Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan by Designing Local

Historic Preservation Plan FREDERICK COUNTY, MARYLAND SUMMER 2026

Contents Introduction

vision and Community engagement Equity framework

Local Stories

indigenous communities war Agriculture and Industry Transportation Infrastructure Suburban Development

Existing Conditions

preservation programs and process Trends and Challenges local survey history and opportunities Cemeteries Across the County Civil War Properties Over 50 Years Old Agricultural preservation land Historic Properties frederick county register of historic places listings Historic Preservation Resources and Organizations

10 16

20 24 30 32 34

38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56

Goals and Actions

Plan Goals 64 Goal One: Education and Public Awareness 66 Goal One: Education and Public Awareness 68 Goal Two: Accessibility and Equity 78 Goal Three: Sustainability and Environmental Stewardship 86 Goal Four: Community Identity 94 Goal Five: Identify, Interpret, and Protect 100 Goal Six: Funding and Incentives 114 Goal Seven: growth and redevelopment 124

Appendix

Appendix A: Public Engagement Report/Statistics Appendix B: Existing Historic Preservation Plan

134 152

Consultant Group DESIGNING LOCAL Josh Lapp, Principal-in-Charge Megan Adornetto, Project Manager Andrew Eble, Urban Planner Cover Page Photo: Legore Bridge. Source: Frederick County Government Table of Contents Photo: Montevue Hospital. Source: Heritage Frederick

Jasmine Metcalf, Senior Urban Planner Meredith Reed, Senior Urban Planner Gabrielle Smith, Urban Planner

Acknowledgments Frederick County HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION

COUNTY EXECUTIVE

Mary Thompson - Chair

Jessica Fitzwater

Jack Lynch - Vice-Chair Mark Andros

COUNTY COUNCIL

Kelley Berliner

Brad Young - President

Virginia Crum

Kavonté Duckett - Vice President

Peter Pearre

Steve McKay

Grace Schofield

Renee Knapp MC Keegan-Ayer

ADVISORY GROUP Mark Andros, Historic Preservation Commission Lynn Bristol, Monocacy National Battlefield Foundation Maria Chaplygina, Asian American Center of Frederick Virginia Crum, Historic Preservation Commission Pastor David Fossett, Buckeystown United Methodist Church Chris Haugh, Friends of Mount Olivet Cemetery

Mason Carter Jerry Donald PRESERVATION PLANNING STAFF Kimberly Gaines, Department Head C. Beau Lockard, Historic Preservation Principal Planner II Amanda Whitmore, Historic Preservation Principal Planner II

Douglas Lemmonds, Frederick County Landmarks Foundation Jack Lynch, Historic Preservation Commission Maggie Pelta-Pauls, Preservation Maryland Steven Pippen Suzanne Salichs, Centro Hispano de Frederick Jordan Riggs, Campaign for Historic Trades, Preservation Maryland Mary Wright, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Fred Co Alumnae Chapter Carol Ann Wright

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan

LAND ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Land Acknowledgment THE FREDERICK COUNTY EQUITY AND INCLUSION OFFICE

In the past five centuries, the convergence of a rich and complex mix of many factors and elements has resulted in the Frederick County that we know and experience today. The hard work and concentrated efforts of many thousands of individuals over time have given us - present day residents of this community - a livable place that provides our homes, our jobs, and opportunities for health, happiness, and fulfillment. And when we fall short, we strive to make things better.

Figure 1.1 Daniel Sheffer Farmstead. Image Courtesy of Jane Byron. 4

As we create and adopt this planning document, the good people of Frederick County acknowledge that the success that we have enjoyed, or may enjoy in future generations, is indebted to others whose fundamental contributions were not given freely. Frederick County acknowledges that our community currently occupies the lands of multiple Indigenous peoples, including the Piscataway and Tuscarora people, who shared the resources and geographical advantages of this place for thousands of years and who did not voluntarily convey or cede this land to its current communities. We acknowledge their long-standing kinship with these lands and waters and acknowledge that we are uninvited residents on Indigenous lands. To make this statement more meaningful, we invite you to learn more about the Piscataway Indian Nation and to consider donating to, or making institutional resources available for, tribal peoples. As a community, and perhaps as individuals, we will continue to seek effective ways of improving our relationship with the lands we steward.

it is incumbent upon our community to find ways in which all residents can fulfill their dreams and aspirations. To make this statement more meaningful, and in some ways reparative, we invite you to learn more about the experiences of enslaved people, the history they built in Frederick County, and the legacy of these events in the 21st century. These acknowledgments, without any determined actions to lift up the affected communities, are just words. So, it is the intent of Frederick County to take positive steps that address fundamental inequalities and injustices in our community and to do so with a richer understanding of how we arrived at this moment.

Frederick County acknowledges our immeasurable debt to the enslaved people, primarily of African descent, whose forced and uncompensated labor, and immense and generational suffering, constructed and fueled the infrastructure and economy of a county, and a nation, that refused to recognize their humanity. We also acknowledge that the legacy of this cruel practice continues to create inequities and injustices for families, individuals, and institutions, and that

FREDERICK COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction vision and Community engagement Equity framework

10 16

Introduction PAST PRESERVATION EFFORTS

THE FUTURE OF PRESERVATION

Historic preservation efforts in Frederick County have an extensive history. Decades of communityled effort and advocacy have resulted in the County undertaking strong preservation planning and regulatory efforts in the last 30 years. The County’s commitment to historic preservation is evident in its successful efforts to protect its bucolic landscape, nationally important historic resources, and built environment. This is reflected both in the strong built character that endures and in the forward-looking historic preservation policies and regulations the County has adopted.

To successfully navigate this period of rapid expansion, the County must strategically build upon the existing strengths of its established historic preservation program. This moment presents an especially favorable opportunity to develop a vision and plan for the future of historic preservation in Frederick County. The Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan is built on strong community and stakeholder engagement that has guided the overall planning process and the vision, goals, strategies, and actions contained within.

Key County Preservation Milestones • 1997 - County Adopts the first Historic Preservation Plan • 1998 - Initial Historic Preservation Ordinance goes into effect • 2007 - Historic Preservation Plan Updated • 2020 - Rural Historic Preservation Grant Program Established • 2023 - The Peace and Plenty Rural Historic District designated • 2024 - Demolition and Archaeological review established FREDERICK COUNTY IS GROWING Compared to past historic preservation planning efforts, Frederick County is now faced with a distinctly different set of strengths and evolving challenges. As of 2026, Frederick County is the fastest-growing county in Maryland, boasting an annual population growth rate of more than 2%. This accelerated growth, while a marker of economic vitality and desirability, represents both a critical opportunity and a significant threat to the County’s invaluable historic resources. The outcome—whether preservation or loss— is entirely dependent on how effectively and thoughtfully this growth is managed, guided by robust planning and historic preservation policy.

VOICES OF THE COMMUNITY The vision, goals, and actions outlined in this plan are fundamentally shaped by the key themes identified through various community engagement efforts. These efforts revealed several critical points: • Growth and Preservation: A noticeable tension exists between the pressures of growth and the imperative for preservation. • Agricultural Identity: The County’s foundational agricultural identity is widely recognized but is perceived to be under threat. • Awareness and Education: There is a recognized lack of awareness regarding available preservation tools, coupled with a strong demand for more educational opportunities and history-focused activities. THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PLAN Based on community engagement, stakeholder input, and an equity framework developed with the Frederick County Equity and Inclusion Office, the planning team created the core of this plan: a series of goals, strategies, and actions. The goals serve as the organizing principles for the future vision of the preservation program. The strategies define the approach for achieving these goals. The actions detail how the program can operationalize the goals and strategies by identifying specific opportunities for implementing the plan. Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan

VISION AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

Visioning VISION STATEMENT FROM ADVISORY GROUP

“

Frederick County embraces our shared history as a vital part of who we are. We commit to discovering and protecting our diverse heritages. We are dedicated to education, fostering community identity, economic vitality, sustainability, and inspiring future generations of good stewards.

“

Figure 1.2 Montevue Hospital. Image Source: Heritage Frederick

Community Engagement

Urbana Open House: Targeted the perspectives of the southern and eastern portions of the county.

APPROACH TO ENGAGEMENT

Historic Preservation Survey

The planning team executed an extensive, multilayered community engagement process over the spring and summer of 2025 to ensure the Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan was communityinformed and rooted in local desires. This engagement strategy focused on meeting residents where they live and work to define a shared vision for the County’s heritage through the following methods: In-Person Pop-Up Engagement The team facilitated in-person outreach at community events across the county, including the Rose Hill Spring Fling, Brunswick Springfest, Asia on the Creek, Frederick County Alumnae Chapter Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Juneteenth, Frederick Pride, and the Middletown Heritage Festival. These interactions allowed the team to reach a broad cross-section of the public while they engaged in local traditions. Targeted Focus Groups The team hosted targeted focus groups with key stakeholders, including developers, educators, historians, and preservation advocates. Participants were asked about the draft goals and strategies including their understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing adaptive reuse, the role of financial incentives in historic preservation, and the specific preservation needs of the farming community. Open House Throughout the planning process, the planning team facilitated in-person engagement at community events and open houses. Four major Open Houses were held to capture feedback from different regions of the County: Thurmont Open House: Focused on northern county perspectives. Middletown Open House: Targeted the western valley communities. Frederick Open House: Focused on targeting perspectives of the draft goals.

A digital survey designed to capture preservation sentiments of the community was available to the public throughout the summer of 2025. The survey results provided quantitative data showing that the majority of residents value historic preservation for its contribution to the character of the Frederick County community. The feedback gathered across these engagement methods consistently shows a clear desire to support preservation efforts, particularly for Historic Downtowns, Main Streets, landscapes, and agriculture. This outreach process helped guide and ensure the plan’s recommendations are directly informed by the community’s unique perspectives and long-term aspirations. A second survey was designed in March 2026 to capture feedback on the draft goals and actions. This feedback was used to further refine the goals and actions. ADVISORY GROUP Composed of community members, organizational representatives, and residents with diverse affiliations across the County, the advisory group served as a strategic sounding board and collaborative partner to County staff. Throughout the planning process, the Advisory Group’s work was centered on ensuring that preservation efforts in Frederick County are inclusive, sustainable, and forward-looking. Some key contributions from the group include: • Developing Visioning: Helped develop and formulate the Vision Statement through intensive collaborative exercises. • Policy Alignment: Audited preservation goals against the Livable Frederick Master Plan. • Equity and Inclusion: Utilized a dedicated Equity Framework to address underrepresented narratives and diversify future property designations. • Community Synthesis: Translated public survey data and engagement feedback into responsive, actionable plan recommendations. Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 11

VISION AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

Public Engagement Report VOICES OF THE COMMUNITY To ensure the Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan is a community-informed document, the planning team executed an expansive public engagement strategy throughout 2025. By gathering feedback from diverse stakeholders, the team identified the core values, perceived threats, and aspirational goals that will guide the County’s preservation framework. This multifaceted approach included an initial snapshot survey, specialized focus groups, regional open houses, and a secondary survey.

Lack of Awareness of Preservation Tools While there is high support for preservation, a knowledge barrier exists regarding preservation incentives and tools. Approximately 38% of respondents reported they were unfamiliar with existing preservation incentives, highlighting a critical need for enhanced public education and outreach strategies.

INITIAL SURVEY The initial survey was circulated in early 2025 to capture a broad snapshot of community sentiment regarding the types of resources that matter most to residents and the perceived threats to those resources. The survey resulted in the following sentiments:

Figure 1.3 Spring Fling at Rose Hill Manor Park and Museum

Tension Between Growth and Preservation A dominant sentiment is the fear that Frederick County is losing its unique identity to rapid suburbanization. A significant 61% of respondents identified “new development” as the primary threat to historic properties in the county. Call for Inclusive Narratives The community strongly advocates for a more honest and diverse representation of history. Data indicates a strong desire to elevate underrepresented voices, with 53% of participants identifying African American history and 46% identifying Women’s history as areas requiring greater visibility and documentation.

Figure 1.4 Urbana Open House, Spring 2025

Agricultural Identity Under Threat The County’s agricultural heritage remains the bedrock of its identity. Over 56% of respondents agreed that maintaining the character of Frederick’s historic farms and rural villages is essential to the County’s long-term health. 12

Figure 1.5 Advisory group members meeting. Source for all photos: Frederick County Government

Which of the following groups are underrepresented or not well documented in Frederick County's history? AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN HISPANIC OR LATINO LGBTQ+ ASIAN I’M NOT SURE 5

Responses

Which of the following interests you the most? PROVIDE MORE INCENTIVES FOR ADAPTIVE REUSE ESTABLISH A PRESERVATION TRAINING PROGRAM HISTORIC MATERIAL SALVAGE PROGRAM IDENTIFY AND PROTECT HISTORIC RESOURCES RECOGNITION PROGRAM FOR HISTORIC REHABILITATION 25

100

125

Responses

Which of the following historic preservation challenges do you think should be prioritized? PRESERVATION OF ENDANGERED SITES PUBLIC AWARENESS AND EDUCATION FUNDING AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT INTEGRATING PRESERVATION WITH PLANNING IMPROVED LEGAL PROTECTIONS AND POLICIES 25

100

Responses Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 13

VISION AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

FOCUS GROUPS Open Space and Natural Resources Focus Group

OPEN HOUSE EVENTS

The session focused on the intersection of agricultural and historic preservation. Stakeholders noted that many farmers believe past material changes to their buildings disqualify them from the County Register; participants emphasized the need for better education to clarify eligibility criteria. Additionally, discussions about designating historic farmsteads in the County’s land preservation program were held.

Throughout the planning process, the planning team facilitated in-person engagement at community events and open houses. Four major Open Houses were held to capture feedback.

Developer and Builders Focus Group This group highlighted the practicalities of restoration and the need for skilled trades. Discussions covered funding for heritage training, material flexibility such as for historic windows, and ADA/fire code leniency to facilitate adaptive reuse. The group also discussed that homeowners may be reluctant to participate in preservation programs due to the prohibitive cost of traditional material requirements. Additionally, the group advocated for zoning that supports small businesses in rural villages and explored ways to integrate affordable housing initiatives with historic preservation. Heritage Tourism Focus Group Discussions centered on public awareness, accessibility, and new methods for documenting local history. Concepts included establishing a “History Month,” creating thematic trails for mills and bridges, and using LiDAR technology to educate the public on lost structures. The group suggested providing public bus service to out-ofthe-way historic sites and requiring grant recipients to open their properties to the public for one day a year. Education and Research Focus Group This group focused on partnerships to support many of the goals and strategies. Stakeholders noted that entrepreneurial businesses should be part of heritage training and that County grant money should highlight how it can be used as a match for other grants.

Open House Takeaways Residents were asked to write down Post-It notes that name the defining characteristics of the County’s heritage. • Agricultural Roots and Civil War History were among the most common responses. • Residents also highlighted the Covered Bridges, Catoctin Furnace, and the Monocacy River as irreplaceable cultural assets. • Thurmont: The Community Identity and Growth and Redevelopment goals emerged as the primary concerns for northern residents. • Middletown: When asked what the plan should prioritize, residents prioritized Heritage Tourism and Education and Public Awareness. • Urbana Open House: Residents strongly supported Preservation of Natural Landscapes as an overall plan goal. • Frederick Open House: One of the top priorities from residents was the goal of Education and Public Awareness regarding historic preservation in the county.

POP-UP EVENT ENGAGEMENT

SECONDARY SURVEY

To reach a broader, more diverse audience, the team facilitated pop-up outreach at various community festivals including Rose Hill Spring Fling, Brunswick Springfest, Asia on the Creek, FCAC Juneteenth, Frederick Pride, Emmitsburg Heritage Festival, and the Middletown Heritage Festival. These events allowed the team to gather sentiments from over 500 community members across the attended events, achieving greater geographic diversity. Common sentiments from community members include:

Following the initial outreach and in-person engagement, a secondary survey was distributed in early 2026 to gauge public opinion on the draft strategies and further refine the plan’s approach. The following themes were identified through the survey responses:

Strong Desire for Preservation of Natural Landscapes When asked which historic preservation activities should be increased in Frederick County, approximately 27% of respondents prioritized the preservation of natural landscapes. Public Awareness of Preservation Efforts is Imperative Participants identified public awareness and education as top priorities, emphasizing the necessity of informing property owners about preservation resources, incentives, and ongoing efforts. There is Significant Interest in Implementing Adaptive Reuse Incentives Providing incentives for the adaptive reuse of buildings emerged as a primary interest for the population, with over 27% of respondents identifying it as their top interest for future preservation activities. (reference chart)

Conscious Development and Growth is Highly Desired In ranking the draft plan goals, respondents identified Sustainability and Climate Resilience, Growth and Redevelopment, and Surveying and Interpretation as the three most critical areas of focus. Incorporate and Support More Isolated Historic Locations There is a strong community desire to incorporate and support historic sites in more isolated or rural areas of the county. Respondents specifically identified Adamstown, Point of Rocks, Carrollton Manor, and Sugarloaf as areas requiring intentional preservation focus.

RECOGNITION PROGRAM

14%

MATERIAL SALVAGE PROGRAM

ADAPTIVE REUSE INCENTIVES

27%

16%

PROTECT COUNTY OWNED BUILDINGS

20%

PRESERVATION TRAINING

20%

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 15

EQUITY FRAMEWORK

Heritage Equity Framework WHY AN EQUITY FRAMEWORK Equity in all its forms has been identified as a key driver of decision-making by Frederick County in plans such as Livable Frederick and in the County’s day-to-day operations. Community engagement also revealed equity as a key subject that the community wanted the plan to address. To assist the planning effort, the historic preservation team partnered with the County’s Equity and Inclusion Office to develop the HERITAGE Equity Framework. HOW TO USE THE FRAMEWORK The planning team used the HERITAGE Equity framework to help guide decision making throughout the planning process. We have ensured that the plan’s actions align with this framework, meaning equity and inclusion are integrated into all actions, not just a separate component. Future implementation efforts should also be guided by and reviewed through the lens of the equity framework to maintain this alignment.

DEFINITION

ACTION HISTORY Acknowledge and document the diverse histories of all communities in Frederick County.

Create a comprehensive inventory of historic sites that represent various cultural narratives, ensuring underrepresented histories are included.

ENGAGEMENT

Foster active participation of community members in the preservation process.

Organize community forums, workshops, and outreach initiatives to gather input and encourage collaboration among stakeholders.

REPRESENTATION

Ensure that all voices, especially from historically marginalized communities, are included in decision-making.

Establish advisory committees with diverse membership to guide preservation efforts and prioritize equity.

INTEGRATION

Embed equity principles into all aspects of preservation planning and practices.

Integrate social equity considerations into preservation policies and strategies, ensuring that they reflect community values and needs.

TRANSPARENCY

Maintain openness in the preservation process to build trust with the community.

Share information about decision-making, funding, and project developments through regular updates and accessible communication channels.

ACCESSIBILITY

Ensure that preservation resources and opportunities are available to all community members.

Remove barriers to participation by providing materials in multiple languages and formats, as well as offering financial support for underrepresented groups.

GUIDANCE

Provide support and resources for communities engaging in preservation activities.

Develop toolkits, workshops, and training programs to empower community members with the knowledge and skills needed for effective preservation.

EDUCATION

Acknowledge and document the diverse histories of all communities in Frederick County.

Implement educational campaigns and programs in schools and community centers that emphasize the value of diverse histories and preservation practices.

Figure 1.6 Equity Framework Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 17

CHAPTER TWO

Local Stories indigenous communities war Agriculture and Industry Transportation Infrastructure Suburban Development

20 24 30 32 34

With the Proprietary Letter of 1732, settlers were enticed to the thickly forested lands of what is now Frederick County. Germans and the English coexisted peacefully here for decades, clearing and cultivating the land (exploiting slave labor to do so). In 1745, Daniel Dulaney the Elder laid out a plot for Frederick Town, so named for Frederick Calvert, the 6th Lord Baltimore. Frederick County was formed from Prince George’s County in 1748, and Frederick Town grew quickly as the new county seat. Since that time, the County has been at the epicenter of some of the United States’ most compelling trends and histories. In this section, five of the County’s primary cultural influences are outlined in brief to show how this unique place has evolved to become what it is today, and what there is to celebrate and preserve here.

Figure 1.7 Historic Maryland county map. Source: the Making of Maryland, by Elmer Green (1934).

Figure 1.8 The lot map of Frederick Town in 1782. Source: Maryland Historical Mapping.

Figure 1.9 Frederick’s iconic “clustered spires.” Source: Heritage Frederick.

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

MARYLAND ARCHEOLOGY

12 Subsequent excavation to the east and west revealed a clearer plowzone–subsoil transition and no evidence of a feature. Feature 7 appears to have been merely a slightly deeper area of plowzone. Feature 8. In 1990, a 3 x 1.5-meter section of a large The feature was exposed to the westextends of Feature 5. Monocacy Riverjust Valley, which Feature 8 extended westward into unexcavated areas, through the center of Frederick County, has and been its actual dimensions are unknown. Artifacts visible the occupied since approximately 10,000 BCE. at Based top of the feature included lithics, ceramics, and bird and on archaeological findings of fluted projectile mammal bone. Partial excavation of a small section in the points and of fishtheweirs, sparse populations were southeast portion exposed feature indicated that the during the PaleoIndian period along depth present of the feature was increasing towards the northwest. the Monocacy and Potomac Rivers. Habitation The excavation was terminated at a depth of approximately 20 cm, feature wastook backfilled. Feature likely ofand the the region slowly hold during the8Early represents a deep trash-filled BCE) pit. and Middle Archaic Archaic (7,500–6,000 Feature 9. Feature 9 was athough shallowthe (13 valley cm) 36was x (6,000–4,500 BCE) periods, 33 cm basin-shaped pit feature. Artifacts included ceramprimarily a source of food and Rhyolite, a volcanic ics, flakes, bone, and a possible ceramic bead. rock used for and weapons, for populations Feature 10.tools Feature 10 is a partially exposed from the Potomac Valley. The Late feature measuring in excess of 1.6 by 1.2 Archaic meters. through The the Middle Period (4,000 BCE to 900 feature extends to Woodland the northwest into an unexcavated area of theCE) site,evidence and there increased was some indication thatthroughout it may inter-the population sect with additional features to the north and west.the Feafoothills of the Catoctin Mountains, along rivers ture 10, presumably a trash-filled pit, was backfilled and and creeks, and in the river valleys. Some more remains unexcavated. sedentary habitation occurred, but more often Feature 11. This irregular 40 x 30 cm stain is transient basedofon the seasons. It presumed to be agroups slightlymigrated deeper pocket plowzone. was not until Late Woodland Period (900–1600 Feature 12.the This oval feature measured 3.5 by CE) that large, permanent or semi-permanent 1.6 meters, and penetrated the subsoil some 60 cm (in some areas actually limestone and bedrock; Figure 13). villages exposing were established that see people began Somefarming, lensing was observed in the fill, but generally using pottery forfeature food storage; and the fillcrafting consisted of a fairly dark matrix.inArtifacts jewelry anduniform other ornaments the area. recovered from the feature included several dozen trianSeveral archaeological sites have told the story of gular projectile points (quartz, rhyolite, and chert); hundreds of sherds, including largepeoples, nested portions a squatatvessel these prehistoric such asofthose Nolands decorated with hanging chevrons below its neck (see FigFerry I, Biggs Ford, and Shoemaker III. The besture 30); hundreds of animal bones, including a bear preserved is the Rosenstock site. Excavationsjaw reveal with its canine tooth intact (Figure 14); charred corn cob a siteaoccupied fromfragment; 1100–1450 CE, fishhook; with several fragments; charred bean a bone an shallow pits used for human burials, and antler tine punch; and a rouletted pipe bowl. storage, A charcoal refuse including pottery sherds, projectile points, sample from the southwest quadrant of this trash-filled pit clay fragments, charred beans and corn. feature, justpipe above the bottomand of the pit, yielded a radiocarbon date 935±60 B.P. among other identified village Thisofsite is unique Feature 13,component, found in 1990 andno excasites in that13.it isFeature a single with vated evidence in 1991, was a roughly oval dark stain measuring 2.0 of occupation in earlier periods as would by 1.4 meters. The feature extended some 40 cm into the beand, shown in stratified layers or scattered subsoil as with Feature 12, had been excavatedartifacts to the of mixed periods. limestone bedrock. Considerable rodent disturbance was observed in the feature fill. Recovered artifacts included a discoidal fragment, a worked deer antler, and a quartz triangular point. The feature represents a trash-filled pit. Feature 14. Feature 14 was located in the unit adjacent to the northwest of Feature 7, which was determined to be a slightly deeper pocket of plowzone. Feature

Indigenous Communities

Figure 1.10 Feature 12 after excavation, showing limestone FIGURE Feature 12and after excavation, bedrock. Source:13. Dennis C. Curry Maureen Kavanagh.

showing limestone bedrock.

jaw from Feature 12. Figure FIGURE 1.11 Biggs 14. Ford Bear excavation. Source: Maryland Historical Trust.

Figure 1.12 For thousands of years, Native Americans hunted and fished in the Monocacy River Valley. Today fish weirs in the Monocacy River continue to testify to their presence. By Richard Schlecht, source National Park Service.

THE PALEOINDIAN PERIOD (10,000–7,500 BCE) The first people of Maryland likely arrived during the PaleoIndian period, a time of rapid climate change at the end of the last Ice Age. These people often lived in small nomadic groups, traveling between resources areas, such as sources of high-quality lithics and seasonal or migratory food supply. Large fluted projectile points, primarily made of jasper, chert, and quartz, are the most recognizable artifacts from this period. Several have been found along Frederick County’s waterways. Many of these are isolated finds. No large PaleoIndian site has been surveyed to date in Frederick County, though the Higgins Site in nearby Anne Arundel County contains intact occupational deposits from the PaleoIndian through the Early Woodland periods.

Figure 1.13 Jasper (left) and chert (right) projectile points found at eroding shoreline archaeological sites within the Middle Atlantic coastal plain. Source: Darrin Lowery in Journal of Archaeological Science.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 21

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

Figure 1.14 “The Village of Pomeiooc,” by John White, 1593. Source: Special Collections, USDA National Agricultural Library.

MONTGOMERY COMPLEX VILLAGES (1000–1450 CE) Frederick County’s waterways, particularly the Monocacy and the Potomac Rivers, supported several known Woodland period villages. Their similarities with other sites in Montgomery County and northern Virginia have given them the collective name of the Montgomery Complex villages. These 1–2-acre circular village sites, including Biggs Ford and Rosenstock along the Monocacy River, are some of the more well-known archaeological sites in the County. These village sites were sometimes palisaded and featured a centralized ring of storage features surrounded by roughly 13-foot by 16-foot oval house structures.

Figure 1.15 The Rosenstock pot was used as a food or water storage vessel. Source: Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab, St. Leonard, MD.

Figure 1.16 Vandercastle and Harrison meet the Piscataway in 1699 (painting by William Woodward). Courtesy of the Thomas Balch Library Leesburg, Virginia.

PISCATAWAY’S PALISADE FORT ON HEATER’S ISLAND (1699–1712) During 17th and early 18th centuries, Frederick County was home to both the Tuscarora and Piscataway people, both displaced by European colonial pressure. The Piscataway people emigrated from southern Maryland to northern Virginia prior to establishing a palisaded fort on Heater’s Island in the Potomac River in 1699. This appears to have been planned as a temporary settlement, as members of the Piscataway were petitioning William Penn in 1701 for a permanent place to settle in Pennsylvania. The Piscataway were last recorded at the Heater’s Island fort in 1712, having migrated to Conoy Town in Pennsylvania. Archaeology at the fort shows the cultural interplay between the Piscataway and the European colonists. While lithic points and indigenous

pottery wares were recovered, so too were copper and brass points, lead shot, and English imported ceramics. The historic record shows constant interactions—violent, diplomatic, and religious—between the colonial governments and the Piscataway people throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. The Piscataway people still live in Maryland. In 2012, the State of Maryland formally recognized the Piscataway Indian Nation and the Piscataway Conoy Tribe. The Tuscarora people were displaced from New York, migrated in small family groups southward, and eventually settled in North Carolina. Following violent clashes with European colonists pushing inland and the fall of Nooherooka, the Tuscarora palisade fort, surviving Tuscarora peoples migrated back north to New York. Some stopped in Frederick County and there is evidence in the historical record of Tuscarora people in Frederick County in the 19th century. Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 23

WAR

War Due to its proximity to Washington D.C., Baltimore, and the Atlantic coast, as well as its position directly south of the Mason-Dixon line, Frederick County has played a central role in each of the nation’s wars and many of its major battles. Bloodshed occurred on the County’s soil. Its citizens fought and died for their country. Residents provided hospitality, healthcare, logistics support, food, scientific research, and more to advance war efforts. Buildings were commandeered for hospitals, prisons, storage, and military command centers. There is hardly a part of the county that has not been touched and transformed in some way by war.

Figure 1.17 Digital image of a painting by Keith Rocco, Tradition Studios, illustrating a key moment in the Battle of Monocacy, July 9, 1864. Federal (Union) soldiers defend their position along old Georgetown Pike as Confederate soldiers move across Thomas Farm. (Photo: NPS/Keith Rocco)

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 25

WAR

Figure 1.18 Postmaster Benjamin Franklin and General Edward Braddock meeting in Frederick Town in 1755, during which Braddock disregarded Franklin’s advice to take the French and Indian forces seriously. Source: Visit Frederick.

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR The French and Indian War, beginning about 1755, focused attention on the western fringes of the sparsely settled mountain valleys of Frederick County—their vulnerability to attack by hostile forces was a great concern. British Major General Edward Braddock passed through Frederick on his way to capture Fort Duquesne near Pittsburgh, but underestimated the French and Native American troops, which included warriors from the Odawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi people, he was sent to fight. His defeat and death caused a temporary panic, and land clearance and the establishment of farms in western Maryland halted during the period from about 1755 to about 1760. Residents of frontier districts moved eastward to escape the threat of raids by the Native American tribes. Established towns, including Frederick Town, were crowded with refugees. Eventually, the tribes moved northward and, by the mid-1760s, the steady stream of new settlers had resumed. 26

Figure 1.19 A depiction of General Braddock’s death in the Battle of the Monongahela. Source: Public Domain.

Figure 1.20 Catoctin Iron Furnace, built to produce cannon and shot during the Revolutionary War. Source: National Park Service.

Figure 1.21 The Hessian Barracks, built by British and Hessian prisoners of war in 1777, served as mustering point for local militia and housed British prisoners of war during the War of 1812. Source: Visit Frederick.

REVOLUTIONARY WAR Frederick County was the first community in the colonies to formally repudiate and protest the Stamp Act, imposed by the British on the colonies to alleviate their French and Indian War debt. Ten years and many protests later, the Revolutionary War overtook the country and changed Frederick County forever. In particular, the war stimulated settlement in the area by attracting workers for employment in the iron forges and foundries that emerged to produce cannon and shot for battle. Additionally, some Hessian mercenaries opted to stay in the area after the war, joining the many German immigrants already established here. THE WAR OF 1812 During the War of 1812, Frederick County was key to successful operations for the Chesapeake Campaign. The region was a logistical hub, with the Hessian Barracks serving as a central command center and a prison for captured British soldiers. More than 3,000 militiamen from the area served in nearby battles, including the Battle of North Point that prevented Baltimore from being taken by the British.

Figure 1.22 Jonas Green, printer of the Maryland Gazette, protested the act by publishing the death’s head stamp in place of the required stamps on the paper. Source: Visit Frederick.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 27

WAR

Figure 1.23 Confederate infantrymen pause at the corner of Market and Patrick streets in Frederick. Source: National Museum of Civil War Medicine.

Figure 1.24 The Evangelical Lutheran Church served as a makeshift hospital for wounded soldiers from nearby battles. Source: National Museum of Civil War Medicine.

CIVIL WAR Two major battles of the Civil War—South Mountain on September 14, 1862 and Monocacy on July 9, 1864—were fought in Frederick County, and the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg occurred nearby. The Battle of Monocacy is commonly known as “The Battle That Saved Washington,” because it slowed the Confederate advance enough for reinforcements to fortify the capital city. Given its position between Virginia in the Confederacy and Pennsylvania in the Union, and that its transportation networks were strategically important, the people of Frederick County found themselves in the thick of the war. In addition to the battles fought there, the City of Frederick functioned as a hospital center, with residents from the County caring for thousands of wounded soldiers from both sides. Many experienced losses associated with raids on their property, largely from Confederate troops seeking to replenish their supplies.

Figure 1.25 Depiction of Barbara Fritchie waving a Union flag at Confederate troops prior to the Battles of South Mountain and Antietam. The likely apocryphal incident was depicted by poet John Greenleaf Whittier in his poem “The Ballad of Barbara Fritchie.” Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Figure 1.26 Camp Frederick was a German prisoner of war camp active 1943–1946. Source: The Frederick News-Post.

WORLD WAR II AND THE COLD WAR In 1931, Frederick Airport was designated a part of the Maryland National Guard and renamed Detrick Field, after Frederick Louis Detrick, a native of Frederick County who was a U.S. Army surgeon during World War I in Belgium. The U.S. entry into World War II in December 1941 caused a massive shift in local markets as soldiers went to war and new wartime industries emerged. In 1943, the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories was established at Frederick’s now Camp Detrick to coordinate and supervise the country’s program of biological weapons research and development; nearby Washington, D.C. had a vast and growing government defense sector. Baltimore offered plentiful jobs in its shipyards and steel mills. To fill gaps in the agricultural labor pool, German and Italian POWs were often contracted to work on farms and lime kilns, such as the kilns in Fountain Rock Park in Walkersville. In 1953, Camp Detrick transitioned its biological warfare laboratories into medical defense research against biological weapons in collaboration with the Army Chemical Corps and the Army Medical Department. In 1969, Richard Nixon ended the biological warfare research program, and the National Cancer Institute-Frederick was established, turning the former airfield grounds into an internationally recognized cancer research center. In the northernmost part of the County, a different

side of early 20th Century history played out. In the late 1930s, two New Deal era programs, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), began developing a recreational facility in the rough terrain of the Catoctin Mountains, establishing Camp Misty Mount. During World War II, the U.S. Secret Service was concerned with President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s use of the presidential yacht given the German U-Boat presence in the Atlantic Ocean and began looking for a safer retreat for the President. The Catoctin Recreational Area was selected to be that retreat in 1943, and President Roosevelt renamed the camp “Shangri-La” from James

Figure 1.27 ”Shangri-La,” the rustic presidential retreat established by President Roosevelt (later renamed Camp David by President Eisenhower). Source: Truman Library Institute. Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 29

AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY

Agriculture and Industry Frederick County has been characterized by its agricultural industry since the mid-1700s, due to its fertile land and transportation networks. Production on local farms increased dramatically in the second half of the 19th century as technological advances made farming more efficient and farm products more durable. AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS After the Civil War, innovations in farming brought about by the Industrial Revolution made their mark in Frederick County. Farmers returning from war service embraced many new agricultural technologies, including the use of lime and guano as fertilizer; steam-powered reapers, tillers, balers, and other field equipment; long-term storage facilities for winter feeding to prevent the need for costly animal feed; and the processing and canning of produce for human consumption. Rail lines and canals transported the fruits of increased production to markets throughout the U.S.

Figure 1.28 A cannery from the early 1900s that was a major site for the production of canned produce. The building has been adaptively reused as an office building on East Street, Frederick. Source: The Frederick News-Post.

DAIRY FARMING Because the technology and science of milk preservation did not exist prior to the Civil War, fresh dairy products were limited in distribution to local destinations and were dependent on favorable weather conditions. As Midwest grain farming began out competing Frederick’s local grain farms, farmers began to switch to dairy production. With the advent of pasteurization technology, combined with the faster transportation of railroads, this new era in agricultural practice made Frederick County known as a Dairy Capital during the 20th Century. The demand for dairy products in Baltimore and Washington increased rapidly. In 1920, the Maryland and Virginia Milk Producers Association was formed to secure better marketing for their milk in the Washington, DC area.

Figure 1.29 Crushed limestone being loaded into rail cars at LeGore Quarry. Powdered limestone was used to fertilize the County’s farm fields. Source: Heritage Frederick.

Figure 1.30 The Kemp Family farm in the Yellow Springs area, early 20th century. Source: Heritage Frederick.

Figure 1.31 Kelly’s Mill at Ceresville was built in 1813 to process wheat into flour and meal; it remained in operation until 1988. Source: Heritage Frederick.

Figure 1.32 L’Hermitage was one of the largest slave-holding plantations in Maryland and known for its brutal treatment of those enslaved there. As of 1864, almost 1,700 slaves were recorded in the county. Source: Wikimedia Commons

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 31

TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Transportation Infrastructure As railroads, canals, turnpikes and then modern highways became available in Frederick County, new opportunities for commerce and a higher quality of life were afforded its residents. THE TURNPIKE In 1805, the Baltimore-Fredericktown Turnpike Company was contracted to build a road from Baltimore to Boonsboro and connect Frederick County with the National Road (now US Route 40). This turnpike—the first ever fully funded by the federal government—would extend from Cumberland, Maryland westward to the Ohio River Valley and beyond. Taverns, stables, inns, wheelwright and blacksmith shops, and tollhouses were erected along its route.

Figure 1.33 A map of the National Road from Maryland to Illinois. Source: National Park Service.

RAIL AND CANAL In 1828, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (BandO) and the Chesapeake and Ohio (CandO) Canal Company competed to see which could more quickly forge a path west. Often, as in Brunswick, rail lines and canalways were built side-byside. While the railroads ultimately came to dominate, the canals were instrumental in both the development of Frederick County and in the Civil War. Canal boats carried coal from western Maryland to markets in the east, and transported troops and supplies during the war. Railroads dramatically expanded local industries and spurred the development of new towns along the rail lines.

Figure 1.34 The CandO Canal’s Lock 30 at Brunswick. Source: Heritage Frederick.

HIGHWAYS In the 1950s and 60s, during the period of urban renewal, the Interstate Highway system was built across the United States. I-70 and I-270 connected Frederick County to the rest of the country and facilitated suburban development in the area. Both of these major highways have since been widened and new, complex interchanges were built to accommodate increased car traffic post–World War II, especially near Frederick.

Figure 1.35 Interstate 70, looking west, helped suburbanize areas of Frederick County. Source: City of Frederick Economic Development.

Figure 1.36 Brunswick, Maryland, showing the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) Railroad Shops and freight yards. Source: Heritage Frederick.

Figure 1.37 Jug Bridge crossing the Monocacy River on the Baltimore and Frederick Town Turnpike, the first federally funded road. Source: City of Frederick. Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 33

SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT

Suburban Development A series of annexations and subdivision developments began to appear at the edges of the City of Frederick in the late 1960s. These added more than 4,200 acres to the area of the City of Frederick as it existed in the early 20th century. Some small villages near Frederick were met or surrounded by new development growing outward from the city. Since that time, population growth in Frederick County has exploded, and new subdivisions and highways have been built to accommodate the new residents. Frederick County has been faced with difficult choices around land use, historic preservation, and development. Given its strong economy and proximity to other high-paying employment centers, the county has been the fastest growing in Maryland for a number of years. As farmland and historic properties were sold to developers for housing and retail development, parts of the County have become more suburban over time.

Figure 1.38 An aerial shot of Frederick neighborhoods. Photographer Andrew Murdock (pilot Ted Gregory). Source: City of Frederick Economic Development.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 35

CHAPTER THREE

Existing Conditions Preservation programs and process Trends and Challenges Local survey history and opportunities Cemeteries Across the County Civil War Properties Over 50 Years Old Agricultural Preservation Land Historic properties Frederick county register of historic places listings Historic Preservation Resources and Organizations

38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56

Overview of Existing Conditions HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN THE STATE The Maryland Historical Trust (MHT) serves as the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). MHT offers an array of state and federal programs that support historic preservation, archaeology, and cultural heritage protection and interpretation. As Maryland’s SHPO, they are mandated by the federal government to administer programs such as the Certified Local Government (CLG) Program, in partnership with the National Park Service, and to prepare a comprehensive statewide historic preservation plan. The CLG program recognizes local governments that have met a high standard for local preservation planning and applied for certification. To become a CLG, a local government must enact a preservation ordinance that meets state and federal standards, appoint a qualified historic preservation commission, and maintain a system for identifying and protecting historic properties. Benefits of being a CLG include technical support, training, and annual funding opportunities. Frederick County is one of 24 CLGs throughout Maryland. MHT’s Heritage2031 is the statewide preservation plan for 2023-2031. The plan was a collaborative effort among many partners and feedback from participants around the state, including CLGs. Heritage2031 includes five goals and several objectives under each goal. The goals are: • Goal 1: Prioritize Underrepresented Communities • Goal 2: Support Professionals and the Public • Goal 3: Enhance Climate Adaptation, Local Planning, and Economic Development • Goal 4: Improve Efficiency and Accessibility • Goal 5: Make the Case for Preservation The goals, strategies, and actions identified in Frederick County’s Historic Preservation Plan update, compliment, and overlap with the goals

and several objectives of Heritage2031. For example, Goal 5 in Heritage2031 in some ways overlaps with Goal 1 of this plan for education and public awareness. Both plans aim to increase outreach and education about their programs. Similarly, Goal 4 in Heritage2031 overlaps with several goals in the County’s plan update such as the Funding and Incentive Goal and the Accessibility and Equity goal. HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN THE COUNTY Historic preservation efforts by the County over the past 40 years, such as the creation of the first historic preservation plan in 1997 and the adoption of the historic preservation ordinance in 1998, culminated in recent enhancements to the program and the ordinance. Key successes in the last few years include the creation of the Peace and Plenty Rural Historic District in 2023 and the adoption of an updated Historic Preservation Ordinance in 2024. The updated ordinance instituted demolition review, archaeological review and cemetery protections, marking a significant step forward for historic preservation in the County. Key components of the historic preservation program as it exists today are: Design Review To preserve and protect the integrity of Frederick County’s historical, architectural, and cultural resources, the Frederick County Historic Preservation Commission (HPC) and Historic Preservation staff review exterior work, new construction, and demolition on properties designated on the County Register of Historic Places. This design review process ensures that proposed projects preserve key historic features and are compatible with the character of historic districts and individually designated properties. Owners of locally designated historic properties have a responsibility for maintaining their historic properties, and design review manages the process of change. Design guidelines are used to evaluate architectural changes and provide a common framework for proposing and evaluating alterations. Demolition Review Historic preservation staff review demolitions Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 37

PRESERVATION PROGRAMS AND PROCESS

for properties that are 50 years old or older, regardless of whether they are designated historic. Following the process outlined in the Historic Preservation Ordinance, staff refer to properties with architectural or historical significance to the Historic Preservation Commission for a determination of unusual historic value. Archaeological Review Historic preservation staff review development review plans such as site plans and preliminary plans to determine archaeological potential. If potential for archaeological resources exist, an archaeological study of the area must be completed. PRESERVATION PROGRAMS Frederick County Historic Tax Credit Owners of property listed on the Frederick County Register of Historic Places are eligible for the Frederick County Historic Tax Credit, which covers 25% of qualified rehabilitation expenses. The credit, capped at $7,500 annually, may be carried forward for up to five years if it exceeds the yearly tax bill. This 25% credit also applies to the documented exterior rehabilitation costs of a structure locally designated by the City of Frederick, or the Town of New Market. To qualify, projects must first be approved by the Historic Preservation Commission (HPC) and obtain a permit, unless the work is on the municipality’s approved Minor Rehabilitation List. Rural Historic Preservation Grant Program The grant program, established in 2020, aims to protect, preserve, and enhance the County’s rural historic properties by providing financial assistance through grants. The maximum award is $50,000 per individual grant. Eligible properties must be located in unincorporated areas of Frederick County and must be designated on the

County Register of Historic Places, a contributing resource in a County designated Historic District, or determined eligible for County Register designation by the Historic Preservation Commission. Rustic Roads The Rustic Roads Program, administered by Historic Preservation Staff in collaboration with the Rustic Roads Commission and the Division of Public Works, oversees the designation and protection of the County’s most historic, scenic, and unaltered rural roads. The rustic quality of these roads reinforces and contributes to the rural character

Figure 1.39 Gambrill Park Road in Fall. Courtesy of Daniel Moser. Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 39

TRENDS AND CHALLENGES

of the landscape. As of May 2026, the County has designated 64 individual roads, protecting more than 85 miles of the gravel and tar-and-chip road network of Frederick County.

Trends and Challenges CURRENT STATE AND NATIONAL TRENDS Though the array of historic buildings varies nationally, Frederick County shares many historic preservation trends with communities across the United States. To understand these commonalities and their implications for Frederick County’s preservation efforts, the planning team investigated numerous resources to identify relevant state and national trends. The key trends identified in our research are detailed in the subsequent section. This is a curated selection of trends most pertinent to Frederick County, not an exhaustive list. A Shift Toward Inclusion and Equity In the past, much of the historic preservation movement’s foundation focused on high-style architecture. Many practitioners, organizations, and communities are now broadening narratives to ensure that the stories of underrepresented individuals and communities are uncovered and highlighted. Large-scale efforts across the nation are highlighting the contributions of women, African Americans, Indigenous people, LGBTQ+, immigrants, and others whose stories have traditionally been left untold. Cities such as Phoenix and Austin are focusing on equity as a foundational lens to ensure that preservation and its benefits are distributed fairly and that the stories of marginalized people are documented and preserved. Connected to this is the idea that intangible heritage, such as oral histories, cultural practices, and community stories, is as relevant to preservation as architectural history. Preservation as a Solution for Contemporary Issues 40

Core challenges confronting municipalities nationwide—such as sustainability, affordability, job creation, and economic vitality—are significant. Preservation is a vital component in addressing these challenges. A growing number of jurisdictions and organizations are now utilizing preservation as more than just a means of cultural conservation. A primary concern for residents and communities is the challenge of affordable housing, driven by skyrocketing prices over the last five years. Historic buildings are seen as vital to an abundance strategy, serving both as existing sources of naturally occurring affordable housing and as excellent adaptive reuse opportunities for conversion into new housing units. Integrating Preservation into Technological Advances Communities have identified utilizing technology to support preservation and digital access to ensure that historic resources are archived and accessible to the public. Multiple agencies are developing or utilizing web-based GIS tools and online databases. Additionally, agencies such as the National Park Service and state historic preservation offices are moving towards electronic submissions to increase transparency and efficiency. On a broader level, organizations and governments are exploring opportunities to utilize large language models and other technological tools. Though many of these are still new and their positive and negative impacts are yet to be determined, they do create major opportunities to gather and interrogate information, pursue new lines of research, and create efficiencies in processes. Climate Change and Environmental Resilience Many jurisdictions are grappling with the potential impacts of climate change, aiming to address threats like flooding, wildfires, and other natural disasters. Many communities are exploring what retrofitting is necessary to protect historic buildings and how to do so in a compatible way. Perhaps more importantly for the historic preservation movement, communities are beginning to frame preservation as an environmental protection strategy. The adaptive reuse of existing buildings conserves embodied

energy, and some communities are adopting this as a climate strategy. This also extends to the deconstruction movement, which seeks to salvage materials from historic buildings rather than demolishing them, allowing for their reuse in other historic buildings and in new construction. Partnerships and Education Successful historic preservation planning is deeply dependent on collaborative partnerships, as demonstrated by the experiences of many communities. These necessary, cross-sector collaborations can span government agencies, nonprofits, private developers, educational institutions, and more. Communities are increasingly prioritizing educational programs, volunteer opportunities, and other initiatives. This focus ensures that future generations are both knowledgeable and enthusiastic about historic preservation, which in turn supports inclusive storytelling and economic development. HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLANS REVIEWED • The New York State Historic Preservation Plan 2021-2026 • Virginia’s Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan 2022–2027 • State of Vermont Historic Preservation Plan 2023-2029

Preservation Plan • Austin, TX Equity-Based Preservation Plan: Learning from Our Past to Shape a Future for Everyone • Historic Preservation Element: Santa Ana General Plan • Town of Marion Community Preservation Plan 2026 • Golden Colorado Historic Preservation Policy and Engagement Study • Preservation and Progress: City of San Diego OTHER RESOURCES EXPLORED • National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP) • National Park Service (NPS) - Technical Preservation Services • Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) • Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) • Society of Architectural Historians (SAH) • The Cultural Landscape Foundation (TCLF) • DOCOMOMO US • Main Street America

• San Antonio Strategic Historic Preservation Plan • Arlington’s Comprehensive Plan: Historic and Cultural Resources Plan • Washington State Historic Preservation Plan 2021-2026: Inhabiting Our History • Preserving Florida’s Heritage: Florida’s Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan 2017—2021 • PreservePHX: Historic Preservation Plan 2025 • Oregon Historic Preservation Plan 2024-2033 • Heritage2031: Maryland’s Statewide

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 41

LOCAL SURVEY HISTORY AND OPPORTUNITIES

SURVEY HISTORY Architectural resource and thematic surveys are essential for comprehending a community’s history. They enable the inventory of historic architectural and archaeological resources, thereby deepening the understanding of the community’s narrative. This section provides an overview of the surveys already completed in Frederick County and outlines opportunities for developing a more comprehensive inventory of historic structures and themes. SURVEY OPPORTUNITIES Frederick County has had success conducting surveys in the past, however, there are a few gaps in survey documentation areas that need to be addressed. General Architectural Survey Many previous surveys document buildings within the City of Frederick and select portions of Frederick County, and many of them did not dive as in depth into the smaller towns and villages, and rural areas. Frederick County is due to complete an updated architectural survey of the County, especially in areas that may not have been surveyed previously. Underrepresented Communities Existing preservation organizations in Frederick County have initiated efforts to document and survey historic structures of underrepresented communities, notably through the Phase I “Recovering Identity” survey and report of African American history in northern Frederick County. The County is also embarking on a County-wide African American historic context study. However, the histories of many other community groups remain largely undocumented. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the County’s built environment, Frederick County and its community partners should prioritize surveying additional historic resources associated with underrepresented groups, including women, the LGBTQ+, Hispanic/Latino, and Asian communities. This expanded documentation will not only provide

deeper insight into the County’s diverse history but will also emphasize the vital importance of the histories of all communities, moving beyond a focus solely on structures related to high style architecture. Recent History The County should be engaging in surveys that can create context statements for more recent historic eras such as World War II, the Cold War, and the camps and retreats in the nearby mountain ranges, and National and State parks.

SURVEY HISTORY 1952

FIRST ORDINANCE SURVEY

In 1952, a survey was conducted to use as a basis for the first ordinance for the City of Frederick by Marshall L. Etchison and Charles F. Bowers. It should be noted that this preservation effort was undertaken prior to the National Historic Preservation Act being signed into law in 1966.

1966

THE NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT

1968

“WINDSHIELD SURVEY”

1972 - 1974

Late 1970s

1978 - 1980

Early 1990s

1995 Present 2021

In 1966, U.S. Congress passed the National Historic Preservation Act, establishing a partnership between Federal, State, Tribal, and Local governments, and providing federal funds for preservation-based projects and initiatives. A “windshield survey” was completed by Paul Brinkman, documenting 440 sites that were previously documented using old HABS forms. The documentation of these sites was updated using the Maryland Historical Trust (MHT) forms that were current at the time. HISTORIC SITES COMMITTEE DOCUMENTATION

The Historic Sites Committee of the Frederick County Landmarks Foundation began intermittently documenting 1,560 sites in Frederick County and the City of Frederick. In 1974, Anthony James and Lu Ann Smith Frye documented 729 sites in the northern portion of Frederick County. During the years of 19721974, J. Richard Rivoire led the effort to survey the City of Frederick, in which approximately 1,300 sites were identified, documented, and described, but lacked the historical investigation. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

The Maryland Geological Society completed an archaeological survey of the Monocacy Valley. The final report was written and published in 1980 by Maureen Kavanaugh. ADDITIONAL SURVEY

Cherilyn Widell conducted a survey in which 575 sites, including bridges, were documented. ADDITIONAL “WINDSHIELD SURVEY”

From 1991 to 1995, Janet Davis led a county-wide “windshield survey” which looked at architecture for buildings visible from the public right-of-way and the eligibility of those buildings in relation to the National Register of Historic Places criteria. SECTION 106 SPURS ADDITIONAL SURVEYING

Many smaller surveys have been conducted in response to the initiation of the Section 106 Review process and other local development review. RECOVERING IDENTITY: NORTHERN FREDERICK COUNTY CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY

In 2021, the Catoctin Furnace Historical Society, the African American Resources Cultural Heritage Society of Frederick County, and Frederick County’s Division of Planning and Permitting partnered to complete Phase 1 of the “Recovering Identity: Northern Frederick County Cultural Resource Survey.” This report, published in 2024, is the first comprehensive historic context statement and architecture inventory with an emphasis on previously undocumented African American resources in northern Frederick County. Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 43

CEMETERIES ACROSS THE COUNTY

Cemeteries Across the County SACRED SPACES IN FREDERICK COUNTY Frederick County’s 355 (Source: Frederick County, MD GIS Data, 2019) cemeteries offer a rich chronicle of the region’s social and cultural development. This diverse collection includes grand “Rural Cemetery Movement” sites, such as Mount Olivet, the burial place of Francis Scott Key, as well as intimate family farm plots found along scenic routes like Devilbiss Bridge and Sams Creek. These sacred spaces also contain the oftenmarginalized history of the County’s African American population. Many are small church graveyards or unmarked burial grounds of enslaved people, frequently situated on challenging terrain like creek beds or wooded hillsides. From the segregated grounds of Fairview and Greenmount to the industrial history of the cemetery at Catoctin Furnace, these sites are vital, often being the sole remaining physical connections to communities whose stories were nearly erased. Many cemeteries and burial grounds in Frederick County were surveyed by Jacob Holdencroft in his books Names in Stone, Stone, and additional work was done by Bryan Main in his follow up book, Finding Names in Stone. Stone. To safeguard this fragile heritage, the County can look towards further inventorying, surveying, and determining the eligibility of historic cemeteries and archaeological sites. Formal documentation allows officials to designate eligible sites to the County Register, providing essential protection against modern development. Recognizing that many sites rely on volunteer maintenance, the County can also launch a cemetery protection grant program, designed to offer descendant groups the necessary resources to honor the diverse ancestors who have shaped Frederick County. This could include assistance with establishing ownership and funding for maintenance activities like marker repair and clearing invasive overgrowth.

Figure 1.40 Mt. Olivet Cemetery. Source: Mt. Olivet Cemetery website.

Figure 1.41 Point of Rocks Cemetery. Source: Frederick County Government.

5mi

Figure 1.42 Cemeteries Across the County.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 45

CIVIL WAR

Civil War THE WAR UNFOLDING ACROSS FREDERICK COUNTY Frederick County served as a crucial Civil War hub, the convergence of Union and Confederate campaign routes and troop movements in the area reflecting the County’s “spoke” geography toward major objectives like the Gettysburg Campaign, the Maryland Campaign (South Mountain/Potomac River skirmishes), and the Battle of Monocacy (“Battle That Saved Washington”). Documented troop movements are essential for preservation. Inventorying, surveying, and designating these adjacent archaeological sites, such as campsites and skirmish lines, should be a priority. THE ANTIETAM CAMPAIGN OF 1862 In September 1862, General Robert E. Lee led the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland. The army moved through Frederick County, establishing an encampment near the City of Frederick. This movement initiated a crucial phase of the Civil War, as General George McClellan’s Army of the Potomac began its pursuit. This culminated in the ferocious Battle of South Mountain on September 14, 1862, where the two armies clashed in western Frederick County. This significant engagement occurred just three days before the pivotal Battle of Antietam.

significance now preserved through the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign Civil War Trail. HEART OF THE CIVIL WAR HERITAGE AREA Because of the rich history of the Civil War in Frederick, Carroll, and Washington Counties, the Maryland Heritage Areas Authority certified the Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area (HCWHA) in 2006. The HCWHA preserves and promotes historic sites, landscapes, and stories related to the Civil War. The map on the next page illustrates just how much of Frederick County is covered by this Heritage Area. The map shades the Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area in tan. The Heritage Area covers the great majority of Frederick County, excluding a portion of the northwestern mountain area, and extends across the county line into neighboring Washington and Carroll counties. Railroad lines run through the county, shown as ticked lines concentrated in the eastern and central portions. A dashed line marks the county boundary.

GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN OF 1863 Following a string of victories in Virginia, General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania in June 1863, with the Union’s Army of the Potomac in close pursuit. Frederick County became a vital strategic hub during this movement, serving as a staging area, supply depot, and hospital site for the US Army as they marched toward their decisive clash at Gettysburg on July 1. This victory proved to be a turning point that doomed Confederate hopes for the campaign and set the stage for their ultimate defeat. For the residents of Frederick County, the campaign brought the war directly to their doorsteps, a legacy of local impact and national 46

HEART OF THE CIVIL WAR HERITAGE AREA

RAILROADS

5MI

Figure 1.43 Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 47

PROPERTIES OVER 50 YEARS OLD

Properties Over 50 Years Old PROPERTIES ELIGIBLE FOR DESIGNATION BASED ON AGE To be considered for the National Register of Historic Places, a property must generally meet the “50-year rule,” a benchmark established to ensure that enough time has passed to allow for an objective, professional evaluation of a site’s historical significance. This cooling-off period helps historians and preservationists distinguish between a passing fad and a truly enduring contribution to American heritage. While reaching the half-century mark makes a property “eligible” for consideration, age alone is not a guarantee of listing; the site must also retain its physical integrity, meaning it must still look much like it did during its period of significance. It must also fall into one of the four key evaluation criteria: association with important events, connection to significant people, distinctive architectural characteristics, or the potential to yield important archaeological information. Of the roughly 100,000 properties in Frederick County (Source: Frederick County Appraisal Data), 73,655 were constructed before 1976. Data shows concentrations primarily in historic urban cores like the City of Frederick, Thurmont, and Brunswick, as well as scattered rural farmsteads that date back to the 18th and 19th centuries. The lighter green points reveal the maturation of mid-century neighborhoods, highlighting a massive inventory of resources that the County could now inventory and survey to determine historical significance. The volume of properties in the County creates a unique opportunity for the future of historic preservation in rural areas, especially as the region grows and changes.

Dot-density map of Frederick County to the right showing the 73,655 properties built before 1976, colored by construction date from dark green for the oldest, about 1760, to light green for the most recent, 1976. Dense concentrations form solid masses at the City of Frederick and at the towns of Thurmont, Emmitsburg, Brunswick, Middletown, and Walkersville, with lighter dots spread across the rural areas between them along road networks.

PROPERTIES 50+ YRS OLD 1760

1976

5mi

Figure 1.44 Properties Over 50 Years Old.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 49

AGRICULTURAL PRESERVATION LAND

Agricultural Preservation Land PRESERVED AGRICULTURAL LAND IN FREDERICK COUNTY The Frederick County Agricultural Land Preservation Office administers a variety of local preservation programs designed to protect productive farmland and support the future of agriculture in Frederick County. These programs provide opportunities for farmers to permanently preserve their land and promote the preservation of agricultural land within the County by offering information and assistance related to the purchase of easements. The County currently has over 77,500 acres of preserved farmland with a goal to preserve 160,000 acres.

AGRICULTURAL PRESERVATION LAND

In addition to County-level agricultural preservation, the State’s Maryland Agricultural Land Preservation Foundation (MALPF) was created in 1977, making it one of the first agricultural land preservation programs in the United States. As of June 30, 2025, there are 186 MALPF easements in Frederick County, preserving 28,201 acres.

MALPF EASEMENT

Agricultural identity was a key concern of survey respondents. While the farmland preservation programs do not prioritize the historic resources within the easements, there is opportunity to find ways to include historic resources so the entire agricultural landscape can be preserved.

ISTEA

CRITICAL FARMS FFP IPP

MET NEXTGENERATION SANG CREP COUNTY HELD

Figure 1.45 Agriculture Preservation Land.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 51

HISTORIC PROPERTIES

Historic Properties PROPERTIES ON THE NATIONAL REGISTER OR THE MARYLAND INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES The National Register of Historic Properties (NRHP) is the official federal list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical, architectural, or archaeological significance. Administered by the National Park Service (NPS) under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the register serves as a comprehensive tool to coordinate and support public and private efforts to identify and protect America’s cultural resources.

• Crampton’s Gap Historic District • Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Park • Fort Detrick Historic District • Monocacy Battlefield • Peace and Plenty Rural Historic Landscape • Sugarloaf Mountain Historic District • Turner’s Gap/Fox’s Gap Historic District • Washington Run Rural Area

While listing is often a point of community pride, its primary function is to provide a standardized set of criteria to determine which properties qualify for federal preservation benefits, such as federal tax incentives and consideration in the planning of federally assisted projects. This can include evaluating the site’s age, integrity, and “significance” in American history. The Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties (MIHP), managed by the Maryland Historical Trust, serves as a repository of research and surveys of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects, often looking at the resource’s historical, architectural, or archaeological significance to the State of Maryland. In Frederick County, there are approximately 2,900 surveyed sites on the Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties, and 142 designated properties on the National Register of Historic Places (Medusa Cultural Resource Information System). 2,702 of them are classified as properties while an additional 106 are classified as places, including districts, buildings, objects, and structures. Some of the largest surveyed sites in the County include: • Black’s Mill Survey District • Carrollton Manor Rural Historic District • Catoctin Mountain Park Historic District/ Recreation Demonstration Area • Clemsonville Rural Historic District 52

PROPERTIES ON THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

PROPERTIES ON THE MARYLAND INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES

MUNICIPALITIES

RAILROADS

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Figure 1.46 Places on the National Register of Historic Places or the Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties. Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 53

FREDERICK COUNTY REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES LISTINGS

County Register of Historic Places PROPERTIES ON THE COUNTY REGISTER At the local level, a County or Local Historic Register serves as a vital tool for protecting local historic assets by integrating preservation directly into the community’s zoning and planning framework. Unlike higher-level designations that may be purely honorary, a local register offers a high level of protection; any proposed alterations, demolitions, or new construction typically require a rigorous review and approval process by a local historical commission to ensure the site’s integrity remains intact. While these strict design review processes for exterior improvements can act as a constraint for property owners, the overarching benefits include the long-term preservation of neighborhood character and increased property stability. These programs are managed directly by local governments, such as a county historic preservation commission, which provides the oversight necessary to balance modern growth with the safeguarding of a community’s unique heritage.

Figure 1.47 Peace and Plenty District

Frederick County has 52 locally registered historic properties. The largest of these properties is Peace and Plenty Rural Historic District, the first rural historic district in the state and the largest locally designated site at 1,161 acres. The district consists of 10 historic farms with 50 structures, which all played a role in the County’s rich agricultural history. The architecture of these houses, barns, and outbuildings shows the evolution of farm life from 1760 to 1940.

Figure 1.48 Catoctin Furnace Area

COUNTY REGISTER SITES

MUNICIPALITIES

RAILROADS

5mi

Figure 1.49 County Registered Properties

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 55

HISTORIC PRESERVATION RESOURCES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Historic Preservation Resources and Organizations There are many resources available to the Frederick County community, and many organizations that are passionate about historic preservation and the history of Frederick County. The following section details historic preservation resources and organizations available at the National, State, and Local level that are active caretakers of the history and historic resources of the County. Historic Preservation Resources NATIONAL American Battlefield Trust The American Battlefield Trust is a non-profit organization whose mission is to preserve America’s hallowed battlegrounds from the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, and the Civil War as well as educating the public about what happened and why it matters. The organization conducts battlefield preservation through either conservation easements or acquiring the land directly. National Park Service Historic Preservation Training Center The National Park Service Historic Preservation Training Center (HPTC) is a branch of the National Park Service that is dedicated to the preservation and maintenance of historic structures within the national parks. The HPTC offers trade, technical, and learning services. The Preservation Trades Services team offers assistance with hands-on trades projects involving woodworking, masonry, carpentry, and more. The Preservation Technical Services team offers assistance in the architecture and project management fields, with products including measured drawings, historic structures reports, and services such as project planning and project oversight. The Learning Services team provides learning opportunities for aspiring preservation professionals to build up their skillsets 56

to follow either a technical or trades career path. LOCAL Brunswick Heritage Museum The Brunswick Heritage Museum is a place that celebrates and preserves the history of the City of Brunswick through interactive displays, educational videos, and storytelling. The museum also tells the story of the CandO canal and the BandO railroad through a 1,700 square foot scale model of a portion of the historic railroad. Maryland Room - C. Burr Artz Public Library Located within the C. Burr Artz Public Library, visitors can find the Maryland Room. The Maryland Room is a non-circulating collection of local history. Primary and secondary sources document the history of Maryland, the Civil War, and genealogy of people who called Maryland home. Within this collection are resources that have been tailored to the history of Frederick County and the City of Frederick. Provincial Archives of the Daughters of Charity The Daughters of Charity had four provinces that were merged into one, now known as the Province of St. Louise. The administrative offices are located in St. Louis, but it was decided that the archives of four provinces would be located in Emmitsburg, MD, where Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton founded the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s. The archives tell the story of the Daughters’ work in the US, primarily in the 19th and 20th centuries, and during the Civil War where they acted as nurses after the Battle of Gettysburg, and contain records from the four merged provinces of the Daughters of Charity as well as the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. The archives are open to researchers over 16 and are available without an appointment. Historic Preservation Organizations NATIONAL Main Street America Main Street America is a national non-profit organization that aims to preserve the historic character of historic downtown districts and create

thriving communities. Main Street America has programs across 47 states, and provides guidance, education, tools, and collaborative networks for state coordinators and community directors to get the job done through four pillars of focus: design, promotion, economics, and organization. Main street Maryland, within the Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development, serves as the State’s coordinating body. There are four Main Street designated communities and two connected communities in Frederick County. Those communities are: • Downtown Frederick Partnership • Brunswick Main Street • Main Street Middletown • Main Street Thurmont • New Market (Connected) • Emmitsburg (Connected) National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS), a branch of the U.S. Department of the Interior, is the home of Historic Preservation at the Federal level. NPS is the manager of the National Register for Historic Places, and is a resource for research and technical assistance. NPS also offers educational opportunities through the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, where preservationists can join workshops and seminars to learn about the latest technologies and stay up to date with the latest trends. STATE Archaeological Society of Maryland The Archaeological Society of Maryland (ASM) is a statewide organization of lay and professional archaeologists devoted to the study and conservation of Maryland archaeology. The ASM publishes a monthly newsletter and the bi-annual Maryland Archaeology Journal. There are regional chapters all over the state, and the chapter local to Frederick County is the Monocacy Chapter.

Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area The State of Maryland is divided into 13 heritage areas, and Frederick County lies in the Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area (HCWHA), along with portions of Washington and Carroll County. The HCWHA is managed by a nonprofit organization of the same name that is powered by staff members, a volunteer board, and an advisory board that brings the three counties together. The mission of the HCWHA is to preserve and promote the historic sites, towns, cultural landscapes, and diverse stories of the three counties. Maryland Commission on African American History and Culture The Maryland Commission on African American History and Culture is committed to discovering, documenting, preserving, collecting, and promoting Maryland’s African American heritage. The Commission also provides technical assistance to institutions and groups with similar objectives, and seeks to educate Maryland citizens and visitors to our state about the significance of the African American experience in Maryland. Maryland Historical Trust The Maryland Historical Trust (MHT) serves as the State Historic Preservation Office for the State of Maryland. MHT is dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of Maryland’s history through research, education, conservation, and funding. Preservation Maryland Preservation Maryland is the oldest and largest preservation organization in the State of Maryland. A non-profit organization, Preservation Maryland uses the power of preservation in revitalizing and reinvesting in communities, advocacy, and building the historic trades workforce to benefit all Marylanders. CITY AND COUNTY City of Frederick Historic Preservation Commission The City of Frederick Historic Preservation Commission reviews and approves rehabilitation work on the exterior of a building within the Historic Preservation Overlay. Project scopes that the commission reviews include exterior building FREDERICK COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 57

HISTORIC PRESERVATION RESOURCES AND ORGANIZATIONS

rehabilitation, signage, changes to setting, and outdoor features and ensures the work being completed complies with local design guidelines. Frederick Historic Sites Consortium The Frederick Historic Sites Consortium is a program of the Tourism Council of Frederick County, and a collaboration of nearly thirty museums, historic sites and partner organizations engaged in the preservation and promotion of local history in the County. Frederick County Historic Preservation Commission The Frederick County Historic Preservation Commission (HPC) was established with the adoption of the Historic Preservation Ordinance in the Frederick County Code. The purpose of the HPC is to review the significance of historic sites and buildings, review petitions for designation to the Frederick County Register of Historic Places, submit recommendations to County Council for preservation initiatives and work, and review applications for Certificates of Appropriateness. New Market Historic District Commission The New Market Historic District Commission / Architectural Review Commission preserves structures, sites, and districts that reflect elements of the town of New Market’s history. The Commission reviews changes or additions to a property’s exterior, such as signs, roofing, siding, fencing, decks, patios, doors, windows, and color changes. National Museum of Civil War Medicine The National Museum of Civil War Medicine is located in downtown Frederick, Maryland. As part of a network of museums that are devoted to Civil War Medicine, visitors can learn about the innovations, sacrifices, and brutal conditions of wartime medicine and the people who healed wounded soldiers during the war. Also within the museum is a research center with books and resource materials related to Civil War medicine and adjacent topics.

Visit Frederick Visit Frederick is the authority on tourism in both Frederick County and the City of Frederick. They offer suggestions on things like where to eat, where to stay, and things to do. They have an entire section on just history and museums, where a visitor to the Frederick area can find suggestions for historic covered bridges, civil war experiences, museums, black history, and other historic sites. African American Resources Cultural and Heritage Society The African American Resources Cultural and Heritage (AARCH) Society aims to build a more tolerant, educated, and diverse community through the identification, collection, add preservation of objects, artifacts and stories about the rich heritage, culture, and contributions of African Americans in Frederick County. Through publicly accessible programs and services, AARCH Society hopes to educate, enrich and enlighten current and future generations. Asian American Center of Frederick The Asian American Center of Frederick is a community-based organization that aims to empower immigrants to become self-sufficient and independent contributors to their communities. While called the Asian American Center, the organization is meant to serve all immigrants and minorities of Frederick County. Catoctin Furnace Historical Society Just outside of Thurmont is a small village where workers at the Catoctin Furnace lived. The Catoctin Furnace Historical Society is dedicated to preserving the history of this small village, as well as the ruins of the furnace itself, and its interpretive educational materials. The subjects this group works to protect include the architecture and cultural landscapes of the area, but also the lifeways of enslaved Africans, free African Americans, and European immigrant laborers and families. Catoctin Land Trust The Catoctin Land Trust is Maryland’s only land trust dedicated to preserving the woods and

waters of the Appalachian Trail landscape. Their vision is to maintain an enduring, connected, and living Appalachian Mountain landscape of protected forests, clean streams, regenerative farmland and vibrant communities in Frederick and Washington counties. Central Maryland Heritage League Founded in 1989, the Central Maryland Heritage League advocates for, enhances and encourages the public awareness and preservation of the cultural, historical, and natural heritage of the Middletown Valley. Originally a battlefield preservation group that focused on the protection of the South Mountain State Battlefield, the Central Maryland Heritage League has grown into a preservation group that holds easements on multiple historical properties and educates the public on the heritage of the area. Centro Hispano de Frederick County Centro Hispano de Frederick County has been helping the immigrant population of Frederick County for the last 15 years. From offering English language courses, citizenship courses, and sponsoring events for the immigrant seniors and summer schools in Frederick County, the Centro is doing its part to promote full participation in community and the successful pursuit of opportunity, for all ages and all backgrounds. Emmitsburg Area Historical Society The purpose of the Emmitsburg Area Historical Society is to identify and capture the history of the people, organizations, businesses and events that have shaped the Emmitsburg community, and to provide this information to those seeking to learn more about our rich history, or their own local ancestral roots. The Historical Society hopes that the community will be an active participant in their primary goal, which is a comprehensive documentation of the history of Emmitsburg, and operates only in a virtual capacity, a much different model than most historical societies. Frederick County Civil War Roundtable The Frederick County Civil War Roundtable (FCCWR) is a group of Civil War enthusiasts

in Frederick County who are dedicated to the preservation and sharing of Civil War history to broaden understanding of the history of the war and its impact on the nation. Additionally, the FCCWR supports activities, events and projects that increase the public interest and appreciation, and are supporters of educational endeavors, such as a lecture series that dives into 1st person narratives and facets of time on the battlefield. For more information, visit their website, HERE. Frederick County Landmarks Foundation The Frederick County Landmarks Foundation is a non-profit organization whose primary focus is on the preservation of historic sites, structures, natural landmarks, and communities in Frederick County. Through special events and knowledge sharing, the hope for the Frederick County Landmarks Foundation is to increase public awareness and appreciation for these sites. Heritage Frederick Heritage Frederick is an educational and cultural non-profit organization that creates engaging and interactive experiences that are accessible for all, and highlights the impact of Frederick, MD. Heritage Frederick also operates an Archives and Research Center that contains history for all of Frederick County. Historical Society of Mount Airy, MD The Historical Society of Mount Airy, MD was founded in 1997, with the objective of operating an educational and charitable museum on the history of Mount Airy, MD, and to preserve the history and culture of the town. Middletown Valley Historical Society The Middletown Valley Historical Society was founded in 1976 to preserve the history and culture of Middletown, MD, and the surrounding valley. The Society hosts monthly events and seminars that are relevant to Middletown and its neighbors. Monocacy National Battlefield Foundation The Monocacy National Battlefield Foundation is a non-profit organization partner of the Monocacy National Battlefield, managed by NPS. The Foundation aims to assist the Monocacy National Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 59

HISTORIC PRESERVATION RESOURCES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Battlefield by improving and expanding upon educational, environmental, and natural resource programs, acquiring materials and equipment for use in its programs; to further developing the library and museum; and to preserving the historic, cultural, natural, and environmental resources of the park. South Mountain Heritage Society The South Mountain Heritage Society, as it is known today, was founded in 1993. The Society preserves and interprets the history of Burkittsville, Maryland through the preservation of the Resurrection Reformed Church, home of the South Mountain Heritage Society’s museum. The museum brings in visitors to view fixed and temporary exhibits, and the museum also hosts public and private events, fostering the community. Thurmont Historical Society The Thurmont Historical Society was founded in 1988 to foster and promote an interest in the history of Thurmont, MD. The Historical Society collects and preserves documents, photographs, artifacts and other historical objects, and educates the community through rotating exhibits and the collection at their research library. Woodsboro Historical Society The Woodsboro Historical Society, Inc. is a non-profit organization whose objective is to promote the study of the history of Woodsboro and to collect and conserve local artifacts and memorabilia of historical importance. Other goals of the Society include acquiring, restoring and preserving monuments and structures in the area deemed to be of historic importance to Woodsboro, Maryland. The Society shares a space with the Woodsboro Train Station Museum, which creates an opportunity for education in the Woodsboro area.

Figure 1.50 Downtown Brunswick, Source: Frederick County Government Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 61

CHAPTER FOUR

Goals and Actions

Plan Goals 64 Goal One: Education and Public Awareness 66 Goal Two: Accessibility and Equity 78 Goal Three: Sustainability and Environmental Stewardship 86 Goal Four: Community Identity 94 Goal Five: Identify, Interpret, and Protect 100 Goal Six: Funding and Incentives 114 Goal Seven: growth and redevelopment 124

PLAN GOALS After the initial community engagement, the advisory group for this plan gathered to establish goals for Frederick County to achieve over the course of the next 10 years. Seven goals and strategies were developed. Those goals and their descriptions for the Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan are: Goal 1: Education and Public Awareness To enhance community understanding of Frederick County’s distinctive history through innovative programs, hands-on training initiatives, and community partnerships.

HOW TO READ THIS SECTION Strategies (as in Strategy 1.#), respond to each goal with accompanying Actions (as in Action 1.#a). Each action includes accompanying indicators for priority level, recommended timing across five implementation timelines including Immediate (Year 1), Near-Term (Years 1-2), Mid-Term (Years 3-5), Long-Term (Years 6-10), and Ongoing (throughout the plan period), recommended staff support to implement the action, and potential partners to support in program development.

Goal 2: Accessibility and Equity Develop an inclusive preservation program that honors all histories and is accessible to all. Goal 3: Sustainability and Environmental Stewardship

PRIORITY

Expand the historic preservation toolkit by incorporating innovative strategies to implement County policies.

LOW MEDIUM-LOW

Goal 4: Community Identity

MEDIUM

Promote historic preservation as a context-based solution to assist communities in maintaining and expanding upon their unique visual and cultural identity.

MEDIUM-HIGH

Goal 5: Identify, Interpret, and Protect

HIGH

TIMING

Increase the number and diversity of cultural resources identified, evaluated, and designated, and protected in Frederick County.

IMMEDIATE NEAR-TERM MID-TERM

Goal 6: Funding and Incentives

LONG-TERM

Expand and enhance funding and incentive programs to support historic preservation. Goal 7: Growth and Redevelopment To preserve Frederick County’s historic resources while supporting thoughtful growth and redevelopment.

ONGOING

STAFF Recommended staff support is identified for each action. PARTNERS Potential partners and collaborators are identified for each action. FREDERICK COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 63

PLAN GOALS

GOAL ONE

GOAL TWO

Education and Public Awareness

Accessibility and Equity

To enhance community understanding

Develop an inclusive preservation

of Frederick County’s distinctive history

program that honors all histories and is

through innovative programs, hands-

accessible to all.

on training initiatives, and community partnerships.

GOAL THREE

Sustainability and Environmental Stewardship Incorporate innovative strategies to expand and implement into the historic preservation policy toolkit. 64

GOAL FOUR

Community Identity Promote historic preservation as a context-based solution to assist communities in maintaining and expanding upon their unique visual and cultural identity.

GOAL FIVE

GOAL SIX

Identify, Interpret and Protect

Funding and Incentives

Increase the number and diversity of

Expand and enhance funding and

cultural resources identified, evaluated,

incentive programs to support historic

designated, and protected in Frederick

preservation.

County.

GOAL SEVEN

Growth and Redevelopment To preserve Frederick County’s historic resources while supporting thoughtful growth and redevelopment.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 65

GOAL ONE: EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

GOAL ONE

Education and Public Awareness To enhance community understanding of Frederick County’s distinctive history through innovative programs, hands-on training initiatives, and community partnerships.

STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 1 Strategy 1.1: Use online platforms or other technology-based opportunities

create informative and engaging history and historic preservation programming for learners of all ages and backgrounds.

to increase awareness and access

Strategy 1.3: Develop heritage training

to historic resources and historic

programs.

STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOALCreate 1 » Action 1.3a: hands-on training opportunities focused » Action 1.1a: Develop a county-wide Strategy 1.1 Develop educational on preservation, documentation, digital archive and resource hub for programming that engages across conservation, heritage tourism, and research and documentation. generations and cultures in Frederick archaeology. » Action 1.1b: Create an accessible online County. » Action 1.3b: Explore partnerships inventory and map of designated to increase access to vocational, historic sites and buildings. » Action 1.1A Develop a county-wide apprenticeship, and for other training digital archive and resource hub for preservation trades. research andprograms documentation. Strategy 1.2: Develop educational » Action 1.1B Create an online catalog and programming that engages across map of historic sites and buildings. preservation opportunities.

generations and cultures in Frederick Strategy 1.2 Develop educational programming that engages across generations and cultures in Frederick » Action 1.2a: Partner with existing County. events, programs, businesses, and organizations to engage with»the Action 1.2A Partner with existing community about the history of events, programs, business and Frederick County and the historic organizations to engage with the preservation program. community about the history of

County.

Frederick County and the historic » Action 1.2b: Create collateral and Outreach materials to ensure preservation program. preservation program requirements are less intimidating. » Action 1.2c: Create programs and educational materials in collaboration with partners to educate students about Frederick County’s history and historic built environment. » 1.2d: Partner with organizations to

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 67

GOAL ONE: EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

» STRATEGY 1.1

Use online platforms or other technologybased opportunities to increase awareness and access to historic resources and historic preservation opportunities.

Figure 1.51 Catoctin Furnace, Source: Catoctin Furnace Historical Society.

» Action 1.1a: Develop a county-wide digital archive and resource hub for research and documentation. Disparate archives or hard to access information can be a major impediment for property owners, local volunteers, professional researchers, and advocates doing research in their spare time. The more accessible information is, the simpler it will be for community members, consultants, and others to research and develop new local and National Register nominations, therefore increasing opportunities for and the likelihood of more historic preservation.

CASE STUDY Los Alamos Archives The Los Alamos Historical Society (LAHS), a private non-profit, manages the Los Alamos Archives in New Mexico. These archives and collections have been continually amassed since 1968, the year the Los Alamos History Museum (also part of LAHS) was established. Although LAHS has a longstanding contract with Los Alamos County, which began in 1968 with the museum’s initial location, provides LAHS with the archive space, among other resources.

Digitization Efforts • An untold amount of materials, information, and other archival resources exist within local historical societies, governmental bodies, and other local organizations and companies. The County could assist in digitizing these resources and adding them to a larger resource hub to increase public access. The County could support these digitization efforts by offering grants, providing technical assistance, or directly undertaking digitization on behalf of another entity or organization. Online Resource Hub • The County could partner with Frederick County Public Libraries to develop an online resource hub to provide better access to archival resources. This hub should be open and accessible to the public at no cost. The inclusion of archival material in the resource hub could be a requirement for any County grants or other assistance offered for digitization efforts.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation, Library PARTNERS Historical Societies, Community volunteers

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 69

GOAL ONE: EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

» Action 1.1b: Create an accessible online inventory and map of designated historic sites and buildings. An accessible online platform for listed buildings would prove beneficial on numerous levels. Property owners—those looking to purchase property or those seeking to purchase historic property—could easily identify what is and is not listed. This would encourage developers who seek historic tax credits, reduce confusion for existing or potential property owners, and serve as a valuable tool for historians and researchers. The database could also include National Register districts and individual listings to ensure a largerscale understanding. This would also allow for additional storytelling, interpretation, and research opportunities. Some opportunities include: • Existing County GIS databases could be utilized to develop map-based interactive experiences, such as through platforms like ArcGIS StoryMaps. Interactive experiences could be built around existing themes or contextual items, such as Civil War sites. • Create layers on existing County GIS Property Explorer to show local historic districts, locally designated sites and properties, the Rustic Roads Program, and other cultural assets. • A database could be created in partnership with other Frederick County municipalities to establish a single location for information. • Create an online community asset map for the community to add historic resources onto that may not be recognized in formal designations.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation Staff, GIS Staff PARTNERS MHT, NPS, Preservation Maryland, Local Organizations

Figure 1.52 The artifacts in this photo were found under the basement floor boards at the Kitterman-Buckey Farm, a National Register farmstead near Johnsville. These artifacts reflect the various activities that took place at the house. Image courtesy of Hettie Ballweber. FREDERICK COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 71

GOAL ONE: EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

» STRATEGY 1.2

Develop educational programming that engages across generations and cultures in Frederick County.

Figure 1.53 Captain Ignatius W. Dorsey Farmhouse, Source: Peace and Plenty Rural Historic District Nomination Application. 72

» Action 1.2a: Partner with existing events, programs, businesses and organizations to engage with the community about history and historic preservation. Utilizing existing frameworks—such as events, organizations offering educational programs, or businesses conducting classes—presents valuable avenues for the historic preservation program to share information. Leveraging these opportunities enables the County to maximize its impact while minimizing the effort and direct costs associated with organizing proprietary events. Some opportunities include: • Partner with established events like Main Street programming and Historic Preservation Month. Continue active participation in other County festivals and events.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation, Communications, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS Local Public and Private Businesses, Main Streets, Historical Societies, FCAR, FCBIA, and Visit Frederick

• Collaborate with breweries and other businesses that operate out of historic barns or adaptive-reuse buildings to tell the story of the site and of Frederick County generally. • Collaborate with Frederick County Association of REALTORS® (FCAR), Frederick County Building Industry Association (FCBIA), insurance industry organizations, and others to conduct training sessions for industry professionals. These sessions should focus on Frederick County history, architecture, the requirements of Frederick County’s historic preservation program and the benefits of preservation. • Work with Visit Frederick and other partners to add preservation-focused “Behind the Scenes” stops that highlight how landmarks are physically maintained.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 73

GOAL ONE: EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

» Action 1.2b: Create collateral and outreach materials to ensure preservation program requirements are less intimidating. Historic preservation processes can be challenging to understand, even for preservation professionals. They often vary between municipalities and governmental jurisdictions. Additionally, members of the public often confuse which type of historic designations require which reviews. Creating clear online and paper collateral that explains these processes will greatly assist the public in understanding the historic preservation process. Some opportunities include: • Develop clear designation and Certificate of Approval processes. • Create easy to understand guidance for common preservation and rehabilitation projects, such as roofs and windows.

» Action 1.2c: Create programs and educational materials in collaboration with partners to educate students about Frederick County’s history and historic built environment. Fostering an early interest in the history of Frederick County and the significance of its structures can inspire its youth toward lifelong stewardship of these vital resources. Creating readily available materials, activities, lesson plans, and other learning resources would establish easy pathways for educators to focus on local history, both in and out of schools. Some opportunities include: • Partner with the library system to develop and maintain materials and programs for educators, homeschoolers, and others. • Partner with Frederick County Public Schools, local colleges, and other institutions to assist in developing educational materials, lesson plans, activities, and field trips that support local history education. • Develop an oral history program where students interview elder residents about the local history, events, and buildings and add those interviews to the resource hub.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF

Historic Preservation, Communications PARTNERS MHT

Historic Preservation, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS Frederick County Public Schools, Frederick Community College, and historical organizations

» Action 1.2d: Partner with organizations to create informative and engaging history and historic preservation programming for learners of all ages and backgrounds. High-quality, engaging educational programming appeals to people of all ages and diverse interests. The most effective strategy for attracting a broad audience is to develop informative and stimulating opportunities that serve as an initial introduction to encourage deeper historic exploration. Some opportunities include: • Genealogy workshops, or “Genealogy Days,” for seniors, allowing them to share photos, documents, and other materials with the library. • Engage youth and seniors in joint research and information gathering to foster new ideas and lines of thinking. • Provide adult learners with educational opportunities to expand their capabilities and spark an interest in exploring topics such as genealogy, historic research, archival approaches, archaeology, and cemetery conservation. • Explore a historic preservation focused youth summer camp in partnership with the County’s Parks and Recreation Department.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation, Library, Senior Services, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS Other Local Historical Organizations, Preservation Maryland

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 75

GOAL ONE: EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

» STRATEGY 1.3

Develop heritage training programs.

Figure 1.54 Rhyolite artifacts from Catoctin Mountain. Image Courtesy of Hettie Ballweber. 76

» Action 1.3a: Create hands-on training opportunities focused on preservation, documentation, conservation, heritage tourism, and archaeology.

» Action 1.3b: Explore partnerships to increase access to vocational, apprenticeship, and other training programs for preservation trades.

Developing training opportunities focused on preservation-related subjects will support property owners and volunteers interested in maintaining and documenting historic resources. These workshops can also serve as an introduction for future professionals to gain exposure to potential skills and vocations, while simultaneously supporting current practitioners through employment. There are opportunities to partner with tradespeople and other partners to host workshops such as: • Blacksmithing

The skilled trades, particularly those related to historic preservation, are often highly in demand yet short on labor. By working with local schools to create training programs, the County can support both preservation and economic development, while ensuring staff and contractors are equipped to maintain and repair historic buildings. Some opportunities include: • Collaborate with Frederick Community College, Frederick County Public Schools, or other interested institutions to train local students in preservation techniques.

• Window repair • Masonry maintenance • Wood repair, replacement, or refinishing • Plaster work • Cemetery maintenance • Archaeological education and public digs

• When the National Park Service Historic Preservation Training Center is able to, utilize the existing partnership agreement with the County to provide training in preservation techniques for County staff. • Partner with Preservation Maryland to increase the number of preservation apprenticeship program opportunities available in Frederick County.

• Support Historic Sites Consortium’s Master Docent day and other heritage tourism volunteer training events PRIORITY

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF

Historic Preservation, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS Historic Societies, Preservation Maryland, Campaign for Historic Trades, Frederick Community College, Frederick County Public Schools

Historic Preservation PARTNERS FCPS, FCC, Preservation Maryland, Frederick County Building Industry Association, NPS HPTC

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 77

GOAL TWO: ACCESSIBILITY AND EQUITY

GOAL TWO ONE

Accessibility and Equity Develop an inclusive preservation program that honors all histories and is accessible to all.

STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 2 Strategy 2.1: Strive for equal

Strategy 2.2: Make preservation more accessible, desirable, and achievable.

» Action 2.2a: Improve participation in public meetings and access to outreach events by lowering barriers underrepresented people and places and engaging with people in their within Frederick County’s history. own communities. STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOALExplore 1 » Action 2.1a: Complete an audit of » Action 2.2b: ways to make Maryland Inventory of Historic historic preservation affordable to all Strategy 1.1 Develop educational Properties (MIHP) files for Frederick communities. that engages across County of underrepresented programming histories. » Action 2.2c: all generations and cultures inEnsure Frederick » Action 2.1b: Tell Frederick County’s communications related to the County. full story by designating more historic County’s historic preservation resources to the County Register » Action 1.1A Develop a county-wide program are clear and accessible. and National Register that represent digital archive and resource hub for » Action 2.2d: Evaluate the communities that have historically research and documentation. rehabilitation building code and been marginalized by the Historic » Action 1.1B Create an online andto ensure existing designcatalog guidelines Preservation field. map of historic sites and buildings. historic buildings can be made accessible to all. Strategy 1.2 Develop educational programming that engages across generations and cultures in Frederick County. representation of historically

» Action 1.2A Partner with existing events, programs, business and organizations to engage with the community about the history of Frederick County and the historic preservation program.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 79

GOAL TWO: ACCESSIBILITY AND EQUITY

» STRATEGY 2.1

Strive for equal representation of historically underrepresented people and places within Frederick County’s history.

Figure 1.55 William Downey Farm Bank Barn, Source: Peace and Plenty Rural Historic District Nomination Application. 80

» Action 2.1a: Complete an audit of Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties (MIHP) files for Frederick County of underrepresented histories. There are more than 3,000 resources in Frederick County that have been inventoried for the MIHP. These forms contain a wealth of information and by auditing them through a variety of means, stories that have been overlooked and under told can be brought to the surface. Some opportunities include: • Work with volunteers or local groups to research the files and report out findings, potentially connected to educational efforts outlined in Goal 1. • Utilize large language models or other technology based tools to interrogate the existing files and help to uncover or link findings that have not yet been explored.

» Action 2.1b: Tell Frederick County’s full story by designating more historic resources to the County Register and National Register that represent communities that have historically been marginalized by the Historic Preservation field. Multiple efforts such as the survey “Recovering Identity: Phase 1” by the Catoctin Furnace Historical Society and AARCH Society have begun to bring to the foreground the African American history and culture in Frederick County. Uncovering these stories is the first step. However, additional efforts are needed to ensure that the resources of underrepresented peoples are protected and preserved. Some opportunities include: • Work with local preservation groups and property owners to proactively build support for the preservation and voluntary listing of these historic resources on the County Register. • Complete two thematic context studies, similar to the “Recovering Identity” AfricanAmerican context study, associated with other underrepresented communities such as Asian, Hispanic/Latino, LGBTQ+, and women. • Complete MIHP and National Register nomination forms based on thematic context studies. • Increase County Register and National Register designations that are diverse representations of the County’s history by 10 in 2036.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF

Historic Preservation PARTNERS MHT

Historic Preservation PARTNERS Property Owners, Other Local Organizations, Volunteers, MHT Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 81

GOAL TWO: ACCESSIBILITY AND EQUITY

» STRATEGY 2.2

Make preservation more accessible, desirable, and achievable.

Figure 1.56 Richard W. Kanode Farm Park, Source: Frederick County Government. 82

» Action 2.2a: Improve participation in public meetings and access to outreach events by lowering barriers and engaging with people in their own communities. With a large geographic area and community members with busy lives, mobility issues, long commutes or other barriers to entry, many citizens do not have the capability to attend in person public meetings. Great strides have already been made by the County to ensure that Historic Preservation Commission meetings are virtual and are made accessible if needed. Continuing that focus while looking for more opportunities to make meetings and outreach events accessible will encourage more participation. Some opportunities include: • Create ongoing online engagement opportunities to gather thoughts, ideas, and feedback. • Create simplified, self-guided engagement kits that community groups or neighborhood associations, can use to host their own small discussions.

» Action 2.2b: Explore ways to make historic preservation affordable to all communities. Physical preservation or replacement of historic building materials is often expensive, especially compared to new, non-compatible materials. Therefore, exploring ways to make preservation more attainable must be an ongoing effort. By making preservation more accessible, we can preserve a wider variety of historic buildings while also ensuring that living or working in historic buildings is not restricted only to those who can afford them. Some opportunities include: • Ongoing reviews of contemporary materials that are suitable for use on historic buildings, with a focus on exploring opportunities that are more affordable and accessible. • Expand grant funding opportunities to help assist property owners with the means to preserve their historic structures. • Explore funding opportunities like NPS Paul Bruhn Revitalization grant or the African American Civil Rights grant.

• Create workshops around the County regarding County Register benefits and how to designate a property, complete tax credit applications, and grant applications. • Attend at least three (3) community outreach events per year to promote historic PRIORITY

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Historic Preservation, Communications PARTNERS Other Local Organizations

Historic Preservation PARTNERS MHT, NPS Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 83

GOAL TWO: ACCESSIBILITY AND EQUITY

» Action 2.2c: Ensure all communications related to the County’s historic preservation program are clear and accessible. Historic preservation terminology can be confusing for people without formal training or for community members who do not speak English as a first language. To improve the accessibility and understanding of the historic preservation program, the County should prioritize clear and inclusive communication. Some opportunities include: • Minimizing the use of architectural or industry jargon, or providing clear definitions and visualizations when such language is necessary. • Exploring and addressing potential barriers to access, such as for non-English speakers and individuals with other impediments. • Making all preservation-related communications—including written materials, the website, and applications—fully ADA accessible to the public.

Traditional historic preservation approaches and the desire for full accessibility often create conflict. Previously, compromises sometimes prioritized visual impact over access for building users. By allowing historic buildings to be retrofitted with materials and technologies that support residents of all ages and abilities—such as those aligned with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and universal design principles—we can ensure that historic buildings are made for all. Some opportunities include: • Revisit existing design guidelines to ensure that they align with contemporary accessibility approaches. • Regularly review the rehabilitation building code to ensure that accessibility and historic preservation are appropriately balanced.

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Communication, Historic Preservation, Equity and Inclusion PARTNERS Centro Hispano de Frederick County, Asian American Center of Frederick County

» Action 2.2d: Evaluate the rehabilitation building code and existing design guidelines to ensure historic buildings can be made accessible to all.

Historic Preservation, Permitting PARTNERS MHT, NPS

Figure 1.57 Fountain Rock Stone Crusher, Source: Frederick County Government.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 85

GOAL THREE: SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

GOAL THREE ONE

Sustainability and Environmental Stewardship Incorporate innovative strategies to expand and implement into the historic preservation policy toolkit.

STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 3

of open spaces while retaining historic

Strategy 3.1: Promote sustainability practices with historic preservation. » Action 3.1a: Support energy efficiency improvements for historic properties.

features. » Action 3.2a: Increase the compatibility and alignment between agricultural preservation programs and historic preservation programs.

» Action 3.2b: Collaborate with the » Action 3.1b: Investigate establishing STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT County GOAL Parks1 and Recreation division programs for material deconstruction to ensure historic features are and salvage, and promote the reuse 1.1 Develop Strategy educational considered in open space acquisition of recovered historic materials in programming that engages across and management. both restoration projects and new generations and cultures in Frederick construction. County. » 3.1c: Include historic preservation and » Action 1.1A Develop a county-wide adaptive reuse as a key component digital archive and resource hub for of future sustainability and resiliency research and documentation. planning efforts. » Action 1.1B Create an online catalog and map of historic sites and buildings. Strategy 3.2: Encourage the retention Strategy 1.2 Develop educational programming that engages across generations and cultures in Frederick County. » Action 1.2A Partner with existing events, programs, business and organizations to engage with the community about the history of Frederick County and the historic preservation program.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 87

GOAL THREE: SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

» STRATEGY 3.1

Promote sustainability practices with historic preservation.

Figure 1.58 Peter Grossnickle Farm, Source: Frederick County Government. 88

» Action 3.1a: Support energy efficiency improvements for historic properties. Due to different building styles, some historic homes lack the energy efficiency of modern construction. In an era of costly utility bills and rising energy prices, supporting energy efficiency for historic property owners is both an environmentally sustainable practice and promotes affordability. The County can work to provide resources for potential property owners and ensure that design guidelines incorporate sustainability and environmental efficiency. Some opportunities include: • Promote energy audits and provide recommendations for historic property owners to increase their properties’ efficiency. • Create or utilize an existing fact sheet detailing key opportunities for historic property owners to improve their homes’ energy efficiency. • Review existing design guidelines to ensure energy efficiency improvements are permitted and encouraged. • Create handouts and workshops about best practices for energy efficiency and historic preservation. • Partner with the County’s Division of Energy and Environment on their Green Homes program. PRIORITY

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STAFF Historic Preservation, Energy and Environment PARTNERS Local Businesses and Private Organizations

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 89

GOAL THREE: SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

» Action 3.1b: Investigate establishing programs for material deconstruction and salvage, and promote the reuse of recovered historic materials in both restoration projects and new construction. Inevitably, some historic buildings will be demolished despite the best efforts to preserve them. One of the most environmentally sensitive and material-preserving approaches involves deconstructing the building rather than mechanically demolishing it and adding to the landfill waste. It is important to then promote the reuse of these materials in other projects. Some opportunities include: • Explore how a material salvage program may benefit the community and the environment in partnership with local organizations. • Promote the reuse of historic materials in both new construction and restoration of historic buildings. • Partner with Division of Energy and Environment (DEE) and Preservation Maryland to explore the amount of construction waste currently in the waste stream. • Bring together builders, demolition companies, material salvage organizations, and others in the construction industry to discuss opportunities in Frederick County. • Create incentives for utilizing alternatives to mechanical demolition. PRIORITY

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STAFF Historic Preservation, Solid Waste and Recycling, Energy and Environment PARTNERS Preservation Maryland, Other Local Organizations 90

CASE STUDY Re:Purpose Savannah Founded in 2011, the organization began as Emergent Structures, rooted in a 2009 proposal to deconstruct historic 1940s shipbuilder housing at Savannah Gardens. By integrating salvaged materials into new construction and community projects, the group proved that historic “waste” could be a vital resource, effectively bypassing regulatory hurdles and establishing a local circular economy. Now operating as Re:Purpose Savannah, the organization has evolved into a comprehensive industry leader, bridging the gap between historic preservation and sustainable construction through three primary pillars: 1. Deconstruction and Structural Removal Re:Purpose Savannah provides an alternative to traditional demolition. Their team handles the complete removal of structures—including brick and concrete—leaving sites “rake-clean.” Unique to their process, every project includes historic research and documentation, with findings preserved in their “Re:Purpose Neighborhood” online archive to ensure the building’s story survives its removal. 2. Consulting and Workforce Training The organization offers consulting services for those looking to enter the deconstruction industry. Their experts provide guidance on: • Workforce Training: Educating crews in specialized structural removal techniques • Reuse Hubs: Advising on the logistics of starting and managing material salvage centers • Material Preservation: Providing technical wisdom on the long-term care of historic wood and masonry 3. Salvaged Building Materials To close the loop on the deconstruction process, Re:Purpose Savannah processes and retails the precious materials recovered from their sites. Their inventory includes high-quality floors, beams, doors, and architectural finds, prepared for immediate reuse.

» Action 3.1c: Include historic preservation and adaptive reuse as a key component of future sustainability and resiliency planning efforts. The preservation and reuse of historic buildings is beneficial for Frederick County’s cultural, economic, and environmental sustainability. This should be acknowledged in other planning initiatives. Despite the advantages of preservation, some historic buildings face challenges, particularly those at risk from climate impacts. These impacts should also be addressed in future planning efforts. Some opportunities include: • Ensure future sustainability and resiliency planning includes preservation and adaptive reuse. • Develop guidance to mitigate damage and increase the resilience of existing historic buildings in accordance with the Frederick County Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan.

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STAFF Historic Preservation, Planning, Energy and Environment PARTNERS Outside Governing Agencies Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 91

GOAL THREE: SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

» STRATEGY 3.2

Encourage the retention of open spaces while retaining historic features.

Figure 1.59 Still Work Farm, Source: Peace and Plenty Rural Historic District Nomination Application. 92

» Action 3.2a: Increase the compatibility and alignment between agricultural preservation programs and historic preservation programs. Historic preservation efforts in Frederick County must prioritize the numerous historic agricultural buildings, as preserving these farm complexes is highly significant to the County. Currently, local and state agricultural preservation incentives often conflict with historic preservation’s focus on homes and agricultural outbuildings. A key opportunity for both programs is to explore methods for making agricultural and historic preservation programs mutually compatible. Some opportunities include: • Explore adjusting the County’s agricultural preservation programs to include scoring or applying higher scores for agricultural properties that include locally designated historic farm complexes. • Advocate at the state level for better alignment between programs.

» Action 3.2b: Collaborate with the County Parks and Recreation division to ensure historic features are considered in open space acquisition and management. Prioritizing open space preservation, particularly for existing County-managed parks, is an important opportunity. As the County’s Parks and Recreation system grows, it is essential to prioritize opportunities that combine the preservation of open space with the protection of historic features. This integrated approach will achieve multiple community goals by both safeguarding important historic sites and improving public access to them. Some opportunities include: • Inventory existing County-owned properties for historic structures and sites and potential archaeological resources. • In collaboration with County Parks and Recreation, assist with future open space acquisition opportunities that align with historic preservation goals. • Consider creating a dedicated fund for preservation capital projects and historic resource acquisition.

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Historic Preservation, Agriculture PARTNERS State Organizations, Other Governing Agencies

Historic Preservation, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS N/A

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 93

GOAL FOUR: COMMUNITY IDENTITY

GOAL FOUR ONE

Community Identity Promote historic preservation as a context-based solution to assist communities in maintaining and expanding upon their unique visual and cultural identity.

STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 4 Strategy 4.1: Support local communities to instill and maintain their unique identities. » Action 4.1a: Promote public art in towns and villages that connect them STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 1 to their cultural heritage. » Action 4.1b: Support tourismStrategy 1.1 Develop educational that engages across geared toward experiencing programming the places, artifacts and activities that generations and cultures in Frederick authentically represent the stories County. and people of the past and present in » Action 1.1A Develop a county-wide Frederick County. digital archive and resource hub for » Action 4.1c: Partner with local research groups and documentation. to develop heritage-related festivals » Action 1.1B Create an online catalog and and events in the County. map of historic sites and buildings. » Action 4.1d: Work with Visit Frederick Strategy 1.2 Develop educational to create guided and self-guided audio driving tours of Frederick programming that engages across County’s historic landscapesgenerations and and cultures in Frederick villages. County. » Action 1.2A Partner with existing events, programs, business and organizations to engage with the community about the history of Frederick County and the historic preservation program.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 95

GOAL FOUR: COMMUNITY IDENTITY

» STRATEGY 4.1

Support local communities to instill and maintain their unique identities.

Figure 1.60 Main Street Middletown. Source: Cindy Unangst. 96

» Action 4.1a: Promote public art in towns and villages that connect them to their cultural heritage. Public art can serve as a powerful placemaking tool that celebrates the individual distinctiveness of Frederick County’s locations while enhancing the unity of the community. Some opportunities include: • Leverage public art as a strategic place-making tool that enhances the appeal of walkable neighborhoods and transit hubs by creating themed trails. • Establish themes for public art installations that prioritize interpreting the history of historically marginalized or underrepresented groups to ensure a more inclusive narrative. • Support programs that involve artists in the design process of public facilities and infrastructure to add landmark or gateway features to towns and villages in the County.

» Action 4.1b: Support tourism geared toward experiencing the places, artifacts and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present in Frederick County. Tourism opportunities can benefit the economic health of the County while also focusing on maintaining the integrity of the County’s irreplaceable cultural, historic, and natural resources. By leveraging regional partnerships and modern interpretive tools, the County can capitalize on placemaking to teach residents and visitors how their surroundings have shaped local history, ensuring that tourism investment supports the preservation of the County’s unique features. Some opportunities include: • Work with Visit Frederick, Main Street organizations, and other related organizations to develop tours promoting local artisans, artists, historians, and heritage facilities. • Develop site-specific walking, biking, and driving tours that utilize technologies, such as augmented reality, mobile audio guides, and interactive signage to interpret historic sites. • Coordinate with local public and private transit agencies to expand transit options to more isolated historical locations to ensure these resources are accessible to a broader audience.

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Historic Preservation, Planning PARTNERS Municipalities, Art organizations

Historic Preservation, Planning, Office of Economic Development, Transit Services, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS Visit Frederick, Private Transit Agencies, Main Streets Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 97

GOAL FOUR: COMMUNITY IDENTITY

» Action 4.1c: Partner with local groups to develop heritage-related festivals and events in the County. Collaborating with established community partners allows the County to share local history with a broader audience while minimizing direct costs associated with organizing proprietary events. These festivals help build social bonds and strengthen the public’s connection to the physical history of Frederick’s rural towns, villages, and urban centers, providing an opportunity for the County to leverage these connections. Some opportunities include: • Collaborate with local heritage groups to create or further develop recurring heritage and history festivals and events that expand on the County’s history and heritage. • Partner with major community events like Maryland Archaeology Month and National Preservation Month to weave local history and preservation into the public experience, reaching a wider and more diverse audience.

» Action 4.1d: Work with Visit Frederick to create guided and self-guided audio driving tours of Frederick County’s historic landscapes and villages. By utilizing site-specific audio guides and narrativedriven routes, the County can teach residents and visitors how physical surroundings have shaped local history. This approach uses history as an economic asset to attract investment while supporting the preservation of distinctive rural landscapes and village centers. Some opportunities include: • Connect sites, such as the Monocacy Aqueduct, Catoctin Furnace, and the Peace and Plenty Rural Historic District into narrative loops that illustrate larger stories of industry, agriculture, and resilience. • Explore the feasibility of seasonal “heritage shuttles” to provide transit between the City of Frederick and isolated historic locations like Burkittsville or Point of Rocks. • Consider utilizing Frederick County’s unique Rustic Roads network for self-guided driving and cycling tours to explore the rural landscape and tell a unique narrative about the history of the County.

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Historic Preservation

PARTNERS

Local Organizations

Visit Frederick

Figure 1.61 Libertytown facing east. Source: Frederick County Government.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 99

GOAL FIVE: IDENTIFY, INTERPRET, AND PROTECT

GOAL FIVE ONE

Identify, Interpret, and Protect Increase the number and diversity of cultural resources identified, evaluated, designated, and protected in Frederick County.

STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 5 Strategy 5.1: Designate and protect County-owned buildings and places. » Action 5.1a: Designate Countyowned buildings and places to the County Register of Historic Places, if appropriate.

preservation of historic or archaeological resources is not feasible, the history and local significance of the resource is preserved through documentation, interpretation, and other approved methods or techniques.

» Action 5.2e: In collaboration with local partners, establish a local archaeology lab and physical archival space for » Action 5.1b: Utilize Secretary of the STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 1 County-owned historic resources, Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation artifacts, and records. to demonstrate best treatment Strategy 1.1 Develop educational methods to protect and preserve programming that engages across County-owned historic buildings and Strategy 5.3:inEnhance generations and cultures Frederickthe existing places. County. historic preservation program. county-wide » Action a 5.3a: Consider properties with Strategy 5.2: Enhance historic » Action 1.1A Develop digital archive and resource hub National Register of for Historic Places resource survey, documentation, and research anddesignation documentation. for local designation through outreach to property owners. interpretation efforts of Frederick » Action 1.1B Create an online catalog and

map of historic sites5.3b: and Explore buildings. » Action strategies to reduce barriers for individuals to educational » Action 5.2a: Encourage the Strategy 1.2 Develop nominate historic resources. programming that engages across designation of underrepresented » Action 5.3c: Conduct more community resource types to the Countygenerations Register and cultures in Frederick outreach events for citizens seeking of Historic Places. County. assistance in identifying historic » Action 5.2b: Complete surveys» Action 1.2A Partner resources education about withand existing on Frederick County’s modernevents, programs, designation benefits. business and architectural history that ranges organizations to engage with the between the 1940s and the 1970s. community about the history of

County history.

Frederick County and the historic » Action 5.2c: Create and promote preservation program. oral history initiatives that highlight Frederick County’s past and current diversity in collaboration with community partners to collect new stories, elevate existing collections, and ensure their long-term accessibility through proper archiving. » Action 5.2d: Ensure that, if

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 101

GOAL FIVE: IDENTIFY, INTERPRET, AND PROTECT

» STRATEGY 5.1

Designate and protect County-owned buildings and places.

Figure 1.62 Loys Station Covered Bridge, Source: Frederick County Government. 102

» Action 5.1a: Designate Countyowned buildings and places to the County Register of Historic Places, if appropriate. By designating County-owned historic buildings and places to the County Register of Historic Places, the County displays their dedication to the practices, policies, and design review processes in place to preserve historic buildings. If the County leads by example, it could encourage more historic property owners to designate their buildings to the County Register as well. Additionally, should a property need to be sold from County ownership it should be evaluated for County Register designation. This ensures the preservation of the historic resource after the County is no longer its caretaker. Some opportunities include: • Inventory and document historic County-owned buildings. • Work with County Divisions to designate County-owned buildings that meet the criteria for nomination of the County Register of Historic Places. • Establish policies that County-owned buildings and properties are evaluated for County Register designation after purchase or prior to de-acquisition.

» Action 5.1b: Utilize Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation to demonstrate best treatment methods to protect and preserve County-owned historic buildings and places. Applying the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation to the preservation of Countyowned historic buildings sets the standard of care, not only for County-owned buildings, but other historic buildings as well. Having the County lead the charge for using proper maintenance and rehabilitation practices can inspire other historic building owners to follow suit. Some opportunities include: • Utilize the existing Frederick County Register of Historic Places Design Guidelines document as a guide for preservation, restoration, and rehabilitation work on County-owned historic buildings prior to designation on the register. • Highlight restoration or maintenance work that illustrates the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards guidance being followed and completed, such as the Widrick House. • Dedicate a fund for capital projects specifically for County-owned historic resources.

PRIORITY

• Enhance workforce training for County staff in historic trades to increase familiarity with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards. PRIORITY

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Historic Preservation, Public Works, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS N/A

Historic Preservation, Public Works, Communication, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS N/A

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 103

GOAL FIVE: IDENTIFY, INTERPRET, AND PROTECT

» STRATEGY 5.2

Enhance historic resource survey, documentation, and interpretation efforts of Frederick County history.

Figure 1.63 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Point of Rocks Station Near State Route 28, Point of Rocks, Frederick County, MD. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, HAER, Reproduction number HAER MD,11-PORO,1- (sheet 4 of 8). 104

» Action 5.2a: Encourage the designation of underrepresented resource types to the County Register of Historic Places. Historic Registers are not only for designating architectural resources, but also archaeological sites and historic cemeteries. By designating more of these resource types, the County can create a robust County Register with diverse resource types. Some opportunities include: • Inventory, survey, and determine the eligibility for 5 archaeological sites and historic cemeteries in the County by 2036. • Work with property owners to designate eligible archaeological sites and historic cemeteries to the County Register. • Designate County-owned archaeological sites and historic cemeteries.

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STAFF Historic Preservation, Parks and Recreation PARTNERS Property Owners

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 105

GOAL FIVE: IDENTIFY, INTERPRET, AND PROTECT

» Action 5.2b: Complete surveys on Frederick County’s modern architectural history that ranges between the 1940s and the 1970s. As time progresses, a growing number of historic resources, particularly examples of modern architecture, are meeting the 50-year eligibility criterion for historic survey. Documenting these expanding modern architectural trends further enhances and enriches Frederick County’s historical narrative. As shown in the related map, there are a large number of buildings constructed in Frederick County within this time period. Some opportunities include: • Survey modern architecture that has met the 50-year age minimum requirement to be eligible for survey. • Consider conducting surveys in relation to themes, or eras, of history in Frederick County, such as World War II, the Cold War, and the establishment of State and National Parks.

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STAFF Historic Preservation PARTNERS MHT, Local Organizations, Consultants

106

PROPERTIES 1940 - 1976 1940

1976

5mi

Figure 1.64 Properties Built 1940-1976.

FREDERICK COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 107

GOAL FIVE: IDENTIFY, INTERPRET, AND PROTECT

» Action 5.2c: Create and promote oral history initiatives that highlight Frederick County’s past and current diversity in collaboration with community partners to collect new stories, elevate existing collections, and ensure their long-term accessibility through proper archiving. Frederick County can celebrate its past and present cultural diversity by creating opportunities for the sharing of intangible cultural resources, such as oral histories. Oral histories offer an excellent means of preserving the stories of Frederick County’s residents in a durable digital format. These stories need dedicated spaces and intentional opportunities, to be authentically and meaningfully shared among diverse community members. Some opportunities include: • Create an ambassador program with representatives from the multitude of cultures that make up Frederick County to help organize and facilitate community storytelling and oral history collections. • Create a lecture series or meet and greet with underrepresented community groups for them to share their histories and experiences in Frederick County. • Promote the collection of oral histories during the month of May for Historic Preservation Month. • Encourage the continuation of the Memory Lab with the Frederick County Public Library and promote the usage of the lab for the recordings of oral histories.

PRIORITY

• Partner with Digital Maryland to encourage local historic organizations to digitize their oral histories for collection.

TIMING

• Partner with local organizations to encourage new oral history projects through direct assistance, funding, and guidance.

STAFF

• Create a mobile oral history trailer to take around the County to community events.

Historic Preservation, Library, Communications PARTNERS Digital Maryland, Local Organizations

108

» Action 5.2d: Ensure that, if preservation of historic or archaeological resources is not feasible, the history and local significance of the resource is preserved through documentation, interpretation, and other approved methods or techniques. The implementation of documenting a historic resource prior to demolition or site development would allow the County to preserve a record of its historic assets, even after they are gone. Documentation is one method of creating a record which could include a combination of photographs, a brief historic context statement, and sketches or measured drawings of floor plans. Installing interpretative signage at a site may be another method. Some opportunities include: • Review the County ordinances for opportunities to update the language to include documentation methods in processes.

» Action 5.2e: In collaboration with local partners, establish a local archaeology lab and physical archival space for County-owned historic resources, artifacts, and records. Establishing a dedicated, easily accessible archaeology and archive lab is essential for the ongoing preservation of County-owned historic documents, records, and artifacts. This new facility would serve as the permanent home for conservation efforts, ensuring these assets are safeguarded for future generations and readily available for research. Heritage Frederick is in the process of fitting out a new Historic Preservation Center to replace their existing storage facility. As a part of this project, they are designating space within the new facility as a community space that will be available to interested collecting institutions that do not have their own climate controlled space. Some opportunities include: • Explore partnering with Heritage Frederick on utilizing the space for physical archival needs. • Find an underutilized building owned by the County, or one that is available for purchase, that could house an archaeology lab and archive for County-owned historic assets. • Collaborate with the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab (MAC Lab) to help with the establishment of a County-level archaeological lab.

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Historic Preservation PARTNERS Property Owners

Historic Preservation, Facilities PARTNERS Local Organizations, Educational Institutions, MHT, MAC Lab

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 109

GOAL FIVE: IDENTIFY, INTERPRET, AND PROTECT

» STRATEGY 5.3

Enhance the existing historic preservation program.

Figure 1.65 Ceramic shard from Rosenstock archaeological site. Source: Maryland Historical Trust. 110

» Action 5.3a: Consider properties with National Register of Historic Places designation for local designation through outreach to property owners. The County should initiate open dialogue with owners of National Register properties that are not on the local Frederick County Register. This will help determine barriers to local designation, answer questions about the process and its implications, and encourage these owners to pursue local designation. Some opportunities include: • Reach out to property owners that are on the NRHP but not the County Register to have conversations to determine why they are not on the local register. • Organize workshops or information sessions regarding differences between the National Register and County Register designations. • Create handouts targeted to National Register property owners regarding the benefits of local designation.

» Action 5.3b: Explore strategies to reduce barriers for individuals to nominate historic resources. Property owners often hesitate to nominate historic buildings for local designation due to financial concerns, a lack of information or motivation, or intimidation by the nomination process. By engaging with property owners, Frederick County can gain a clearer understanding of the obstacles preventing nominations and identify ways to effectively reduce these barriers. Some opportunities include: • Hold “Town Hall”-type meetings with historic property owners to determine the barriers for designation of local historic resources, and how to reduce those barriers. • Review how other jurisdictions are addressing these issues. • Create handouts regarding the benefits and process of local designation.

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Historic Preservation, Planning, Communications PARTNERS N/A

Historic Preservation, Communications PARTNERS Local Community Groups

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 111

GOAL FIVE: IDENTIFY, INTERPRET, AND PROTECT

» Action 5.3c: Conduct more community outreach events for citizens seeking assistance in identifying historic resources and education about designation benefits. Consistent community engagement serves a dual purpose: it assures Frederick County residents that staff are accessible resources ready to assist, and are capable of directing them to the right help. Ongoing outreach is vital for strengthening the community’s trust in available resources for property research and recognizing the value of historical designation. Some opportunities include: • Continue to be present at community festivals and events related to the heritage and history of Frederick County with information to share about local designation and historic property research. • Partner with the Maryland Room and other local organizations to host informational seminars/ webinars about local designation and historic property research. • Create community displays and outreach materials for community events.

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STAFF Historic Preservation, Communications PARTNERS Library, Communication Organizations

112

Figure 1.66 Historic Preservation Staff attending the Rose Hill Spring Fling, Source: Frederick County Government.

FREDERICK COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 113

GOAL SIX: FUNDING AND INCENTIVES

GOAL SIX ONE

Funding and Incentives Expand and enhance funding and incentive programs to support historic preservation.

Figure 1.67 Beatty Cramer House, Source: Frederick County Landmarks Foundation.

STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 6 Strategy 6.1: Promote financial incentives and other benefits that stimulate investment in historic

Strategy 6.2: Explore additional funding and incentive opportunities to assist historic resources and heritage partners.

» Action 6.2a: Expand the Rural Historic Preservation Grant program. STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOALExplore 1 » Action 6.1a: Work with relevant » Action 6.2b: establishing a partners to enhance information cemetery protection grant program Strategy 1.1 Develop educational sharing regarding tax credits, grants, that assists descendant groups programming that engages across and assistance programs available in establishing ownership and generations and cultures in maintenance Frederick to historic property owners by completing activities. developing outreach materials and County. » Action 6.2c: Enhance the County’s hosting workshops. » Action 1.1A Develop a county-wide Community Partnership grants » Action 6.1b: Create an awards program digital archive resource hub for toand include museums and other that recognizes local preservation research andheritage documentation. organizations that expand successes. upon an heritage » Action 1.1B Create online tourism catalog and and cultural enrichment. » Action 6.1c: Proactively engage map of historic sites and buildings. with the Frederick County Office of » Action 6.2d: Explore establishing Strategy 1.2 Develop educational Economic Development to ensure archaeological assessment fees and programming that engages across permit fees to business owners are aware of utilizing demolition available tax incentives and grant generations and cultures in Frederick fund heritage incentives. programs available to them to County. rehabilitate and maintain historic » Action 1.2A Partner with existing buildings. events, programs, business and » Action 6.1d: Work with the Frederick organizations to engage with the County Office of Economic community about the history of Development and Visit Frederick to Frederick County and the historic determine the economic impact and preservation program. value of historic preservation.

properties.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 115

GOAL SIX: FUNDING AND INCENTIVES

» STRATEGY 6.1

Promote financial incentives and other benefits that stimulate investment in historic properties.

Figure 1.68 Downtown Emmitsburg, Source: Frederick County Government. 116

» Action 6.1a: Work with relevant partners to enhance information sharing regarding tax credits, grants, and assistance programs available to historic property owners by developing outreach materials and hosting workshops. There is always new information on historic tax credits, grants, assistance programs and other funding opportunities to share with historic property owners. By partnering with professionals who are more frequently in contact with these property owners, Frederick County can create a more streamlined way to disseminate this information. Some opportunities include: • Partner with Main Street organizations professionals such as real estate agents, local contractors, and certified public accountants to help disseminate the information to these property owners. • Host at least four (4) workshops per year to share about tax credits or grant opportunities. • Create materials that explain the available financial incentives.

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STAFF Historic Preservation, Communications, Economic Development, Agriculture PARTNERS Local Professionals, Other Organizations, Main Street Organizations

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 117

GOAL SIX: FUNDING AND INCENTIVES

» Action 6.1b: Create an awards program that recognizes local preservation successes. Frederick County aims to encourage highquality work in all preservation, restoration, and stabilization projects by recognizing and rewarding contractors, developers, and property owners for well-executed projects. This recognition will incentivize preservation practitioners in Frederick County to produce exemplary work and ensure a high standard of execution. Some opportunities include: • Partner with Frederick County Landmarks Foundation to promote a “Best Of” preservation award to promote excellent work in preservation and rehabilitation projects, and incentivize preservation work that protects and honors the historic structures and sites of Frederick County.

CASE STUDY Carolopolis Award with the Preservation Society of Charleston The Carolopolis Awards are an annual award hosted by the Preservation Society of Charleston, the 1st preservation grassroots organization in America. The Carolopolis Awards promote historic preservation at an exemplary level by recognizing preservation projects that protect the historic resources of Charleston and the nearby areas. Winners of the award are given a marker to place on the front exterior facade of the building recognized, and join a list of distinguished preservationists in Charleston. Awards given are: • Exterior Award: Exceptional rehabilitation, restoration, or preservation project. • Interior Award: Recognizes excellence in interior preservation of historic, publicly accessible buildings, such as houses of worship, theaters, and civic and cultural buildings. • Pro Merito Award: Awarded to properties that had received an award at least 20 years ago and has maintained a high standard of preservation and maintenance, or has undergone a second, significant exterior preservation effort. • New Construction: Awarded to honor creative design solutions for small scale, compatible infill buildings in historic contexts.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation PARTNERS Frederick County Landmarks Foundation

118

» Action 6.1c: Proactively engage with the Frederick County Office of Economic Development to ensure business owners are aware of available tax incentives and grant programs available to them to rehabilitate and maintain historic buildings. The Frederick County Office of Economic Development (FCOED) is uniquely positioned to foster the success of county businesses, thanks to its direct communication channels. To effectively support business owners, the FCOED must be equipped with comprehensive and up-to-date information regarding available tax credits and grant programs. Some opportunities include: • The FCOED should add a subsection for grants and tax incentives specific to historic preservation to the “Incentives and Taxes” page on their website.

» Action 6.1d: Work with the Frederick County Office of Economic Development and Visit Frederick to determine the economic impact and value of historic preservation. By partnering with the FCOED and Visit Frederick, Frederick County can get feedback on how historic preservation efforts and heritage tourism are impacting the economy in the County. Data can indicate where the County needs to place their priorities to ensure that historic preservation is an economically beneficial avenue for the County. Some opportunities include: • Partner with Visit Frederick to survey local businesses about the impact of historic preservation on the local economy. • Hire a consultant in partnership with Visit Frederick and FCOED to further study and evaluate the economic impact of historic preservation in Frederick County.

• A marketing campaign should be done to make all business and commercial property owners aware of the available funding opportunities for their historic building rehabilitation and maintenance projects. • Create brochures to disseminate as part of the FCOED’s business expansion and attraction efforts. PRIORITY

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF

Historic Preservation, Communications, FCOED, Agriculture PARTNERS N/A

Historic Preservation, FCOED, Agriculture PARTNERS Visit Frederick

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 119

GOAL SIX: FUNDING AND INCENTIVES

» STRATEGY 6.2

Explore additional funding and incentive opportunities to assist historic resources and heritage partners.

Figure 1.69 Needwood Farmhouse, Source: Frederick County Government. 120

» Action 6.2a: Expand the Rural Historic Preservation Grant program. The Frederick County Rural Historic Preservation Grant program currently only funds projects that improve the physical condition of buildings through restoration, rehabilitation, or stabilization. Currently, the County has $250,000 available each year, and have more applications than the funds can meet. Additionally, non-capital needs continue to be an unmet financial need for historic property owners. By accepting and funding projects such as conditions assessment reports, National Register of Historic Places applications, and other non-capital projects, property owners would have a better understanding of their property and would allow them to make well-informed decisions when it comes to their capital-based projects. Increasing the grant funding will support more capital projects and allow for non-capital projects to be eligible. Some opportunities include: • Frederick County would need to evaluate the current language of the grant program to update the eligible projects to include the noncapital projects listed above. • Determine if there is room in the County budget to increase the funding for the grant program and decide what percentage of funding will be awarded to non-capital projects versus capital projects.

» Action 6.2b: Explore establishing a cemetery protection grant program that assists descendant groups in establishing ownership and completing maintenance activities. Historic cemeteries, while solemn, can be considered outdoor museums, offering a glimpse into our past and honoring those who came before us. They are often operated at the municipal level, but sometimes, cemeteries are operated by non-profits, descendants, or religious groups that can’t always keep up with the maintenance of headstones or general groundskeeping. Additionally, historically Black cemeteries can have complex ownership histories often requiring legal action. By finding more funding opportunities for these groups, historic cemeteries in Frederick County can continue to be places of remembrance and reflection. Some opportunities include: • Establish a cemetery protection grant program • Encourage cemetery owners and/or descendant groups to apply for grants such as: » Save America’s Treasures Grants » DAR Historic Preservation Grants » Trader Foundation for Maryland Burial Sites » African American Heritage Preservation Program

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF

Historic Preservation PARTNERS N/A

Historic Preservation PARTNERS Local and National Heritage Organizations

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 121

GOAL SIX: FUNDING AND INCENTIVES

» Action 6.2c: Enhance the County’s Community Partnership grants to include museums and other heritage organizations that expand upon heritage tourism and cultural enrichment. The Frederick County Community Partnership Grant Program currently offers competitive grants to qualifying non-profit organizations that meet the needs of County residents, such as those addressing homelessness, quality of life, public health, and arts support. Expanding eligibility to include non-profits focused on heritage tourism will allow more organizations to serve residents by providing educational opportunities, broadening awareness, and fostering pride in the County’s culture and heritage. Some opportunities include: • Add heritage tourism as one of the priority areas of the Frederick County Community Partnership Grant Program to provide funds to local organizations, museums, etc. • Ensure that once it is added as a priority area that the website is up to date and that the update is publicized to organizations that these grants would help.

» Action 6.2d: Explore establishing archaeological assessment fees and utilizing demolition permit fees to fund heritage incentives. Currently, Frederick County collects a fee with demolition permits, but not with archaeological review. Frederick County could implement and use fees that accompany applications for archaeological and demolition reviews to fund various initiatives, such as cemetery clean ups, cemetery grant funding, or assistance with noncapital projects costs, rather than trying to pull money from outside sources. This could be an avenue to meet Action 6.2a, Expand the Rural Historic Preservation Grant program. Some opportunities include: • Consider using a portion of the fee to fund heritage incentives and make that clear on all fee schedules and applications. • Archaeological assessment fees could be used to create an assistance fund to help small property owners who need to complete a Phase I Archaeological Survey as part of the development review process.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF

Historic Preservation, Administration PARTNERS Visit Frederick

122

Historic Preservation, Permits PARTNERS N/A

Figure 1.70 Poffenberger Road bridge, Source: Frederick County Government.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 123

GOAL SEVEN: GROWTH AND REDEVELOPMENT

GOAL SEVEN ONE

Growth and Redevelopment To preserve Frederick County’s historic resources while supporting thoughtful growth and redevelopment

Figure 1.71 Barn at Hopewell, Image Courtesy of Peter Pearre.

STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 7 Strategy 7.1: Integrate new development, adaptive reuse, and preservation in a balanced manner to

historic designations. » Action 7.2a: Consider the use of conservation districts for unincorporated areas such as rural villages or other areas not designated as historic.

foster sustainable growth.

» Action 7.2b: Educate and engage with incorporated STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT GOAL 1towns without historic » Action 7.1a: Develop or update districts to encourage alternatives design guidelines specific to areas Strategy 1.1 Develop to fulleducational historic designations such as around historic resources such as conservation districts. programming that engages across the Maryland Historic National Road generations and cultures in Establish Frederick a multiand rural villages to ensure new » Action 7.2c: development is compatible with the tiered system of County Register County. existing historic resource(s). designations providing various levels » Action 1.1A Develop a county-wide of oversight and protection. » Action 7.1b: Develop a database of archive digital and resource hub for historic properties that are eligible for research and documentation. historic tax incentives and provide it » Action 1.1B Create an online catalog and to economic development for their map of historic sites and buildings. business recruiting, retention, and expansion efforts to leverageStrategy historic1.2 Develop educational character as a strategic investment programming that engages across asset. generations and cultures in Frederick » Action 7.1c: Explore ways to make County. adaptive reuse of historic buildings » Action 1.2A Partner with existing more feasible to developers and events, programs, business and property owners so that the buildings organizations to engage with the can remain in use. community about the history of » Action 7.1d: Integrate historic Frederick County and the historic preservation into County operations. preservation program. » Action 7.1e: Explore more flexible zoning opportunities to allow more historic buildings to be adaptively used.

Strategy 7.2: Explore alternatives to full

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 125

GOAL SEVEN: GROWTH AND REDEVELOPMENT

» STRATEGY 7.1

Integrate new development, adaptive reuse, and preservation in a balanced manner to foster sustainable growth.

Figure 1.72 Griffith Burrall Farm, Source: Frederick County Government. 126

» Action 7.1a: Develop or update design guidelines specific to areas around historic resources such as the Maryland Historic National Road and rural villages to ensure new development is compatible with the existing historic resource(s). Development along the Maryland Historic National Road and in rural historic villages is provided with some guidance in the statewide corridor plan or within the County code. However, they are challenging to interpret. Implementing regulatory, yet user-friendly, illustrated, and more tailored design guidelines or form-based codes for historic corridors and villages can help to streamline new compatible development and encourage adaptive reuse. This approach defines the expectations for new buildings based on historical patterns and engages developers, ensuring new projects complement rather than disrupt the local historic character. Some opportunities include: • Define building form standards (height, massing, and placement) based on historic patterns rather than just allowed uses.

» Action 7.1b: Develop a database of historic properties that are eligible for historic tax incentives and provide it to economic development for their business recruiting, retention, and expansion efforts to leverage historic character as a strategic investment asset. Building a centralized GIS or data layer of historic properties provides a critical tool for interdepartmental coordination and economic growth. By mapping properties that are of eligible age, the County can proactively connect businesses with valuable historic tax incentives. Some opportunities include: • Build a GIS or data layer to demonstrate properties that are of eligible age with their commercial/business statistics and eligible for tax incentives. • Include National Register listings and districts within the data layer.

• Specify how new buildings engage the public realm such as requiring porches, specific setbacks, or storefront awnings to match the existing architecture. • For reuse along the Maryland Historic National Road or in historic villages, consider implementing development incentives such as reducing parking requirements. PRIORITY

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF

Historic Preservation, Development Review PARTNERS Consultants, MHT

Historic Preservation, GIS, Communications PARTNERS Real Estate Organizations Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 127

GOAL SEVEN: GROWTH AND REDEVELOPMENT

» Action 7.1c: Explore ways to make adaptive reuse of historic buildings more feasible to developers and property owners so that the buildings can remain in use. Expanding the feasibility of adaptive reuse requires aligning historic preservation with broader goals, such as housing affordability and economic viability. By incentivizing developers through strategic tax credit pairings, offering density bonuses for affordable units, and streamlining zoning for compatible “sister uses,” the County can effectively reduce bureaucratic hurdles and financial barriers. This approach ensures that historic structures are not just preserved, but remain active, economically viable assets within the community. Some opportunities include: • Encourage developers to pair the Federal Historic Tax Credit with Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC) to bridge the financial gap with high-cost rehabilitations or adaptive reuse developments.

» Action 7.1d: Integrate historic preservation into County operations. When the County considers properties for acquisition, historic resources may be located on the property. Historic preservation staff should be consulted to determine what historic resources may be present, whether above ground or below ground, to assist with planning the future use of the site. Additionally, changes proposed to historic resources should be consulted with historic preservation staff to ensure the Secretary of the Interior Standards are being met and to identify potential grant opportunities. Some opportunities include: • Establish standard operating procedure for when new property is being considered for purchase, such as utilizing historic maps, existing documentation, site visits, historic databases, such as Maryland’s Cultural Resource Information System, and other sources to make historic and archaeological resource assessments of all prospective County land acquisitions.

• Allow projects to exceed maximum established density if the reuse project provides a specified percentage of units for low-to-moderateincome households. • Create provisions for appropriate and compatible “sister uses” to create more certainty for developers and reduce red tape during the transition to a new use.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF

Historic Preservation, Planning, FCOED, Health PARTNERS State and Federal Partners 128

Historic Preservation, Office of Real Estate PARTNERS N/A

» Action 7.1e: Explore more flexible zoning opportunities to allow more historic buildings to be adaptively used. The redevelopment and reuse of existing historic buildings are key efforts to ensure their preservation well into the future. As needs change over the years, adaptive reuse - where some buildings transition to new uses - becomes really important. Finding opportunities for the County to promote adaptive reuse through policy and regulation is a critical aspect of preservation and could be an incentive for property owners to list their properties on the County Register. By aligning the zoning ordinance with the unique physical constraints of historic structures, Frederick County can incentivize the transition of underutilized landmarks into viable economic assets. Some opportunities include: • Specific zoning and other land use policies like parking requirements or other use restrictions could be relaxed for properties on the County Register. • Exploring expanding “Facilities for Functions” beyond event venues. • Explore changes to zoning regulations to expand adaptive reuse opportunities for historic structures.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation, Development Review, Health PARTNERS Consultants, MHT Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 129

GOAL SEVEN: GROWTH AND REDEVELOPMENT

» STRATEGY 7.2

Explore alternatives to full historic designations.

Figure 1.73 Brunswick’s historic downtown and designated conservation district, Source: Frederick County Government

130

» Action 7.2a: Consider the use of conservation districts for unincorporated areas such as rural villages or other areas not designated as historic. The establishment of Neighborhood Conservation Districts (NCDs) and Heritage Landscape Overlays provides a flexible regulatory framework that protects the essential physical character and scale of Frederick County’s rural hamlets—such as building massing and viewsheds—without the strict material mandates of a traditional historic district. Some opportunities include: • Create specific overlay zones for the transition areas between village centers and surrounding agricultural lands to manage growth sensitive to rural context. • Develop a framework for Neighborhood Conservation District (NCDs) where communities in unincorporated areas and rural villages can choose to apply for a designation that protects specific physical attributes (such as building height, setbacks, and massing) without the strict material requirements of a full historic district. This allows the village to maintain its unique visual identity and scale as Frederick County grows.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation, Planning PARTNERS Consultants

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 131

GOAL SEVEN: GROWTH AND REDEVELOPMENT

» Action 7.2b: Educate and engage with incorporated towns without historic districts to encourage alternatives to full historic designations such as conservation districts. While each municipality in Frederick County determines its own rate and character of future growth, the County can aim to support these towns in maintaining their unique visual and cultural identity. By providing a framework of regulatory tools, and educating property owners on these tools, the County can help municipalities protect the distinctive physical context of their communities while allowing for the flexible reinvestment necessary for a strong local economy. Some opportunities include: • Leverage the County’s role as a technical partner to provide training that builds confidence and knowledge of local advocates who understand the economic and social value of preserving a town’s architectural legacy. • Create clear, accessible outreach materials and reference documents designed for residents and town staff without formal preservation training to illustrate the differences between full historic districts and conservation districts.

PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation PARTNERS Local Municipalities

132

CASE STUDY Brunswick, MD Conservation District Brunswick, Maryland had been facing many vacancies in an established historic district and Main Street community in the early 2000s. Even though there was a district already established, there was no local legislation that protected the historic 19th and early 20th-century architecture from demolition or neglect. In 2018 a committee was established to determine whether or not establishing a conservation district would be the right path for Brunswick. It was determined that it would be, as a conservation district would make it more difficult, but not impossible, to approve the demolition of historic buildings in the downtown, while still allowing for new development on vacant lots. The conservation district was approved in 2019, and the City has since written a set of design guidelines for the district, and the pride in the community has grown.

Action 7.2c: Establish a multi-tiered system of County Register designations providing various levels of oversight and protection. Implementing a tiered approach provides a critical safety net for the County’s historic fabric by recognizing that the significance of a historical resource may range from architectural excellence to community association. This strategy balances preservation with feasibility by focusing on the environmental and financial costs while remaining accessible and less intimidating to property owners and contractors. Some opportunities include: • Create a tiering system where the level of county oversight is directly proportional to the level of financial incentive provided, example: expanded eligibility for Rural Historic Preservation Grants or tax credits. • Develop a specific tier for sites with high cultural or community significance that prioritizes “association and feeling” over strict architectural material integrity. • Establish a “baseline” tier that focuses primarily on preventing the demolition of historic resources without regulating minor changes, providing a safety net for the County’s historic fabric while remaining less intimidating to property owners and contractors. PRIORITY

TIMING

STAFF Historic Preservation PARTNERS Consultants, MHT

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 133

Appendix

APPENDIX A

Public Engagement Report/Statistics

Are you familiar with any of the following historic preservation incentives available in the County now? COUNTY’S HISTORIC PRESERVATION TAX CREDIT COUNTY’S RURAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION GRANT PROGRAM MARYLAND HISTORIC PRESERVATION GRANT PROGRAMS I’M NOT FAMILIAR WITH ANY OF THESE COUNTY’S SPECIAL ZONING EXEMPTIONS FOR HISTORIC PROPERTIES MARYLAND REVITALIZATION TAX CREDIT 10

Responses

Which of the following groups are underrepresented or not well documented in Frederick County’s history? AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN HISPANIC OR LATINO LGBTQ+ ASIAN I’M NOT SURE OTHER 5

Responses

Other (open ended responses) • Terrible question. • Scottish and Irish Heritages • Stop beilng divisive!!! Just promote ALL Americans and their place in history. • Native American • Indigenous peoples of the area • Native American/Indigenous Resources • Deaf Community Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 135

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

Are you familiar with any of the following historic preservation programs? FREDERICK COUNTY REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES MARYLAND INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PLACES NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES I’M NOT FAMILIAR WITH ANY OF THESE 10

Responses

How would you prefer to engage and provide feedback throughout the upcoming process of updating the Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan? ONLINE TOOLS SUCH AS SURVEYS OR FEEDBACK FORMS ONLINE SUCH AS WEBINARS OR MEETINGS IN PERSON EVENTS SUCH AS OPEN HOUSES EMAIL OTHER I’M NOT SURE 10

Responses

Other (open ended responses) • STOP turning Frederick Co. into Montgomery Co • Frederick News Post

136

What three types of historic resources are most important to you? ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES PARKS, GARDENS, AND PUBLIC SPACES CEMETERIES AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS PRIVATE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS PUBLICLY OWNED BUILDINGS BRIDGES INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS OTHER RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS POST WORLD WAR II HOUSING STATUES OR SIGNAGE TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS NONE 5

Responses

Other (open ended responses) • Educational buildings - higher education • All farm land! Just STOP BUILDING! • African American historical sites • Sites critical To growth of Frederick such as Louis McMurray Packing Conat W South/ Bentz/All Saints

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 137

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What defines the history and heritage of Frederick County? HISTORIC DOWNTOWNS/ MAIN STREETS HISTORIC FARMS HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS TRAILS, WATERWAYS, AND NATURAL AREAS BATTLEFIELDS RURAL AND SCENIC AREAS CULTURAL/COMMUNITY EVENTS RURAL SCENIC OTHER PARKS AND PUBLIC SPACES I’M NOT SURE 10

20 Responses

Other (open ended responses) • Birely Tannery • ALL of the above! Just STOP BUILDING!!! • Agricultural - farms, fields, viewshed

138

What are the major threats to historic buildings? LACK OF FUNDING FOR RESTORING AND MAINTAINING NEW DEVELOPMENT NEGLECT OR INAPPROPRIATE REPAIRS COST TO OPERATE MISINFORMATION ABOUT WHAT YOU CAN AND CANNOT DO WITH A HISTORIC PROPERTY SPRAWL LACK OF AWARENESS OF PROPER MAINTENANCE LACK OF PUBLIC INTEREST LACK OF GOVERNMENT PROPERTIES AND LAWS OTHER TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS I’M NOT SURE 10

Responses

Other (open ended responses) • Biggest threat to historic sites is lack of visibility. Industrial activity (i.e. FoodPro, DairyMaid, and ConstructionTradeServices) make some of these areas undesirable for families and tourists, leading to little interest in maintaining them.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 139

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

Community Character

Sustainability STRONGLY DISAGREE

2.5%

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NEUTRAL

2.5%

5.1%

12.8% STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

12.8%

76.9%

STRONGLY AGREE

NEUTRAL

46.1%

20.5%

AGREE

25.6%

Local/Heritage Tourism

Economic Development

STRONGLY DISAGREE

NEUTRAL

2.5%

NEUTRAL

5.1%

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

41%

140

2.5%

51.3%

AGREE

15.4%

STRONGLY AGREE

76.9%

What do you feel is the most important benefit of historic preservation, and/or cultural heritage preservation? “Once a historic resource is lost it can never be recovered. Historic integrity is a thing that has enormous tangible and intangible benefits: economic development, environmental sustainability, community identity. Once something’s been destroyed it can’t be brought back.” “We need to know where we came from, what our predecessors or ancestors experienced, what marginalized people experienced, and how things changed over the centuries, to give us a good foundation for the future. Knowing what mistakes were made, when and how they were corrected, and if they were corrected, is so vital to maintaining a society in its fullest.” “The future is based on the past... we need to acknowledge the lessons learned and act on them.” “Giving people a feeling of ‘place,’ of ‘permanence,’ and of official ‘caring.’” “Understanding the evolution of space and community, preserving architecture, preserving natural spaces and providing space for people to gather, enjoy nature, be together, learn.” “Historic structures and landscapes are beneficial to both residents and visitors to Frederick County, and collectively to our economy. Tremendous strides have been achieved through the work of cultural and civic institutions to capture, promote, and preserve the unique history of our county. The result is visibly translated into real economic activity, a visitor base that supports local business and participates in community events. Over development is threatening the sustainability of this economic driver. Once our rural landscape is covered by new housing, there is no longer a unique character to our communities, they merely blend into continuous suburbia. This makes the preservation of our landscapes just as crucial as the historic structures that occupy them.”

“Hometown rural feel, but developers are allowed to develop every blade of grass … like between Ballenger Creek Park and Tuscarora. Also, we have convenience stores on EVERY corner (WaWa, Sheetz, etc) Rampant overgrowth!” “A SMALL historical community!!! STOP turning Frederick Co. into Montgomery Co” “Keeping history alive and passing down information to future generations” “That people will be on the same page. People will have a better understanding of Frederick County and it’s history.” “I feel the most important benefit of historic preservation is that it makes Frederick feel special, which draws in more people, that leads to growth and development, attracts better businesses and employers, and injects more capital into the City to continue it’s cycle of preservation, innovation, growth, & development. There are very few places that can (and do) merge history with new development to a cohesive theme and prioritize human experience. People & history are what makes cities special, not old industrial & distribution businesses that want to maintain the status quo. Please prioritize families and communities to make Frederick a lovely place to live, not just to visit, by removing industrial businesses from Downtown and East Frederick.” “The quality of life of residents.” “Tourism.” “Connection to place and appreciation for the different people who make up the history of this county.” “Connection to the past helps to understand what happened affects today and guides to a better future.”

“Reminding people where the come from and how far we’ve come.” Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 141

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What do you feel is the most important benefit of historic preservation, and/or cultural heritage preservation? (Con’t) “Historic preservation roots communities to a physical location by preserving the landscape and structures that define its past. When done well, this preservation melds seamlessly with the community’s current needs and new structures/ landscapes/roadways.” “Giving Frederick a unique identity.” “Knowing your roots creates stronger growth, as an individual or as a society.” “Economic development, sense of place (which attracts businesses that can locate anywhere), and connection to our roots/past at a time when history is threatened.” “Historic preservation helps to engage people, especially children, in learning about the history of people and events in a given area, resulting in numerous benefits: awareness of broader perspectives, development of critical thinking skills, and increased civic engagement.” “Future generations being taught & not forgetting earlier generations’ struggles & contributions to the life they currently have.” “Learn and educate from Past.” “Keeping Frederick a beautiful and unique destination and location.” “Maintaining a sense of place/identity.”

142

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What should define the history and heritage of Frederick County? “It’s hard to comment on a single thing that should define the history. Agricultural traditions, vibrant higher density municipalities, 18th, 19th, 20th century history.”

Frederick Co. into Montgomery Co.”

“That Frederick County is a microcosm of rural America and the changes the country has gone through from Colonial times to the present. It tells the good, the bad, and all between of our country’s history - indigenous depopulation, slavery, immigrants, rural and industrial commerce, citizens active in government, Civil War, Progressive Era reform, Jim Crow, Civil Rights advancements, etc. The story should be told as full as it can be; currently, there is too much emphasis on the ‘founding fathers’ and ‘founding families’ of the county.”

“It’s Innovation, longevity, & endurance. Aside from being a very old city. We’ve overcome devastating floods and turned the engineering project that protects the city from future occurrences into a cultural identity icon & a massive hub for commerce and tourism. We’ve also breathed new life into historical buildings and integrated them with new development by making them interesting shops, restaurants, & community centers for new residential developments, this keeps these buildings in the public eye so they continue to be enjoyed and cared for after hundreds of years.”

“The people and their stories -- all the people (not just the well-known ones and the white ones).“ “Frederick County was an agricultural county; it is rich in history related to colonizing and the Civil War. It is fast becoming “Montgomery County North,” and few in the county offices seem to care.” “The representation of all aspects of history, both good and bad. Honoring important people of all ages, sexes, and races. Accountability for marginalization, racism, oppression.” “Frederick County’s history has been defined by cultural diversity, agriculture, and industrial innovation. Our role in national history has frequently been tied to one or more of these characteristics. The increasing threat to our landscapes and rural communities by over development diminishes the possibility of continuation for all three of these characteristics.“ “Open spaces.” “The stop of housing developments.” “A SMALL historical community!!! STOP turning 143

“How diverse Frederick County has become. Knowing where it has come from.”

“Not sure I understand the question or know how to frame a response.” “Diverse populations and perspectives, land back.” “Varies.” “The people: their stories and activities.” “The people connected to the history, heritage and stories.” “The waterways, and roadways that followed them, were what brought the people, communities, and building to this area. The rich farmland allowed them to prosper. It’s proximity to our Nation’s capital made it a junction throughout history, and has spurred its tremendous growth even today. While these may not be what SHOULD define our history, the fact is that they do. “ “Frederick’s buildings, people, and parks.” “War history: Revolutionary, 1812, Civil. Agricultural & manufacturing histories: iron & smithing, dairy,’flax, canning, bricks, tanneries, hosiery.” Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 143

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What should define the history and heritage of Frederick County? (Con’t)

“A comprehensive and cohesive story of how humans impacted and were impacted by the natural, cultural, and historical settings, events, and geography of this region. We should look holistically at our community, and make sure there are resources from every period which are protected and preserved to help tell that story in a place that is rapidly changing.” “Native American & early settlement histories. Agriculture both the land agricultural pursuits.“ “Recognition of those who made Frederick County from all walks of life. It just the white people.” “Don’t understand question.” “Transportation & War.”

144

FREDERICK COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 144

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What stories, traditions, places, buildings, and/or communities in Frederick County are important to you? “The history of Frederick County from indigenous history to today! All of it is important to me. WWII era stories are particularly of interest to me now as those stories are beginning to pass out of living memory and will need intentional preservation. Thinking of things like postwar housing that’s present throughout Frederick Co., the WWII history on Catoctin Mountain.” “Frederick City buildings, school campuses old and current, cemeteries, and the battlefields are all important to me. The smaller towns’ buildings and residences are also important, as well as the farms. I am particularly interested the granges and their records, some of which I know are safe in the Maryland Room. I’m also very glad that the AARCH Society is able to start work on the research room space. Of course, as the Hood archivist, the story of higher education and women is also very important to me.” “So many old stories and places are disappearing. Frederick County does a good job of trying to protect them but I wish more of the population was interested in saving, protecting, and documenting the old cemeteries, properties, barns, etc., throughout Frederick County. I’m constantly learning new stories and discovering traditions and I’ve lived in the County all my life.” “Downtown Frederick City is lovely. I really like the open spaces, the countryside, the traditional farms, country roads and scenery. My house is also important, but I haven’t the inclination or money to undertake the restoration it deserves. I’ve consulted the county, but their help, if accepted, would unacceptably limit my control over my own house. For reference, it is listed first in the Appendix to the Sugarloaf Plan, with Resource Number NR 1053.” “The beauty of the Middletown valley and other rural roads, downtown Frederick buildings both already gone and still standing, Baker park, othello park, AARCH, farming history/the great Frederick fair, c&o canal.” 145

“Rural hamlets, crossroads, and villages have been under-valued in our county’s historical scholarship and preservation initiatives. I am from the village of Locust Valley in southwestern Frederick County, near Burkittsville, where little recognition has been afforded to an almost completely-intact rural villagescape, including commercial, agricultural, religious, and educational resources as well as a decently-preserved viewshed. There are many other communities like Locust Valley in Frederick County that would benefit from renewed focus on surveying and awareness of resources for preserving historical structures and landscapes.” “Schifferstadt and most buildings along Market.” “Birely Tannery, Crumland Farm barn, Lilypons, Sprawl on Yellow Spribgs.” “Grew up in Frederick and Frederick County and being away 24+ years living in Pittsburgh and now returning to help the folks I am absolutely devastated and appalled on how the overwhelming developments and traffic the back road are no longer back roads but now are developments, we had such beautiful scenery and beautiful horizons now it townhomes and rooftops just sad, I understand the growth but it seem Frederick County is trying to out do Montgomery Co.” “ALL!” “Stories of minorities in Frederick, Maryland.” “East Church Street (Brengle Manor House, Frederick Coffee Co, Shab Row, & Ox Fibre); Carroll Creek Promenade (UnionMills, Idiom, Steinhardt brewing company); North Market Street & Downtown.“ “Gambrill State Park, Baker Park, Historical Society, AARCH, STORY OF THE TYLER SPITE HOUSE, RECORD STREET, downtown private houses and their gardens, the master gardener’s demonstration garden, Laboring Sons Park.” Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 145

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What stories, traditions, places, buildings, and/or communities in Frederick County are important to you? (Con’t) “Carroll creek, baker park, downtown, library, museums, bridges in baker park, clustered spires, bell towers, hiking trails, nature.” “Civil war, Farming, Carrol creek, C&O canal “ “Frederick has long been a crossroads community in the Piedmont, going back even to the Precontact era where it was a nexus where different Native American cultures met. Since then, it has been a mix of largely rural spaces with concentrated economic centers with histories of immigrants, African Americans, and white settlers. I think it is critical to highlight all of this heritage in the face of increasing sprawl and development that is beginning to make parts of the county look like ‘everywhere USA.’” “African American.” “The rich history of the lives lived here throughout history, and the places where they lived and died. There’s no aspect of Frederick County history that is not interesting to me. “ “Downtown Frederick.” “Civil War sites and Medicine Museum. Schifferstadt. Catoctin Furnace & all they keep learning. Mt. Olivet & Anything Chris Haugh talks about.” “Would like to see county resources put into protecting the Biggs Ford complex site.” “Rose Hill Manor, Catoctin Furnace, Monocacy Battlefield, Historic churches and public buildings in downtown Frederick.” “Native American & early settler info.African American history in Fred. Co. Anything pre 1900’s & especially pre 1800’s. Poor leadership of Fred. Co. Landmarks group. Maintaining agricultural lands to preserve that history.” “Canning industry with Louis McMurray and his 146

influence to Frederick between 1868-1904.” “Downtown buildings and churches, Schifferstadt, battle fields, historic barns, covered bridges.” “Courthouse Square, Monocacy River, Baker Park.”

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What stories, traditions, places, buildings, and/or communities in Frederick County matter but are overlooked? “I don’t think much seems overlooked. I think the history of the Monocacy River and the integrity of that waterway is very important and our green places and clean waterways are frequently under threat. There’s a lot of history present in that river: bridges, Native American weirs, fords, and it’s a key place for people of all backgrounds to gather and recreate. Keeping the water clean and ecosystem healthy will benefit everyone in the county and help keep that history alive.”

“Too many to present here, but since there’s no open text box, let me add: Bureaucrats, inspectors and historic planners (esp. in City) are the greatest obstacle for ppl who buy historic properties. Meanwhile, commercial developers like Plamondon get millions to level the land and build hideous block structures that wipe away centuries-old structures. Then we get a survey that asks about gender, skin color, and age. WTH has happened to this County?!”

“AARCH Society is doing a good job educating people about the Black population and history in the city and county, but more could be done especially on the streets themselves. In the county, there should be more information that is readily available about the farmhouses, the Underground Railroad, and indigenous life/history.“

“All!”

“See response to #9 and #10 above.” “I don’t know enough about this to give you an informed opinion.” “Working class people and people of color.” “Greater focus on preserving the surviving eighteenth and nineteenth century structures in our county, as well as plans for preserving more recent structures of the twentieth century is essential. One asset that is crucial to the preservation of rural communities are our religious structures. The decline in participation with organized religion in our nation impacts the sustainability of these vital cultural landmarks. There needs to be a focus on the preservation of rural churches when congregations are no longer active to maintain them.” “Historic farms.” “The agricultural heritage and history of the county is being lost to time. Even though we may have the farm museum and other sites-there is not enough being done that talks about the rich agricultural history that built Frederick. Without it-our communities would have not existed.”

“The backstory of how communities were built in Frederick County.” “Historic East Street (Great Stuff by Paul, Natural Health & Wellness Center, Frederick Iron & Steeling-DairyMaid [just the building though, the city MUST do better about the horrendous 24 hr noise pollution and smell from their operations]. Honorable mentions to the cute houses on N Wisner ST between E Church & E Patrick. They always brighten my day to walk past on the way to Friday happy hour at the breweries on the Creek!” “Until the AARCH project is up and running, the contributions of the African Americans.” “Indigenous populations, land back initiatives, safety standards in historic buildings, creating more public spaces where you don’t have to spend money.” “Main streets.” “I think historic downtowns get a lot of focus, which is understandable since they contribute a lot to the economy, but there are vibrant stories of marginalized communities like African Americans, immigrants, and Native peoples who are part of the county’s fabric as well and need to be shared.” “African American, Native American.”

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 147

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What stories, traditions, places, buildings, and/or communities in Frederick County matter but are overlooked? (Con’t) “Frederick County’s history post-Civil War is rich and fascinating. The indiviuals who grew up here and thrived are what make Frederick what it is today, yet this time period is often overlooked.” “Trails.” “Getting better with African American. Not so much with Indigenous peoples.” “I’m worried about the Biggs Ford site in particular, but unincorporated (and incorporated) rural communities need support and planning assistance. The Brunswick conservation district model, with county-staff support, should serve as a program made available to every municipality to accelerate preservation. A county-wide conservation district convening should be held with the municipalities to discuss and Brunswick to present from their perspective.“ “Native American history. Deaf culture. LGBTQ+ history.” “Louis McMurray and his contribution.“ “Don’t know.” “Small villages - Burkittsville, Jefferson, etc.”

148

Which of the following interests you the most? Provide More Incentives to Adaptively Use Buildings in the County's Small Villages

Establish Preservation Trades and Training Program

Recognition Program for Historic Property Rehabilitations

Identify and Protect Historic Resources Under County Ownership

3 6

2 3

3 5

2 8

3 10

6 44

3 14

0 27

6 27

1 52

5 97

1 48

4 63

4 73

5 116

Middletown Open House Urbana Open House Spring Fling Juneteenth Asia on the Creek Pride Emmitsburg Heritage Living History Weekend Middletown Heritage Asbury Community Block Party Total

What are the major threats to historic preservation?

Establish a Historic Material Salvage Program

I can’t Imagine Frederick County without...

• Encroachment from overdevelopment

• Lots of farms and forests

• Accuracy of what is and is not historic

• Open space, parks, and trails

• Fear of an ordinance/code with actual enforcement from the town

• Historic Preservation

• Money. Cheaper to rebuild! • Subdivisions • Overdevelopment • Too many people • Parking lots (need more bike corridors) • Forgetting (History Education) • Safety • Poor infrastructure • Unregulated data center allowed “by right” • Homeowners that do not preserve their properties

• A newspaper (local) • Horses • Daries • Trains • Gravel roads • All the “Wildlife” • Libraries • Historic small towns • The AT and CandO Canal • Deaf School (MSD)

• Lack of economic resources to preserve properties Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 149

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT REPORT/STATISTICS

What types of historic preservation activities would you like to see more of in Frederick County? Restoration of Historic Buildings

Preservation of Natural Landscapes

Educational Programs and Tours

Digital Archives and Online Resources

Documenting Underrepresented Histories

Collecting Oral Histories

Middletown Open House Urbana Open House Spring Fling

4 13

8 10

2 8

1 5

3 5

4 5

Juneteenth

Asia on the Creek

Pride

Emmitsburg Heritage

Living History Weekend

Middletown Heritage

Asbury Community Block Party Total

5 108

4 143

3 69

1 44

4 59

5 99

Which of the following historic preservation challenges do you think should be prioritized? Integration of Preservation with all Planning and Development Processes

Funding and Financial Support Middletown Open House Urbana Open House Spring Fling Juneteenth Asia on the Creek Pride

Improved Legal Protections and Policies

Public Awareness and Education

Preservation of Endangered Sites

1 6 10

4 4 7

0 3 3

2 9 11

3 8 6

2 33

1 29

1 27

6 35

4 46

Emmitsburg Heritage

Living History Weekend

Middletown Heritage

Asbury Community Block Party Total

6 80

2 68

1 45

6 86

5 101

150

Figure 1.74 Buckeyestown. Source: Frederick County Government.

Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan 151

APPENDIX B

Existing Historic Preservation Plan

This plan serves as an update of the existing Historic Preservation Plan for Frederick County, Maryland, adopted in 2007. Click here to view the 2007 Historic Preservation Plan in full.

Figure 1.75 2007 Frederick County Historic Preservation Plan. Source: Frederick County Government. FREDERICK COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 153

This historic preservation plan has been financed in part with federal funds from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, made available through the Maryland Historical Trust. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of these agencies. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, N.W., MS2740 Washington, D.C. 20240-0001. 154