams. The teacher gives both teams ten cards. Take turns picking a card and making a sentence with it, beginning with 'The first time I …' or 'The last time I …'. If your sentence is correct, your team can keep the verb. If the other team spots a mistake and challenges you, they get the verb. The winning team is the one with the most verbs.

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 168

12/05/20 11:48

4 9

Make a graph of your own life, with the line rising for good periods and falling for bad ones. Write a paragraph to explain the graph. Compare with the graphs of your classmates.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Read the text and answer the questions. Time in Our Lives: The Role of Time in Various Cultures Not everyone in the world views the concept of time in the same way. In fact, some cultures don’t even make time a part of their lives. Some cultures are wary of time passing by, while others run their lives by the clock. Imagine for a moment what would happen if you took someone living in a hectic society controlled by time and let them switch lives with a second person living in a culture without time. How do you think the two individuals would react? Would the first person be able to function without a schedule? Would the second be able to function with one? Cultures Run by Time It would be safe to say that, very often, the cultures that are run by time are those which appear to have the fastest pace. The United States – as one of the fastest paced societies of the world – fits this idea completely. Most people from the United States can honestly say that they often feel rushed. This may be partly due to the fact that many Americans strive for the "American Dream" – the epitome of success, luxury and happiness. The ideals of American society drive people to constantly be in a hurried state of mind. Time decides when Americans make their appointments, when they do their work, and even how they spend their leisure time. For many Americans the 'free moments' that once glued a busy life together have almost disappeared. In the United States, time is undoubtedly in control of the everyday lives of most people.

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 169

169

12/05/20 11:48

Cultures without Time The Pirahã Tribe is a small native tribe of the Amazon rainforest. It has an extremely limited language of humming and whistling. They use no numbers, letters, or art; and – more importantly – no concept of time. Specialists such as linguist Dan Everett have travelled to the isolated Pirahã villages of Brazil in order to attempt to teach the tribe how to read and write. Their attempts have generally been unsuccessful. To even consider introducing the concept of time to this tribe would be foolish, as their concept of numbers is nonexistent. They have no specific religious beliefs – no reverence to ancestors or heroes of the past. There is no past tense … because everything exists for them in the present. When it can no longer be perceived, it ceases to exist. The linguistic limitations of this "carpe diem" culture explain why the Pirahã have no desire to remember where they come from and why they tell no stories. So, although it may be difficult for many people in time-dependent cultures to understand the ways of the Pirahã tribe, there is an important lesson in their relaxed lifestyle – encouraging people to live every moment for what it’s worth. Cultures with Unique Views on Time The nomadic tribes of Afghanistan and Iran do not feel tied down by time in any other form than the seasons. In the spring, they migrate from the valleys to the mountains, where they will find richer and more abundant grasslands for their animals. When the warm days of summer have passed, the nomads head back to the valleys from which they came in spring. Often this is a fairly long journey. This cycle continues throughout their entire lives. Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/

pace = snelheid

epitome = het toppunt van

abundant = overvloedig

Summarise the three different views on time you can find in the article. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What does the article teach you about time? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• If you have to choose between one of the three cultures in the text, which one would you choose? Why? • What do you think is the best way to deal with time? Explain. • Search the Internet and find another example of a culture that has a particular view on time.

170

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 170

12/05/20 11:48

4 11

What does this excerpt from "Doctor Who" tell you about the future and about the powers of the doctor? What will happen to the woman in the excerpt? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why does this happen? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What does the excerpt reveal about the consequences of time travelling? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Read and discuss. What do I do? I can call him. I think you should. But last time I couldn’t think of anything when he answered the phone. You needn’t call him if that makes you uncomfortable.

Then you’ll just have to call him.

But not calling makes me uncomfortable too.

But what if … Steve, you must call him. Now. That’s an order.

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 171

171

12/05/20 11:48

3. The basics It can be that I have to tell you what you must do

Modal verbs • Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs. They are modal because they change the mood of the main verb. Mood is a linguistic term that refers to ways in which we can modify a meaning to indicate subjective, non-factual elements of possibility, necessity, obligation, desirability ... It can snow. (It is possible.) • Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to and have the following characteristics: - they do not change form - they have no additional "s" in the third person singular - they have no infinitive - they have no past participle • Questions are formed by putting the modal verb before the subject. Can it snow? • Negatives are always formed using n’t / not. It can’t snow.

Read the sentences. They all contain modal verbs. What do they express? Choose from the list. no obligation – polite request – obligation – advice – inability – prohibition – ability – permission

172

1) Maybe you can work in one of the hotels.

________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Your references have to be checked.

________________________________________________________________________________________

3) You needn’t pay for the apartment.

________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Can you drive?

________________________________________________________________________________________

5) Can I call you back tomorrow?

________________________________________________________________________________________

6) You mustn’t smoke in the manager’s office.

________________________________________________________________________________________

7) You should put on some decent clothes for the interview.

________________________________________________________________________________________

8) I’m afraid I can’t type very well.

________________________________________________________________________________________

9) We can’t take the lift. It’s out of order.

________________________________________________________________________________________

10) Could you tell me where Julie’s office is, please?

________________________________________________________________________________________

11) You must start working at 8 AM.

________________________________________________________________________________________

12) You don’t have to ask permission to go to the bathroom.

________________________________________________________________________________________

13) If you’re under 16, you can’t work for more than 2 hours a day.

________________________________________________________________________________________

14) Of course you can visit your parents!

________________________________________________________________________________________

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 172

12/05/20 11:48

4. The basics Can you learn this by heart?

Modal verbs: requests, offers, orders and permissions Requests and orders

Could, can, would, will + you + bare infinitive is used to make requests or orders (would = more formal, will = less formal). Can you listen? Could you give that to me? Will you please heat the soup? While they are resting, would you check on the food?

Offers

Can + I + bare infinitive is used to offer to do things. Can I drive you home?

Permission

Can, could, may, might + personal pronoun, noun + bare infinitive is used to request permission (might = more formal, may = less formal). May I see your passport, please? Could I use your car? Can I take your picture? ! Negative modals are used to make a request sound stronger. Can’t we eat together?

Complete, using can, could, would, will, may or might. There are several possibilities. What modality do you express? 1) … you cook dinner for me?

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

2) … I offer you a cookie?

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

3) … you please open the door for me?

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

4) … you help me? I can’t carry this box on my own.

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

5) Have you done everything I asked for? Okay, you … answer the phone now.

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

6) … I take your picture, please?

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

7) … I buy you a present?

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

8) … you please clean up this mess?

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

9) You … go to the toilet after you have cleared the table.

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

10) … (negative) we be friends again?

___________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 173

173

12/05/20 11:48

Work in pairs. Prepare a chain of five requests for permission that you can ask your teacher. Ask them. Can your classmates recall the sequence of your requests? e.g. Can I go to the toilet? Could I check your bag?...

Read and discuss. What can this goldfish do?

5. The basics Could you learn this by heart?

Modal verbs: ability Can, can’t, could, couldn’t and be able to are used to talk about ability.

Affirmative

past: • could (general ability at any time in that period) Allen could play the piano when he was five. • was able to (talking about a specific situation) The pilot was able to fly home safely. • used to be able to The CEO used to be able to control the process directly.

174

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 174

12/05/20 11:48

present: • can I can speak English. • am / is / are able to I am able to judge a book by its cover. future: • will be able to My son will soon be able to talk again.

Negative

past: • couldn’t They couldn’t ski last December. • wasn’t / weren’t able to We weren’t able to find the hotel. • didn’t use to be able to I didn’t use to be able to speak two languages. present: • can’t He can’t drive. • am not / isn’t / aren’t able to He isn’t able to say goodbye to her yet. future: • won’t be able to You won’t be able to climb that mountain.

Complete. Use the appropriate modal to express ability. 1) I … to cook lasagna, but I haven’t done it in years.

______________________________________________________________________________

2) Of course I … speak Chinese! I have studied in China for five years.

______________________________________________________________________________

3) If she practises enough, she … to perform the piece brilliantly.

______________________________________________________________________________

4) I am very sorry, but my son … (negative) to visit you tomorrow.

______________________________________________________________________________

5) He really tried, but he just … (negative) do it.

______________________________________________________________________________

6) Unluckily, we … (negative) to find a hotel so we stayed home.

______________________________________________________________________________

7) … to sing tomorrow?

______________________________________________________________________________

8) … (negative) you have tried harder? - I … (negative) to do it tomorrow and I … (negative) do it today.

______________________________________________________________________________

Ask your neighbour questions about his or her abilities. e.g. Can you speak Chinese? Can you play the piano?

Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. …

Now ask the same questions about the time your neighbour was six years old. e.g. Were you able to speak Chinese when you were six?

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 175

175

12/05/20 11:48

6. Shuffle The Cotswolds 19

176

What do these pictures tell you about the famous English area The Cotswolds? Use the Internet.

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 176

12/05/20 11:49

4 20

Read and discuss.

Tell me! What should I do?

You should have asked my advice earlier.

It’s too late for that now. So what should I do? I think you’ll just have to sweat it out. These are your mistakes.

I must apologise to you. I know. I’m sorry.

You sure as hell must.

7. The basics Do I have to learn this by heart?

Modal verbs: obligation and compulsion Have to, must and should are used to talk about obligation and compulsion.

Affirmative

past: • had to I had to let him go; there was no choice. • should have + past participle I should have called you sooner. present: • must (strong obligation, created by the person speaking) You must leave now. • have / has (got) to (strong obligation imposed from outside by rules or circumstance) You started the game; now you have to finish it! • should (advice and opinions) You should say you’re sorry. • ought to (advice, what is considered the sensible, necessary or right thing to do) She ought to eat more. future: • must You must tell her tomorrow! • will have to You will have to apologise for that mistake. • should You look tired; you should go home tomorrow.

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 177

177

12/05/20 11:49

Negative

past: • didn't have to We didn't have to visit him, but we did so anyway. • shouldn't have + past participle They shouldn't have taken his clothes. present: • mustn't (it isn’t allowed) You mustn't open this door; it is dangerous. • don't / doesn't have to (lack of obligation) You don't have to open the door for me; I can do it myself. • shouldn't You shouldn't listen to him; he's an idiot. • oughtn't to / ought not to Parents ought not to swear in front of children. future: • won't have to / will not have to She doesn't know you are here, so you won't have to introduce yourself. • shouldn't You shouldn't go to Paris tomorrow; there is a strike. ! Questions with must or have to are used to show someone that what they are doing annoys us. Must you run around without looking where you’re going? Do you have to call me five times a day? In everyday speech, we often use must, should and ought to for a strong suggestion, strong advice, encouragement or even an implied request. In these cases, some obligation is still there, but it is not meant seriously. You should see this film! You must get these pictures framed!

Make true sentences about yourself and your family. I My father My mother My parents My brother My sister My uncle My aunt My grandparents

178

has to have to doesn’t have to don’t have to didn’t have to had to

go to work. eat cereals. do the cooking. do the shopping. walk the dog. answer the phone. pay the bills. do the washing. do the dishes.

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 178

12/05/20 11:49

4 22

Complete. Use the appropriate modals to express obligation. 1) You … get a fishing licence if you want to fish here.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

2) I … try to lose some weight; none of my jeans fit.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

3) You … win the race, or I’ll be disappointed.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

4) I usually … finish my homework before I can watch TV.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

5) You really … try the fish.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

6) You … buy me a drink; I can pay for myself.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

7) You … enter the building; it can collapse any time.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

8) We … called him names. That wasn’t a nice thing to do.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

9) She … eat cereals if she doesn’t want to.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

10) We … all try to be nicer.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

You are the only survivors of a catastrophe that almost destroyed the planet. You need to set up some basic rules for your new community. Use modals expressing obligation. e.g. Everyone has to obey the basic rules.

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 179

179

12/05/20 11:49

8. Did you know? Doomsday preppers 24

Read the infographic. Would you be a good doomsday prepper?

Source: http://www.freedompreppers.com/doomsday-preppers-survival-infographic.htm

• • • • •

180

Do you agree guns and coffee are necessary luxury items? How much food do you have at home? Are you comfortable with that? How good are your personal skills in the face of doom? Would you survive? Why is prostitute listed as one of the most valuable professions in a post-apocalyptic world? Make your own doomsday plan, based on the info this graphic provides. Which skills do you need to learn? What about livestock management? Which profession do you choose? Why?

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 180

12/05/20 11:49

4 25

Read and discuss.

9. The basics May I learn this by heart?

Modal verbs: possibility and certainty May, can and must are used to talk about possibility and certainty.

Affirmative

past: • may have + past participle They may have called before; you don’t know that. • must have (logical conclusion about something that happened in the past) The letter must have got lost in the mail. present: • may They went on strike and we may join them. • might I am afraid he might see us. • could That could be my sister. • must (certainly true) You must be over 40. future: • may They may visit tomorrow. • might We might give you a present this Christmas. • could I could easily break into your house.

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 181

181

12/05/20 11:49

Negative

past: • may not have + past participle She may not have received your mail. • might not have + past participle We might not have answered his call. • can’t have + past participle It can’t have been that bad. present: • may not He may not be as handsome as they say he is. • might not They might not understand your fears. • can’t (certainly untrue) His house can’t be far from here. future: • may not You can tell her, but she may not give a damn about it. • might not They might not be able to go to the theatre tomorrow.

182

Do you know what these symbols mean? Use modals of possibility.

Complete. Use an appropriate modal to express possibility or certainty. 1) It fell on the ground; it … be broken.

________________________________________________________________________________________

2) They really want to see you so they … call you tomorrow.

________________________________________________________________________________________

3) I … have answered that question accidentally.

________________________________________________________________________________________

4) They … have understood your intention.

________________________________________________________________________________________

5) We … see you next week; we’ll be in France then.

________________________________________________________________________________________

6) She … give you a Christmas present; she’s very angry.

________________________________________________________________________________________

7) You … forgotten your agenda in your car.

________________________________________________________________________________________

8) You were at the final Beatles concert; you … be over 65.

________________________________________________________________________________________

9) You have no alarm; burglars … easily break into your house.

________________________________________________________________________________________

10) John … have broken the glass. He was the only one home.

________________________________________________________________________________________

Unit 4 Doctor Who

04_163_220_U4_Shuffle4_Lwb_Bruin.indd 182

12/05/20 11:49