Thesis Research + Design 2020

THESIS RESE ARCH + DESIGN BOOK

DISASTER RELIEF HOUSING

DEL ANE Y LE ACH

2019 | 2020

AZRAQ REFUGEE CAMP

T HESIS R ESE ARCH

Goals + Objectives

page 5

Thesis Research

page 8

disaster relief housing maslow's hierarchy of needs sustainable design lynch's elements of legibility refugee camp planning

A ZR AQ R EFUGEE CAMP

Introduction

page 31

camp + refugees

Azraq Analysis

page 32

demographics site shelter

Problem + Thesis

page 45

Programming

page 46

adjacencies code analysis A ZR AQ R EDESIGN

TABLE OF C ONTEN TS

case studies

plan prototypes

Azraq Redesign

page 48

new camp plan new shelter design modular furniture units twin room full room living room kitchen bathroom + laundry

Citations

page 86

This the sis stud y e xplore s the de sign o f dis aster relief housing - more specifically refugee housing - a n d t h e p h y s i c a l , p s y c h o l o g i c a l , a n d c u l tu ra l ne e ds o f tho se displac e d b y natural distaster s .

4

GOALS + OBJECTIVES

Design a safe + healthy home for the refugees Read three ar ticles about cultural preferences regarding privac y, especially between se xe s , famil y hierarchy, and how spac e s are use d.

Design a space that influences self-actualization R e a d t wo a r t i c l e s o n Ma s l o w ‘s H i e ra r c h y o f N e e d s a n d h o w t o a c h i e v e a d e s i g n t h a t f u l f i l l s t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f a n i n d i v i d u a l s o t h a t t h e y a r e su p p o r t e d t o wa r d s se l f-ac tuali z ation.

Strengthen the community‘s relationship R ead t wo ar ticle s , plus addi tional re search, on how the orientation o f home s and t h e i r a d j a c e n c y t o c o m m u n i t y b u i l d i n g s a f f e c t t h e m o ra l e a n d w e l l - b e i n g o f t h e o verall c ommuni t y.

Design a shelter using sustainable methods In te r v i e w t wo p ro f e s s i o na ls b y N o v e m b e r 6 t h a b o u t Cra d l e -to - Cra d l e , N e t Z e ro , a n d p as s i v e d e s i g n p ra c t i c e s , p e r s o na l e x p e ri e n c e a n d a d v i c e us i n g sus t a i na b l e me tho ds .

Design a shelter using recycled materials 1 00% o f the materials use d for the e x isting she l ter s in the A zraq R e f uge e Camp will b e repurp o se d and reuse d for the ne w she l ter s .

50% of the remaining materials used for the shelters will be Cradle -to -Cradle c er ti f ie d and lo c all y sourc e d.

5

SECTION 1: THESIS RESE ARCH

DISASTER RELIEF overview of current types + design factors T YPES OF SHELTERS EMERGENCY SHELTERS This shelter ser ves as a basic , life -saving suppor t for a brief p erio d after a dis aster. This is t y p ic all y a tent struc ture.

1 night - 1 week

TEMPOR ARY SHELTERS Th is t y p e o f sh e l te r is sh o r t-te rm a n d t h e re f o re p ri o ri t i z e s t h e sp e e d and the c o st o f the she l ter s . The dwe lling is usuall y a tent or a public mas s she l ter such as a ho sp i tal or church.

3 weeks - 6 weeks

TEMPOR ARY HOUSING This shelter is usually a prefabricated space or a rentable unit that temp oraril y o c cup ie s a p ie c e o f land after a dis aster. Temp orar y h o us i n g g i v e s p e o p l e t i m e to re c o v e r b u t t h e n h e l p s t h e m g e t back to the ir dail y li ve s and home s .

6 months - 3 years

PERMANENT HOUSING Th i s s h e l t e r i s a p e rm a n e n t dwe l l i n g. O c c a s i o n a l l y t e m p o ra r y shelters/housing develop into permanent housing but is up grade d to b e more re silient to f u ture dis aster s .

3+ years

3 DESIGN FACTORS

1

ENVIRONMENTAL

climate variation

recyclability + flexibility

When designing disaster relief shelters it is necessary to consider the climate the sh e l te r is l o c ate d. In c o l d we ath e r c o n d i t i o ns it is impor tant to reduce air gaps and keep beds away from the ground. In hot weather conditions, dr y or humid, proper ventilation and prote c tion f rom the sun is v i tal.

A n e nv i r o n m e n t a l l y c o n s c i o u s d i s a s t e r r e l i e f shelter should be easy to recycle, reuse, or up grade after is i t deconstruc ted. This reduce s waste and harmful pollution in the environment .

The c onstruc tion o f the she l ter should also b e f lexible in order to adapt to possible future re lo c ation and climate c ondi tions .

8

Section 1

Kohler, Jared. Zaatari_unicef029. Middle East , Zaatari. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

2

3

ECONOMIC

SOCIOCULTUR AL

material + construction

cultural preferences

Financ ial supp or t is cruc ial for the de sign and construc tion of disaster relie f shelters . In some cases it is less expensive to upgrade temporar y shelters to become permanent rather than building ne w p ermanent she l ter s .

Housing styles and preferences vary from re gion, c ountr y, and e thnic group s . There fore , when designing disaster relief shelters it is imp erati ve to re sp e c t the cul tural di fferenc e s and pre ferenc e s o f the re sident s .

shelter lifespan

dignity + security

The lifespan of the shelter is impor tant to consider because that affects how financial suppor t is being used. For some camps it is a p p r o p r i a t e t o b u i l d t h e s h e l t e r s ra p i d l y a n d allocate the funds for maintenance , repair, and de ve lopment o f towards a p ermanent she l ter.

The design of a shelter significantly impacts t h e r e s i d e n t ‘s w e l l - b e i n g , s e c u r i t y, p r i v a c y, and digni t y. F or re sident s to fe e l s afe at home , the she l ter s should b e e quipp e d wi th lo ck able windows and doors as well as the abilit y to add interior par ti tions .

community livability

communication

When disaster relief communities become p e rm a n e n t , t h e y m u s t su p p o r t t h e l i v e l i h o o d of the resident s and the livabilit y as communit y.

Pro v i d i n g o p p o r tu n i t i e s f o r re s i d e n t s t o e a rn m o n e y w i l l h e l p e l e va t e t h e i r s o c i o e c o n o m i c status .

Communication between the community and managing organizations is necessar y to maintain a healthy relationship. Residents should be involved and aware of the future decisions being made with the shelters and c ommuni t y.

9

MASLOW‘S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS psychology research WHAT IS MASLOW ‘S? Definition:

“ Masl o w ‘s h i e ra rc hy o f n e e ds is a m o t i vat i o na l t h e o r y i n p s y c h o l o g y c o m p ris i n g a f i v e -t i e r m o d e l o f hu ma n n e e ds , o fte n d e p i c te d as h i e ra rc h i c a l l e v e ls wi t h i n a p y ra m i d. N e e ds l o we r d o wn i n t h e hierarchy must b e s atis f ie d b e fore indi v iduals c an at tend to ne e ds higher up.“ Mcleod, S. (2018, May 21). Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html.

1 2 3 4 5

5 LE VELS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NEED

1

4

SELF-ACTUALIZ ATION

morality, creativity, purpose , inner potential, problem solving, and lacking prejudice

2

health , employment , freedom from fear, financial and social security

5

ESTEEM

achievement, confidence to speak out to protect community, sense of place, and respect of others in culture/connection

3

SAFE T Y + SECURIT Y

PSYCHOLOGICAL

food, water, shelter, protection from elements, clothing, and sleep

LOVE + BELONGING DEAN, J. (2016). Room for All. Alternatives Journal (A J) - Canada’s Environmental Voice, 42(2), 54. Retrieved from http://search.

friendship, family, intimacy, and sense of connection

ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=118662195&site=eds-live&scope=site

10

Section 1

Kohler, Jared. UNHCF_web-25. Middle East , Jordan. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

MASLOW ‘S + REFUGEE ENVIRONMENTS “A r t i c l e 2 5 o f t h e Un i v e r s a l D e c l a ra t i o n o f Hu m a n r i g h t s i s t h e ‘r i g h t t o a n a d e q u a t e s t a n d a r d o f li v ing ‘ which include s the right to li ve in ade quate housing (U DH R , 1 94 8).“

I n L a ra A l s h a wa wr e h ‘s p a p e r " A r c h i t e c t u r e o f Emergenc ie s in the Middle E ast ," she discus se s her research on design criteria for disaster relief shelters in the Middle East. She found t h a t c u l tu re a n d c o n t e x t a re t wo ke y e l e m e n t s to creating an effective disaster relief shelter and c ommuni t y.

p s y cholo gical ne e ds - i t c ontradic t s le vels 2 ,3, and 4 o f Maslow 's Hierarchy o f Ne e ds .

Alshawawre h mentione d that the human right to ade quate housing applie s to dis aster re lie f h o us i n g a n d ". . .th e b e n e f i t [ s ] o f hu ma n ri g ht s to post-disaster sheltering response go be yond the shelter provision, it also acknowledges t h e e n t i t l e m e n t s o f sh e l te r u s e r s . " Th e re f o re , if the shelter and communit y do not suppor t i n d i v i d u a ls p as t t h e b as i c l e v e l o f n e e d , t h e i r human right s are not b e ing c are d for prop erl y.

Meaning they are not able to fulfill the necessar y le ve ls to stri ve towards se l f-ac tuali z ation and c ommuni t y impro vement .

G i v e n that cu l tu re is i nte g ra l to th e su c c e s s o f a dis aster re lie f c ommuni t y, i t is imp erati ve that t h e d e s i g n o f t h e sh e l t e r a n d c o m mu n i t y d o e s not limit the resident 's abilit y to move freely through the camp to socialize and connect.

Some disaster relie f camps , including A zraq, are designed to be spac ious to discourage resident s f rom mo v ing f rom v illage to v illage and star ting u p ris i n gs . A l t h o u g h t h is m e t h o d is e ff e c t i v e i n controlling c ivil unre st , it hinders an individual's

Alshawawreh, L . Architecture of emergencies in the Middle East: Proposed shelter design criteria. ( Thesis). Edinburgh Napier University. Retrieved from http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2005914

11

psychology research | interview 1

DR. YANG ZHANG thesis research consultant

Introduction :

Interview :

D r. Ya n g Z h a n g i s a n A s s o c i a t e Pr o f e s s o r a t Virginia Te ch as we ll as the A s so c iate C hair o f the Urban Affairs and Planning Program within the S cho ol o f Public and International Affair s .

He received a B.S. and M.S. at the Peking Un i v e r s i t y, C h i n a a n d h i s Ph.D. i n Ur b a n a n d R e gional S c ienc e at Te x as A&M Uni ver si t y.

D u r i n g t h e i n t e r v i e w w i t h D r. Z h a n g , h e discussed the importance of immediacy in dis aster re lie f areas . The re sp onse to dis aster must b e fast in order to pro v ide re f uge e s wi th the basic nece s sitie s - shelter, food, and water.

Howe ver, cul tural sensi ti vi tie s/c onsiderations and the beauty of the shelter are just as imp or tant .

Dr. Zhang was chosen as the research consultant for this disaster relief thesis because of his ex tensive re search on environmental planning, sust a i na b l e d e v e l o p m e nt , d is aste r re s i l i e n c e , hazard mitigation, and disaster recover y. Being an urban planning and affairs professional, and a founding memb er o f the D is aster R e silienc e and Risk Management (DRRM) program at Virginia Tech, he pro vided valuable knowledge on the de ve lopment and planning o f the A zraq R e f uge e Camp.

Most refugee camps consist of temporar y shelters or temporary housing and can l a s t u p t o t h r e e y e a r s . H o w e v e r, t h e A z r a q R e f uge e Camp re c e i ve s f inanc ial supp or t and re source s from the UN HC R , and other ex ternal contributors. With that being said, the camp has the oppor tunit y to become a permanent home for the refugees. With the potential of b e c oming p ermanent , Dr. Z hang b e lie ve s that designing a community building or center would strengthen the c ommuni t y re lationship.

12

psychology research | interview 2

Section 1

DR. GREGORY GALFORD

Introduction :

Interview :

D r. G re g o r y G a l f o rd is a n A s s ist a nt Pro f e s s o r f o r t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f A p p a r e l , H o u s i n g , a n d R e sourc e Management at Virginia Te ch.

Dr. G al ford ‘s re search on prisons and as y lums is applicable to disaster relief environments because they share similarities in the level o f su r v e i l la n c e , c o n f i n e m e n t , m o v e m e n t , a n d the qualit y of living conditions. Although the e vent s plac ing p e ople in re f uge e housing and in prisons are vastly different , the environment s and e xp erienc e s are , in many way s , the s ame.

He re c ie ve d a B . Arch. at Virginia Te ch, M. Arch. and Archi te c tural Histor y and Cri tic ism at the Archi te c tural A s so c iation in L ondon, England, and his Ph.D. in Interior Archi te c ture f rom the Uni ver si t y o f Mis souri-C olumb ia.

D u r i n g t h e i n t e r v i e w w i t h D r. G a l f o r d , h e d i s c u s s e d h o w m a t e r i a l s a n d c o l o r, t ru s t , a n d s i g h t l i n e s a f f e c t a p e r s o n ‘s w e l l - b e i n g a n d b e h a v i o r. T h e m a t e r i a l s a n d c o l o r s o f an environment impac t a p erson‘s c omfor t a n d m e n t a l i t y. I f a p e r s o n d o e s n ‘ t t r u s t t h e i r environment they may feel insecure and become fear ful. In addition, if sight lines to the outdoors or other spaces are not clear or blocked, a p e r s o n c a n la c k a s e n s e o f c o n n e c t i o n , h o p e , and humani t y.

D r. G a l f o rd wa s i n te r v i e we d f o r h i s e x te n s i v e research on the development and design of historic prisons and asylums as well as the behavioral impacts on the inmates. In his dis ser tation he studied the We st Virginia State Penitentiar y and West Virginia Mental Hospital, conducted obser vations and inter views with inmate s at other fac ili tie s .

13

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN cradle-to-cradle, net zero, + passive design WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DESIGN? Definitions:

CR ADLE-TO - CR ADLE DESIGN C r a d l e - t o - C r a d l e w a s c r e a t e d b y D r. M i c h a e l B r a u n g a r t a n d William McDonough in the 1990's. The design concept was "insp ire d b y nature , in which pro duc t s are create d ac c ording to th e p ri n c i p l e s o f a n i d e a l c i rcu la r e c o n o my. Th is d i ff e re nt iate s Cradle to CradleÂŽ f rom c onventional re c y cling and the c onc ept o f eco - e ff ic ienc y. It is abou t eco - e ffec tivene s s and goe s be yond conventional sustainabilit y tools and approaches, which primarily show the negative influence of humans on the environment (EPE A-Hamburg , 2 01 9).

NE T ZERO DESIGN Net Zero design is a relatively new practice and not widely implemented into buildings yet . The de f inition of Net Zero varie s from project to project depending on the building's sustainabilit y goals. A project that uses renewable generation produced off-site can achie ve the following : Net Zero Site Energy, Net Zero Source Energ y, Ne t Zero Energ y C o st s , or Ne t Zero Energ y Emis sions .

A s for a sustainable building that me e t s the ne c e s s ar y cri teria, i t is c onsidere d e i ther a L ow- or Zero -Energ y building.

PASSIVE DESIGN A pas sively de signed building u tilize s site , climate and materials to mitigate energ y usage. The building should be oriented on the si te to re sp ond to the sun and wind pat terns to re duc e heating and c o oling loads . Ac c ording to the U.S. Depar tment o f Energ y, "...a pas si ve solar home c olle c t s heat as the sun shine s through sou th-fac ing windows and re tains i t in materials that store heat , k n o wn a s t h e rma l ma s s . Th e sha re o f t h e h o m e ’s h e a t i n g l o a d that the pas sive solar de sign can meet is called the pas sive solar f rac tion, and dep ends on the area o f glazing and the amount o f thermal mas s . The ideal ratio o f thermal mas s to glazing varie s b y c l i m a t e . We l l - d e s i g n e d p a s s i v e s o l a r h o m e s a l s o p r o v i d e day light all y ear and c omfor t during the c o oling season through the use o f night time ventilation."

14

Section 1

Kohler, Jared. Zaatari_unicef004. Middle East, Jordan. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

PASSIVE SOL AR DESIGN systems + approaches

Pas sive Solar De sign is being used more f re quentl y as a re sul t o f gre en building trends , h o we v e r, i t i s n o t a n e w m e t h o d. Th e e a r l i e s t appearance of passive solar design was in anc ient G re e k buildings .

A s for indirect gain, sunlight is also usually received from the south-facing walls of the building, rather than a window. Then the heat is transferred from the wall to the living space. To have more c ontrol o f the interior temp erature , ventilation can be installed at the bottom a n d t o p o f t h e wa l l t o h e l p r e g u l a t e t h e h e a t distribu tion.

Th e m e t h o d is v e r y e ff e c t i v e i n c a p tu ri n g t h e su n' s e n e rg y, s t o r i n g , a n d d i s t r i b u t i n g t h e thermal energy throughout the interior of a building. The three categories of passive solar de sign are dire c t gain, indire c t gain, and isolate d gain.

Isolated gain is separate from direct and i n d i r e c t g a i n. R a t h e r t h a n t h e su n l i g h t b e i n g c apture d on the phy sic al building , a separate solar collection device or thermal storage c a p tu re s i t . Th e n v e n t i la t i o n p ush e s t h e h e a t f rom the separate de v ic e into the spac e.

Direct gain is a simplest application of this method - the par ts of the building that are direc tly heated from the sunlight enter through the windows. The materials on the interior should have the capabilit y to store heat and then released when interior air f low carries t h e h e at t h ro u g h o u t t h e sp a c e . D i re c t ga i n is u su a l l y r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e s o u t h - f a c i n g wa l l s o f the building.

15

team research project | interview 1

DR. LISA TUCKER

Introduction :

Interview :

D r. L i s a Tu c k e r i s t h e C h a i r o f t h e I n t e r i o r Design program at Virginia Tech and an Interior De sign Pro fe s sor.

D u r i n g t h e i n t e r v i e w, D r. Tu c k e r w a s a s k e d t o e x p l a i n C ra d l e - t o - C ra d l e ( C 2 C ) , N e t Z e r o , and passive design as well as her biggest challenges and advice working with these t h re e sus t a i na b l e d e s i g n p ra c t i c e s . Th e ma i n takeaway s from the inter vie w were to use local or e x isting materials and to take ad vantage o f the si te orientation and wind pat terns .

She received her B.S. in Architecture and M. Arch. Histor y at the Universit y of Virginia a n d h e r P h. D. i n A r c h i t e c tu ra l S tu d i e s a t t h e Uni ver si t y o f Mis souri.

I n a d d i t i o n t o h e r e d u c a t i o n , D r. Tu c k e r i s a licensed architect , LEED BD + C and WELL Ac cre di te d Pro fe s sional. She was inter v ie we d b e c ause o f her vast knowle dge o f sustainable design practices and personal experience de signing her own Ne t Zero home.

D r. Tu c k e r s u g g e s t e d t o u s e C 2 C c e r t i f i e d materials that are consciously sourced, m a n u f a c t u r e d , t ra n s p o r t e d , a n d r e u s e d . S h e share d that i t is ver y di ff icul t to achie ve a f ull y C2C design. In order to design a Net Zero home , all energ y and water must b e pro duc e d on si te using to ols such as solar pane ls and f il tration p onds . In addi tion, i t is imp or tant to re search the sustainable methods being used in local vernacular architecture to compact ex treme temp erature s and ventilation.

16

team research project | interview 2

Section 1

JOSEPH WHEELER

Introduction :

Interview :

Jo seph Whe e ler is a Pro fe s sor o f Archi te c ture at Virginia Te ch.

During the inter view, Mr. Wheeler was asked to e xplain Cradle -to -Cradle (C2C), Ne t Zero, and passive design as well as his biggest challenges and advice working with these three sustainable design practices. The main takeaways from the inter view were to utilize prefabricated c onstruc tion and to take ad vantage o f the si te orientation and wind pat terns .

He received his B.S. in Architecture from Fl o ri da A & M Un i v e r s i t y a n d h i s M . A rc h. f ro m Virginia Te ch.

In addi tion, Mr. Whe e ler is a c o - dire c tor o f the School o f Archi tec ture and De sign‘s C enter for Design Research and has pursued research in environmental and sustainable design.

He was inter viewed because of his recent work on the Virginia Te ch‘s Fu tureH AUS - the re search protot y p e e xploring inno vati ve way s to implement industriali ze d building me tho ds in archi te c ture.

M r. Wh e e l e r su g g e s t e d t o t a k e a h o l i s t i c a n d s o c i e t a l a p p r o a c h t o C 2 C - b u i l d a f a c t o r y, tra i n t h e l o c a l re s i d e n t s , a n d e m p l o y t h e m to b u i l d t h e b u i l d i n gs . A ft e r wa rd s t h e re s i d e n t s are sk ille d worker s and the buildings are buil t efficiently and financially mindful. C2C goes be yond the life of the building and the materials u s e d t o b u i l d i t . H o we v e r, t h e m a t e r i a l s u s e d to build the she l ter as we ll as the c onstruc tion me tho d are cruc ial to achie ving a C2C and Ne t Zero de sign.

17

LYNCH‘S ELEMENTS OF LEGIBILITY urban planning + community connection WHAT ARE LYNCH ‘S ELEMENTS? Definition:

Ac c ording to Ly nch (1 96 0, p.6), the le gib ili t y pro c e s s is dep endent on mental repre sentations o f a c i t y b y i t s inhab i tant s which invol ve s t wo -way pro c e s s b e t we en the ob ser ver and the env ironment .

PATHS Paths are rou te s or thoroughfare s that p e ople u tili ze on a dail y basis to ver y infrequently. Paths are made up of sidewalk s , street s and walkway s . The y are imp or tant b e c ause p e ople use paths to under stand the other e lement s o f under standing plac e b e c ause i t aids in creating spatial re lationship s .

EDGES Edges are linear and often ver tical boundaries that ser ve as the p erime ter o f a gi ven area. Edge s c an b e solid, imp ene trable or semi-p ene trable , such as shore line s , walls , he dge s , or le gal boundarie s . Edge s are impor tant for people to arrange element s wi thin b oundarie s o f a spac e.

NODES N o d e s a re p o i nt s wi th i n th e c i t y that s e r v e as a th re sh o l d a n d ser ve as transferring point s when people change location. O ften the y are stre e t junc tions or another c onvergenc e o f path. No de s may b e i d e nt i f i e d as a p la c e wi th a c o ns iste nt a n d i d e nt i f ia b l e charac teristic or b y a zone o f enclo sure.

DISTRICTS D istric t s are made up o f me dium to large chunk s o f a c i t y. The y are identi f iable from within, and a person can “enter ” the distric t and under stand the ir plac e and p ic ture surroundings . A distric t is an area that can b e re c o gni ze d b y i t s uni f y ing charac teristic s .

L ANDMARKS L a n d ma r k s a re d e f i n e d a s p h y s i c a l o b j e c t s su c h a s b u i l d i n gs , towers , mountains , statues , fountains , etc., that people frequently dep end up on to plac e themse l ve s . The y are t y p ic all y prominent to a plac e and are easil y identi f ie d.

18

Section 1

Kohler, Jared. Zaatari_unicef034. Middle East , Zaatari. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

LEGIBILIT Y ENHANCES SOCIAL INTER ACTIONS towards social sustainability

“A le gible env ironment pro v ide s i t s c i ti zens wi th a de ep sense o f emotional se curi t y b e c ause o f the h a rm o n i o u s r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e m a n d t h e su rr o u n d i n g p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s a l l o w s c i ti zens or ob ser ver s to mo ve around quickl y and easil y (Perk ins & Tay lor, 1 996).”

The le gib ili t y o f the c ommuni t y, as we ll as the open public areas, will improve the qualit y of the buil t env ironment and enc ourage re sident s to gather more f re quentl y. The clari t y, simplic i t y, p a t t e r n , o r h i e ra r c h y o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t c a n provide residents with a sense of place and familiari t y.

Open public areas are meant to promote soc ial i n t e ra c t i o n a n d a c t i v i t y - t h e d e s i g n o f t h e m c an e i ther enhanc e or hinder the opp or tuni t y for p e ople to gather.

A s q u o t e d b y M o u l a y, U j a n g , a n d S a i d i n the "L e gib ili t y o f Ne ighb orho o d Park s as a Predicator for Enhanced Soc ial Interac tion Towards Social Sustainabilit y," Gehl wrote in his b o ok , L i fe B e t we e n Bui ld ings , thre e princ iple s that shap e an inclusi ve and ac c e s sible spac e.

The f ir st princ iple is to avo id walls or barrier s that may hinder v isib ili t y b e t we en p e ople. The se c ond princ iple is to inc orp orate walk ing and b ik ing paths . The third princ iple is to inte grate diverse activities into the space so that a variet y o f p e ople are enc ourage d to gather.

Moulay, A ., Ujang, N., & Said, I. (2017 ). Legibility of neighborhood parks as a predictor for enhanced social interaction towards social sustainability. Cities, 61, 58–64. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/10.1016/j.cities.2016.11.007

19

REFUGEE CAMP PLANNING comparison of zaatari + azraq refugee camps

CHANGES IN CAMP GOVERNANCE + MANAGEMENT how it shaped the camps

Z A ATARI

A ZR AQ

When Zaatari Camp opened, the UNHCR managed the camp without the help of the Sy rian R e f uge e Affair s D ire c torate (S R AD).

When A zraq Camp opened, the Sy rian Re fugee Affair s D ire c torate (S R AD) and p olic e were in charge o f management .

When emergenc y situations arose , the deliver y o f s e r v i c e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e s h e l t e r, w e r e n o t prompt or organi ze d.

Due to long-term planning, the deliver y of s e r v i c e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e s h e l t e r, w e r e p r o m p t and organi ze d.

Informal hierarchies emerged between refugees and U N HC R due to lack o f c ommon ground.

Official community centers improved c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t we e n r e l i e f o rga n i z a t i o n s and re f uge e s .

The camp relies heavily on volunteer organi z ations , NG O s , and re lie f pro je c t s .

The camp has limited the involvement of NG Os and re lie f pro je c t s .

Ser vices were decentralized in the camp mul tiple scho ols , ho sp i tals , informal marke t s , and many y ou th spac e s .

Ser vices are centralized in the camp - one main ho sp i tal, one c ommuni t y c enter, and one marke t in each v illage.

CHANGES TO SPATIAL STRUCTURE + PHYSICAL CHAR ACTERISTICS how it shaped the camps

Z A ATARI

A ZR AQ

Initially planned to be an emergenc y camp and followe d the UN HC R ’s Handb o ok o f Emergenc ie s .

Initially planned as a "cit y." Used ex ternal urban planning and design exper tise to layout the c amp.

Used a centrali zed layou t that followed a block standard and zone d b y f unc tion.

Used a clear spatial hierarchy - Plot , Block , D istric t , Village , and Camp.

20

Section 1

Kohler, Jared. UNHCR_web-26. Middle East , Zaatari. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

T h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s e s wa s i n d e v e l o p m e n t while re sident s were mo v ing into the c amp.

The planning o f the c amp to ok plac e a y ear in ad vanc e to re sident s mo v ing in.

Most shelters in the camp were moveable c ause d unwante d re lo c ation o f she l ter s .

All the she l ter s in the c amp were f i xe d.

T h e c a m p wa s m a d e u p o f a l l d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f she l ter s .

The camp was made up of one standardized housing uni t .

The A zraq Camp was de signe d and buil t base d on the le s sons learne d f rom the Z aatari Camp. There wa s a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t f r o m t h e Z a a t a r i C a m p t o t h e A z ra q C a m p , h o w e v e r, t h e r e i s s t i l l impro vement to b e made.

Highlight indicates takeaways to be implement or reintroduced in the updated design of the A zraq Camp.

21

..

ASYLUM CAMP TUBINGEN

Case Study 1

adaptable container housing for refugees ..

Archi te c t : Hae fe le Archi te k ten, Tub ingen ..

C lient : K re isbauge se llschaft Tub ingen mbH G ro s s Area: 1,4 51 m2

floor plan of apartment 1

floor plan of apartment 2 (ADA)

ground floorplan

THE SITE

TAK E AWAYS

Th e A s y l u m C a m p i n Tu b i n g e n , G e rma ny was designed by Haefele Architekten in 2015.

The complex accommodates 2-3 bedroom apar tment s and c an house up to 96 re sident s .

This housing complex was designed for re fugee s that are in need of temporar y housing while their asylum applications are being pro c e s se d. The re sident s are we lc ome to stay in the c omple x up to a y ear.

This case study was a great example of inexpensive, modular housing that was designed for residents seeking asylum. The few takeaway s f rom the A s y lum Camp in Tub ingen were the bold use of color, generous f loor plans in each apar tment uni t , and the c onsideration o f e x terior gathering spac e s .

In a lot of refugee or disaster relief housing, shel ters tend to remain neu tral and bland. This can have a negative affect on the resident 's q u a l i t y o f l i f e . Th e A s y l u m C a m p i n Tu b i n g e n uses bright , play ful colors to bring life to t h e r e f u g e e c o m m u n i t y. T h e h o u s i n g w a s constructed out of metal containers but the harshness of the material diminishes when c olor and e x terior gathering plac e s are adde d.

The apartment complex is designed with adaptable container units and held together with a steel framework construction. The c omple x is made up o f thre e le ve ls o f stacke d container unit s - the top two le vels offset about 2m from the bottom level to create covered terrac e s . In addi tion to the housing uni t s , the complex features communal areas, laundr y ro oms , and a play ground.

22

Section 1

23

SOLAR HOUSE

Case Study 2

sustainable modular house A r c h i t e c t s : Te a m D e u t s c h l a n d + s t u d e n t s f rom Te chnic al Uni ver si t y Darmstad t G ro s s Area: 7 2 m2

cross-section

floor plan

THE SITE

TAK E AWAYS

T h e S o l a r H o u s e w a s d e s i g n e d b y t h e Te a m Deu t schland and the student s f rom Te chnic al U n i v e r s i t y D a r m s t a d t i n 2 0 0 7. T h e h o u s e par tic ipate d in the US Depar tment o f Energ y 's International Solar Decathlon competition was awarde d f ir st plac e honour s .

T h e S o l a r H o u s e e x e m p l i f i e s t h e i n t e g ra t i o n of sustainable technology into a residential project . The few takeaways from the house were the c onf iguration o f pre fabric ate d mo dule s to de sign a small, f le x ible env ironment as we ll as the complimentar y relationship between the archi te c ture and the te chnolo g y.

The design of the Solar House explored the future of residential living by integrating building systems technology to enhance the energy efficiency of the house. The unit is construc ted ou t o f module s that are suppor ted b y a wo od frame construc tion. The single stor y unit is 72m2 and includes a bedroom, bathroom, k i tchen, laundr y area, and li v ing/dining area.

When designing a refugee or disaster relief u n i t , i t w i l l b e b e n e f i c i a l t o u s e m o d u l a r, p re fa b ri c ate d u n i t s to i n c re as e th e e ff i c i e n c y a n d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g . H o w e v e r, i n m o s t d i s a s t e r re l i e f h o u s i n g e nv i ro n m e n t s there is limited access to innovative and sustainable technology as seen in the Solar House. Some architectural methods used in the S olar House c an b e implemente d in a dis aster re lie f house to still enhanc e sustainable - the use o f day light de sign, natural ventilation and h e a t r e c o v e r y, a c t i v e c o o l i n g , s o l a r - t h e r m a l energ y, and re generati ve and pas si ve c o oling.

T h e t e a m g ra c e f u l l y c o m b i n e d t e c h n i c a l a n d a r c h i t e c t u ra l s y s t e m s t o g e t h e r. T h e s y s t e m s work as one rather than the te chnic al s y stems b e i ng applie d after the fac t .

24

Section 1

25

ILDS

Case Study 3

integrated lightweight disaster shelter Archi te c t : Ralph Hammann Engine er : K laus Danie ls D imensions : 3.30m x 4m x 2 . 75m

cross-section

side elevation

module floor plan + module connections and arrangements

longitudinal section

frontal section

THE SITE

TAK E AWAYS

T h e I n t e g ra t e d L i g h t w e i g h t D i s a s t e r S h e l t e r (ILDS) was designed by architect Ralph Hammann and engine er K laus Daniels in 2 007.

The she l ter was create d for p e ople affe c te d b y natural dis aster s in S ou theast and S ou th A sia.

The climate of this region is ver y hot and humid and t y p ic all y prone to f lo o ding.

The I LDS is impre s sivel y intui tive , light weight , effective, and safe. The main takeaways from this project were the ease at which the she l ter c an b e c onstruc te d and the ab ili t y for t h e s h e l t e r s t o b e c o n n e c t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r.

Al though the climate s are not the same in A sia and Jordan, and there is no ne e d for a f loating shelter, the concept behind the modularit y and abilit y to easil y relocate is what can be applied to the re f uge e housing at the A zraq Camp.

Th e d e s i g n c o n c e p t f o r t h e I L D S wa s t o o ff e r a place of respite that can be transpor ted a n d e re c t e d b y t wo p e o p l e . Th e sh e l t e r i t s e l f "consists of a structural fiberglass tube bundle wi th inte grate d ste e l- c able -re inforc e d framing-suppor t elements, wall and roof e n c l o su re ma te ria l s , a b la d d e r wa te r t a n k f o r ra i nwa t e r h a r v e s t i n g , wa t e r p u r i f i c a t i o n , a n d a thin-film photo voltaic element for off-grid p ower generation (Dorrie s , Z ahradnik , 2 01 6)."

In addition, the shelters can be attached to one another and create a " f loating c it y " i f and when the lo c ation f lo o ds .

26

Section 1

27

SECTION 2: A ZRAQ REFUGEE CAMP

INTRODUCTION

Section 2

ITALY GREECE TURKEY

SYRIA

IRAQ

IRAN

JORDAN ISRAEL

Jordan is an Arab nation that resides in Western A sia on the bank of the Jordan River. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, and Israel.

EGYPT

SAUDI ARABIA

THE CAMP + SYRIAN REFUGEES A s o f De c emb er 1st , 2 01 9 the U N HC R re lease d that there are 5,664,202 registered Syrian re f uge e s - 2 7 9, 2 2 8 o f which are in c amp s and t h e r e m a i n i n g 5 , 3 8 4 , 9 74 l i v e i n U r b a n , Pe r i Urban or Rural areas .

The A zraq Refugee Camp is located in Al A zraq, J o r d a n. Th e c a m p wa s o p e n e d i n 2 0 1 4 b y t h e Syrian Refugee Affairs Directorate (SRAD) a n d U N H C R . At t h e t i m e , i t w a s e x p e c t e d t o accommodate up to 120,000 - 130,000 re fugee s a t m a x i m u m c a p a c i t y. Th e U N H C R a n d o t h e r contributing agencies created the camp to have a v illage -base d approach - in an e ffor t to f o s t e r o wn e r s h i p a n d c o m m u n i t y a m o n g t h e re sident s .

The countrie s that Sy rian re fugee s are seek ing a s y l u m i n a r e Tu r k e y, L e b a n o n , J o r d a n , I r a q , E g y p t , a n d N o r t h A f r i c a . C u r r e n t l y, 6 0 % o f Turke y 's p opulation is Sy rian re f uge e s - along wi th 1 6 % o f L e b a n o n's p o p u lat i o n a n d 1 2 % o f Jordan's .

T h e A z ra q R e f u g e e C a m p r e c e i v e s g e n e r o u s supp or t f rom 3 4 stake holder s - G o vernmental Pa r t n e r s , U N a g e n c i e s , I n t e r n a t i o n a l N G O s , and National NGOs. Their combined effor ts pro vide the c amp wi th management , f inanc ial, and on-si te supp or t .

With that being said, the amount of Syrian re s i d e n t s d i sp la c e d a n d i n n e e d o f a h o m e i s hear tbreaking. The A zraq Refugee Camp is v i tal to pro v iding a s afe and heal thy plac e for Sy rian re f uge e s to se e k as y lum.

The refugees living in Azraq are Syrian re sident s that f le d the ir c ountr y as a re sul t o f the C i v il War. The war star te d in 2 011 and has le ft the c ountr y de vastate d and many familie s displaced either within or out side the countr y 's b order s .

31

AZRAQ ANALYSIS demographics, site, + shelter

DEMOGR APHICS

A zraq is home to

3 6,0 1 0

Syrian refugees ,

nearl y 2 2 % are under f i ve y ear s old

1 in 4 households are headed by women

6 0%

of refugees are children, including 12 2

place of origin

unac c ompanie d and separate d children

8,7 18

she l ter s are currentl y inhab i te d

1,0 0 4

or

All inhabited shelters in the camp are c onne c te d wi th e le c tric i t y

2 . 9 % o f the Sy rian re f uge e s

in the camp have disabilitie s

32

Section 2

REFUGEE CAMP PHOTOS

33

AZRAQ ANALYSIS demographics, site, + shelter SITE ANALYSIS

IRAQ

SYRIA

SAUDI ARABIA

D istanc e f rom A zraq to b orders Syria: 90 km Iraq: 255 km Saudi Arabia: 75 km

34

Section 2

2 3 5 6

A zraq Camp Site Plan

Village L o c ations 4 separate villages: 2,3,5,6

Distribu tion of Amenitie s

Si te Ele vation

schools, markets, clinics, + football fields

no major elevation changes

35

AZRAQ ANALYSIS demographics, site, + shelter UNHCR T-SHELTER TEMPOR ARY HOUSING This shelter is usually a prefabricated space or a rentable unit that temp oraril y o c cup ie s a p ie c e o f land after a dis aster. Temp orar y h o us i n g g i v e s p e o p l e t i m e to re c o v e r b u t t h e n h e l p s t h e m g e t back to the ir dail y li ve s and home s .

6 months - 3 years

The T-Shelter ( Transitional Shelter ) was de veloped by the Nor weigian Re fugee Counc il, UNHCR , and Jordan's Ministr y o f Public Work s and Housing for Sy rian re f uge e s in the A zraq c amp. Ac c ording to the U N HC R , i t was "de signe d to max imise pri vac y and prote c t against se vere weather c ondi tions ."

A l t h o u g h g i v e n t h e n a m e Tra n s i t i o n a l S h e l t e r i t q u a l i f i e s a s t e m p o ra r y h o u s i n g - i n i t ia l l y b u i l t t o have a 2-4 y ear li fe span and house a famil y o f four. The e x isting she l ter s are now t wo y ear s past the intende d li fe span and p o se mul tiple problems for the quali t y o f li fe o f the re sident s .

UNHCR. Shelter Design Catalogue . UNHCR Shelter and Settlement Section, 2016, cms .emergency.unhcr.org/ documents/11982/57 181/Shelter+Design+Catalogue+January+2016/a891fdb2-4ef9-42d9-bf0f-c12002b3652e.

Ameen, F.A . (2017). Exploring Sustainable Strategies for Shelter Design at Refugee Camps: The Case of Domiz 1 Refugee Camp in Iraq.

36

Section 2

front elevation: nts

side section: nts A zraq T. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.shelterinventory.org/inventory/azraq-t-shelter

37

AZRAQ ANALYSIS demographics, site, + shelter T-SHELTER CONSTRUCTION + MATERIALS The T-Shelter is a kit-formatted build, featuring simple and local materials, that is easily transpor ted and constructed. The design includes a gabled roof for ventilation and an optional "porch" ex tension with a side entrance for increase d pri vac y.

$ 3 , 4 4 2 p e r T- S h e l t e r uni t , including lab or.

The interlo ck ing ste e l struc ture is enc ase d in t wo lay e r s o f I B R ( Inv e r te d B o x R i b) c la d d i n g and aluminum foam insulation to help mi tigate the harsh climate conditions. The steel structure , cladding, insulation, and accessories a r e p r e f a b r i c a t e d a n d t ra n s p o r t e d t o s i t e f o r construction - then a concrete foundation is p oure d on si te onc e the she l ter has b e en buil t .

1 2-1 6 hour s to c onstruc t one uni t .

* UNHCR diagrams

38

2- 4 year li f e span o f one uni t .

Section 2

1

External and internal metal cladding + flashing

2

Aluminum foam insulation

3

Interlocking steel structure

4

Plastic sheeting (interior roofing)

5

Concrete flooring

6

Metal rebar

A zraq T. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.shelterinventory.org/inventory/azraq-t-shelter

39

AZRAQ ANALYSIS demographics, site, + shelter CURRENT CONDITIONS Th e A z ra q re f u g e e c a m p was d e s i g n e d afte r ma n y l e s s o n s we re l e a rn e d f ro m t h e Z at aa ri re f u g e e c a m p. Im p ro v e m e nt s we re ma d e to th e sh e l te r s a n d c a m p , h owe v e r, b as e d o n s i te p h o to a na l y s is much more can be done to elevate the living conditions. The design of refugee camps should c o nst a ntl y b e stu d i e d , te ste d , a n d i te rate d b as e d o n th e c a m p's sp e c i f i c l o c at i o n , p e o p l e , cu l tu re , and c ircumstan c e s .

Mo st re fuge e camp s tend to b e de signe d to supp or t the basic ne e ds o f re fuge e s and f i t into f inanc ial and time line re traint s . A s a re sul t o f the se pre s sure s , there is t y p ic all y li t tle c onsideration o f so c ial a n d c u l tu ra l n o r m s , p r i v a c y, h u m a n h e a l t h a n d w e l l - b e i n g , a n d c o m m u n i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p s - t h e s e n e e ds a re j ust as c ru c ia l as p hy s i o l o g i c a l n e e ds l i ke f o o d , wate r, sh e l te r, e tc . , a d d re s s e d b e l ow i n Maslow 's Hierarchy o f Ne e ds .

Due to the unexpected prolongation of the Syrian Civil War, the A zraq refugee camp must be remodeled to ac c omo date for p ermanent li v ing. The si te photo s on page 1 9 show the current c ondi tions o f the c amp - re f uge e s have al tere d the she l ter s and c amp base d on ne e ds that are not b e ing supp or te d.

The T-Shelter is de signed as one large room with no delineation o f space for func tion, privac y, proper sto ra g e , o r p ro te c te d o u td o o r a re as - th e re f u g e e s hav e ma d e m o d i f i c at i o ns l i ke c re at i n g o u td o o r spac e s b e t we en she l ter s , adding pri vac y tarp s to the c ommuni t y bathro oms , cu t ting p ie c e s o f the she l ter for ventilation, and mak ing make shi ft k i tchens on the f lo or.

The re de sign o f the A zraq re f uge e c amp aims to addre s s current is sue s and c ondi tions to create a heal thier, s afer, and more c omfor ting env ironment for the re f uge e s .

5 LE VELS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NEED

1

4

SELF-ACTUALIZ ATION

morality, creativity, purpose , inner potential, problem solving, and lacking prejudice

2

health , employment , freedom from fear, financial and social security

5

ESTEEM

achievement, confidence to speak out to protect community, sense of place, and respect of others in culture/connection

3

SAFE T Y + SECURIT Y

PHYSIOLOGICAL

food, water, shelter, protection from elements, clothing, and sleep

LOVE + BELONGING DEAN, J. (2016). Room for All. Alternatives Journal (A J) - Canada’s Environmental Voice, 42(2), 54. Retrieved from http://search.

friendship, family, intimacy, and sense of connection

ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=118662195&site=eds-live&scope=site

40

Section 2

SITE PHOTOS

41

SECTION 3: A ZRAQ REDESIGN

PROBLEM + THESIS

Section 3

PROBLEM STATEMENT

THESIS STATEMENT

The projec t consist s of many 290 sq. ft . re fugee she l ter s lo c ate d in the A zraq Camp in Jordan.

The United Nations High Commissioner for R e f uge e s want s to impro ve the 8,9 52 she l ter s in the A zraq Camp b y re de signing the she l ter s and adjac ent c ommuni t y buildings to supp or t self empowerment and resilience while remaining net zero. The new communit y will provide Syrian refugees who seek asylum a s afe and heal thy plac e to c all home.

When the design of a space fulfills the basic n e e ds o f a n i n d i v i d u a l , t h e y a re a b l e to m o v e towards self actualization and communit y impro vement .

WHAT IS DISASTER? Definition:

“ The word disaster has a Latin origin that mixes t w o w o r d s , ‘d i s ’ w h i c h m e a n s ‘ w i t h o u t ’, a n d ‘astrum’ means ‘star ’ and i t stands for sudden and tragic e vent s resulting in loss , damage and d i s t r e s s ( B h a n d a r i , 2 0 1 4) . . . I F R C ( 2 0 1 9 b) a n d U N I S D ( 2 0 1 7 ) . . .e x p la i n t hat d is as te r s ha p p e n when the functioning of a communit y or a societ y

i s d i s ru p t e d a n d w h e n t h e vu l n e ra b l e p e o p l e are impacted due to the event. The main six characteristic s of disasters can be summarised into sudden, tragic , dire c t and indire c t lo s se s , disrupted functioning of communities/societies, increased vulnerabilit y, and insuff ic ient coping c apac i t y o f a c ommuni t y.“ Alshawawreh, L . Architecture of emergencies in the Middle East: Proposed shelter design criteria. ( Thesis). Edinburgh Napier University. Retrieved from http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2005914

45

PROGRAMMING adjacencies, codes, + prototypes SHELTER ADJACENCIES

adjacency key: PRIMARY SECONDARY

Kitchen Dining Area Living Area Bedroom(s) Bathroom Laundry Storage

Nonet quiaeceris sinus dolo ipsundipsa enderia natibus et fugit lacculparia nulluptatur

46

Section 3

CODE ANALYSIS 2018 International Building Code (IBC)

OCCUPANCY CL ASSIFICATIONS + FACTOR She l ter 1. R e sidential : G roup R-1 C ongre gate L i v ing

2 00 gro s s

OCCUPANCY LOAD Th e n u m b e r o f o c c u p a n t s p e rm i t t e d i n a 3 0 0 sq.ft . she l ter is 1.

INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT *ever y dwelling unit must have at least one ro om no le s s than 1 2 0 sq.ft .

Minimum R o om Wid th : 7' o f inhab itable sp ace Minimum C e iling He ight : 7 '6"

KITCHEN + LIVING

BEDROOM

PL AN PROTOT YPES

single room

single room - ada

double room

triple room

L kitchen

galley kitchen

one wall kitchen

one wall kitchen + living

47

THE REDESIGN design inspiration + concept NE W CAMP PL AN

Dayaratne, Ranjith. (2020). Vernacular in Transition: The Traditional and the Hybrid Architecture of Bahrain.

NE W CAMP PL AN CONCEP T

SYRIAN SOUKS

The design of the new A zraq Refugee Camp plan is insp ire d b y Sy rian so c io cul tural norms a n d u r b a n p l a n n i n g. M o s t h i s t o r i c a l c i t i e s i n Syria have been destroyed as a result of the war - so using familiar designs for the new urban plan will hopefully promote a sense of c omfor t and a stronger c ommuni t y.

Souks (souqs) are traditional Syrian m a r k e t p l a c e s o r b a z a a r s . H i s t o r i c a l l y, s o u k s have been the cit y 's center for grocers, bakeries, ser vices, tex tile and carpet businesses, etc.

S ouk s t y p ic all y c onsist o f a main, broad stre e t that branche s off into smaller and more narrow pas sageway s , sometime s covered by arche s or vaulted ceilings. They are lively and popular plac e s to e xplore and c onne c t wi th other s .

The souk s of Aleppo, Syria were well known and sometime s re ferred to as the " beating hear t " of the c i t y. The souk was the c enter for the c i t y 's c o m m e r c e b u t s i n c e t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n tu r y i t has b e en more than that - "... for the c i ti zens o f A l e p p o t h e s o u k was a lway s a p la c e o f s o c ia l and cul tural e xchange..."

Souk of Aleppo. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wmf.org/project/souk-aleppo

48

Section 3

49

THE REDESIGN reimagining the camp plan NE W CAMP PL AN The Azraq Refugee Camp site plan was reimagined in tandem with the shelters to f u r t h e r i m p ro v e t h e s af e t y, c o m f o r t , a n d familiari t y for the re f uge e s .

Us i n g Ly n c h's El e m e n t o f L e g i b i l i t y, t h e site is organized so that the distribution of a m e n i t i e s a re a c c e s s i b l e a n d e q u a l a m o n gs t t h e v i l la g e s a n d i n d i v i d u a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s . A s o u k i s i n t h e c e n te r o f e a c h v i l la g e to a c t a s the main thoroughfare and create a seamle s s transi tion to the other v illage s . The c onne c tor sp a c e b e t we e n e a c h v i l la g e is a hy p o t h e t i c a l gath e ri n g sp a c e f o r m e m b e r s o f th e a d ja c e nt villages to socialize and build stronger c ommuni t y re lationship s .

process

v illage souk v illage c onne c tor

50

Section 3

VILL AGE DE TAILS Lynch's Elements of Legibility

1. PATHS R ou te s or th oroughfare s that p e ople u tili ze on a dail y basis . Paths are made up of sidewalk s, streets and walkway s .

2 . EDGES L inear and o ften ver tic al b oundarie s that ser ve as the p erime ter o f a given area. Edges can be solid, impenetrable or semi-p en e trable.

3. NODES Point s that ser ve as a threshold when p e ople change lo c ation. O ften t h e y a re s tre e t j u n c t i o n s o r a n o t h e r c onvergenc e o f path.

Village 3 Plan:

4. DISTRICTS ma d e u p o f m e d i u m to la rg e c hu n k s o f a c i t y. T h e y a r e i d e n t i f i a b l e f r o m wi thin, and a p er son c an “enter � the district and understand their place and p ic ture surroundings .

5. L ANDMARKS physical objects such as buildings, towers, mountains, statues, fountains, e tc .

Village s 2 , 5, and 6 follow the same charac teristic s used in the Village 3 plan above. The black thoroughfare repre sent s the central souk that cu t s through each village - market s , private businesses , schools, clinics, etc. line the souk for ease and e quali t y o f ac c e s s to village ameni tie s . The village is then divided into districts with primar y and se c ondar y paths to allow for separate ve hicle and foot traffic. In each district a green block represents community gathering areas, football fields, playgrounds, etc. - having outdoor communit y areas in each district encourages children and familie s to gather wi thou t hav ing to trave l to o far and fe e l uns afe.

51

THE REDESIGN design inspiration + concept NE W SHELTER DESIGN

Scardigno, Nicola. (2014). Toward an A Priori Sustainable Architecture. Arts. 3. 15-26. 10.3390/arts3010015.

NE W SHELTER CONCEP T

SYRIAN COURT YARD HOMES

T h e d e s i g n o f t h e A z ra q r e f u g e e s h e l t e r s a r e inspire d b y Sy rian vernacular archi te c ture and cul tural pre ferenc e s . Millions o f Sy rian home s were de stro y e d in the c i v il war and as a re sul t of that many re fugees that f led the countr y may ne ver re turn home - so using familiar de signs f o r t h e n e w sh e l t e r s w i l l h o p e f u l l y p ro m o t e a sense o f c omfor t , optimism, and re silienc e.

Syrian cour t yard homes are traditionally vernacular to rural areas but have been adapted to c i t y a re a s a s we l l. Th e c o u r t ya rd ha s b e e n e x p la i n e d "a s a ro o m wi t h o u t a ro o f, wh i c h i s t h e c o re o f t h e h o us e . " I t i s a n e x te ri o r sp a c e bounded by the home but gives the appearance that it is par t of the home, rather than an ex tension of the home. This allows for resident s to enjoy the outdoors while remaining safely and pri vate l y in the ir home.

C our t yard-st y le home s are we ll-sui te d for dr y, hot climate s . The small space , paired with high walls he lp s shade the c our t yard f rom the sun, a l l o w s f o r c r o s s v e n t i l a t i o n a n d t e m p e ra tu r e c o n t r o l . Ty p i c a l l y , c o u r t y a r d s h a v e p l a n t s , foliage , and central water fountains to cool the spac e through e vap oration.

Ferrer ForĂŠs, J. J. (n.d.). PDF.

52

Section 3

53

THE REDESIGN reimagining the shelters PROCESS The goal was to create a tradi tional c our t yard home using 100% of the materials in the existing U N HC R T-She l ter s .

courtyard

Simple building blocks were used in the mas sing e xploration to re imagine the form and f u n c t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g sh e l te r s . B y re d u c i n g the shel ter to i t s basic , re c tilinear shap e , there was f re e dom to stack , rotate , and re c onf igure the she l ter s .

*selected iteration

54

Section 3

COURT YARD E XPLOR ATION plan

axon

55

THE REDESIGN C2C courtyard shelter SHELTER E X TERIOR elevation + axon not to scale

The courtyard shelter is composed of the original c orrugate d I B R and Fini te c oncre te.

Finite

One cour t yard shelter house s t wo private unit s wi th shared ameni tie s - the k i tchen, bathro om, laundr y, and cour t yard are communal. Familie s wh o wish to l i v e wi th e x te n d e d re lat i v e s hav e the abilit y to share one cour t yard home and enjoy the amenit y spaces while having a private sle ep ing and li v ing area.

Finite Concrete Composite material created from desert sand. The material is as durable as regular concrete but is biodegradable, organic, reuseable, + low carbon.

56

Corrugated IBR

Section 3

SHELTER FLOOR PL AN 1/8" = 1'-0"

3

4

5

1

2

2

7

4

6

1

2

2

3

floor plan key: 1. vestibule

3. full bedroom

5. shared kitchen

2. twin bedroom

4. living room

6. shared bathroom/laundry

57

7. shared courtyard

THE REDESIGN C2C courtyard shelter SHELTER MODIFICATION + RECONFIGUR ATION goal + objective #5

1 00% o f the materials use d for the e x isting T-She l ter s will b e re -purp o se d and reuse d for the ne w c our t yard c onf iguration. The remaining building material is Fini te c oncre te.

1. E XISTING SHELTER O r i g i n a l T- S h e l t e r w i t h i n t e r l o c k i n g s t e e l structure, corrugated IBR, and concrete foundation.

2 . ROOF E X TENSION The ex tension of the gabled roof creates a m o n o -p i t c h e d r o o f - t h e d o u d l e h e i g h t h e l p s with interior ventilation and passive cooling f rom the c our t yard. Addi tional ste e l struc ture is adde d to supp or t the ro o f.

3. WALL REMOVAL Por tions o f the corrugated me tal walls are removed to create the void needed for the e x terior c our t yard.

4. RECYCLE WALLS The por tions o f the walls removed are rec ycled and are used to fill in the voids created by e x te n d i n g t h e ro o f. A d d i t i o na l s te e l s tru c tu re is adde d to supp or t the ro o f.

58

Section 3

E XPLODED A XON differentiating existing shelter + new construction

1/16" = 1'-0"

59

THE REDESIGN C2C courtyard shelter COURT YARD elevations + sections not to scale

The share d c our t yard allows familie s to enjo y the outdoors while remaining safely in their home - the e x tension o f the c orrugate d me tal ro o f s pro v ide c omfor table , shade d areas f rom the hot sun. E ach c our t yard is pro v ide d wi th a central water fountain, large dining table s , and Fini te c oncre te paver s .

The cour t yard is a place for the two families to gather for meals , for k ids to s afe l y play, and parent s to garden, read a b o ok , or dr y laundr y.

The share d c our t yard play s an enormous role on the heal th and we ll-b e ing o f the re f uge e s .

It encourages relationships and fosters a c ommuni t y b e t we en the t wo familie s .

side elevation

side section

60

Section 3

PASSIVE COOLING + WE ATHER PROTECTION elevations + sections not to scale

In additon to psychological benefits, the cour t yard pro vide s pas sive co oling ventilation for the shelters. According to the Venturi effect , wi n d is d i v e r te d o v e r t h e sh e l te r, su c ke d i n to t h e c o u r t ya rd , a n d a b l e to f l o w t h ro u g h o p e n windows and do or s to c o ol o ff the interior.

The he ight create d b y e x tending the ro o f to a m o n o -p i tc h e d ro o f a l l o w s f o r v e n t i la t i o n a n d pri vac y bu t also more prote c tion f rom the sun and deser t sand. The steeply pitched roofs p r e v e n t d e s e r t s a n d , ra i n , o r p o t e n t i a l s n o w f rom ac cumulating on the she l ter s .

front elevation

front section

61

SHARED COURT YARD

THE REDESIGN shelter interior MODUL AR FURNITURE UNITS Refugees f lee their homes with only the clothes on the ir back s and a fe w p er sonal b e longings .

When they arrive at a refugee camp they are welcomed by a roof over their head - but in most c ase s , the y aren' t gi ven the ne c e s s ar y interior e lement s to create a ne w home.

The mo dular f urni ture uni t s were de signe d to g i v e t h e re f u g e e s what t h e y n e e d to t h ri v e i n a new environment and eventually create a p ermanent home.

The units are prefabricated, shipped to site, and easily transpor ted to the home with lockable casters. For each cour t yard home, there are se ven uni t s that create space s for si x bedrooms , t wo living rooms , a kitchen, laundr y fac ili t y, and t wo bathro oms .

A successful interior environment gives r e s i d e n t s p r i v a c y, r e s i l i e n c y, f l e x i b i l i t y, a n d the necessar y element s like a proper bed, table , storage , e tc .

64

Section 3

C2C MATERIALS 1 Wilsonart High Pressure Laminate (HPL) Murren Y0453

4 Pfister C2C certified Gold panel curtain Lurate

2 Oak Wood regionally sourced

5 Gabriel C2C certified Bronze fabrics Twist Melange 60076

3 Pfister C2C certified Gold bedding

6 Royal Mosa C2C certified Silver wall tiles Manhattan PT3697

HARDWARE 7 J-Pull handles

8 Hydraul ic pistons

9 Pocket hinge

carved into oak panels

beds, desks, + sofa

10 Tension rod

11 Breuer + Shmitz

12 Lockable casters

C2C cer ti fied Bronze door hinges + glides

unit transportation

divider screen

divider doors

SUSTAINABLE APPLIANCES 13 Frigidaire

14 Samsung

15 Famination

Energy Star refridgerator

Energy Star washer + dryer

Energy Star ceiling fan

16 Samsung

17 Pfister

18 Eago

low flow showerheads + faucets

dual flush, eco-friendly toilet

energy efficient stovetop + oven

65

T WIN ROOM

THE REDESIGN shelter interior T WIN BEDROOM axons not to scale

The two twin bedrooms are created by a single modular furniture unit .

E a c h s i d e o f th e m o d u la r u n i t c o nt a i ns mu rp hy- st y l e b u n k b e ds , a d e sk , clo se t storage , and a pri vac y di v ider. key plan

68

Section 3

BED detail numbers:

1

2

3

7

8

12

69

THE REDESIGN shelter interior DESK + PRIVACY DIVIDER details:

1

2

3

70

4

7

8

9

10

12

Section 3

STOR AGE details:

1

2

3

4

7

8

11

71

12

FULL ROOM

THE REDESIGN shelter interior FULL BEDROOM axons not to scale

Th e f u l l b e d ro o m i s c re a t e d b y t h e m o d u la r f u rn i tu re u n i t t h a t i s sh a re d wi th the li v ing ro om. The b e dro om side o f the mo dular uni t c ontains a f ull murphy-st y le b e d, a de sk , clo se t storage , and a pri vac y di v ider. key plan

74

Section 3

BED + PRIVACY DIVIDER detail numbers:

1

2

3

4

75

7

8

9

10

12

LIVING ROOM

THE REDESIGN shelter interior LIVING ROOM axons not to scale

The living room is created by the modular furniture unit that is shared wi th th e f u l l b e d ro o m. Th e l i v i n g ro o m s i d e o f th e m o d u la r u n i t c o nt a i ns a pull- ou t so fa, a dining table , and clo se t storage. key plan

78

Section 3

SOFA + TABLE detail numbers:

1

2

4

5

7

8

79

11

12

SHARED K ITCHEN

THE REDESIGN shelter interior K ITCHEN axons not to scale

The k i tchen is create d b y t wo mo dular f urni ture uni t s that at tach to ge ther w i t h h a t c h e s t o m a k e o n e s e a m l e s s p i e c e . T h e k i t c h e n f e a tu r e s e n e rg y e f f i c i e n t a p p l i a n c e s - e n e rg y s t a r r e f r i g e ra t o r, s t o v e t o p , o v e n , l o w f l o w fauc e t - and ample c ab ine t storage.

key plan

82

Section 3

T WO PART UNIT detail numbers:

1

2

7

11

12

83

13

16

17

THE REDESIGN shelter interior BATHROOMS + L AUNDRY axons not to scale

Th e b at h ro o m s a n d lau n d r y a re a a re c re ate d b y t h re e m o d u la r f u rn i tu re uni t s that at tach to ge ther wi th hatche s to make one seamle s s p ie c e. The bathro om feature s energ y e ff ic ient f i x ture s - low f low shower, fauc e t , and c omp o stable to ile t .

key plan

84

Section 3

THREE PART UNIT details:

1

2

6

7

11

85

12

14

17

18

CITATIONS THESIS RESE ARCH Prashad, V. (2018, May 29). Sandstorm in Azraq refugee Camp in Jordan. pic.twitter.com/AtznetDUqZ. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/ vijayprashad/status/1001282366797697029 Bashawri, A., Garrity, S., & Moodley, K. (2014). An Overview of the Design of Disaster Relief Shelters. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 924–931. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)01019-3 Kohler, Jared. Zaatari_unicef029. Middle East, Zaatari. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

Mcleod, S. (2018, May 21). Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html.

DEAN, J. (2016). Room for All. Alternatives Journal (AJ) - Canada’s Environmental Voice, 42(2), 54. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx ?direct=true&db=edb&AN=118662195&site=eds-live&scope=site Kohler, Jared. UNHCF_web-25. Middle East, Jordan. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

Alshawawreh, L. Architecture of emergencies in the Middle East: Proposed shelter design criteria. (Thesis). Edinburgh Napier University.

Retrieved from http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2005914 The Cradle to Cradle® design concept. (2016, December 29). Retrieved from https://epea-hamburg.com/cradle-to-cradle/.

Torcellini, P., Pless, S., Deru, M., & Crawley, D. (2006). Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition . National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/f y06osti/39833.pdf Passive Solar Home Design. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solarhome-design.

Kohler, Jared. Zaatari_unicef004. Middle East, Jordan. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

Barber, S. (n.d.). History of Passive Solar Energy. Retrieved from https://uncw.edu/csurf/explorations/documents/scottbarber.pdf “III. The Image and Its Elements.” The Image of the City, by Kevin Lynch, MIT Pr., 1960, pp. 47–106.

Kohler, Jared. Zaatari_unicef034. Middle East, Zaatari. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

Moulay, A., Ujang, N., & Said, I. (2017 ). Legibility of neighborhood parks as a predictor for enhanced social interaction towards social sustainability. Cities, 61, 58–64. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/10.1016/j.cities.2016.11.007 Kohler, Jared. UNHCR_web-26. Middle East, Zaatari. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

Dalal, A., Darweesh, A., Misselwitz , P., & Steigemann, A. (2018). Planning the Ideal Refugee Camp? A Critical Interrogation of Recent Planning Innovations in Jordan and Germany. Urban Planning, 3(4), 64-78. doi:http://dx .doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i4.1726 Making Heimat. Germany, Arrival Country. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.makingheimat.de/en/refugee-housing-projects/database/ wohnungen-fuer-asylsuchende-tbingen.

DOM PUB. (2020). Container And Modular Buildings: construction and design manual. S.l.

Solar Decathlon. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cubity.de/en/solar-decathlon/.

Solar House - Solar Power Off-the-Grid Prefab Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://blog.prefabium.com/2019/09/solar-house-solarpower-off-grid-prefab.html.

86

A ZR AQ REFUGEE CAMP Prashad, V. (2018, May 29). Sandstorm in Azraq refugee Camp in Jordan. pic.twitter.com/AtznetDUqZ. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/ vijayprashad/status/1001282366797697029` Jordan, U. N. I. C. E. F. (2017, November 12). Sunshades for haircuts: a case for Time Bank as a key crisis intervention. Retrieved from https:// medium.com/@unicefjordan1/sunshades-for-haircuts-a-case-for-time-bank-as-a-key-crisis-intervention-c7dbf927360.

Operational Por tal. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://data2 .unhcr.org/en/situations/syria#_ga=2 . 245654852 .176437928.1523643313212092299.1523478943.

Jordan: Azraq Refugee Camp. (2019). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/72613.pdf Kohler, Jared. Zaatari_unicef029. Middle East, Zaatari. jjkohler. Photography. Dec. 2019.

Bashawri, A., Garrity, S., & Moodley, K. (2014). An Overview of the Design of Disaster Relief Shelters. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 924–931. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)01019-3 UNHCR. Shelter Design Catalogue. UNHCR Shelter and Settlement Section, 2016, cms.emergency.unhcr.org/documents/11982/57181/ Shelter+Design+Catalogue+January+2016/a891fdb2-4ef9-42d9-bf0f-c12002b3652e.

Ameen, F.A. (2017). Exploring Sustainable Strategies for Shelter Design at Refugee Camps: The Case of Domiz 1 Refugee Camp in Iraq.

Azraq T. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.shelterinventory.org/inventory/azraq-t-shelter DEAN, J. (2016). Room for All. Alternatives Journal (AJ) - Canada’s Environmental Voice, 42(2), 54. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx ?direct=true&db=edb&AN=118662195&site=eds-live&scope=site UNHCR Jordan Factsheet: Azraq Refugee Camp (June 2019) - Jordan. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/unhcrjordan-factsheet-azraq-refugee-camp-june-2019 Young, L. (2014, June 11). Inside Azraq, Jordan's prefab refugee camp. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/1378547/inside-azraqjordans-prefab-refugee-camp/ (n.d.). Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/International/supermarkets-water-conservation-priority-syrian-startup-refugee-camp/ story?id=23658371

87

CITATIONS A ZR AQ REDESIGN Ambivalence at Azraq: Syrian refugees express mixed feelings on new camp. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://america.aljazeera.com/ articles/2014/5/16/azraq-jordan-syrianrefugees.html. *, N. (2015, September 22). Jordan's solar energy ...To provide electricity to Azraq refugee camp. Retrieved from http://greenarea.me/ en/68825/jordans-solar-energy-to-provide-electricity-to-azraq-refugee-camp/.

Alshawawreh, L. Architecture of emergencies in the Middle East: Proposed shelter design criteria. (Thesis). Edinburgh Napier University.

Retrieved from http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2005914 Icc. (n.d.). Welcome: ICC premiumACCESS. Retrieved from https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IBC2018?site_type=public.

Dayaratne, Ranjith. (2020). Vernacular in Transition: The Traditional and the Hybrid Architecture of Bahrain.

Souk of Aleppo. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wmf.org/project/souk-aleppo Al-Hamidiyah Souq. (2020, March 4). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq HD wallpaper: syria, damascus, altheimat, market, fruits, vegetables, bio. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wallpaperflare.com/syriadamascus-altheimat-market-fruits-vegetables-bio-wallpaper-gywsr Nettoc, G. (2018, July 23). Too much choice, maybe I should nap. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@gnettoc/too-much-choice-maybei-should-nap-a31a0da97d2c “III. The Image and Its Elements.” The Image of the City, by Kevin Lynch, MIT Pr., 1960, pp. 47–106.

Scardigno, Nicola. (2014). Toward an A Priori Sustainable Architecture. Arts. 3. 15-26. 10.3390/arts3010015.

Ferrer Forés, J. J. (n.d.). PDF. Home. (2015, May 21). Retrieved from http://www.abbis.photo/portfolio/traditional-courtyards/ Fest, S. (2017, August 15). Old Damascus Houses. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@SyriaFest/old-damascus-houses-38463de09a54 Hallisso, F. (2019, September 23). Three must-read books on Syria. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@fadihaliso/three-must-readbooks-on-syria-62be6b4b9744

88

THANK YOU delanl3@vt.edu

804.822.2828