DevISSues volume 3, number 1, April 2001

Institute of Social Studies

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ISSues

Volume 3, number 1, April 2001

From Economic Development to Humanitarian Studies 3

Page

Conference on Agrarian Reform Cristóbal Kay

Raymond Apthorpe Complex political emergencies – as for example in the Horn of Africa, the Liberian region of West Africa, the Great Lakes of Africa, Cambodia and elsewhere – present new challenges and opportunities

4

Page

Development Cooperation and the Market Hans Opschoor 5

Page

Agrarian Reform in the FSU Max Spoor 8

Page

Field Trip to the Bijlmer Reginald Nalugala

If conflict is at the heart of all these

other standard economic develop-

found a central place in development

now in relief and humanitarian stu-

scenes of great loss of life and dis-

ment policies were. These, too, were

studies, is already making a major

dies, and pretty well dead in standard

tress, it should also be at the heart of

not supposed to engender conflict,

mark at the very core of humanitarian

economic development and structural

development curricula. Yet still it is

but as it turned out, they are -

concerns and studies – a mixture of

studies (unless, of course, you could

not. Rather conflict is treated as

whether by intensifying or actually

political science and international law,

prove me wrong on this – I wish you

something to be wished away, some-

triggering difficulties.

public health and nutritional science,

could!). The case for trans-substan-

thing that unfortunately gets in the

Besides the fact that economic deve-

a little public administration, sociology

tiation of intellectual capital from the

way of development. That conflict

lopment (globalization) studies are still

and social anthropology, a little mili-

former to the latter has become

may actually be induced by develop-

innocent of any serious concern with

tary and strategic analysis, water and

compelling. Conflict of various kinds

ment is not what the economists of

conflict, they have also lost much of

sanitation engineering and camp con-

as well as its resolution, peacebuil-

development, the protagonists of

what used to be their vitality, and

struction, contingency planning and

ding and the like, are obviously at the

globalization, want to hear.

intellectual cut and thrust. A mono-

logistics, and so forth. Admittedly this

very heart of humanitarian studies.

tonous fixation with an Aristotelian-

mixture contains less economics than

Such serious concepts of conflict

In its day the ‘green revolution’ (like

type concept of ‘choice’, and con-

it should to be really combustible, but

should also be a part of economic

the ‘blue revolution’ to come?) was

tinued neglect of ‘preference’ (and

even in this regard there are a few

development curricula.

supposed to be about a form of eco-

‘politics’ and ‘culture’ where ‘freedom’

outstanding studies.

nomic development which would

may be found precisely in lack of

ensure that there need be no conflict

choice) is partly to blame for this

The commitment and engagement,

studies literature, is already ripe and

in what was called then the Third

stagnation.

and sheer intellectual excitement, the

rich for the picking? Impassioned -

big questions, that attracted people of

and virtuoso - examinations of, for example the International Red Cross

8

Page

Transnational Institute Fiona Dove

9

Page

Research Project in Indonesia Ben White Page

for development studies. But they have not been yet been taken up centrally enough in curricula.

World. Admittedly ‘green revolution’

10

Marginalism and Life Ali Salman

What, in the burgeoning humanitarian

policies may not have been at the

Another factor to be taken into

my generation to development stu-

heart of development policies in any

account, as ever, is interdisciplinarity.

dies – ‘a hundred years ago’ as my

of the regions mentioned above. But

Interdisciplinarity, which has never

students say I keep saying – are alive

continued on page 10

50 Years of the ISS

© ISS

CONTENTS

Inside this issue:

In 2002, the Institute of Social Studies will be celebrating its 50th anniversary. It wishes to do so with pride in what it has achieved in the field of development education and in contributing to the national and international debate As an institute for advanced

on development. The Institute also wants to show its

international education and

readiness to innovate and explore meaningful avenues for international education as it looks to the future.

research, the ISS generates,

The theme for the anniversary activities will be ‘Beyond accumulates and transfers

Development - a new agenda’. The programme will include

knowledge and know-how on

an international conference, a series of public lectures and

human aspects of economic

the celebration of the Dies Natalis in October with the awarding of honorary doctorates. To mark this special anniversary,

Prince Bernhard at an ISS dinner in the 1950

and social change, with a focus

Development ISSues will be running a series of five articles looking back at half a century of the ISS. In his opening contribution to the series on pages 6 and 7, the first Secretary of the Institute Frits Hondius looks back on the first ten years.

on development and transition. The ISS is a leading centre in this field.

Development ISSues is also available online on the ISS website at www.iss.nl

1

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ISSues From the Executive Board

Flexible Learning Strategies and Mixed Modes of Delivery Towards a greater diversification in teaching provision Until recently, ISS teaching (both at MA and

Fellowship Programme is run is likely to

to study within a multicultural and problem-

For this reason, last year, the ISS acquired

Diploma level) bifurcated neatly into in-

change in the near future and secondly,

oriented teaching environment will undoub-

and installed Teletop - a web-based system

house and overseas teaching endeavours.

new educational technologies provide

tedly remain at the core of its teaching acti-

for the design and delivery of courses -

This bifurcation reflected the underlying

opportunities for greater flexibility and

vities, the Institute will actively seek to

to propel greater flexibility and interaction

financing structure. In-house teaching con-

interaction in course design and delivery

develop joint degrees with selected institu-

within teaching. Teletop, for example,

cerned ISS degrees and diplomas, which

for life-long learning.

tions of higher learning in the South.

allows a teaching team located in different

The basic idea behind this move, therefore,

parts of the world to design and develop

relied principally on two sources of finance: (1) the basic subsidy from the Ministry of

Joint degrees in the context of

is not to branch out our teaching by

courses, attach materials (text-based, data

Education, which provides funding for MA,

partnerships

competing with local institutions, but to

files, web links or multimedia products),

Diploma and PhD teaching, and (2) the

As far as the NFP is concerned, the system

collaborate with them on the delivery of

and interchange ideas, all within the same

Netherlands Fellowship Programme (NFP),

of fellowship allocations is likely to move

degree programmes.

course environment. It can assist face-to-

which provided scholarships for in-house

towards a greater demand-orientation.

students and income from fees. Additional

Within this trend, recent policy discussions

Teletop: a first step in using educational

course guidance and materials, and confe-

income came from fees from in-house stu-

also indicate that a greater premium may be

technologies for more flexible delivery

rencing facilities. It allows students to sub-

dents who were either self-financing or

placed on spreading part of the teaching

in teaching

mit exercises and assignments, and to get

funded by other donors. Overseas teaching

activities of institutions of international high-

One of the ISS’s major assets is our expe-

feedback. It can also serve to underscore

took place mainly in the context of capacity-

er education such as the ISS outwards,

rience and practice in operating not only

distance learning or, more appropriately

building projects (usually, for two or more

towards the provision of degree courses in

within our home base in The Hague, but

for the ISS in the future, mixed modes of

project terms, each about four years in

developing countries in collaboration with

also through projects on other continents.

delivery. For the ISS, it opens up exciting

duration).

Southern institutions. Major considerations

The development of joint degrees will

opportunities to link up different student

in this respect are the desire on the part of

provide an added stimulus to this practice.

populations in different parts of the world

The future is likely to propel us towards

aid donors to strengthen and support local

The intro-duction of web-based teaching

and allow them to interact within the

greater interaction and synergy between

capacity in higher education and to promote

facilities is aimed at enabling us to make

confines of specific courses.

in-house and overseas teaching activities.

greater local owner-ship. The ISS welcomes

teaching not only spatially differentiated,

There are two main reasons for this.

this move. While in-house teaching based

but – at the same time – inter-active

Firstly, the way in which the Netherlands

on attracting cadres from all over the world

between and within different locations.

A personal farewell to

face teaching by providing students with

Marc Wuyts, Dean of the ISS

Tony Dolman

23 December, Capelle aan den IJssel Just before Christmas 2000, news reached the ISS of the

ping countries. He himself spent a lot of time abroad,

death of Tony Dolman. Although it was not unexpected,

working in some thirty developing countries in Africa,

everyone at the Institute heard the news with deep sadness

Asia, the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean. UNDP

and regret at the loss of a well-loved colleague.

was almost his second employer. One of his specializations was small island developing countries and this took him to

Tony gave almost twenty years of his life to the ISS. He

the Maldives, the Seychelles, the Caribbean, the Cook

played a creative and stimulating role in the setting up and

Islands, Fiji, Mauritius and many others. Even his last

development of ISS Advisory Services and served as ISSAS

passion, the mountain kingdom of Bhutan, had much in

Deputy Director from 1986 to 1990. From then until his

common with the small islands: cut off from the rest of the

death, he was a senior member of the ISS/ISSAS staff.

world and forced to fall back on its own resources.

Before coming to the ISS Tony was, among other things,

Both within the ISS and abroad, Tony had a reputation as a

a senior fellow at the Foundation Reshaping the Inter-

versatile, well-rounded professional, highly productive and

national Order in Rotterdam where he worked with Jan

rarely sitting still. He wrote more than a hundred research,

Tinbergen. The book Resources, Regimes, World Order

consultancy and advisory assignments on an astoundingly

had met, including princes, kings and presidents, or simply

(Pergamon Press, 1981), which he wrote during that

wide range of topics. He brought to his assignments a keen

about his children’s homework, or Dutch birthday parties,

period, brought him international acclaim. It remains

interest, a critical yet always constructive attitude, a great

which never ceased to amaze him.

topical today and would serve the current debate on

capacity to analyse and understand problems, and to find

globalization and the reform of international institutions

solutions, usually together with those involved.

remarkably well.

2

A born optimist, Tony had an unshakeable faith in people. He cherished personal responsibility and gave credit to

Tony could always tell a good story. He had a broad spec-

those who deserved it. He was known as a sensitive, gentle,

Better than anyone, Tony was able to make his colleagues

trum of interests. He would talk about books he had read

respectful and open-minded person, with a great sense of

enthusiastic about their participation in projects in develo-

and films he had seen, about his travels and the people he

humour. He will be sorely missed.

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ISSues

International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development Christóbal Kay © Chris Kay

From the Second World War until the debt crisis of the early 1980s a variety of rural land reforms were implemented throughout the developing world, in socialist as well as capitalist countries. In those days agrarian reform was a much discussed topic and attracted a wide audience, but after the debt crisis the issue practically disappeared from the political and academic agenda. It has, however, resurfaced in recent years, but now within a neoliberal context. The World Bank and neoliberal development experts now promote ‘market-assisted’ or ‘negotiated’ agrarian reforms in contrast to previous ‘state-led’ reforms. It is against this background that the International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ICARRD) was held in Tagaytay City, the Philippines from 5 to 8 December of last year. Many institutions were involved in the organiza-

reform programme, the latest stage of the agra-

ISS, had invited three ISS staff members.

achieve its goals where rural producers and

tion of the conference, including the Depart-

rian reform process in the Philippines which has

Ashwani Saith was unfortunately unable to

communities are organized to demand and

ment of Agrarian Reform (DAR), the Institute for

been ongoing since the 1960s but which has

attend. Max Spoor gave a talk entitled ‘Econo-

participate in its implementation. However,

Democratic Participation in Governance (IDPG),

lost its momentum in recent years). Another

mies in transition: the state of agrarian reform in

a majority of participants endorsed the idea that

the Policy Resource Institute for Development

banner read ‘No to the World Bank’s Market-

the former Soviet Union’ which was received

by definition agrarian reform must involve state

Initiatives (PRIDI), and the Asian Coalition for

Based Agrarian Reform!’. This indeed became

with much interest by the audience. I myself

regulation to overcome the failure of markets to

Agrarian Reform and Rural Development

one of the major points of debate of the confe-

spoke on the lights and shadows of Latin

deliver equitable, just and productive outcomes

(ANGOC). A number of others provided their

rence, as will be seen below.

American agrarian reforms. Saturnino (Jun)

in agriculture and rural development.’

support, including the Food and Agriculture

Borras, who is currently conducting his PhD

Organization (FAO), the German Development

The conference was unusual as it brought

research in the ISS, played a very active role,

I wish to conclude on a personal note. The con-

Cooperation (GTZ), and NOVIB and the Inter-

together policy-makers, academics, NGO

presenting a paper on the Philippine agrarian

ference reminded me of my student days back

Church Aid for Development Cooperation

officials and rural activists. There were about

reform and asking many challenging questions

in Chile when agrarian reform was a live issue in

(ICCO) from the Netherlands.

250 participants, of whom over 50 came from

from the floor. The Closing Remarks were made

the political life of the country. It inspired me to

abroad. The foreign guests included various

by Joseph Made, the Zimbabwean Minister of

specialize in rural development. Tragically Chile’s

A certain drama was added to the conference

senior officials, including ministers, from

Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement.

radical agrarian reform was cruelly crushed by

proceedings by the mobilization of rural activists

Zimbabwe, Cambodia, Thailand and Mexico,

who converged on Tagaytay City, and riot police

and senior representatives from FAO, the World

State or market-led land reform?

government by General Pinochet’s military coup

were on full display in case of any trouble. While

Bank, and the Popular Coalition for the Eradi-

One of the key debates during the conference

d’état in 1973. Despite many setbacks, the

driving in a minibus from our hotel to the confe-

cation of Hunger and Poverty. The conference

took place between Klaus Deininger, a promi-

dream and promise of agrarian reform is still

rence centre we saw several hundreds, and

was opened by Horacio Morales, the Secretary

nent figure within the World Bank, who has

alive in many parts of the developing world.

possibly thousands, of rural workers by the

of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) of

been active in designing and promoting the

I am grateful to the conference organizers for

roadside waving flags, displaying placards and

the Philippines and the keynote address was

‘market-assisted agrarian reform’ model, and

encouraging further debate on this important

chanting slogans. UNORKA, the National

given by Professor William Thiesenhusen, the

many of the model’s critics. The discussion was

rural development issue and hope that it may

Coordination of Local Autonomous Rural

doyen of agrarian reform studies. Other distin-

described as follows in the final conference

give new impetus to land redistribution in favour

People’s Organization, was one of the peasant

guished speakers included Keith Griffin, James

report: ‘During the course of our deliberations,

of the rural poor, not only in the Philippines but

associations behind this demonstration. From

Putzel, John Harriss, Ron Herring, Jeffrey

a vibrant debate emerged over the model of

in other developing countries as well.

what I could gather one of their key demands

Riedinger and Klaus Deininger, as well as Zakes

“market-led reform” promoted by the World

was the speeding up and completion of the

Hlatshwayo from the South African National

Bank in recent years. Many participants welco-

Cristóbal Kay is Associate Professor of Rural

land redistribution process in the Philippines. As

Land Committee and Sergio Sauer from the

med the fact that agrarian reform has been put

Development at the ISS.

one of the placards put it ‘Full implementation

Landless Peasant Movement (MST) in Brazil.

back on the agenda of the Bank. Further, there

He can be contacted at kay@iss.nl

of CARP!’ (CARP is the comprehensive agrarian

The conference organizers, to the credit of the

was significant agreement that reform can only

ISS Conference Agenda 29 March

the violent overthrow of Allende’s socialist

Agenda 2001

Valedictory Address: Professor Jeff Harrod. Venue: Aula 16.00. Information: klatter@iss.nl

10 May

International conference: Religion, Violence and Visions for Peace. Venue: Aula 10.00. Information: www.iss.nl or terhaar@iss.nl or busutill@iss.nl

26 April

The conference is being organized under the auspices of the External Chair in Religion,

Kurt Martin Tribute V (final lecture in the series). Topic: Macro-sector linkages in development

Human Rights and Social Change. It aims to stimulate the debate on the role of religion in

economics. Speaker: J. Ocampo. Venue: Aula 16.00. Information: www.iss.nl or klatter@iss.nl

situations of conflict and identify its potential for building stability and peace.

9 May

14 June

Public lecture: Jan Pronk (Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment) on issues

Valedictory Address: Professor Martin Doornbos. Venue: Aula 16.00. Information: www.iss.nl

around the World Conference on Climate Change held in The Hague in December 2000. Venue:

or klatter@iss.nl

Aula 16.00. Information: www.iss.nl or klatter@iss.nl

3

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ISSues

Development Cooperation is Much More than Just the Market In October 2000, in an article in the daily newspaper NRC Handelsblad, Africa expert Stephen Ellis called for a ‘new, more realistic perspective on development cooperation’. In a reply to Ellis, also published in the NRC, ISS Rector Hans Opschoor says that any new perspective on development cooperation must be based on still existing public support for a more sustainable and just global society. An edited translation of the Rector’s article is reproduced here below. Stephen Ellis believes that we need a

conditional project aid) to governments

and violence, and generally by a

In the meantime, the effects of struc-

Washington Consensus. There is

new, more realistic perspective on

that pursue ‘good governance and

search for new religious certainties. In

tural adjustment and liberalization fail

therefore good reason to doubt their

development cooperation. It is, how-

good policy’. Dutch development

the West, too, Ellis sees ‘radical pes-

to meet up to expectations and have

effectiveness.

ever, a matter of argument whether

minister Eveline Herfkens also applies

simism’ as becoming more wide-

also proved to have undesirable side

the current policy pursued by, for

the Dollar doctrine wholesale in her

spread. The feeling of security provi-

effects. In the World Development

Unlike what the Washington Consen-

example, the World Bank and the

policy of ‘sustainable poverty reduc-

ded by a positive view of economic

Report 2000-2001, James D. Wolfen-

sus seems to imply, there is a need

Dutch minister for development co-

tion’. In the meantime, however,

development has disappeared. With

sohn, the president of the World

for institutions to check and balance

operation, which is presented as rea-

some international financing institu-

the traditional clarion calls of deve-

Bank, indicated the need to ‘manage

the workings of the market. And it is

listic, indeed fulfils the requirements

tions appear to be receiving fewer

lopment cooperation now proving

the risks of insecurity and exclusion

equally important to avoid the pitfall

laid out by Ellis.

applications for support because

inadequate, this ‘new, more realistic

that may result from global change’.

of completely abandoning the belief

countries would rather obtain funds

perspective’ is necessary.

His comment is accompanied by

in our ability to manufacture social

The rich countries of the OECD now

from the capital market, where not so

It may be true that the ideology of

suggestions to strengthen the institu-

structures. The globalization concept

allocate only 0,2% of their GNP to

many questions are asked about the

progress is under attack in parts of

tional environment in which econo-

of the Washington Consensus itself is

development cooperation, well short

nature of their policies and where the

both the North and the South, but in

mic processes have to carry deve-

nothing but than an ambitious project

of the agreed target of 0.7%, or even

procedures are less bureaucratic.

many governments and international

lopment into the future: clearer pro-

to improve a global and national sys-

organizations this is not the case. The

perty rights, more forceful govern-

tem that is considered irrational and obsolete.

the 0.45% that they formerly achieved. This is largely due to the fact that,

According to Ellis, development

development thinking promulgated

ment institutions better attuned to the

since the end of the Cold War, there is

cooperation is faced with a funda-

by the World Bank and the IMF, for

market. And the OECD’s Develop-

no longer any need to ensure the poli-

mental dilemma: how to transcend

example, is solidly founded on a neo-

ment Assistance Committee has called

If we look at the Enlightenment-

tical allegiance of developing coun-

the traditional linear view of progress

liberal economic perspective – as

for a ‘global partnership’ to achieve a

based notion of progress with a little

tries to the West; and to the debate

in the form of improvement, develop-

expressed in the Washington

series of development goals by 2015,

more objectivity and distance, it cre-

- blown out of proportion partly

ment and economic growth. The

Consensus – characterized by trust

including reducing extreme poverty

ates the scope for approaches to

because of this sea change - about

West tried to impose this model on

in economic growth, market forces,

by half, providing universal primary

social reality based on cooperation,

the efficiency of development aid.

the rest of the world, and used deve-

free trade and less government inter-

education, and reducing infant and

and ideally even on reciprocity,

lopment cooperation as an instru-

vention. Dutch policy fits almost

child mortality by two-thirds. These

instead of purely on a combination of

The World Bank is now preaching a

ment to achieve it. In the Third World,

seamlessly into this perspective. The

are fine intentions, but they are un-

generalized individualism, utilitaria-

doctrine, devised by David Dollar,

belief in the ideology of progress has

belief in progress is by no means as

likely to be realized, because (a) reali-

nism and faith in Adam Smith’s invi-

that effective development coopera-

‘largely dissipated’ and a new per-

dead as Ellis would have us believe,

ties simply do not match up to the

sible hand. And this allows for a diffe-

tion entails the provision of uncondi-

spective is being sought. That search

unless we are misinterpreting its

promises made and (b) current poli-

rent reference framework than the

tional programme aid (instead of

is often accompanied by disorder

death throes as signs of life.

cies are expected to comply with the

‘natural’ one of the market: of a

Agenda

International Conference Agenda 30 April-1 May

2001

Objectives: to present empirical research data and to create a forum for theoretical discussions

International Conference on Union Growth. Location: Toronto, Canada.

on: the relationship between man and water; the control and ownership of water, water conflicts

Focus: new research on factors contributing to union growth and decline around the world.

and water pollution; profile of content and profile of a multi-volume World Water History plan-

Information: www.uniongrowth.net or email: verma@mgmt.utoronto.ca

ned by Unesco

Information: Alv Terje Fotland, IWHA conference coordinator, Centre for Development Studies,

16 May

University of Bergen, Norway. www.iwha.net or alv.fotland@sfu.uib.no

Third UNU/ INTECH-CERES WP3 Conference on Innovation, Learning and Technological

Dynamism of Developing Countries. Location: Maastricht. Objectives: to analyse the differing

9-12 August

experiences of developing countries with respect to technology creation and assimilation and

International Convention of Asia Scholars. Location: Berlin. Objectives: to provide a broad

to identify the role of institutions and policies which facilitate this process

forum for all scholars working on issues related to Asian studies. Information:

Registration: mani@intech.unu.edu.

polchina@zedat.fu-berlin.de or www.fu-berlin.de/icas2/homepage.html

20-22 July

27-31 August

Global Change and Regional Integration: the Redrawing of the Economic Boundaries in the

OIKOS PhD Summer Academy 2001: Environmental Management & Policy and Related

Middle East and North Africa. Location: University of London. Organizers: Middle East

Aspects of Sustainability. Location: University of St. Gallen, Switzerland. Information:

Economic Association (MEEA) in cooperation with the Centre of Near and Middle East Studies

www.oikos-stiftung.unisg.ch

at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Information: email: h.hakimian@soas.ac.uk

18-20 October 2001 Political Culture and Civil Society in the Black Sea Region. Location: Ankara. Organizers:

10-12 August

Middle East Technical University and KORA (Centre for Black Sea and Central Asia).

The Role of Water in History and Development. Location: University of Bergen, Norway.

Information: kora@metu.edu.tr, www.metu.edu.tr/index.html or www.metu.edu.tr/wwwkora

We would be pleased to receive timely information on inter national conferences. 4

>

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ISSues

responsible society in which partici-

and South. And, despite popular

upon by the Netherlands through its

reports about the lack of effective-

taking account of geopolitical reali-

pation, justice and sustainability are

myths to the contrary, research

sustainable development agreements

ness of aid must be taken with a

ties, and of the forces of idealism and

promoted.

shows that public support for deve-

with three developing countries.

pinch of salt. We must be realistic in

political will. There is still support for a

lopment aid has stayed pretty much

recognizing the importance of econo-

worldview that is not founded only on

There is still sufficient support for an

constant in the OECD countries since

So we return to Ellis’ call for a ‘new,

mic growth and the market, but also

radical individualism, utilitarianism

alternative framework of this kind, not

around 1980. There is growing sup-

realistic perspective’. We must indeed

that – despite the doubts expressed

and competition.

only in the more enlightened branches

port for debt relief for the poorest

be realistic. Realistic in recognizing

by officials and experts – there is still

of the religions that Ellis sees emer-

countries. There is increasing interest

that development has been achieved

substantial support for international

Prof. Opschoor can be contacted at

ging in the South, but also in civil

in development ties based on recipro-

with varying degrees of success in

solidarity. And we do need a new per-

opschoor@iss.nl

society organizations in both North

city, an experiment first embarked

different regions, and that alarmist

spective. Or rather, a renewed one,

Agrarian Reform in the Former Soviet Union Max Spoor Stagnation or Progress?

Staff News Welcome new staff

At the International Conference on Land Reform and Rural Development, held from 5 to 8 December 2000 in Tagaytay City, the Philippines, Dr Max Spoor of the ISS presented a paper on ‘The State of

Dr Ewa Charkiewicz, Lecturer in Women and Development. Email: charkiewicz@iss.nl

Agrarian Reform in the Former Soviet Union’. The paper, co-authored by Oane Visser, was the out-

René Hehemann, Senior Administrative

come of a research project initiated and sponsored by the Centre for the Study of Transition and

Assistant ORPAS. Email:

Development (CESTRAD) at the ISS. Before an audience of NGOs, development agencies, academics

hehemann@iss.nl Karin Hirdes, Programme

and politicians, Dr Spoor outlined the very special case of agrarian transformation over the past decade

Administrator, Staff Group States,

of ‘transition’ in the former Soviet Union.

Societies and World Development. Email: hirdes@iss.nl Dr Brigitte Holzner, Senior Lecturer in

A decade after the break-up of the Soviet Union

‘low volume, high value’ products (vegetables,

and combining the rankings with output perfor-

in 1991, most of its successor states are still a

fruit and certain areas of animal husbandry, in

mance we came to the conclusion that the sup-

far cry from developing a new, economically

particular pigs and poultry), but more particular-

posed correlation between reform and incre-

viable agricultural sector. A review of the agra-

ly by the use of subsidized inputs from the kolk-

ased output is not supported by empirical data.

rian reform that took place in the former Soviet

hozy (collective farms) and sovkhozy (state

Other factors such as the occurrence of (civil)

Email: knoester@iss.nl

Union (FSU), in particular against the back-

farms). In many cases, this symbiotic relations-

war, the specific transition-related political eco-

Janna van der Meulen, Teaching and

ground of the initial high expectations, shows

hip has continued with those who have taken

nomy of the countries, and the lack of institu-

Research Assistant. Email:

an agricultural sector which is suffering from

over the large farms.

tions strongly influence the performance of the

vdmeulen@iss.nl

agricultural sector, but were largely ignored

Dr Roody Moonilal, Lecturer in Human

during the first decade of transition.

Resource Management. Email: moonil-

enormous problems and where performance is still dismal. Reforms have been piecemeal, and

The second proposition in the blueprint was

are in some cases even stagnating.

that rapid and profound reform would lead to

Women and Development. Email: holzner@iss.nl Wim Knoester, Senior Financial Officer.

al@iss.nl

less contraction and a speedy recovery (World

In conclusion, the agricultural sector – particu-

Dr Mansoob Murshed, Associate

The paper looks at the widely held belief that

Development Report, From Plan to Market,

larly in the large countries, such as Russia,

Professor of Development Economics.

there is a positive correlation between the

1996). The extent to which this applied to the

Ukraine and Kazakhstan – is still dominated by

implementation of agrarian reform and output

agricultural sector in the FSU countries can be

large farm units, most of which are involved in

performance. It takes as its starting point the

tested by linking the implementation of reform

grain production. Inside these farms, many

original outline or ‘blueprint’ for agrarian reform

policy with overall performance, measured in

changes relating to management and decentra-

promoted by the Bretton Woods Institutions

growth of GDP and gross agricultural value

lization can be observed. The rapidly increased

(World Bank and IMF) and enthusiastically em-

added. Such a ‘privatization index’ is construc-

share of private production in overall agricultural

braced by liberal political forces in Russia. Two

ted, as a weighted average, from three ele-

output can largely be attributed to farm house-

Dr Roger Tangri, Senior Lecturer in

main propositions were prominently present in

ments: (a) the share of private production in

hold plots. There is no clear structural change in

Public Policy and Development

this blueprint. First, it was assumed that a fami-

total gross agricultural output; (b) the share of

the direction of a sector dominated by peasant

Management. Email: tangri@iss.nl

ly-based private farm sector would rapidly

the acreage of private peasant farms in total

farms, contrary to the original – largely naïve –

emerge, and this was seen as the panacea for

agricultural land; and (c) the number of peasant

expectation of the ‘blueprint for reform’ of the

Staff leaving

agricultural development. In reality, it can be

farms per 1,000 rural inhabitants. When the 12

early 1990s.

Lise Sylla-Koopmans, Programme

shown that the emergence of family farms has

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)

been disappointing, except in some peripheral

countries – leaving the Baltic states aside – are

Dr Max Spoor is Associate Professor in Rural

Societies and World Development.

countries like Armenia, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan.

ranked using this index, the top group of ‘highly

Policy Analysis in Transitional Economies at the

New email: sylle.cedar@asser.nl or

Interestingly enough, the share of private agri-

privatized’ countries, consisting of Armenia,

ISS and CESTRAD coordinator. He can be con-

cultural production is growing steadily.

Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, is actually

tacted at spoor@iss.nl

However, again with some exceptions, this can-

fairly stable. Furthermore, three of these are

not be attributed to peasant farms, but to house-

small economies with more specialized agricul-

hold plots. These were already significant

tural production, where private (mostly house-

during the Soviet era: in the late 1980s an esti-

hold) agricultural production already accounted

mated 30% of agricultural output (in value

for a higher share of overall sectoral output at

terms) was produced on 2% of the land. This

the start of the transition period. Using detailed

was made possible through specialization in

data from the CIS Statistical Bureau in Moscow

Email: murshed@iss.nl Antonella Sorrentino, Programme Administrator, Staff Group Rural Development, Environment and Population Studies

Administrator Staff Group States,

lise99@wanadoo.nl

Varia Dr Theo van der Loop has been appointed ISS Resident Representative to the Ethiopia project

5

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ISSues

© ISS, Frits Hondius

50 Years of the ISS - The First 10 Years Frits Hondius On Friday, 10 October 1952, the Institute of Social Studies was opened by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands with a witty speech in which he measured the growing interdependence between the world’s nations by the speed with which he was able to get delivery of his favourite Italian wine. The ceremony followed practically the same pattern as the Dies Natalis programme which has been an annual event on the Institute’s calendar ever since. Members of the board of trustees and a bevy of ambassadors and Dutch notables in the front rows. Behind them the rank and file of academic and administrative staff and the first crop of course participants, then simply called ‘students’. Drinks to follow. The only visible difference was that then the staff wore no gowns. These were introduced only in 1965 when the Institute received its official accreditation as an institution of higher education. Another difference with today was the cold weather. Cover of official menu for ISS opening dinner

Global warming had not yet started to leave its mark. The battle between a number of

New era, new opportunities

the viability of the concept. On 11

alumni had not returned home, inclu-

nal Affairs. The fifth temporary rector

Dutch cities to host the ISS had been

The establishment of the ISS was the

January 1952, following the recom-

ding those who joined international

in a three year period was Dr In’t

won by The Hague, a city which – like

result of a unique combination of fac-

mendations of the committee, the

organizations and thus kept serving

Veld, a former minister for housing.

the Institute – was profoundly interna-

tors: the liberation and reconstruction

universities set up (jointly with the

their countries. Thirdly, the ISS is mul-

The administrative framework of the

tional. Moreover, having no university

of the Netherlands after five years of

Minister of Education) the Nether-

tidisciplinary. Students and faculty in

Institute was very ably prepared by

of its own, The Hague was neutral

Nazi occupation, the awareness of

lands Universities Foundation for

the early years represented three

the executive director, Jaap Le Poole,

territory for this multi-university en-

the beginning of a new era of interna-

International Cooperation (Nuffic).

major disciplines or variations there-

a war hero. He left the Institute, how-

deavour. The Institute was housed in

tional interdependence, the end of

The ISS became a department of

of: economics, sociology and political

ever, after only two years because of

the former Noordeinde Palace, an

science/public administration. These

a conflict with the governors. Heated

idea fully endorsed by certain mem-

disciplines could be mixed into

debates about the nature of the ISS

bers of the royal family, who disliked

teaching cocktails, in keeping with

were provoked by the tension

the place and were not unduly upset

preferences around the world and

between the real world of develop-

when the ballroom caught fire in

changing priorities. Initially, there was

ment and attempts to theorize at a too

1948, allegedly due to workmen’s

a heavy emphasis on econometrics

high level of academic abstraction.

negligence. It happened during a

and planning, and not a word about

conference of fire brigades, who were

ecology or human rights. The fourth

The first Rector

convinced that that the palace had

characteristic, already mentioned, is

In 1956 it was decided to separate

been set ablaze in their honour.

the residential system which ensures

the Institute from Nuffic, give it a

conviviality.

charter of its own and endow it with a

The Institute was residential, an inno-

full-time academic and administrative

vation in the Netherlands, where stu-

The Institute’s major teething problem

head, the Rector, who would be resi-

dents usually lived in digs or at home.

was its governance. Through Nuffic,

dent like the master of an English col-

The first cook was inherited from the

it was run by an assembly of nine

lege. The unanimous choice was

Palace staff … which, as it turned

10th Anniversary procession

universities which had hardly ever

Professor Egbert de Vries, who had

out, was no great loss to the palace.

colonialism (no matter how enlighte-

Nuffic. The aims of the Institute have

before worked together. Some were

chaired the government committee

Some years after the Institute had

ned the Dutch version had been said

been formulated and reformulated

state-run and some private. Three of

on higher education and had some

moved to new quarters, the building

to be), the inception of the United

many times. They were much harder

the private ones were denomination-

years earlier laid the Institute’s foun-

– whose origins go back to the six-

Nations and its specialized agencies

to define than those of international

al. The permanent academic staff of

dation stone. Professor de Vries

teenth century, was restored to its

– many of which focused on what

courses on specific topics for which

the ISS consisted of a handful of

(1901-1994) was an agricultural engi-

pre-nineteenth century grandeur and

was then called ‘technical assistance’

Dutch universities had a reputation,

people whose legal status remained

neer (his doctoral dissertation was

became once again a royal palace,

to developing countries – and last but

such as agricultural science, hydrau-

precarious during the first 13 years.

entitled ‘the Budding of the Pear’)

this time for Queen Beatrix.

not least the desire of Dutch universi-

lic engineering or aerial survey.

And there was no full-time head. The

and policy expert on famine in Java.

position of academic head of the ISS

He had been interned by the

The ISS started with one programme

- and of Nuffic - was exercised on a

Japanese during the war, after which

in social sciences and a student body

part-time basis by a succession of

he joined the World Bank. A man of

The groundwork for the founding of

of 20, mostly from India. From its in-

professors, chosen for their acade-

strong character, underpinned by his

the ISS had been done by a govern-

ception, it developed certain charac-

mic prowess rather than their

faith, he was a mover and shaker,

ment committee established in 1950

teristics which have remained its for-

managerial experience. The first of

unbeatable in financial negotiations.

under the chairmanship of Professor

mula for success. First, it focuses on

these was Professor Sjoerd Hofstra

He was accompanied during his 10

Egbert de Vries, whose aim was to

development and change. Second,

of the University of Amsterdam, who

glorious years at the ISS by his wife

adapt Dutch universities to the needs

it provides postgraduate education.

was once criticized for speaking

Lex, who loved her royal home, save

of the changing world. An experiment

Course participants must have a

English too often and who replied

for the absence of any facilities for

conducted at Leiden University in

solid university background and a

that for him, a Friesian, Dutch was a

sunbathing. She put this right by

1947 and 1948, in the form of sum-

mid-career position in their country,

foreign language too. Hofstra was fol-

having a tiny balcony installed. De

mer courses for foreign students on

which minimizes the risk of a brain

lowed by Professors Berg and

Vries was constantly on the move,

the themes of post-war reconstruc-

drain. An evaluation report ten years

Duyvendak of Leiden, jointly, and

from the Ford Foundation in New

tion and the ‘Culture of Cities’, a

after the Institute was founded

Professor Bernard Vlekke, Secretary

York to the Mekong Delta, and sat on

Dutch speciality, had demonstrated

showed that less than five percent of

General of the Society for Internatio-

an endless array of bodies, academic

© ISS

ties to open up new opportunities for international education.

Professor Egbert de Vries by cartoonist Lex Horn.

6

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues and other (such as the World Council

department could offer international

of Churches). He put the ISS on the

courses. An inventory drawn up in the

map. During his mildly paternalistic

1960s by directors of international

regime, courses, staff and student

courses showed that there were 14

bodies multiplied. A major develop-

institutions offering a total of 85 full

ment was the instigation of a Master’s

courses plus 10 summer courses.

degree course in social sciences

One professor of medicine told his

(MSS), in addition to the various

colleagues of a highly successful

diploma courses.

international course he had been conducting for more than a decade of

It was also under de Vries that the

which nobody present had ever

status of the ISS, its staff and its de-

heard. Most of these courses were

grees were finally settled. The Insti-

run by one university. The ISS was

tute’s status was part of a larger pro-

practically the only example of a joint

paved the way for recognition of the

the eve of the Anniversary, the city of

that the television crews had tapped

blem: international courses offered by

venture of several universities. The

staff’s status and students’ diplomas

The Hague arranged a concert by the

all the electricity from the organ and

Dutch universities. Freedom of edu-

Institute eventually gained recognition

as equivalent to those of the older

Residentieorkest under Willem van

that the organist had rushed over to

cation guaranteed by the Dutch

as an independent institution under

universities. De Vries at the ISS was

Otterloo at the Kurhaus in Scheve-

one of the small foot-pedalled organs

Constitution meant that any university

the Higher Education Act. This in turn

like Jacques Delors at the European

ningen. The students’ association

used to prompt the choir.

Communities: he linked the achieve-

Scholas, presided over by an Egyp-

At dinner that evening, de Niet

ment of his institute to his own period

tian police officer with an impressive

entertained us with a long series of

in office. It was thus that de Vries was

potbelly, formed the guard of honour.

hilarious anecdotes about his life in

able to retire in 1966 in the ISS aca-

On the day of the Anniversary, there

officialdom. Still later that evening,

demic gown. His oil portrait, by the

was a ceremony in the Grote Kerk,

the author of this article sat down to

cartoonist Lex Horn, who could cap-

the Great Church. For the first time in

write a note to de Niet, pointing out a

ture a person in minutes (de Vries was

the Institute’s history, there was a

curious gap in the Institute’s teaching

always on the move), hangs in the

solemn academic procession, from

programme. The ISS was a show-

staircase of the Aula, the inner court

the palace to the church. Everything

case of international relations, but it

at the Institute. The personality of the

had been meticulously planned, from

had no programme on this field of

man is conveyed by the glimmer of

national television coverage to the

study. How this hiatus was filled will

his glasses.

police. The organ was set to play

be described in the article covering

special music at full volume on the

the Institute’s next ten years.

Prof. de Vries with Queen Juliana at the ISS, April 1957

Queen Juliana visits the ISS, April 1953

The end of the de Vries era in 1966 is

entry of the President of the Board,

beyond the scope of this article,

Maarten de Niet, an imposing figure.

Dr Frits Hondius can be contacted at

which finishes with the Institute’s 10th

But something went wrong: the organ

hondius@wannadoo.fr

Anniversary on 10 October 1962. On

was barely audible. We were later told

5 0 Ye a r s o f t h e I S S t o b e c o n t i n u e d i n t h e n e x t D e v e l o p m e n t I S S u e s

Letters to the Editor

New PhDs

We have received many letters from ISS alumni and other readers from around the world . We would like to

Freek Schiphorst, Lecturer in Labour

thank everyone who has written in and would encourage more of you to send us your comments.

Relations at the ISS, successfully defended his

The postal and email addresses for Development ISSues can be found on the back page.

PhD thesis on 24 January 2001 at the University

Below is a selection of the letters we have received.

of Leiden. Title: Strength & Weakness: the Rise of the

Dear Sirs,

social and economic incapabilities, rende-

Dear Sirs,

Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions. (ZCTU)

I would like to convey my sincere thanks for

ring them ‘the poorest among the poor’.

Thank for your kindness in sending me the

and the Development of Labour Relations

ISS Development ISSues containing the

1980-1995. Supervisors: Prof. P.L. Geschiere and

sending to me Development Issues regularly. I was highly delighted to read the sum-

I would therefore like to suggest that pover-

article on HIV. I am trying to make this a

mary of the paper by Keith Griffin, entitled

ty and marginalization of the rural poor in

point of interest in ASEAN-European

‘Problems of Poverty and Marginalization

developing economies should be selected

collaboration through ASEA-UNINET.

(vol. 2, number 2, September 2000). This

as one of the themes for a panel discussion

Hopefully many universities will join together

has helped me in revising my recent study

at the forthcoming 50th Alumni Conference

to conduct research on HIV, which has

on ‘A Tribal Village in Transition’, on the vil-

to be held at the ISS sometime during

already spread in Thailand and is now

Ranjit Dwivedi successfully defended his PhD

lage of Ghoriana Muvada in Gujarat. The tri-

2002. I am very keen to participate and to

spreading further to Vietnam, the

thesis on 29 January 2001 at the ISS.

bal people living in the remote tribal region

present a paper on this subject in that con-

Philippines and Indonesia.

Title: Resource Conflict and Collective Action:

of Panchmahals do not have sufficient

ference.

capabilities to earn a livelihood. This has led Joshi Vishnushanker H.

ment/underemployment is one of the prime

Rajkot, Gujarat, India

reasons for strengthening their

Information: schiphorst@iss.nl

The Sardar Sarovar Project in India. Dr. Susilo Wibowo

me to conclude that rampant unemploy-

Dr P.J.J. Konings.

pr4undip@semarang.wasantara.net.id

Supervisors: Prof. Martin Doorbos and Prof. Ashwani Saith. Information: dwivedi@iss.nl. Thesis can be ordered through: www.shaker.nl / book catalogue. Price: NLG 79.

7

D

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ISSues The Diaspora Spirit of the Bijlmer Amsterdam

© Gerrie ter Haar

PADS students’ field trip

In September 2000, a group of Politics of Alternative Development Strategies students from the ISS, led by Professor Gerrie ter Haar, PADS Convenor Dr. Rachel Kurian and administrator Karin Hirdes, went on a field trip to the Bijlmer area of Amsterdam. The Bijlmer has a rich community of immigrants from different parts of the world, especially Africa and Suriname. PADS participant Reginald Nalugala describes his impressions of the visit. The trip was arranged to familiarize

appreciation for their cultural-reli-

age journey back home, as in

the mainstream churches built a

with us. With this kind of mutual sup-

PADS students with the immigrants’

gious traditions, which played a very

Exodus, and beyond their homes to

worship complex. When our group

port, the migrants have built dykes of

situation, their cultural diversities and

important role in their lives in diaspo-

Heaven. They include Indians origin-

visited the Centre, it was alive with

community spirit far from home,

how they socialize themselves in a

ra. The people needed not only to

ally taken to Suriname as workers

worship. There were Roman Catho-

hoping that each day is a step closer

foreign land. As development stu-

work but also to worship in comfort.

and who have now emigrated to the

lics, Anglicans, Baptists, Pente-

to reaching their ‘homes’.

dents, the exposure would impart

costals. In total, 15 religious groups

Talcott Parsons (1951) defined cul-

and others from many different parts

meet there for service each Sunday.

How do these people survive? Most

ce of understanding and appreciating

ture as the functional whole, which is

of the world. They have formed com-

The Muslims have a mosque where

of the migrant people are casual

the communities we may encounter

cohesive, consensus and territorial.

munities of faith, which function like

the main group are Surinamese. The

labourers in the city of Amsterdam,

in our development work.

The Bijlmer visit gave us the expe-

an oiled government, with possibly

children and youth are exposed to

working a few hours a week to live.

The Bijlmer is located in the south-

rience of territorial and translocal cul-

all ‘ministries’ well represented. Their

the beauty of Islam by singing or

The young people go to school.

east of Amsterdam. It became a

ture (Nederveen 2000). Territorial cul-

own welfare system is enriched with

reciting the Madaras.

Some of the boys play in the famous

predominantly immigrant area when

ture is endogenous, inward looking,

love, concern, sharing meals, assis-

The more extreme evangelical

Ajax youth team.

the city council was seeking a solu-

within localities and regions. It is

ting those who have less, reaching

groups, isolated from the other

tion to their housing problems. The

community based, expressed and

out to the sick. The spirit of caring

groups at the complex, have taken

The Bijlmer has often been dismis-

immigrant groups needed basic

identified in societies and nations.

and sharing is crowned in the whole

over an area originally put aside for

sed as a haven for criminal activities

necessities like shelter, food, good

Translocal culture is exogenous,

experience of worship, with a rich

parking. It is a beehive of activity,

like drug peddling and muggings, a

health and a good social life. They

outward looking, sees culture at

traditional touch. Worship becomes

housing tens of churches, with loud

place where people create problems

were very thankful for the hospitality

crossroads, across borders, creating

the ultimate life that unites the immi-

speakers, live guitar music with sta-

for the affluent society, often in the

provided by the Dutch Government

networks, bringing strangers closer

grants with home and the cultures

ges like those used by Koffi Olomide,

name of religion. Some wonder why

on the whole, but something very

together. The Bijlmer people see

there. It is also an expression of

Zairean Kwasa Kwasa maestro. They

the city doesn’t just close up the

crucial was missing. There was little

themselves as united, on a pilgrim-

hope, that God will grant all that

produce lively music, with bountiful

whole place and send the people

they ask for.

harmony, soul searching lyrics, blen-

home. As development-oriented

© Gerrie Ter Haar

Netherlands, Somalis, Ghanaians

into our ‘young’ minds the importan-

ded with a natural African touch. You

people, what would be your view on

Some of the rich cultures expressed

can feel the beauty of worship from

the Bijlmer situation? Could we have

in the Bijlmer can be seen as you

Africa, where everything you do is for

a Bijlmer in our own countries, a

walk through the park. There is a

God. Dancing, laughter, collections,

whole district full of refugees from

beautiful statue of Aisha, the earth

the pastor’s words caressing your

across our borders?

Goddess from Suriname, which

soul with satisfaction and, of course,

unites the earth in the Netherlands

sharing in food, which is welcoming

Reginald Maudlin Nalugala can be

and the earth in Suriname. This gives

God at the table.

contacted at PADZK14@iss.nl

comfort to the immigrants.

‘How can you go hungry with God in

To meet the spiritual needs of the

you?’, the people told us at one pray-

many varied cultures in the Bijlmer,

er hall, where they shared their food

The Transnational Institute

A Meeting Point for Progressive Minds The Transnational Institute was founded in 1974

Fiona Dove

Orlando Letelier (1932-1976), Eqbal

sive scholars, artists and activists have

Ahmad (1933-1999) and Samuel Rubin

been involved in TNI projects.

as a worldwide fellowship of committed scholar-

(1901-1978)1 were each instrumental in

activists. It was one of the first research institutes

creating the Transnational Institute 25

Global Economics, Peace & Security and

years ago. They believed TNI could be a

Democratization Processes are the three

established to be transnational in name, composi-

meeting point for progressive minds to

central pillars of TNI’s activity and

tion, orientation and focus. In the spirit of public

discuss, analyse and create alternatives

research. Researchers and fellows

specifically targeted working and policy

to the problems of global poverty, exploi-

around the globe and those based in

papers as well as books and booklets,

scholarship, and aligned to no political party,

tation, human rights violations and a

Amsterdam study the circumstances of

often translated into a number of

TNI seeks to create and promote international

transnationalism that dis-regards the

contemporary political, economic and

languages and used by networks world-

human condition. At times a refuge for

social problems within and between

wide. The Global Economics Programme

cooperation in analysing and finding possible

intellectual exiles, TNI has provided many

these three domains. The extensive TNI

addresses the logic of neo-liberalism,

solutions to such global problems as militarism

writers and activists living under dicta-

network is mobilized to find those most

and the global financial architects inclu-

torships in Chile, Zimbabwe and the

appropriate to design and participate in

ding the World Trade Organization, the

and conflict, poverty and marginalization, social

Philippines, for example, access to

study groups and international conferen-

multilateral development banks and

injustice and environmental degradation.

publishers and platforms for discussion.

ces, and produce and disseminate

the International Monetary Fund, with

Since its inception, hundreds of progres-

research. This generally takes the form of

increasing attention on the corporate

8

>

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ISSues New research project

Coping with Crisis in Indonesia Comparative, local and historical dimensions The ‘coping with crisis’ project aims, through a number of local and

underlying structural changes and tensions

social aspects of resilience and vulnerability

in earlier periods of growth, stability and

The small-scale economic sector has been

development?

iewed both in the past and at present as an

window on more fundamental features of social, economic and political

2 Resources, rights and reforms

important economic and socio-political ‘safety

change. The project involves collaboration between various disciplines

What are the consequences of crisis for the

net’: generating employment for vulnerable

and between senior, mid-career and junior researchers from Indonesia

patterns of access, control and management

groups and also alleviating potential tensions

of natural and other resources?

by offering niches to indigenous middle classes

regional studies, to explore the experience of crisis in Indonesia as a

and the Netherlands. Ben White, Professor of Rural Sociology at ISS,

Does crisis result in shifts in patterns and

in small towns and rural areas.

will coordinate the project on the Dutch side on behalf of the CERES

processes of (dis)accumulation of land and

What has been the role of small-scale enter-

Research School, the Amsterdam School for Social Research and the

economic and social capital between social

prise in generating employment for vulnerable

groups? Have conflicts increased, and how

groups in periods of crisis? What coping strate-

have modes of conflict management changed,

gies are available to small-scale entrepreneurs,

in the context of economic and political crisis

and why do some branches of SSE fare better

Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. This four-year project is part of the Royal

mechanisms through which global and national

and reform?

than others? Does the phenomenon of ‘cluste-

Netherlands Academy of Sciences’ ‘Indonesia

economic or political convulsions are translated

3 Crises past and present: comparative study

ring’ promote resilience through fostering

in Transition’ research programme under the

into local impacts and responses remain un-

of crisis and response in modern Indonesian

cooperation, networking and alliances among

Netherlands-Indonesia Scientific Cooperation

clear. Crisis also exposes the failure or predica-

history (1930s-1990s)

entrepreneurs?

Programme. On the Indonesian side, it will be

ment of particular models of social, economic

How does the present crisis compare with

coordinated by the Population Studies Centre,

and/or political development and, by definition,

previous crises that have been experienced by

Gadjah Mada University; other participating

after crisis things will never be the same again.

the older generation of Indonesians; what were

bureaucracy at local and intermediate levels

Indonesian institutions are Hasanuddin

Comparative dimensions, historical depth and

their different impacts on different social groups

How far have processes of reform and demo-

University (Makassar), Andalas University

local-level research in its broader context, are

(along, for example, geographical, sectoral,

cratization affected the capacity of civil society

(Padang), Satya Wacana Christian University

thus important elements in the understanding

class and gender lines) and consequent

institutions to promote improvements in public

(Salatiga), and the Indonesian Institute of

of how Indonesians, in various places and

realignments in the distribution of wealth and

services and their responsiveness to local

Sciences (Jakarta). One post-doc researcher

social groups, experience and respond to the

power? The project will undertake comparative

needs and interests?

will be appointed at the ISS and it is expected

current ‘total’ crisis.

work covering not only the 1930s depression

that several PhD dissertations will be completed within the framework of the project.

5 Public services in times of crisis and reform: dynamics of civil society and government

but also the period of Japanese occupation

The project will rely mainly on local studies

The project focuses on five linked themes:

and independence struggles (1940s) and the

and particularly local re-studies, building on

1 Impact of the crisis on different social groups

serious economic crisis in the years immediate-

previous (pre-crisis) work by the project resear-

Indonesia’s current economic, political and

in rural and urban areas: crisis and response

ly before and after the political convulsion of

chers at local and intermediate levels.

social crisis has had different, often contradic-

as a window on Indonesian economy and

1965-66. This theme invites challenging colla-

Research will focus on selected urban and rural

society

tory and sometimes unexpected impacts in dif-

boration between the documentary and archi-

districts, mainly in Java, South Sulawesi and

ferent regions and different social groups. Crisis

How has the crisis been experienced by

val studies of historians and the local/oral histo-

West Sumatra.

in its various forms is nothing new in Indonesia;

different urban and rural social groups?

ry work which contemporary researchers can

some authors for example have viewed the

What have been their main modes of ‘coping’?

incorporate in their field studies.

period from the 1930s to the 1960s as one of

What forms of resilience and vulnerability are

4 Small-scale enterprises and the ‘informal

successive, almost continuous crises. The

manifested, and what do these reveal about the

Ben White can be contacted at whiteb@iss.nl

sector’ in times of crisis: economic and

sector. Those working within this pro-

emerging regional formations counte-

agenda. Specific areas of research

Programme strives to address a more

politics of foreign aid agencies and

gramme research areas as diverse as

ring the US-dominated and corporate-

and advocacy include the US-driven

pluralistic approach to political repre-

the disbursement of foreign aid.

the liberalization of financial markets,

driven trade regime will also take

war on drugs, the establishment of

sentation. Increasingly, citizen calls

year the arrest and subsequent

the privatization of public facilities,

centre stage.

Nuclear Weapon Free Zones, alterna-

for greater transparency and accoun-

efforts to bring General Augusto

tive regional security strategies inclu-

tability in governance and instances

Pinochet to trial for crimes against

the decline of the Washington Consensus, alternative trade regimes, the

The TNI Peace & Security programme

ding making the link between finan-

of outright revolt against neo-libera-

humanity held a unique place in

energy needs of the poor and climate

challenges conventional militaristic

cial crises, increasing poverty and the

lism point to the desire for a more

the hearts and minds of the TNI com-

change, and the growing unease

and nuclear security agendas. TNI

arms race, and the politics of humani-

substantive form of democracy. This

munity. TNI and the Institute for Policy

surrounding globalization (as was

advocates the opening of security

tarian action with a specific focus on

past year the programme has had

Studies (IPS) in Washington have

evident in the mass demonstrations

frameworks to include destabilizing

NATO’s role in Kosovo. Future areas

three dimensions. Firstly, it has focu-

campaigned for 23 years to bring

in Seattle, Washington and Prague).

realities such as socioeconomic dis-

of research will include alternatives to

sed on the democratization process

Pinochet to justice since the 1976

Over the course of the next year, this

parities and marginalization, political

the war on drugs and Plan Colombia,

in East Asia, the struggles beyond

assassination of former TNI Director

pro-gramme will continue to build on

exclusion and repression, environ-

the fate of the UN, and ‘new’ threats

formal elite democracy and the

Orlando Letelier and IPS Press Officer

existing research on the privatization

mental degradation, forced displace-

to security, which are defined and

impact of regionalization and globali-

Ronnie Moffit. This precedent-setting

of services and will work with other

ment of people due to large-scale

constructed by global powers – drug

zation. Secondly, the Drugs &

case is heralded as the beginning of a

transnational networks on the politics

development projects, the war on

traffickers and organized crime syndi-

Democracy project confronts the

new era of international human rights

and mechanics of the WTO’s General

drugs, and the forced migration of

cates, fundamentalists and ‘rogue’

obstacles to democratization in Latin

law and has prompted TNI to begin a

Agreement on Trade in Services

communities that might occur be-

states – and used to justify new and

America due to the militarized appro-

new project studying the implications

(GATS), the next round of trade nego-

cause of any of these conditions. The

continuing wars and weapon

ach to drugs production and traffic-

of international human rights law and

tiations under the WTO and alternati-

programme’s goal is to realize region-

research, production and sales.

king. The third dimension critically

the international criminal court.

ve trade and international taxation

al and global security frameworks

models. Regional trading blocks and

that include a comprehensive human

evaluates the civil society-building Finally, the Democratization

efforts of the past decade and the

Continued on page 10

9

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues

Marginalism and Life

Ali Salman

Economists say that marginalism lies at the core of economics. It is thinking and evaluating at the margins which helps in economic decision-making. ‘Don’t look at the “total” picture… think

continued from page 9

Dove

The Transnational Institute has been based in Amsterdam for twenty-five years hosting visiting scholars, in-house researchers and a

instead in terms of margins’, is one of the most consistent pieces of advice in any rudimentary course

small administrative and management staff.

in or about economics. In fact, the idea of marginalism has started altering the age-old maxims.

At the heart of TNI is the committed core of current fellows and advisors. They include

As one economist puts it: ‘Anything worth doing is only worth doing as well as is suggested by

journalists, independent researchers and seni-

comparing its marginal costs and marginal benefits.’ (Gasper: 2000/based on Rhoads: 1999)

or scholars from similar institutes in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Eastern and Western

Contrary to what some readers might be thin-

defeated by a margin of only a couple of votes.

day lives, we tend to explain our successes or

king, I do not intend to disagree. In fact, I want

In everyday life, we often find ourselves tired of

failures, not in terms of the total effort, but of

to strengthen this line of thinking. My argument

trying. We try and try again but fail each time.

the last attempt we made or did not make. We

Fiona Dove is an ISS alumna and Director of

is that success, in the case of most respected

Yet, on many of these occasions, just ‘one

describe and prescribe, therefore, in terms of

the TNI. The TNI can be contacted at

people in history, as well as in everyday life,

more’ attempt, just a marginal attempt, gets us

margins, without consciously knowing it.

tni@tni.org and through its website at

comes only at the margins.

through. For example, for the last four years I

Europe, Scandinavia and the USA.

http://www.tni.org I understand that the idea of marginalism is

Anyone who has the slightest interest in cricket

unromantic (Rhoads: 1999); but so is life at a

(1)

critical crossroads. For example, as a whole,

Orlando Letelier was the Minister of the

the life of successful people seems very roman-

Interior, Foreign Affairs, and Defence, as well

tic. We see these people in terms of ‘they

as the Chilean Ambassador to the USA, under

came, they saw, they conquered’, but often

the Allende government. He was imprisoned

overlook the critical moments of their lives,

for a year after the 1973 coup then went into

vain. It was the last session of the third day, at

during which they were perplexed, stumbling

exile in the USA where he became the Director

the margin of the day, when he had lost all hope,

and struggling at the margins. These marginal

of TNI in 1976. He was assassinated by

(the game in which, at any given moment, the

We are, in fact, thinking in terms

majority of players are standing still) knows Imran Khan. In his biography, he told the story

of margins, when we are hoping

of his first test match in 1973. He tried hard for the first three days to get a single wicket but in

against hope.

that he finally struck. He succeeded at the mar-

tried unsuccessfully to get a scholarship and I

moments are ignored and a ‘total’ and perfect

Pinochet’s men later that same year.

gin. A more direct example would be the 1968

decided that if I failed on the fifth attempt, I

picture emerges. This picture, suffice is to say,

Academic and international figure, Eqbal

presidential elections in the United States,

would forget about it. Fortunately, I succeeded

is incomplete. But probably, to see a better pic-

Ahmad was the first Director of TNI laying the

when presidential candidate Herbert Humphrey

– at the marginal point: by making one last

ture, we need a ‘history of marginalism in life’.

foundation for the network of scholar-activists

did not make it to the White House because

attempt. I am sure that readers of these lines

Practically speaking, however, only a few will

that would grow exponentially over 25 years.

Richard Nixon won by a small margin of a few

could cite much more interesting examples

bother with such finer and marginal details, and

Samuel Rubin, philanthropist and founder of

hundreds votes, the narrowest ever in American

from their own experience showing how life

will rather marginalize marginalism itself.

the Samuel Rubin Foundation, used his wealth

history. Even in developing countries like India,

works at the margins. We all know the saying:

we find examples of losing or succeeding (it de-

light at the end of the tunnel. We are, in fact,

Ali Salman is the chairman of Scholas, the ISS

‘plunder, hunger and devastation caused by

pends which party do you belong to) at the mar-

thinking in terms of margins when we are

students’ association, and a participant in the

Western capitalism, resulting in the immorality

gins. In 1998, the main opposition party Congress

hoping against hope. Even when we fail, we

Masters Programme in Public Policy and

and the inequity of disparity between the rich

(I), tabled a motion of no confidence against the

often say: ‘If only I had made one more

Administration. He can be contacted at

and poor.’ The Rubin Foundation has been a

incumbent Prime Minister; the mo- tion was

attempt, I would have succeeded. In our every-

PPAZK01@iss.nl

constant and loyal supporter of TNI’s work.

continued from page 1

to address what he considered the appalling

Raymond Apthorpe that was put into the assistance in fact

this is what such a way of speaking and

rian imperative’. An ever-expanding series of

crowded out what should have been no less

thinking represents and engenders. Here lies

evaluations of humanitarian assistance pro-

an effort – indeed a greater effort – put into

a third incarnation of alibi for humanitarian stu-

grammes which look at both operational activi-

conflict-resolution and peacebuilding initiatives.

dies to explore: substitutions of ‘crisis’ for ‘con-

ties and policy. Agencies’ own introspective

From a meta-evaluation of some fifty evalu-

flict’. Some ideas and positions will of course

‘lesson learning’ endeavours which aim to

ations of the humanitarian assistance in

be easier to trans-substantiate from one field to

improve the way their humanitarian assistance

Kosovo last year, a second incarnation emer-

the other. Difficult ones are likely to include the

is planned and delivered (and monitored and

ges, this time the extent to which the effort that

concept of ‘vulnerability’, because it means dif-

evaluated). Heartfelt and cognitively spirited

went into humanitarian assistance (for example

ferent things in development and humanitarian

explorations of humanitarian entry and exit

as regards food and health) in effect acted as

studies. Several issues are also still under-

dilemmas and paradoxes. Some social anthro-

an alibi for not giving at least equal attention to

researched, such as those surrounding

pology of war and warriors. The analyses in

human rights. Claims by refugee agencies that,

psycho-social interventions.

various annual publications of record and ana-

thanks to their efforts in Kosovo, ‘no one

There are also some ‘methodologically indivi-

Raymond Apthorpe was Professor of Sociology

lysis on the state of refugees, natural disasters,

starved and no one died’, miss the point that

dualistic’ approaches in humanitarian studies to

and of Social Anthropology and Development

related emergency aid efforts and outcomes,

the crisis was one more of protection than

be exorcised, as for example where something

Studies at the ISS from 1975 from 1986, and

and so on and so forth.

hunger and health anyway. As ever in all social

more social and cultural - political and green -

Dean of Studies from 1976 to 1978.

© Raymond Apthorpe

and Red Crescent concepts of ‘the humanita-

Raymond Apthorpe among his students

and economic studies and the humanities,

has yet to gain the momentum it deserves.

He is currently attached to the Australian

The humanitarian alibi

there is also the rich area of frames and dis-

Assistance agencies’ unexamined ideas of

National University en can be contacted at:

There are also various explorations of different

courses to explore. For example, most humani-

‘ethnicity’ are some cases in point - despite

apthorpe@lycos.com

incarnations of ‘the humanitarian alibi’. One

tarian agencies prefer to speak of the ‘Kosovo

the gains that responsible social - and political

of these surfaced in the major evaluation of

crisis’ not the ‘Kosovo conflict’. Whether, by

and ethical - analysis of conflict and reactions

humanitarian assistance after the genocide in

using the former expression, they actually

and responses have made in humanitarian

Rwanda. This study complained that the effort

intend to downplay the politics of the problem,

studies thus far.

10

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues

Internet Resources on International Development The amount of information on the Internet is truly daunting. Information on international development is equally overwhelming. To help you find relevant, high quality resources, ISS Senior Information Specialist Saskia Scheffer has drawn up a list of authoritative websites which are both interesting in themselves and which provide links to other development-related sites. Three of them, Eldis, the Internet Scout Project and SOSIG are metasites and are highly recommended. Unlike search engines which generate webpages via an automated process, these gateways contain information on Internet resources that are selected by librarians or subject specialists and are next described and presented in an organized way. The list is by no means exhaustive, but these sites can be used as starting points in your search for development-related information. In the next Development ISSues, there will be a list of sites where you can obtain statistical data on development. And for those who might need a helping hand sifting their way through the worldwide web, there will be a few sites offering guides, tutorials or information on search engines. Of course, you can also check out the ISS website and look under ‘Library’ and ‘Links’. Suggestions for websites, especially from the South are most welcome. You can contact Saskia Scheffer at scheffer@iss.nl.

Development-related websites Eldis - Gateway to Development Information http://nt1.ids.ac.uk/eldis/

environmental problems through research. The IDRC library maintains

Oneworld.net http://www.oneworld.net

www. . . . . . events, a job bank, the Sustainability

Virtual Library on International

Web Ring, mailing lists and news

Development

a comprehensive list of websites

OneWorld is an international network

sites dealing with sustainable deve-

Eldis is a gateway to online informa-

related to international development

of cooperative centres, held together

lopment. By following the links

tion on development in countries of

called ‘To the World’.

by OneWorld International.

through the Web Ring, you will find

the South. It is hosted by the Institute

IDRC’s electronic magazine ‘Reports

The centres are made up of hundreds

information from around the world on

A huge collection of links to interna-

of Development Studies (IDS),

online’ keeps readers informed about

of participating organizations (mostly

how to deal with such crucial issues

tional development-related sites and

Sussex, UK. Coverage includes

research work in the South.

NGOs) working for human rights and

as climate change, cleaner produc-

documents on the Internet, maintai-

social, economic, political and

It is available both in English and

sustainable development. At present

tion, waste, poverty, consumerism,

ned by the Canadian International

environmental issues. Eldis makes a

French at http://www.idrc.ca/reports/

there are eight OneWorld centres – in

natural resource management and

Development Agency (CIDA).

Lusaka, Trento, London, Vienna,

governance.

Especially noteworthy are the links in

qualitative selection of materials and

http://w3.acdi.cida.gc.ca/ virtual.nsf

structures it for easy access. It pro-

Information Services at IDS

Maastricht, Washington, New Delhi

vides for example major websites

(http://www.ids.ac.uk/)

and Helsinki. They work together to

SOSIG – Social Science Information

Desk, under the heading ‘portals for

covering 40 development sectors and

Access point for Eldis, IDS, ID21

support the OneWorld partner organi-

Gateway

international development’.

it has compiled a number of country

(research reporting service, summa-

zations and create the OneWorld

profiles. More generally, it provides

ries of latest development research),

webpages for their particular regions.

SOSIG provides thousands of selec-

descriptions and links to a variety of

BRIDGE (information and analysis

The site provides news, information

ted high quality Internet resources

information sources, including web-

service on development and gender)

on campaigns, a think-tank, a job

relevant to researchers and practitio-

The homepage of the World Bank

sites, databases, library catalogues,

and BLDS (British Library for

bank, in-depth reports and speciali-

ners in the social sciences, business

Group as a whole, with latest news

bibliographies, email discussion lists,

Development Studies). The BLDS

zed guides which can be searched by

and law. It is part of the UK Resource

on the Group’s activities and links

research project information, and

database contains records of over

subject or country.

Discovery Network. You can search

to the sites of the organizations

map and newspaper collections.

120,000 printed documents held by

the section Development Reference

http://sosig.ac.uk World Bank Group http://www.worldbank.org

or browse the SOSIG Internet

comprising the Group. Under the link

the Library – all serial titles, mono-

PRAXIS – Resources for Social and

Catalogue by subject area. The cata-

‘World Bank Online Library’ you can

EUFORIC - Europe’s Forum on

graphs acquired since 1987 and arti-

Economic Development

logue is an online database of

find full-text publications or publica-

International Cooperation http://euforic.org/

cles selectively indexed since 1990.

Internet resources with content

tion summaries like that of the World

descriptions and direct access to

Development Reports. For informa-

Euforic focuses on European deve-

materials catalogued by Eldis in a

those resources. You can also search

tion on specific topics you can click

lopment cooperation policies and

combined online and printed search,

PRAXIS is the international develop-

by using the Social Science Search

on ‘Topics and Sectors’ under the

related issues. The website contains

in combined subject guides, or

ment homepage of Prof. R.J. Estes of

Engine, which is a database of over

heading ‘what we do’.

a wealth of information of various

independently.

the University of Pennsylvania.

50,000 social science webpages. The

PRAXIS provides access to a vast

feature ‘Social Science Grapevine’ is

array of archival resources on interna-

the ‘people-oriented’ side of SOSIG,

tional and comparative social deve-

offering an online source of career

It is possible to search online

kinds and in different languages. Several thousands of full-text resour-

Internet Scout Project

http://caster.ssw.upenn.edu/ ~restes.praxis.html

ces from more than 55 organizations

http://scout.cs.wisc.edu/report/

are searchable by theme or country.

The Internet Scout Project provides

lopment. The intellectual commitment

development opportunities for social

Other types of information such as

authoritative Internet resources that

of PRAXIS is to the promotion of

science researchers in all sectors.

directories, country specific informa-

are filtered and selected by librarians

positive social change through infor-

tion, discussions and a calendar of

and content specialists. The informa-

med action.

activities are presented as well.

tion is described, organized and provided in various formats, including

SD Gateway – Sustainable

IDRC – International Development

email (Scout reports) and the Web.

Development

Research Centre

To keep informed about new Internet

http://www.idrc.ca/

http://sdgateway/net

WWW VL : Sustainable Development http://www.ulb.ac.be/ ceese/meta/sustvl.html A comprehensive list of Internet sites dealing with sustainable deve-

USAID – US Agency for International

lopment, including organizations,

Development

projects and activities, electronic

http://www.info.usaid.gov/

journals, libraries, references and

Under the heading ‘USAID publica-

documents, databases, directories

tions’ you will find a link to the

or metadatabases.

resources you can subscribe freely

The SD Gateway integrates the on-

‘Development Experience System

The site is maintained by the Center

The International Development

to the weekly Scout report or to

line information developed by mem-

(DEXS)’ which is a family of biblio-

for Economic and Social Studies on

Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada is

one of the three biweekly subject-

bers of the Sustainable Development

graphic databases that contains

the Environment , at the Université

a public corporation created by the

specific Scout reports (Social

Communications Network (SDCN).

records for about 100,000 USAID

Libre de Bruxelles.

Canadian government to help com-

Sciences, Business & Economics,

In addition to over 1,200 documents

technical and programme documents

It is part of the WWW Virtual Library

munities in the developing world find

and Science & Engineering).

available in SD Topics, the site provi-

(many full-text).

(http://vlib.org/).

solutions to social, economic and

des services such as a calendar of

11

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues Working Papers ISS WORKING PAPERS GENERAL SERIES • ISSN 0921-0210

ISS Working Papers can be purchased or ordered from:

326

Rob Vos and Niek de Jong Rising Inequality during Economic Liberalization and Crisis: Macro or Micro Causes in

The Bookshop

Ecuador’s Case? (December 2000)

P.O. Box 29776

327

Jan Nederveen Pieterse Social Capital, Migration and Cultural Difference: beyond Ethnic Economics (December 2000)

2502 LT The Hague

328

Paschal B. Mihyo European Union Environmental Regulations and their Potential Impact on Market Access for Africa’s

The Netherlands

Exports (January 2001)

Telefax: 31 70 4260799

329

Yosef Gebrehiwot Targeting Food Aid to the Rural Food Insecure: Evidence and Lessons from Ethiopia (January 2001)

For a complete list of Working Papers see the ISS website.

330

José Francisco Pacheco Jiménez Business Cycles in Small Open Economies: the Case of Costa Rica (February 2001)

Publications New Books from CESTRAD

Fatos Tarifa and Max Spoor (eds.)

de Gaay Fortman, Gerrit Valk, Remzi

UNDP/RBEC, Max Spoor (ed.) (2000),

ISBN 92-1-1261130-9; 134 pp.

(2000), The First Decade and After:

Lani and Brigitte Holzner.

Beyond Transition: Ten Years after

Special price: NLG 45 (excl. postage)

Albania’s Democratic Transition and

ISBN 90-6490-044-2; 132 pp.

the Fall of the Berlin Wall, UNDP with

Consolidation in the Context of

Special price: NLG 20 (excl. postage)

CESTRAD and the ISS, Bratislava

Fatos Tarifa (ed.) (2001), The

Southeast Europe, CESTRAD/ISS,

This edited volume presents critical

Breakdown of State Socialism and

The Hague

contributions that analyse the de-

the Emerging Post-Socialist Order,

Based on papers presented by an

cade of transition following the fall of

CESTRAD/ISS, The Hague

international panel of academic

the Berlin Wall. With contributions by

This book analyses key aspects of

specialists and high-level Albanian

Max Spoor, Anton Kruiderink, Hans

the transition in Central and Eastern

politicians, presented at a conference

Sondaal, Ruslan Grinberg, Michael

Europe, many of which have not until

on 9 November 2000 in The Hague,

Ellman, Jacques Sapir, Valery

now been covered within the main-

this collection focuses on the demo-

Koshelev, Robert McIntyre, Josef

stream literature, with its narrow fo-

cratic transition in Albania, in the

Pöschl, Archie Brown, Paul Stevens,

cus on the transition from plan to mar-

ISBN 90-6490-045-0; 230 pp.

troubled context of Southeast

Amy Myers Jaffe, Mehdi Parvizi

ket. With contributions by Max Spoor,

Price: NLG 35 (excl. postage)

Europe. With contributions by Fatos

Amineh, Hans Opschoor, Karel

Fatos Tarifa, Wolf Heydebrand, Steven

Tarifa, Max Spoor, Ilir Meta, Paskal

Jansen, Rob Vos, Guy Standing,

Pfaff, Christiane Lemke, Eric Hanley,

Milo, Anthony Oberschall, Genc Ruli,

Deniz Kandiyoti, Gerard Libaridian

Ivan Szelenyi, Barbara Heyns, Lynne

These books can be ordered by email

Barbara Heyns, Mimoza Kondo, Bas

and Ivan Krastev.

Haney and Bas de Gaay Fortman.

from cestrad@iss.nl.

The journal Development and Change is published five times a year by Blackwell Publishers (Oxford, UK) on behalf of the Institute of Social Studies. For more information, see the ISS web site, or email us at d&c@iss.nl. Available online at http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/online

Volume 32 January 2001 Development ISSues is published three times a year by: Institute of Social Studies PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Tel: + 31 (0)70 4260 443 or 4260 525 Fax: + 31 (0)70 4260 799 ISS website: www.iss.nl Email: DevISSues@iss.nl Editors: René Bekius, Andy Brown Editorial assistant: Karen Shaw Editorial Board: Karin Arts, Erhard Berner, Max Spoor, Peter de Valk, Daniel C. Oshi and Sakura Yamasaki (Scholas) Photos: Jager & Krijger Design and Production: Seinen & v. Leeuwen Circulation 9,000 Material from Development ISSues may be reproduced or adapted without permission, provided it is not distributed for profit and is attributed to the original author(s), Development ISSues and the Institute of

Number 1

projects concerned. ISSN: 1566-4821 The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.

12

Number 2

t n e m p o l e v e e g D n a h C d n a

GIOVANNI ADREA CORNIA Social Funds in Stabilization and Adjustment Programmes: A Critique

MARIANO TORRAS Welfare Accounting and the Environment: Reassessing Brazilian Economic Growth, 1965-1993

AILI MARI TRIPP

DAVID EDMUNDS

Women’s Movements and Challenges to Neopatrimonial Rule in Africa

AND

A Strategic Approach to Multistakeholder Negotiations

EVA WOLLENBERG

LYNN S. KHADIAGALA The Failure of Popular Justice in Uganda: Local Councils and Women’s Property Rights

DARRYN SNELL

AND

IAN LIVINGSTONE AND Financing Decentralized Development in a Low-Income Country: Raising Revenue for ROGER CHARLTON Local Government in Uganda KENT EATON

Political Obstacles to Decentralization: Evidence from Argentina and the Philippines

EDWARD X. GU

Beyond the Property Rights Approach: Welfare Policy and the Reform of StateOwned Enterprises in China

Social Studies. Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are by courtesy of the

Volume 32 February 2001

SATENDRA PRASAD

A. H. J. HELMSING Externalities, Learning and Governance: New Perspectives on Local Economic Development’

RAGHAV GAIHA, On the Targeting and Cost-Effectiveness of Anti-Poverty Programmes in Rural India KATSUSHI IMAI AND P. D. KAUSHIK KAREL JANSEN

CRAIG C. THORBURN The House that Poison Built: Customary Marine Property Rights and the Live Food Fish Trade in the Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku

‘Benchmarking’ and Participatory Development: The Case of Fiji’s Sugar Industry Reforms

Thailand: The Making of a Miracle?