DETAIL English 2/2016 - Timber Construction

ISSN 1614-4600 · MAR · APR £13 · US$ 24.50 · €18.90

English Edition

Review of Architecture and Construction Details · Timber Construction · Vol. 2016 · 2

∂ Review of Architecture Vol. 2, 2016 • Timber Construction Editorial office: E-mail: redaktion@detail.de Tel.: +49 (0) 89 38 16 20-57 Christian Schittich (editor-in-chief) Sabine Drey, Andreas Gabriel, Frank Kaltenbach, Julia Liese, Thomas Madlener, Emilia Margaretha, Peter Popp, Maria Remter, Edith Walter; Sophie Karst, Christa Schicker (freelance assistants) Dejanira Ornelas Bitterer, Marion Griese, Emese M. Köszegi, Simon Kramer (drawings) Product editors: Meike Regina Weber (editor-in-chief) Katja Reich, Hildegard Wänger, Tim Westphal, Jenny Clay Elise Feiersinger (pp. 112–176); Marc Selway (pp. 178 –205) (English translations) Advertising: E-mail: anzeigen@detail.de Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-48 Advertisement Sales Representative Cézanne Sales Services Denise Cézanne-Güttich Rotdornstr. 2 D–41352 Korschenbroich T: +49 (0)2182 578 39 73 F: +49 (0)2182 578 39 75 M: +49 (0)172 821 0095 E: dcg_detail@cezannesales.com Distribution and marketing: E-mail: mail@detail.de Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-0 Subscription contact and customer service: Vertriebsunion Meynen Grosse Hub 10 65344 Eltville, Germany E-mail: detailabo@vertriebsunion.de Tel.: +49 (0) 61-23 92 38-211 Fax: +49 (0) 61-23 92 38-212 Publisher and editorial office: Institut für internationale ArchitekturDokumentation GmbH & Co. KG Hackerbrücke 6 80335 Munich Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-0 Fax: +49 (0) 89-39 86 70 www.detail.de/english

Discussion 112 Editorial 114 Revolution and Continuity in Wood Construction

Stefan Krötsch, Wolfgang Huß

Reports 122 Soho Fuxing Lu – an Urban District for Shanghai

Oliver G. Hamm 126 Books, Exhibitions

Documentation 128 Goat Shelter in Seubersdorf

Kühnlein Architektur, Berching 130 Holiday Home on Lago Todos los Santos

Apio Arquitectos, Santiago de Chile 134 Nursery School in Hamburg

Kraus Schönberg Architekten, Hamburg 139 Pre-school in Lugano

Bruno Fioretti Marquez Architekten, Berlin 144 Multi-generational Residence in ­Okazaki

Katsutoshi Sasaki + Associates, Toyota 148 Residence in Amsterdam

meesvisser, Amsterdam 154 Renovation of a Holiday Flat in Ernen

Zimmer Schmidt Architekten, Zurich 159 Recycling Centre in Feldkirch

Marte.Marte Architekten, Weiler 164 European School in Frankfurt am Main

NKBAK, Frankfurt am Main

Technology 172 Integral Mechanical Attachments for Folded Plates of Composite-wood Panels

Christopher Robeller, Yves Weinand

Products 178 186 192 200

Timber Construction Materials and Finishes Windows, Doors and Entrances Heating, Ventilation and MVHR

206 Service 212 Persons and organizations involved in the planning • Contractors and suppliers 214 Programme • Photo credits • Editorial and publishing data

Editorial

Timber Construction As the demands placed on environmentally sound construction increase, wood – a renwable resource – is undoubtedly gaining significance. New areas of application have emerged, and the material is being employed with increasing frequency in mutli-storey buildings in urban settings. One such example is the urban residence in Amsterdam by meesvisser (see p. 148ff.), which was erected quickly on a tight budget.

Another approach is to employ a high degree of fabrication, as exemplified by the pre-school in Lugano

by Bruno Fioretti Marquez Architekten (see p. 139ff.).

New jointing techniques and materials, in combination with other materials, open up new possibilities both with regard to load-bearing structure and design.

Moreover, as demonstrated by a boathouse in Chile (see p. 130ff.) and the European School in Frankfurt (see p. 164ff.), in which both coniferous wood and high-performance beechwood LVL were employed, mixing different types of wood is no longer taboo.

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Revolution and Continuity in Wood ­Construction Stefan Krötsch, Wolfgang Huß

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“The basic component of contemporary ­timber construction is no longer the stick – it’s the panel.”1 Sixteen years ago Andrea Deplazes formulated the expectation that modern wood construction would move away from sticks – or studs – toward panelised construction, and consequently, ­panelised tectonics. Timber construction’s re-orientation at the turn of the millennium continues to leave its mark – it was a fundamental change. The new possibilities inspire designers and heighten expectations – also with regard to ecological criteria to be met by the construction industry. The bigger picture: the technological leap occurred against the backdrop of a politically

charged worldwide re-conception of what “thinking green” means – a re-conception spurred by global warming. Germany played a leading role in the run-up to the 1997 Kyoto conference and made a commitment to a greater reduction of greenhouse gases than other countries. As a result, due to its ecological properties (efficiency as insulation and as load-bearing structure), the demand for wood grew.

Innovation and rediscoveries In this context, several developments in building materials took place around the year 2000; in addition, materials and assemblies already in existence were devel-

oped further and used in new applications.

Since the 1990s, for example, oriented strand board – which was developed in the 1950s in the USA – has been increasingly important here in Germany in panelised construction.

Wood-concrete composite floor Back in 1922, Paul Müller obtained the first patent for the development of a floor of wood planks or boards standing on edge with a layer of concrete on top of them – the first known patent for a wood-concrete composite, load-bearing component in the German-speaking lands. The intention was to reduce the consumption of steel and ­concrete, which were relatively expensive materials, during the period of austerity between the world wars.

During the 1980s the research on this construction method resumed, and a decade later it led to a large number of novel connections and assemblies. The goal is no longer to reduce the use of concrete, but rather to improve the fire safety and acoustic performance, as well as to increase the stiffness, of wood.

Edge-fixed timber elements Back then, edge-fixed timber elements had already been in circulation for decades.

But instead of connecting the boards with nails, as was the original practice, they are now connected my means of well-dried obliquely inserted hardwood dowels. In this way the elements can be treated as solid wood, which causes less wear and tear on the tools. Building components that can support large loads with a minimised crosssection and completely free of adhesives can be produced using simple, inexpensive planks.

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Timber box-element floors The development of the timber box-element floor is heading in the opposite direction: the combined forces of structural members act in response to the anisotropy and linearity of the loads. By gluing the ribs to the panels, the members are unified structurally

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Discussion

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Energy-efficient apartment building in Ansbach, 2013 architects: Deppisch Architekten 11, 12 Ammerwald Hotel in Reutte, 2009 architects: Oskar Leo Kaufmann and Albert Rüf

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ple as dovetail connections of the frame inside the timber platform frame components.

Planning attuned to the material Everyday practice presents considerable challenges to architects and engineers. On the one hand, specific knowledge of materials, structures, and the accompanying complexity is a prerequisite to a cost-effective realisation. On the other hand, in Germany the planning processes and the architects’ fees are based on buildings erected in brick masonry, concrete or steel. Wood construction, in contrast, is characterised by a considerable time investment in specific products by different producers and the predi-

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lections and production processes of individual wood construction firms. In order to avoid an inefficient time investment (in other words, not to have to redesign the project), attempts are often made to deviate from standard planning and commissioning procedures: this can be accomplished by involving the wood construction firm in the planning and awarding it the contract at a very early stage. In synchrony with this are the ever-increasing demands for standardisation of building components, connections and types of execution.

Self-fulfilling prophecy The expectations placed on wood construc-

tion have remained relatively unchanged since the beginning of the millennium, yet they have already led to major technological improvements: high-performance, innovative firms have established themselves, a rich variety of exceptional buildings have been erected which have had a rippling effect and help convince prospective clients. Though it is true that wood construction has yet to become commonplace, it has long veered away from niches such as building in a rural setting, temporary structures, and eco-folklore. In nearly every area, timber construction has become economically competitive and offers high-quality alternatives to con-

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Andrea Deplazes, Timber – Indifferent, Synthetic, in: DETAIL 1/2000, Timber Construction, p. 23 2 Sampo Widmann, response to survey, in: Zuschnitt 1, 5/2001, Wohnen im Holzstock, p. 19 3 Hermann Kaufmann, response to survey, in: Zuschnitt 1, 5/2001, Wohnen im Holzstock, p. 19 4 Joseph Hohensinn, response to survey, in: Zuschnitt 1, 5/2001, Wohnen im Holzstock, p. 17 5 Hannes and Rotraut Weeber, Wohnungen in Holzbauweise – Bautechnische, wirtschaftliche und ­sozialwissenschaftliche Nachuntersuchung der Modellvorhaben, Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern, Oberste Baubehörde (ed.), Munich, 2000, p. 5 1

13, 14 S t Loup Chapel, 2008 local architecture 15 Panelised wood components

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ventional construction methods without losing its ecological advantages. The basis of the material is as simple as it is immediate: the renewable resource is produced naturally in nearly limitless quantities. The energy is furnished by the sun.

On top of that, wood is composed primarily of carbon – which, as carbon dioxide, is taken out of the atmosphere, thereby playing a role in environmental protection. At the end of its useful life span it can readily be recycled or utilised in some other manner.

In certain areas wood construction has not only become a match for other construction methods such as brick or concrete, it even clearly surpasses them. This is particularly

true in areas that will play an essential role in future construction: energy efficiency, resourcefulness, and the use of prefabricated components to yield improvements in quality and the construction process.

During the last two decades, all this has been confirmed on site.

The visionary ideas that emerged twenty years ago are still up to date. The fact that they are still in use proves how vital they are to contemporary timber construction.

As architectural fashions have come and gone, wood has become established as a modern building material – and there is even greater potential to be tapped in the future.

cross-laminated timber floor element

timber box-element floor

edge-fixed timber wall element

cross-laminated timber wall element

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prefab panel construction

Documentation

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Holiday Home on Lago Todos los Santos Architects: Apio Arquitectos, Santiago de Chile Team: Angie Chadwick Stuardo, Cristian Rodriguez Ruiz-Tagle Structural engineer: Gustavo Gómez Korn, Santiago de Chile Others involved in the project: see page 212

Lago Todos los Santos (literally: All Saints’ Lake) is situated at the heart of Vicente Pérez Rosales, Chile’s oldest national park.

Due its large population of fish, the remote body of water is particularly popular among those with a passion for catching them. The majority of the structures on the coast are only accessible by boat, and this is also true of this holiday home situated on the lake’s steep southern shore. The fact that the construction materials had to be delivered by boat was just one of the challenges the architects faced: the site is a rocky cliff at a 70° angle and is surrounded by delicate flora. On top of that, over the course of a year the water level fluctuates as much as 4 metres. The solution was to place the house on a raised platform and to link it to a floating pier by means of bridges and stairs.

The excavation for the 20 in-situ concrete point foundations had to be done by hand.

Steel tubing embedded in the foundations supports a platform of steel beams with welded connections. Wood grating, which is sheathed with oriented strand board, is situated atop it. In this manner a firm base was created: this made it possible to position the walls of the wood-stud construction independent of the steel-beam grid.

Because the climate is cool and damp – 9 months of the year it rains nearly every day – the entire building envelope was clad in profiled steel sheet. The panels, which are coated in a dark shade of grey and whose narrow ridges face outward, are intended to bring to mind traditional reverse board-andbatten wood siding. Waterproofed pine was selected to fit out the interiors of the holiday home; it was also employed for the planking of the terraces and exterior walls sheltered by the roof from the wind and the rain. A black bituminous coating protects them from weathering. Living areas, the kitchen and the partially covered terrace are oriented towards the lake, while auxiliary spaces face the cliff. A covered walkway runs along the cliff side: it links the main entrance and the kitchen to the adjoining outdoor vestibule; the latter provides space for cleaning fish and storing the fishing equipment.

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Documentation

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Holiday Home on Lago Todos los Santos

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sheet steel gutter, galvanised 20 mm OSB 100/50 mm pine rafters 200/50 mm pine rafters 0.5 mm profiled sheet metal, galvanised, polyester coating polythene membrane 18 mm OSB mineral wool between 50/50 mm battens vapour barrier 9 mm OSB

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6 mm pine cladding 0.5 mm profiled sheet metal, galvanised, polyester coating 20 mm OSB 6 mm pine cladding 20 mm OSB; 200/50 pine beam railing: 50/20 mm steel RHS 50/50 mm steel SHS post infill: expanded metal in steel frame terrace floor construction:

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150/50 mm pine, waterproofed, oiled 75/75/3 mm steel SHS double glazing in PVC frame structural platform of 2≈ 200/75/5 mm steel channels column: Ø 200 mm steel CHS, welded to anchor plate floor construction: 13 mm pre-finished oak flooring, white pigment

50 mm screed; separating layer 18 mm OSB structural platform of 100/50 mm squared pine 13 bituminous seal coat 150/20 mm pine cladding polythene membrane 18 mm OSB 100 mm mineral wool between 50/100 mm timber post-and-rail vapour barrier 150/10 mm pine cladding

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Documentation

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Technology

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Integral Mechanical Attachments for Folded Plates of Composite-wood Panels Christopher Robeller, Yves Weinand

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In certain types of structures, the disciplines architecture and structural engineering overlap in a special way. As a system that both defines space and directs loads, ­folded-plate s­ tructures are the result of a synthesis of these two fields. In so-called surface-active load-bearing systems, ­several beams that function as slabs or ­panels are combined as an interdependent system. In these strucures, the connections along the edges play an especially important role.

In 1930, Georg Ehlers was the first to describe the principle of “self-supporting folded-plate structures”. He had noticed that on account of the folded shape of their cross-

sections, fuel reservoirs of reinforced concrete slabs required no additional bracing elements. The form itself, in which the ­relatively thin and lightweight planar structural members did not act individually, but as a coherent system, provided sufficient stiffness. Above all, the in-situ concrete ­construction method, which Hermann ­Craemer referred to as “monolithic”, made this possible.

In the following decades, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, a large number of foldedplate structures were realised, above all for self-supporting structures that must be column-free – for example in sports halls or warehouses. At the time, newly developed prefabricated, pre-tensioned concrete components were increasingly becoming competitive with in-situ concrete. In comparison to the labour-intensive formwork necessary for in-situ concrete, it shifts a significant amount of on-site labour to the prefabrication hall. This principle can also be transferred to planar structures with folds, whereas folded modules are produced serially and transported to the building site.

This was the first time separate connections were required between the building component edges. To this end, typically the reinforcement extending beyond the edge of the modules was welded together and the openings were filled in.

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New materials, new forms At the time, the experiments that were made in materials science placed emphasis on alternative materials. For example, trials were made with lightweight temporary structures of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) – a translucent material. The focus was again on the simplification of the assembly – and, in some cases, disassembly – of the structure on site, made possible through the lightweight construction method, prefabrication and the serial production of the modules.

This was the first trial with folded-plate structures with folds in two directions and consisting of a large number of small modules. Zygmunt Stanislaw Makowski and Pieter Huybers made studies of the so-called

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“anti-prismatic folded-plate vault”, in which through the triangulation of a barrel surface, structurally efficient stiffening diagonals were created in cross-section (ills. 1, 2).

Here too, as the number of modules grew, the increasing number of edge connections posed an ever-greater challenge. Next to elaborate laminations, bolted connections were often employed. In the end, however, structures employing glass-reinforced-plastic panels did not gain a foothold on a wider scale.

The large-format composite-wood panel is an alternative material for folded plate ­structures; since the turn of the millennium, due to the growing level of ecological awareness they have increasingly been ­employed. For example, the music rehearsal hall in Thannhausen, Germany (2001) is a folded-plate structure made of glue-laminated timber (Architect: Regina Schineis, Augsburg, Germany).

The concept of the folded-plate vault was ­also reinterpreted: in 2006, IBOIS, a wood construction institute at the EPFL Lausanne, studied a folded-plate barrel vault made of veneer plywood panels (ill. 5). The folding pattern of this prototype was inspired by Japanese origami, and the panels were connected along their mitred edges by means of wood bolts. Structural tests and loading tests of these folded plates demonstrated an interesting load-bearing capacity, with particular potential for improvement in the connections (ill. 3).

The return of integral mechanical attachments in wood construction Over a long period of time, carpentry connections were made with hand tools such as axes, saws and chisels. These traditional connections used the form of the building component itself to transfer loads. This concept is referred to as “integral mechanical attachment”.

The dissemination of machine technology during industrialisation made these integral connection techniques increasingly uneconomical. To a large degree, mechanical means of attachment such as screws or

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Integral Mechical Attachments for Folded Plates of Composite-wood Panels

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“target surfaces” must also be taken into consideration. Consequently, for anti-prismatic folded-plate structures, for example, only surfaces that can be curved to a relatively high degree can be used. The prototype depicted in illustrations 15 to 17 employs an alternative folding pattern in which surfaces that can only be curved to a lesser degree can be used for the folded-plate structure.

Integral details The integral panel connections presented in this article constitute an important step in the development of folded-plate structures made of composite-wood panels. Further mechanical studies such as those being carried out at IBOIS in Lausanne are necessary before they can be used in large-scale structures. Automated production technology – for example, multi-axis joinery machines, processing centres and industrial robots – has gained a foothold in wood ­construction. This facilitates efficient production of functionally and aesthetically integrated details, thanks in large part to wood’s low weight and the relatively low amount of embedded energy. Inspiration for the new techniques can be had in the elaborate details of European and Asian carpentry. New materials and applications trigger innovation and adaptation.

15 –17 Prototype with two layers, 2015

Christopher Robeller is an architect and postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratory for Timber Constructions IBOIS at the EPF Lausanne. His doctorate deals with integral attachments for foldedplate structures in wood.

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Yves Weinand is an architect and structural engineer. He is the principal of the Bureau d’Etudes Weinand in Liege/Belgium. Since 2004 Weinand has served as professor and head of the department at the Laboratory for Timber Constructions IBOIS at the EPF Lau­sanne.

Products

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Timber Construction

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Letting wood breathe

Timber extension flows from house to garden

DuPont™ Tyvek® UV Facade advanced breather membrane has been used on a residential extension clad with western red cedar. The new structure is a two-storey contemporary addition to a period coach house in Long Ashton, Bristol and is a selfbuild project designed to give the owners increased living space for their growing family. The breather membrane has been installed directly behind the timber cladding and entirely wraps the structure, including the pitched roof.

Tate Harmer, a practice specialising in timber technology construction, has designed an extension to a family home in west London, using exposed timber throughout from the floorboards to the structural overhead beams. The geometric, semi-arched profile is carried through, creating an arcaded effect, and the arches lead on to a cantilevered covered patio space.

It is designed to offer greater freedom and confidence when designing ventilated facades and is claimed to reliably protect against wind, water, interstitial condensation and air leakage, whilst being resistant to UV damage and offering an entirely black finish. The membrane bears the CE mark in accordance with EN 13859-2 and rigorous testing has shown that it can withstand UV exposure for a significant length of time, says the company.

Excellent thermal efficiency and airtightness were crucial factors in this environmentally conscious project, which has been built using the fully insulating Kingspan Tek SIPS system and which also features air-source heat pumps and triple-glazed panels.

Garry Dyke, director of Point1 Building Systems, explained, “The cladding was not continuous and therefore we needed a completely black, waterproof and UV-resistant breather membrane that would not be seen.

We positioned counter battens vertically up and horizontally across the roof slope to ­accept the 44 ≈ 18 mm western red cedar cladding. We then laid battens over counter battens, also stained black in order to match the membrane.” ¥ DuPont Tyvek United Kingdom � +44 (0)1275 337660 www.tyvek.co.uk

The 45 ° pitch roof was a design feature driven by a local planning bylaw. The exposed structural wooden beams have been made into an integral part of the design of the living space: rooflights slot between the beams at regular intervals whilst the beams themselves extend into bookcases, creating seamless built-in cabinetry.

The glued laminated timber (glulam) frame was designed and manufactured by Anson Timberworks. Glulam was used for its

weight-to-strength ratio, but also brings warmth to the project. The flooring is of engineered hardwood from the Natural Wood Floor Company, which adds a subtle variation in tone to the overhead structures, and underfloor heating has been installed below this. A darker stain is used to accentuate the end doors and to frame the windows. The walls of the extension have been kept white to offset the timber and the kitchen units incorporate primary colours including red and blue into the scheme. ¥ Anson Timberworks United Kingdom � +44 (0)1359 271392 www.ansontimberworks.co.uk ¥ Natural Wood Floor Company United Kingdom � +44 (0)20 8871 9771 www.naturalwoodfloor.co.uk

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Materials and Finishes

The same but different

Light-transmitting concrete adds extra dimension

A collaboration between Forbo Flooring Systems and HemingwayDesign has seen the reinvention of a number of existing flooring product lines that plays with pattern and shape, by placing an emphasis on the floor as a surface for graphic art and geometric design. The result is eight new design options which encompass Forbo's Tessera carpet tiles, bespoke vinyl, Marmoleum and flocked Flotex. Shown above is Fresh Cut Graph, a subtle yet striking cut-up grid graphic repeat. Additionally, there is a bespoke design service, Marmolaid, by HemingwayDesign, offering a variety of colour and aesthetic options.

Hasan Abdullah Mohammed Group, a private investment group, has donated many mosques to locations in the United Arab Emirates and other Arabic countries, including the recent Al Aziz Mosque on Al Reem island, Abu Dhabi. Comprising a total area of 5,100 m2 over three floors and accommodating 2,270 worshippers, the new mosque makes use of Lucem light-transmitting concrete technology for the facades.

Forbo’s digital-printing capabilities have also been used to bring a floor to life in the main social space of Manchester Science Partnerships’ Greenheys building. The custom A to Z map of Manchester on durable Eternal vinyl has created a real focal point to the space. For connecting walkways vinyl flooring in Anthracite Concrete and Brushed Chrome were used to complement the industrial aesthetics of the building. ¥ Forbo Flooring Systems United Kingdom � +44 (0)800 093 5258 www.forbo-flooring.co.uk

The intention of the architect Yasser Fouad of APG Architecture and Planning Group was to integrate the mosque into the surrounding buildings of this fast-developing island of mainly residential units. Its design, together with the colour of both the natural stone and the concrete, make the mosque appear as if it had been formed from the sand below. At the same time, however, the architecture is based on squares and triangles instead of the circles and rounded forms of traditional mosque design.

The 515 m2 external Lucem facade consists of 207 unique elements, each one cast in an individually tailored mould; a calligrapher specialised in the Islamic arts prepared the hand drawings for the 99 different names of Allah, which have been distributed on different elevations in strict conformation accord-

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ing to the Koran. These were digitalised and transformed to AutoCAD format and used for the preparation of the moulds, arranging the fibre optics for the LED lighting and casting the panels with a high-strength concrete. Lucem has developed a cable system for replacing LED modules or maintaining the lighting system without removing any calligraphy-containing panel.

Each panel is approximately 1,800 ≈ 1,400 ≈ 40 mm and weighs around 300 kg. The sizes vary according to the shape and the amount of lettering; for example, one panel is twice the size, at 3,600 ≈ 1,400 mm, and weighs 600 kg. The letters protrude 30 mm from the surface, forming during daylight hours a striking optic of a natural stone facade incorporating the shadows of the calligraphy created by the sunlight. When the walls are backlit, the glowing calligraphy becomes the highlight and the mosque shines in a soft, warm light. The surfaces were sandblasted to match the natural stone in other areas and treated to resist erosion caused by sandstorms. ¥ Lucem GmbH Germany � +49 (0)2402 124 66 94 www.lucem.de

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Programme for 2016 • Photos ∂ 2016 1 Refurbishment ∂ 2016 2

Timber Construction

∂ 2016 3 Concept: Visitor- and Cultural Centres ∂ Green 2016 1 ∂ 2016 4

Lighting and Interiors

Simple Forms of Construction/Cost ∂ 2016 5 Effective Building ∂ 2016 6 Roofs

Photo credits: Photos for which no credit is given were either provided by the respective architects or they are product photos from the DETAIL archives. pp. 112, 117 top: Hanspeter Schiess, CH –Trogen

pp. 139 – 143: Alessandra Chemollo, I – Venedig

p. 113: Rasmus Norlander, S – Stockholm

pp. 144 – 147: Katsutoshi Sasaki + Associates

p. 114 top: MERK Timber GmbH, D – Aichach

pp. 149 – 153: Lard Buurman, NL– Amsterdam

p. 114 bottom: Bernd Borchardt, D – Berlin

pp. 155 – 158, 177: Mark Niedermann, CH – Basel

p. 116: Roman Keller, CH – Zürich

pp. 164 – 168, 170 bottom left: thomasmayerarchive.de

p. 117 bottom: Ignacio Martínez, E – Navia

pp. 169 top, 170 bottom right: Kaufmann Bausysteme, A– Reuthe

p. 118: Sebastian Schels, D – München

pp. 169 middle, 169 bottom, 170 top: RADON Photography / Norman Radon

p. 119: Adolf Bereuter, A– Dornbirn

p. 171: IBOIS / EPFL, CH – Lausanne

p. 120 top: Fred Hatt, CH – Lausanne

p. 180: Lignotrend, Axel Hartmann, D – Cologne

p. 120 bottom: Milo Keller, F–Paris pp. 121 –124: Christian Gahl, D – Berlin p. 126: Christian Schittich, D – München pp. 127, 159 – 163: Marc Lins, USA – New York pp. 128, 129: Erich Spahn, D – Regensburg pp. 130 –133: Alejandra Valenzuela, RCH – Puerto ­Varas pp. 134 –138: Hagen Stier, D – Hamburg

p. 182 top left: DuPont Tyvek p. 182 top centre and right, below centre and right: Kilian O’Sullivan p. 185 top left, below left and centre: Trevor Mein p. 190 top right: Geoffrey Osborne Ltd p. 199 top left, below left: Andrew Lee, Okalux GmbH p. 205: DETAIL, Lucas Kromm, D – Berlin

Black-and-white photos introducing main sections: page 113: Summer House near Göteburg Architects: Johannes Norlander, S – Stockholm page 121: Soho Fuxing Lu in Shanghai Architects: gmp, Meinhard von Gerkan and Stephan Schütz with Stephan Rewolle, D – Hamburg page 127: Recycling Centre in Feldkirch Architects: Marte.Marte Architekten, A – Weiler page 171: Folded-plate Barrel Vault of Plywood Elements Architects: IBOIS / EPFL, CH – Lausanne page 177: Renovation of a Holiday Flat in Ernen Architects: Zimmer Schmidt Architekten, CH – Zurich

CAD drawings All CAD drawings contained in the “Documentation” section of the journal were ­produced with VectorWorks®.

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