Year 7 Summer Workbook - History

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HISTORY YEAR 7 S UM MER BO O KL ET Dear Year 7, In Year 7 History, you mostly studied events from the Medieval period. This was an important time in British history as major battles were fought, the Black Death arrived and English people rebelled against their own leaders. During the summer, this booklet will help you to revisit some of the most important events from the medieval period. You will also learn about some events that you haven’t studied yet as this will help you to better understand what you will be learning about in Year 8. We have chosen some fascinating and truly significant events for you to learn about so we hope you enjoy!

Don’t forget to follow us on twitter @Deltatrusthist for competitions and to show us the work you have been doing!

History

WEEK 1 CHRONOLOGY This week’s focus will be on chronology. Chronology is simply the order and duration of events/periods. The tasks below will challenge your knowledge of chronology.

TASK 1 What is the correct chronological order for the Horrible Histories books?

A

B

F

C

G

D

H

E

I

Write the correct order below

TASK 2 It’s also important to understand the duration of events/periods – how long they lasted.

On the timeline, you are going to show the order and length of different periods in British history. One example has been done for you.

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TASK 2 The later Middle Ages

250AD 1AD

1000AD 500AD

1500AD 1250AD

2000AD 1750AD

Draw boxes on the timeline to show the duration of the following time periods in British history (it doesn’t need to be perfect)! Use the clues below to help you.

-Roman rule - the Roman Empire lasted much longer than this but occupied Britain for about 400 years.

- Early Middle Ages – after the Romans left England, new groups from Europe came to Britain and settled here. This period is sometimes called the ‘Dark Ages’. Saxons were one of the main ruling groups early on followed by the Vikings a few hundred years later. This period lasted from the end of Roman rule to the Norman Conquest.

- The Tudors –5 Tudor monarchs ruled England between 1485 and 1603.

- The Renaissance – this was said to be a period of new ideas and more scientific ways of thinking.

For example, there was a much improved understand of the human body and the purpose of different organs during this period. Historians are still debating exactly when this period started and ended but it is usually associated with the 16th and 17th centuries.

- The Industrial Revolution – this was a period when Britain became a very wealthy country. Britain had been taking over countries around the world, creating an Empire. Slaves were taken from West Africa and used to provide labour in colonies in the Americas. Wars were fought to take over new lands and the British even sold Opium (a drug) to fund its expansion in the Far East. Some people see this as a period of great progress for Britain, others see it as a time in which Britain acted greedily and shamefully. It is most commonly associated with the 18th and 19th centuries.

- Modernity – historians tend to use this term to refer to history from 1900.

TASK 3 Use your completed timeline to match the period to the correct date Tudors • c. 500-1066 Saxons and Vikings • c.1700-c.1900 Roman Rule of Britain • c.1900-2000 Renaissance • 1485-1603 The Later Middle Ages • 1066-1485 Modernity • 43 – c.410 Industrial Revolution • c. 1500-c.1700

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WEEK 2 THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS, 1066 History books are very popular and widely read. Historians write about all sorts of events, people, places… This week, you are going to write your own piece of history about a major event in the medieval period. Historians rely on using sources from the period they want to write about. Almost anything that comes from the period could be a source – a diary, a letter, a painting, a statue, a coin, piece of pottery…

During year 7, you studied the Battle of Hastings. Using the sources below and your own knowledge, write a chapter for a new book entitled ‘The Norman Conquest of England’.

TASK 1 You are going to be the historian and write a chapter for a new book, ‘The Norman Conquest of England’ Use the sources and information to piece together the story of the battle and write a chapter that describes the events of the battle.

Sources on the Battle of Hastings, D-G are taken from the Bayeux Tapestry* A) William’s troops advanced in good order, the men armed with bows and crossbows were at the front. Then came the infantry and at the rear were the cavalry.

D: Norman archers

Harold’s large army came from every part of the country and was reinforced by the Anglo-Saxon’s allies, the Danes. They took to the higher ground, a hill close to the forest through which they had come. They went on foot and drew themselves up close one to the other.

The sound of trumpets announced the start of the battle. The Norman infantry attacked but were driven back by spears, stones and other English missiles. Then the cavalry rode into battle using their swords. Both sides fought fiercely. The English were helped by the higher position they held and remained tightly grouped.

A Norman account by William of Poitiers, written around 1071. He was not at the battle.

E: Norman soldiers on horseback

B) William has arrived with a countless number of horsemen, slingers, archers and foot soldiers. Harold immediately marched to London even though he knew many of his bravest soldiers has already fallen in the battles in the North.

An English account by John of Worcester, written around 1071. He was not at the battle.

C) Coming on grouped together; the English seized possession of the hill and stood fast on foot. On the highest point of the summit the King planted his banner and other standards.

A Norman account by Guy, Bishop of Amiens, written around 1068. He was not at the battle.

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F: English soldiers in action

G: English andNorman soldiers fighting

History

Information on the battle Harold Godwinson became the King of England in January, 1066 following the death of Edward the Confessor. Shortly after he was crowned, a comet appeared in the sky.

People saw this as a bad omen. Harold had a number of rivals, people who also wanted to be the King of England. It was believed that Edward had promised the throne to William of Normandy when he died.

William sets sail In the spring of 1066, William made careful preparations for his invasion of England. He was delayed in travelling across the Channel by wind. But on 27th September, his invasion fleet sailed across to England. William’s ships were tightly packed with men, horses, weapons and armour. It is thought he had around 7000 soldiers including 1000 cavalry and a further 1000-2000 archers.

Prepare for battle William landed at Pevensey, on the south coast of England. At the time, Harold and his men were in the north of England fighting off another invasion by Harald Hardraada, the King of Norway. Harold had previously been waiting in the south for the arrival of William, but as the months dragged on, he decided it was too late in the year for William to arrive and left the south.

Harold successfully defeated Hardraada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25th September. William needed to draw Harold back south, knowing this would tire Harold’s Saxon army, so he ordered his men to raid the area around Hastings. On 13th October, William’s scouts spotted Harold’s army approaching. Harold decided to camp at Senlac Hill, near Hastings where his army was attacked by William’s on 14th.

Let battle commence At first, the Normans struggled as the Saxon soldiers formed a strong shield wall on top of the hill. William ordered his archers to shoot high into the air to kill soldiers behind the shield wall. But it was not enough to break the army. William ordered his men to repeatedly charge at the Saxon shield wall but this still was not enough, even the cavalry failed to break through.

The battle went on for hours. A group of Norman soldiers, the Bretons began to retreat down the hill. This may well have been a trick. Some of Harold’s soldiers began chasing the retreating soldiers, this opened up the Saxon shield wall and allowed William’s cavalry to cut down hundreds of Saxon soldiers. By the time the sun set, the Saxon English had been defeated. According to the Bayeux Tapestry*, King Harold was killed after an arrow hit him in the eye. We can’t be sure about this, but he was certainly killed at the battle. *the Bayeux Tapestry is a long cloth embroidered with scenes from 1066 to show the Norman Conquest of England. It was given to William as a present by his halfbrother, Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux. As it was produced by the Normans, historians are unconvinced that all of the details in it are accurate.

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SPACE TO WRITE

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WEEK 3 THE BLACK DEATH, 1348 In 1348, a terrible disease arrived in England. It wreaked havoc in the population and it is estimated that between 1/3 and 1/2 of the population were killed by it.

Day 1 Painful swellings called buboes appeared in the victim’s armpits and groin.

These were usually about the size of an egg, but could sometimes be as big as an apple.

Day 2 The victim vomited and developed a fever.

Day 3 Bleeding under the skin caused dark blotches all over the body

Day 4 The disease attacked the nervous system. This caused the victim to suffer spasms. The victim was in terrible pain.

Day 5 Sometimes the buboes burst and a foul-smelling black liquid oozed from the open boils. When this happened the victim usually lived. However, in most cases the victim suffered a painful death.

TASK 1 Draw your own picture of someone who contracted the Black Death using the description above.

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TASK 2 In 1348, people were unclear on the reasons the Black Death spread. Some people believed in supernatural explanations – they said God sent the illness to punish sinners or it was to do with the astrology, the positions of stars and planets. Others said the Black Death was spread by natural causes, they blamed bad airs and earthquakes.

Colour code the explanations below to show whether they are based on: • Supernatural theories • Natural theories 1. I know of miasmas travelling in the air, they are responsible for spreading this terrible pestilence (illness).

2. I think that those who sinned should whip themselves to ask God for forgiveness from their sins.

3. I think that if they clean up this human dung and other filth lying in the streets we’d all be a lot better off. The city is so foul that the air is infected and the city poisoned.

4. These ideas about bad air and filth are lies.

You only need to look to the skies to see that the planets have foretold of this illness.

6. I think you should not leave the house 5. I know of a terrible mortality in Florence, Italy. without something to ward off the bad smells. A It was sent upon us by the just anger of God. posy of flowers is best and should be bought if The city was cleansed of much filth. you want to live.

7. Your urine can tell you whether you have the 8. Look to the skies, the planets have been Black Death. If there are signs of black bile in telling us our fate for centuries and they tell us your urine, it is possible that you have caught that this plight will kill many of us. the Black Death!

9. Think that as the body is made up of four humours – blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. When these get out of balance you will be ill.

10. In 1345, in China and India, fire flew from heaven with stinking smoke. I believe that God was striking down upon non-Christians in this region and now it travels to find the sinful.

TASK 3 The Black Death Game On the next page, you will find the Black Death game. You can play this with 2-4 people from your household. Use a single die (1-6) or make your own if you don’t have one. Take it in turns to play the game to try and survive the Black Death.

As you play, keep an eye out for the different ways people tried to deal with the Black Death. Are their responses mostly supernatural or natural?

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25.

Almost the entire village has been killed by the pestilence. You have almost survived. However, the crops are failing as they are not being maintained and there is little food.

You eventually die from starvation.

End of the game for you.

24.

26.

Put a frog on your sores.

This does no harm but also doesn’t help. You go nowhere for 1 turn.

23.A physician takes a bowl full of

The belief in miasmas held back understanding in the long-term, people didn’t look for new explanations of the disease as reducing miasmas seemed to work.

Go back 1 space.

13.

blood from your arm to reduce the amount of blood in your body and rebalance your humours. This weakens your immune system and stops your body from being able to fight the disease. You die 3 days later. End of the game for you.

27.

People with the disease are quarantined for 40 days until they die or are clear of the disease.

Advance 2 spaces.

22.

The village people isolate themselves from other villages. You receive deliveries of food which are left outside the village, you leave payment in a bowl of vinegar. This stop the disease from spreading to your village. Advance to the end.

14.

15.

11.

1O.

You burn sweet smelling herbs in your house to drive away the miasmas. Some people boil vinegar.

Wait here for 2 turns to see if this helps.

12.

You begin whipping yourself to show God you are sorry for your sins and hope you won’t be given the disease. This doesn’t help, go back 2 spaces.

1.

2.

START

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A disease starts to spread in towns with ports like London. Wait here for 2 turns whilst your ship is inspected.

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Some towns make butchers responsible for cleaning up animal blood and intestines to reduce animal waste. This may have helped to stop attracting pests.

Advance 2 spaces.

3.

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28.

Jews living outside the town are thought to be poisoning the wells and spreading the disease.

You attack these people and drive them out of the town. Your prejudice has done nothing to help, go back to the start.

21.

29.

30.

END You have survived the Black Death!

20.

19.

People in the town try covering plague sores with a paste made from cooked onions and yeast. This has no effect, wait here for 1 turn.

16.

17.

18.

9.

8.

7.

4.

5.

6.

You have a growth in your armpit which is starting to turn black. You visit a barber surgeon who lances your buboes. This seems to help as you start to feel better. Advance 2 spaces.

The Mayor of London and King Edward III order people to clear the streets of London and clear out their privies. This reduces the number of pests in the city and the number of victims begins to decline. People believe the miasmas have been reduced. Advance 4 spaces.

You hear news that the illness is spreading, you are told it is being sent to punish sinners so you go to church more frequently. This makes it more likely you will come into contact with the disease, go back to number 3.

You hear that a terrible pestilence is killing people in the towns, you stop going to market to avoid the disease. Advance 3 spaces.

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QUIZ TIME 1 Complete the questions below and then check your answers in the back of the booklet.

1. Who became the King of England in January 1066?

2. What is the Bayeux Tapestry?

3. Where did William’s ships first land in England?

4. Which group of Norman soldiers pretended to run away down the hill at the Battle?

5. From which two countries was stinking smoke and fire said to have affected in 1345?

6. What did people put to their nose, during the Black Death, to try and prevent themselves from catching it?

7. What were the four humours, the liquids thought to be out of balance during the Black Death?

8. Give one symptom of the Black Death.

9. Some people covered their plague sores with a paste, what did this paste contain?

10. What liquid did some people boil, hoping it would drive away the bad airs that they believed caused the Black Death?

11. Give one example of a response to the Black Death that helped people to survive.

12. Give one example of a response to the Black Death that made people more likely to spread it.

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History

WEEK 4 THE RENAISSANCE Towards the end of Year 7, you studied events that took place in the ‘Early Modern’ period of English History (c.1450-c.1750). At the start of Year 8, you will continue studying this period. This period included the Tudors, Stuarts, Britain’s Empire, slavery and much more. This week, you will get an overview of events in this period to help you connect your learning from Year 7 to Year 8.

What was the Renaissance?

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Europe experienced a Renaissance. This was a period of intellectual and cultural change. This saw less emphasis on religion in explaining the world and more scientific approaches being used. For example, an Englishman called William Harvey came up with the theory that the heart pumped blood around the body (previously it was believed to slosh around). People became more critical and questioning of the church. For example, Martin Luther criticised the Catholic church and setup the Protestant church.

Leonardo da Vinci A key figure of the Renaissance was an Italian man, Leondardo da Vinci. He is most famous for being an artist but he was also a brilliant sculptor, architect, musician, engineer and scientist.

He was born in 1452 in the Italian village of Vinci. His parents did not send him to school but he loved to study the world around him. At the age of 12, he moved to the city of Florence to train as an apprentice in a painter’s workshop. In Florence, he met his first boyfriend and soon became known as a talented artist with a brilliant mind.

At the age of 30, he left Florence to work for the Duke of Milan.

At the Duke’s palace, he painted this portrait of a woman holding her pet stoat. It shows how well he was able to capture reality in paint. The quality of his paintings inspired others and helped to transform European art.

Leonardo’s notebooks Leonardo wanted to produce much better anatomical drawings (drawings of the human body) than had been available before. To produce these drawings, he needed to understand how the human body worked. He dissected more than 10 corpses to do this, keeping detailed drawings and notes of his dissections in notebooks.

31 of these notebooks survive containing around 7000 pages of drawings and writing. The notebooks also contained his thoughts on the natural world and ideas for new inventions such as a moveable bridge, a flying machine and a tank.

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TASK 1 Why is Leonarda da Vinci so significant to history?

Explain why he is such a significant figure in history.

TASK 2 Are you as good as da Vinci?

To demonstrate how skilled da Vinci was, try and recreate one of his drawings. Either use the images above of his flying machines or search online for another of his sketches to recreate in the space below.

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QUIZ TIME 2 Complete the questions below and then check your answers in the back of the booklet.

1. When does the Tudor period begin an end?

2. Which centuries is the Industrial Revolution most associated with?

3. What was the Renaissance?

4. During the Renaissance, there was less emphasis on a) as b) approaches became more popular.

5. Which Englishman came up with the idea that the heart pumps blood around the body?

6. Where was Leonardo da Vinci born?

7. Why did Leonardo move to Florence at the age of 12?

8. Other than art, give one example of another job Leonardo had an interest in.

9. What animal was being held by the woman in the portrait he painted at the Duke of Milan’s palace?

10. How many corpses did Leonardo dissect to produce his anatomical drawings?

11. How many pages of drawings and writing were contained within Leonardo’s 31 surviving notebooks?

12. Give one example of an invention contained within the notebooks.

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WEEK 5 GETTING CONNECTED, 1450-1550 Between 1450 and 1550, the world became much more connected. There had been overland trade between countries for centuries with routes connecting North Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe. This was how the Black Death had been able to spread from China all the way across to Britain. Italian merchants brought spices and other luxuries to Europe from the East Indies, China and India. But, increasingly, Europeans were determined to find sea routes to the Far East.

TASK Use the information below to mark the map (on the next page) with the routes and places visited by European explorers between 1450 and 1550. You may need to consult an Atlas or mapping search engine to complete this task. If you can, use different colours to mark on each explorers’ routes.

1. In the 1460s, the Portuguese sailed south in search of a route that would take them to India. They were the first Europeans to make direct contact with the powerful kingdoms in West Africa. In 1482, they built a fort on the coast at Mina and developed profitable trade in goods and slaves.

2. In August 1492, Christopher Columbus set off from Spain to find India by sailing west.

After 10 weeks at sea, he landed off one of the Caribbean Islands. Believing the islands to be part of India, he called them the West Indies. During the 1490s, the Spanish began to colonise the Caribbean Islands, forcing some of the islanders into slavery.

3. 1497-8, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama sailed around the tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope. They went on to reach India, becoming the first Europeans to reach India by sea. On further expeditions, da Gama used terrible violence against Muslim traders to gain control of the spice trade.

4. In 1501, the Portuguese setup a trading post on the Indian coat at Cochin. Portuguese merchants dominated trade with the Far East for the next 100 years.

5. In 1517, Ferdinand Magellan left Spain with five ships and 237 men to search for a western route to the East Indies. He said through rough seas at the tip of South America into the Pacific Ocean. In the Philippines, Magellan attacked some of the inhabitants and he was killed. Only 18 of the original crew returned to Spain in 1522. They were the first men to sail around (circumnavigate) the world.

6. The Portuguese had first travelled to Brazil in 1500 but from the 1530s, they began to colonise the coastal region of Brazil (setting up settlements and staying there to live. They setup sugar plantations and used Brazilian people to work as slaves. They then began transporting slaves from West Africa over to South America to work the plantations.

7. In the sixteenth century, the Spanish began to search for gold and silver in Central and South America. This brought them into conflict with two great civilisations, the Aztecs and

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the Incas. Between 1519 and 1534, the Spanish conquered both of these empires. Huge quantities of gold and silver were taken and shipped to Spain. The lands of the Aztec and Inca peoples were taken and survivors were forced to work as slaves in gold and silver mines.

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WEEK 6 PALATIAL SURROUNDINGS In the last topic you studied in school, you found out about Henry VIII and his changes to the church in England. Now is a chance for a look inside one of Henry’s palaces.

Below is Hampton Court, a palace on the River Thames. Henry took the Palace from Thomas Wolsey in 1529 and began a massive programme of rebuilding and expansion.

Although William III later destroyed some of Henry’s buildings to create a more modern palace, much of Henry’s Hampton Court survives.

The P The k dem inclu cham mag gard

The Chapel Royal Henry added a magnificent vaulted ceiling to Thomas Wolsey’s chapel. He also added two rooms overlooking the chapel for himself and the queen. Henry wanted to worship in private, above his courtiers in the chapel below.

The Great Hall Henry built a new Great Hall to replace Wolsey’s.

This was the largest and most impressive room in the palace. Beneath the Great Hall was a vast beer cellar, storing 600,000 gallons of ale drunk by the court each year.

The Kitchens Henry’s first project at Hampton Court was the extension of the kitchens. These stretched along most of the north side of the palace. The king’s food was cooked separately as it had to be of the highest quality and prepared secretly to guard against poisoning.

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Extra information Each day when Henry’s court was in resid room. It was laid out with trestles and ben twice a day. The king did not usually dine Chambers. On special occasions, such a Great Hall became a spectacular cerem visitors and most important courtiers. At n and became a space for feasting, music and would always be given a leading rol

Privy Chambers king and queen’s private rooms were molished by William III. Henry’s rooms had uded a study, library, jewel house, dining mber, bedchamber and bathroom. A gnificent long gallery gave views over the dens and park.

dence, the Great Hall served as a dining nches. Around 600 courtiers ate here e in the Great Hall but ate in his Privy as the visit of a foreign embassy, the monial space where the king greeted his night, it was lit by hundreds of candles c, dance and drama. Henry liked acting le in the play.

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The Watergate At the edge of the river, Henry built a Watergate.

From here, the royal barge took him down the river to Whitehall. A covered gallery crossed the gardens to the Privy Chambers. This was Henry’s private entrance to the Palace.

Base Court Henry’s visitors entered Hampton Court through a grand entrance which was much taller and more impressive than it is today. Around the courtyard were many small but luxurious rooms where courtiers stayed. A fountain here flowed with wine.

Task Produce a script for an audio guide for visitors on a virtual tour of Hampton Court Palace. You could even take your family on a pretend tour using pictures of the Palace stuck around your house.

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SPACE TO WRITE YOUR SCRIPT

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NOTES

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ANSWERS Week one – chronology Horrible Histories – E, C, H, B, D, F, I, G, A Tudors - 1485-1603 Saxons and Vikings - c. 500-1066 Roman Rule of Britain - 43 – c.410 Renaissance - c. 1500-c.1700 The Later Middle Ages - 1066-1485 Modernity - c.1900-2000 Industrial Revolution - c.1700-c.1900 Quiz time 1 1. Harold Godwinson 2. the Bayeux Tapestry is a long cloth embroidered with scenes from 1066 to show the Norman Conquest of England. It was given to William as a present by his half-brother, Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux.

3. Pevensey 4. The Bretons 5. China and India 6. A posy of flowers 7. Black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm 8. Buboes, fever, vomiting, bleeding under the skin, spasms, painful death.

9. Cooked onions and yeast.

10. Vinegar 11. Clearing waste from the streets, lancing buboes, isolation/quarantine.

12. Going to church more often, whipping.

Quiz time 2 1. 1485-1603 2. 18th and 19th 3. A period of cultural and intellectual change.

4. a) religion b) scientific 5. William Harvey 6. Vinci 7. To become an painter’s apprentice 8. Sculpture, architecture, music, engineering and science 9. A stoat 10. 10 11. 7000 12. A moveable bridge, a flying machine and a tank.

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