27 minute read
LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
All students in this section are studying on the MA in Landscape Management course.
PENGCHENG ZHOU
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JIAWEI LU
XIANGYU HUANG
Ecotourism / Water Resource Conservation / Local Residents Participate Shangluo, China
RUYA YU
Elk / Wetland / Sustainable Development / The Diversity of Plants Yangcheng, China
ASHLEY WU
Flood risk / High Usage Park / Restore Sheffield, UK 146
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154 YIXUE MI
Green Roof / Sponge Cities / Ecosystem / Flood Resilience Sheffield, UK
HOI YAN CHOW
Multifunctional Land Use/ Golf Course/ Land-use Efficiency/ Biodiversity Sheffield, UK
JINJING MIAO
Restore Ecology / Artificial Wetland / Nature Learning Centre Macau, China
MINKYONG LEE
Sustainable Environment / Biodiverse / Asthetic / Historical Value Sheffield, UK
YIZHUO JIANG
Third space / Natural play / Children’s allotments Sheffield, UK 156
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PENGCHENG ZHOU BEAUTY VILLAGE POLICY
Beauty Village Policy / Xianghu Lake / Landscape Management Hangzhou, China
pengchengzhou1995@gmail.com Winner of THE LANDSCAPE DESIGN TRUST MANAGMENT PRIZE
I chose Xianghu Lake for my special project as I am worried about the damage being caused by poor implementation of the government’s Beautiful Village policy there. Xianghu Lake (approximately 424 hectares) is located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province. The lake area is currently subject to a restorative project as part of the Beautiful Village policy, which aims to increase revenue for the local government and restore the ecological environment because of the way in which the surrounding brick kiln factories have affected the water quality of Xianghu. The purpose of the policy is to develop a sustainable environment as proposed by the Chinese central government. However, there are problems with its implementation in Xianghu. For example, people working on the project do not have the necessary skills or training, and the design is inappropriate due to the cloning of generic urban landscapes.
My vision for Xianghu is an ecotourism village that maintains original landscapes and helps local farmers and workers profit. This will be supported by three aims: to promote the sustainable development of the environment (phase 1 and 2); to restore the original natural landscape and mode of farming in the Xianghu Lake area (phase 3); to develop sustainable tourism (phase 3). For the first and second phases, this will involve establishing an appropriate and professional landscape management plan. For the third phase, which is still under development, objectives include: retaining the original farmland and historical sites, developing productive and demonstrative landscapes, combining agriculture and tourism, and helping residents to use the restored old houses to develop B&Bs and obtain income. The management plan will put the Beautiful Village policy back on the right track. For example, in phase one, in order to better maintain the trees on the project site, the plan will formulate and introduce different maintenance regimes based on trees with different characteristics. It will also address current water quality concerns by strengthening procedures for inspection and investigation. For the third phase, that has not yet been completed, the destruction of original farmland and old buildings will be halted immediately and they will undergo repair, protection and re-use.
Tutors: Ross Cameron, Phil Gill
1. Location of Project 2. Progress of Project 3. Function areas 4. Demonstration of Aim3 5. Demonstration of Aim3
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JIAWEI LU COMMUNITY-BASED MONITOR
Daylighting Post-project Management / Public Engagement / Adaptable Management Sheffield, UK
jiaweilu9510@163.com
Porter Brook Pocket Park daylighting project was finished in 2005 and shows how daylighting (de-culverting) helps people to rediscover the benefits of the river through its habitat, biological, and sociological aspects. It is located in the southeast corner of Sheffield City Centre and is surrounded by business, housing, and car parking areas that are undergoing modification. In the Sheffield Council City Centre Plan 2018-28, this new breathing area is in a cultural industries quarter and housing development area. Although the project won a living waterway award, complaints still exist.
In the post-project period, where there is more uncertainty surrounding daylighting, monitoring can be used to help landscape managers adapt management plans to react to new challenges. Community-based monitoring is a method which can be used to satisfy professional and labour requirements, but this requires the support of policy and public education. This management plan will focus on how to improve citizen-science to help people understand the vision and objective of the management plan, gain knowledge about the daylighting project, and build a policy and professional support model. For this site - in order to make ‘messy’ acceptable, establish long-term monitoring, make use of historic resources, and improve accessibility to the site - there are three key considerations in the management plan: a model to get stakeholders involved, provide public education about daylighting projects, and help people learn how to understand the vision.
The vision of the management plan is that, by 2026, Porter Brook Pocket Park will become a new hub for reconnecting the environment and the public and demonstrate the multiple values of the daylighting project. More local involvement will promote a strong sense of ownership of this high-quality riverside.
• Firstly, the management and monitoring group will establish a transparent structure with professional and policy support to build partnerships between stakeholder groups and help them to join the plan (Table 1). • Secondly, improvement in the transportation network will provide access to an attractive and safe riverside, ensuring safety and providing support for public engagement activities. • Thirdly, with the help of the stakeholder group, activities will be held according to the monitoring plan to collect data and provide public education. For example, riverside walks to collect water samples and photography competitions to monitor the wildlife situation. This will help people to understand the daylighting project and its benefits, the vision of the management plan, and how to support monitoring (Table 2). • Finally, tourism, exhibitions and public talks will help people to rediscover the history of the site.
Tutor: Zoe Dunsiger
1. Flooding Control Action 2. Cutural Industries Quarter 3. Housing Growth Area 4. Management Map 5. Management Table
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XIANGYU HUANG ECOTOURISM IN A RESERVOIR
Ecotourism / Water Resource Conservation / Local Residents Participate Shangluo, China
871558796@qq.com https://871558796.wixsite.com/website
The Erlongshan Reservoir is located in the central area of China, in Shaanxi Province. It has been an attractive tourist destination since the Tang Dynasty. I chose this reservoir as my grandfather spent his entire lifetime there; his thoughts and actions have a profound influence on me.
As an essential water source for Shangzhou city and the national South-toNorth Water Transfer Project, Erlongshan Reservoir has been listed as a National Surface Water Protection Area since 2005. All kinds of farming and tourist activities - including fishing, ferries and farmhouse resorts - were strictly forbidden by the local government in order to protect this water resource and the wetland upstream. However, these actions were very damaging to the livelihood of the local farming community. My vision is to make the Erlongshan Reservoir area the heart of a wealthy community and one of the most ecologically rich areas in Shaanxi Province. The aims are set out across four themes: • To become a successful ecotourism destination. • To improve the income of the local community. • To maintain the water quality. • To enhance public awareness of environmental conservation.
To resolve the conflict between the protection of water sources and local economic development, “ecotourism” is an appropriate concept. A successful ecotourism destination needs to satisfy two indicators: one is to protect the local natural environment, and the other is to have a management system with indepth participation from local people. Environmental conservation not only preserves the natural wetland and wildlife, but also attracts more tourists from big cities. More tourists mean more profits for economic development and to invest in environmental conservation action and education. This will become a virtuous cycle. Additionally, a management system with in-depth participation from local people could generate more profits for local villagers and limit over-development and commercialism. At the same time, ecotourism could help educate more ordinary tourists into becoming ecotourists.
Based on my case study research, in order to achieve my vision, we need an effective management system to maintain the balance between environmental conservation and improved income. Erlongshan Ecotourism Management Committee will mainly consist of representatives from the local village, while the local government will provide some support. The committee will organise all kinds of tourist activities, the management of the volunteers, environmental conservation education and the Water Resources Conservation Fund (WRCF). All forms of ecotourism activities will be low-impact and small-scale, and the WRCF will supervise these activities to ensure there is no pollution or damage.
Tutors: Ross Cameron, Phill Gill
1. Location, Water project 2. Ecotourism Management System 3. Objectives for Aim 1 4. Blueprint and Resources 5. Protected Areas, Pollution Map
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1 1. Management Plan 2. Maintenance Plan 3. Functional Zoning Map 4. River and Traffic Map 5. Diagram of Plant and Animal Resources Analysis
RUYA YU NATURE RESERVE MANAGEMENT PLAN
Elk / Wetland / Sustainable Development / The Diversity of Plants Yangcheng, China
yuruya20@gmail.com Tutors: Ross Cameron, Phil Gill
Dafeng Elk Nature Reserve is the world’s largest elk nature reserve with the largest population of wild elk in the world. This site is located in an area where the temperature is suitable for elk. The Dafeng Elk Nature Reserve is not only rich in history, but also rich in animal and plant resources. It was once the natural home of the elk, but they were driven from the area due to a combination of man-made and natural factors. They were then reintroduced by the UK in 1986. With the increase in the elk population, the areas of land and water in the reserve are no longer able to satisfy the growth of wild elk. In addition to this, there are the negative effects that the behaviour of nearby farmers and human visitors have on wildlife. The original facilities in the area are also inadequate to meet the diverse needs of people. Through management and maintenance, I hope to solve these problems.
My vision is for the area to become a sustainable, attractive and diverse nature reserve. I will achieve my vision through the six following aims: • To reduce the impact of climate change on nature reserves. • To reduce the impact of human activities on wildlife. • To control the population density of the elk in the core area. • To improve the water space. • To enhance wetland areas and an elkfriendly theme for the reserve. • To improve the traffic situation.
Conservation of wetlands, wild elk and wildlife are key to the project. In order to provide more living space for elk that have been released into the wild, I chose to suggest that the government expropriate the nearby farmland and breeding area, change it to grazing area for elk and plant natural vegetation. This will not only expand the elks’ grazing area, but also offer a greater supply of food. In addition, the expropriation of nearby agricultural land could effectively reduce the impact of human behaviour on wildlife. As for the wetlands, management and maintenance mainly focus on preventing wetland degradation. This site is rich in plant species and has good growth, so it will only need to strengthen its daily maintenance and ensure dead plants are replaced. At the present stage, the facilities in this nature reserve are too old and cannot be well integrated with the natural scenery. By changing the colours and materials of the facilities, the facilities can be better integrated with the natural scenery.
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Tutors: Ross Cameron, Phil Gill
ASHLEY WU PARKLAND RECOVERY AFTER FLOODS
Flood risk / High Usage Park / Restore Sheffield, UK
wucf96@163.com
Endcliffe Park is a popular and highly used city park near the centre of Sheffield which holds many different kinds of activities. For example: music festivals, physical activities, activities with animals, children’s activities, social activities and amusements. There are also many facilities for citizens to use and enjoy in the park. Most of the park is surrounded by residential areas and commercial streets; this is a relatively busy community. Endcliffe Park is loved by the surrounding residents. Michelle Mullins, 42, believes: “This park is loved by many people. Not only can it be dangerous to be filled with so much water, but it can have devastating effects on wildlife and the park itself.” This is because the project Protecting Sheffield from Flooding made Endcliffe Park a flood storage area to slow down the flow, helping to prevent further deterioration downstream.
Due to the city’s geographic location, Sheffield is located at the confluence of rivers, and the park is positioned in a lowlying area. Flooding will affect the economy, ecology, heritage protection and other aspects of the park and its surrounding areas. We can see that the flood risk zone in the site is located along the brook, and across the grassland of Endcliffe Park, and that the size of the flood risk zone towards the east of the site is very large. Not only is there a risk of flooding from rivers or the sea, but also from surface water. This poses an even more serious flood risk than rivers. The roads near Endcliffe Park will be submerged by surface water if it floods.
Floods are a key element in maintaining aspects of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. As part of the environment, parks are also greatly affected by floods. When flooding happens, people will lose a good place for recreation and some facilities will be destroyed. More importantly, vegetation will be affected by the flood, which will lead to the decline of biodiversity and bring about a negative impact on the park’s environment. Therefore, recovery after a flood is very important for the park, whether it is for the environment and ecological balance of the park or to allow people to use it as soon as possible.
1. Topography of Endcliffe Park 2. Risk from River 3. Risk from Surfacewater 4. Music Festivals 5. Physical Activities 6. Social Activities 7. Map of Endcliffe Park
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YIXUE MI BEAUTIFY CHENGDU NANHU PARK
Green Roof / Sponge Cities / Ecosystem / Flood Resilience Sheffield, UK
ymi1@sheffield.ac.uk
The project area is Nanhu Park and its surrounding areas. Nanhu Park is located at Nanhu E Rd, Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. It covers an area of 6,000 acres and was completed in July 2009. I chose this Chengdu Nanhu Park for two reasons: one is because it enjoys a very advantageous geographical location surrounded by two rivers, the scenery is very beautiful, and the green land resources and water resources are very rich. The park not only has a wetland park area, but also a theme park (amusement park). The second reason is because Nanhu Park carries many decades of local residents’ memories and is an important place for their entertainment. And because of the convenient transportation, the park has a great opportunity to develop into the most popular comprehensive park in southern Chengdu.
The main problems in the park are flooding (and water pollution), green space pollution, and lack of biodiversity. My vision is to make Nanhu Park the most popular revitalized park and a park that is conducive to the development of flood resilience in Chengdu. I used the concept of sponge city to solve the main problem of flooding. “Sponge city” means that the city is like a sponge and has good flexibility in adapting to environmental changes and responding to natural disasters. It absorbs water, stores water, seeps and purifies water when it rains, and releases and uses the stored water when needed.
Green roofs are used for building roofs in residential areas that are most vulnerable to flooding, and permeable paving bricks are used in residential pavements. In combination with residential green spaces and landscape water bodies, bioretention ponds, sunken green spaces, and rainwater wetlands can also be designed. Plant vegetation in the open space around the construction area and near the river bank is used to increase the green area. Rely on these measures to deal with the problem of rain runoff in residential areas to prevent flood disasters. Green land pollution and water pollution, as well as the lack of biodiversity, all rely on plant cultivation, combination methods and later maintenance. According to the Ningbo Eco-Corridor case, you can vigorously plant local vegetation to reconstruct diverse vegetation communities to attract wild animals to inhabit it, and construct riparian zones to provide habitat for wildlife, and riparian vegetation and rain gardens can purify rainwater.
Tutors: Ross Cameron, Phil Gill
1. Rainfall and Water System Map 2. Surroundings 3. Key buildings 4. Management Plan 5. Maintenance Plan
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HOI YAN CHOW CONCORD PARK GOLF COURSE
Multifunctional Land Use/ Golf Course/ Land-use Efficiency/ Biodiversity Sheffield, UK
chowhoiyan97@gmail.com
The concept of the multifunctional golf course is intended to provide a highquality arena for golf. It is a planning concept that monitors golf course operations and supplies services that are beneficial to their social, economic and environmental aspects (STERF, 2011). From a social perspective, introducing different outdoor recreation facilities can create links to connect nearby communities and attract the younger generation to get involved in golf while promoting an active lifestyle. From an economic perspective, it can provide alternative streams of income by lending the space for different activities and obtaining financial support through cooperation with other organisations and institutions. The additional funding can be invested in the improvement of existing facilities, as well as in introducing extra facilities. From an environmental perspective, unattractive and poorly designed holes in the golf course can be removed to provide space for new facilities and reduce pressure on operational expenses. Introducing native plant species can increase biodiversity by providing a variety of habitats and food for wildlife.
The concept of the multifunctional golf course is intended to provide a highquality arena for golf. It is a planning concept that monitors golf course operations and supplies services that are beneficial to their social, economic and environmental aspects (STERF, 2011). From a social perspective, introducing different outdoor recreation facilities can create links to connect nearby communities and attract the younger generation to get involved in golf while promoting an active lifestyle. From an economic perspective, it can provide alternative streams of income by lending the space for different activities and obtaining financial support through cooperation with other organisations and institutions. The additional funding can be invested in the improvement of existing facilities, as well as in introducing extra facilities. From an environmental perspective, unattractive and poorly designed holes in the golf course can be removed to provide space for new facilities and reduce pressure on operational expenses. Introducing native plant species can increase biodiversity by providing a variety of habitats and food for wildlife.
The vision of the management plan is to turn the Concord Park Golf Course into the most dynamic and multifunctional golf course in England, encouraging the younger generation to participate in golfing activities. The project aims to reduce the number of greens near Woolley Wood to maximize ecological value, introduce new facilities for different activities, utilise the space by cooperating with local organisations to organise various activities, improve the existing facilities and greens, and improve the finances of the golf course.
For image credits, please see page 166.
Tutors: Ross Cameron, Zoe Dunsiger
1. Golf Course 2. Vegetation 3. Brief History 4. Vision of Site 5. Suggested Activities
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1 1. Detailed Map 2. Surrounding 3. Vegetation Types of 5 areas 4. Three Levels of Activity Area & Facilities for Attracting Birds 5. Tourist-guided Signs
JINJING MIAO RESTORATION OF MACAU WETLAND
Restore Ecology / Artificial Wetland / Nature Learning Centre Macau, China
sylviam1121@gmail.com Tutors: Ross Cameron, Phil Gill
The area I chose for this special project is located in Macau, on the southeast coast of mainland China. Named “Baía de Nossa Senhora da Esperança Wetland Ecological Zone”, it covers an area of 30hm2 and includes a lake, woodland, mangrove cultivation zone, viewing zone, Taipa Houses-Museum and Tai Tam Mountain Viewing Terrace. Since Macau used to be a Portuguese colony, its official name is Portuguese, but locals in Macau always call it Taipa Wetland. It’s not only the most important wetland ecoregion in Macau, but also one of the main habitats for migratory birds, including a globally endangered species: the black-faced spoonbill. I chose the site as I am worried about its ecological destruction and water pollution causing migratory birds to lose their habitat.
The site’s problems are mainly caused by historical factors and activities surrounding the environment. Since the 1960s, due to the building of a new road connecting Taipa and Coloane Island, the original waterway has been divided in two, slowing the flow of the water. Consequently, a mangrove forest was formed, attracting migratory birds. By 1988, the Macau government launched a “reclamation project”. Because of the reclamation that was carried out on both sides of Continuity Road, the study area changed from mudflats to closed freshwater lakes, and most of the mangroves were damaged. Since the year 2000, the change from seawater to freshwater in Taipa Wetland has meant the mangrove has been unable to survive and the type of vegetation has changed accordingly. The entire system has been changed from the original mangrove ecosystem to an artificial wetland. In the south of the study area, there is a road with a heavy flow of traffic beyond which is a bustling commercial area with large casinos. The northwest side of the study area is rich in historical and religious sites, thereby attracting more tourists. The study area is the only route from the business centre to the historical and religious attractions. A large number of tourists flock to the study area for this reason, resulting in a reduction in the number of migratory birds due to the noise and pollution brought by the flow of people. Additionally, on the northwest side of the study area is the municipal swimming pool. This drains directly into the lake, causing pollution and damage to the surrounding vegetation and entire ecosystem. Local residents and visitors to the site do not know much about mangroves or migratory birds, nor do they know how to protect these birds’ habitats. Therefore, the vision for this study area is to restore ecology to allow wildlife to return to the wetlands, and to become a sustainable nature learning centre that integrates education, particularly for local children, with sightseeing.
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MINKYONG LEE MEERSBROOK PARK MANAGEMENT
Sustainable Environment / Biodiverse / Asthetic / Historical Value Sheffield, UK
lmk8181@gmail.com
The park is a city park which was opened in the Victorian era and constitutes woodland, heritage sites and entertainment facilities. It is located 2.3 miles from Sheffield City Centre. Surrounding the park is a dense residential area with four schools, meaning that residents and students are the main visitors.
The park will continue to be used, as it is still well visited, but it needs managing to maintain and improve its quality for users. The park shows signs of some issues like a poor understory and low levels of biodiversity. To this end, the park will diversify its species through systematic vegetation management and encouraging an attractive and eco-friendly woodland. It will also attract many visitors and inform them of the ecological and historical importance of the park.
The project’s vision is to encourage attractive and eco-friendly woodland, and improve the area surrounding Bishops’ House Museum. It will create a healthy society where nature, history, and people will meet in the city to coexist and prosper together. The project aims to ensure a sustainable environment and biodiverse, aesthetic landscape.
Providing an aesthetic landscape through vegetation management in this urban park and increasing biodiversity are at the core of this project. Thinning trees will allow more light to reach the ground and the poor understory to regenerate. Coppicing and pollarding will increase species diversity by forming different layers of woodland to provide wildlife with proper shelter. Therefore, there will be vibrant and sustainable woodland in the city. Bishops’ House is representative of a Tudor era house in Sheffield. In front of the house is grassland and an attractive and historical Tutor garden will be created there. Visitors will be made to feel welcome and have their interests raised by people in the house. It is also expected that useful insects like bees and butterflies will increase in number, enticed by the nectar of aesthetic flowers.
The project will successfully bring together stakeholders to carry out their roles and cooperate organically. Sheffield City Council will manage the overall parts as the park’s owner. The Friends group operates the park practically with volunteers. Professional partnerships support the park with their expertise, as well as funding. They will each be encouraged to perform their individual tasks, helping the park to achieve its vision, and thereby contributing to community development.
For image credits, please see page 166.
Tutors: Zoe Dunsiger
1. Poor Understory 2. Bishops’ House Museum 3. Introduce Tudor Garden 4. Understory Maintenance 5. Tudor Garden Model / Stakeholders’ Roles
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1 1. Prospective Play Space 2. Site Analysis 3. Wider Surroundings 4. Issues 5. Recommendation
YIZHUO JIANG CHILDREN’S THIRD SPACE
Third space / Natural play / Children’s allotments Sheffield, UK
yizhuoj@gmail.com
My primary motivation for choosing the Morley Street Allotments is that I found the site has been derelict land which is undervalued and unutilised for years. Meanwhile, inadequate space for activities has been provided in two primary schools in the vicinity. The site (14ha) is situated in Walkley, in the northwest of Sheffield, and includes allotments, Rivelin Primary School’s playing fields, spontaneous woodland on derelict allotments and a younger woodland which underwent vegetation clearance in 2008. There are two key problems in the area: the rate of childhood obesity is relatively higher, and that of schoolchildren reaching the standard of reading is much lower than the average for Sheffield and England. Children’s wellbeing is the key driver for this project, in the context of a worldwide slightly rising trend of suffering from mental illness and a downward trend of physical fitness levels which might contribute to illnesses such as depression and obesity.
This improvement plan introduces the concept of natural play in third space, where children can spend their spare time outside of home and school. By providing a vibrant third space with various forest activities, children will have a “healing escape” which allows them to experience uncertainties, risks, curiosity, and to freely make mistakes, enjoy their freedom and also improve literacy and numeracy skills. Meanwhile, by spending time planting in children’s allotments, they are able to feel the seasonal changes and enjoy growing and harvesting, helping them to acquire vital skills to fulfil their potential in a rapidly changing world and make a positive contribution to society. My vision to create an environmentally-friendly third space and encourage children and families to enjoy nature outdoors contains three major aims: • Introduce various vibrant forest activities, encouraging children to explore and enjoy the natural environment; • Provide attractive natural play areas with safety and security, welcoming more children to engage in physical and social activities; • Encourage children to plant in children’s allotments, and involve families and the community. I intend to introduce a series of natural play facilities, including climbing nets, rope ladders and tree stumps, and set interpretation panels introducing inspiring new types of forest games, such as den building.
The plan will also support students and families to grow food in slots and cooperate closely with local communities. This site will only be successful if more children play outdoors and love it. Access and infinite possibility will be key watchwords – I wish for every child to be themselves and to delight in wonderful nature!
For image credits, please see page 166.
Tutors: Ross Cameron, Zoe Dunsiger
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IMAGE CREDITS
HOI YAN CHOW
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1. Bluebell: Dingley, C. (2019). Bluebell Woods, Yoxall, Staffordshire, England. [online] Available at: https://www.trover.com/d/14CUj-bluebell-woods-yoxallstaffordshire-england [Accessed 2 May 2019]. 2. English oak: Nikanos. (2006). File:Quercus Robur 031.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. [online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quercus_ Robur_031.jpg [Accessed 29 April 2019]. 3. Field maple: The Garden Dept. (n.d.). ACER Campestre. [online] Available at: http://www.gardendept.com/Nursery-Stock/65/acer-campestre [Accessed 11 May 2019]. 4. Silver Birch: Gardeners Dream (n.d.). Betula Pendula. [online] Available at: https://www.gardenersdream.co.uk/search/betula-pendula [Accessed 9 May 2019]. 5. Cow Parsley: Kelli. (2014) Cow Parsley - Fan or Foe. [online] Available at: http://kelliboylesgarden.blogspot.com/2014/06/cow-parsley-fan-or foe.html [Accessed 13 May 2019]. 6. Crab Apple: Alba Trees Tree Nursery (n.d.). Common Crab Apple Malus sylvestris. [online] Available at: http://www.albatrees.co.uk/?products=malussylvestris [Accessed 10 May 2019]. 7. Guelder Rose: Allegro. (n.d.) Viburnum opulus. [online] Available at: https://archiwum.allegro.pl/oferta/kalina-koralowa-bardzo-dekoracyjna-az-dozimy-i6923720313.html [Accessed 9 May 2019].
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1. Mushroom picking: Dapkus, L. (2017). On the hunt: Lithuanians race to pick wild mushrooms. [online] Available at: https://www.spokesman.com/ stories/2017/sep/23/on-the-hunt-lithuanians-race-to-pick-wild-mushroom/ [Accessed: 25 Apr. 2020]. 2. Wine tasting: Salkeld, L. (2019). What is natural wine? And is it better for you?. [online] Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/better/lifestyle/whatnatural-wine-it-better-you-ncna1040041 [Accessed: 12 May 2020]. 3. Dog training: Smalldoorvet.com. (n.d.) How To Teach Your Dog Agility. [online] Available at: https://www.smalldoorvet.com/learning-center/behavior/ how-to-teach-your-dog-agility/ [Accessed: 4 May 2020]. 4. Indoor golf lessons: Golf Content Network. (2018). IJGA in Hilton Head Transforms Horse Stables into World-Class Indoor Golf Training Center. [online] Available at: https://www.golfcontentnetwork.com/gear/training-aids/ijga-hilton-head-transforms-stables-world-class-indoor-golf-training-center/ [Accessed: 10 May 2020]. 5. Running: Gym+Coffee. (2019). The Benefits of Long Distance Running. [online] Available at: https://gympluscoffee.com/blogs/community/benefits-oflong-distance-running [Accessed: 25 April 2020]. 6. Orienteering: Pineland Farms. (n.d.). Orienteering. [online] Available at: https://pinelandfarms.org/recreation/team-building/orienteering/ [Accessed: 3 April 2020]. 7. Nature tour: Adams, S. (2019). Pensthorpe Bird and Wildlife Fair. [online] Available at: https://www.norfolkcottages.co.uk/blog/2019/07/pensthorpe-birdand-wildlife-fair-2019 [Accessed: 19 April 2020].
MINKYONG LEE
Image 4: Woodland layer
www.learningintheleaves.co.uk/woodland-ecological-structures
Image 5: Tudor garden model
www.londongardenstrust.org//mobile/stage.php?tour=JubileeW&stage=90.00
YIZHUO JIANG
Image: Erz studio
https://www.erzstudio.co.uk/projects/the-works-david-livingstone-centre
