Hypostyle Hall

B.1 2018 > 6530 – 6547. 2019 >

"The Temple called Seti-Merenptah is a light in the house of Amon."

The hypostyle hall was a huge multi-columned hall constructed between the pre-existing second and third pylons. The hall was filled with 134 gigantic stone columns. 12 open papyrus columns lined the raised central aisle. North and south of the central aisle stood 122 closed-bud papyrus-form columns (61 on each side). The first row of these columns on either side of the central aisle supported the stone ceiling and clerestory windows. Prior to Seti I's construction of the main hall, Ramesses I added a small station of the king against the southeast side of Pylon II. The only remains of this station are a calcite ("Egyptian alabaster") floor inscribed with the "nine bows," the traditional enemies of Egypt. Measurements: The hall measures 103 m across and 52 m deep. The 12 central columns stood 21 m high, with a 1.4 m abacus atop each capital. Capitals 5.4 m in diameter. Closed-bud papyrus columns 15 m high, with a 12 m tall shaft. Clerestory windows reached up to the ceiling at 24 m high. Great Hypostyle Hall showing the extent of the decoration of Seti I (after Brand, P., The Monuments of Seti I: Plan I).

Seti I

Seti I began and completed construction of the magnificent hypostyle hall's walls and columns. Interior decoration of the entire northern half of the hall (including its 61 columns), the southern half's western wall, and the clerestory window grills was also completed before the end of his reign. The north half of the east interior wall portrayed "the daily ritual," highlighting the king's responsibility for the maintenance of the statue of Amun-Ra housed in the temple. The south half of the west interior wall included scenes of the temple foundation ceremony, where the king and the gods are shown performing important rituals before a new building at the temple was constructed. The columns in the northern half of the hypostyle hall were also decorated during the king's reign. Seti's artisans did all this work in finely carved raised relief, and the preserved scenes are some of the most vivid remaining at Karnak today.

In the 18th Dynasty, royal coronations and jubilee festival rituals were held in the Wadjet Hall. In the 19th Dynasty, these events were provided with a more grand setting –the hypostyle hall. Inscriptions on the hall's architraves and columns suggest that on special occasions (such as festival processions), some of the Theban populace was allowed into the hall to view the king or the divine image in its portable bark. Most of the hall was covered with a plain sandstone pattern. The columns of the hall were also given a plain sandstone pattern, created to echo the size of the huge drums used for the construction of the columns. Photos of the relief scenes on the hall’s interior eastern wall (northern section) were placed in their appropriate location on the model. These include the scenes of the "daily ritual." Scholars working at Karnak have recently reassessed the chronology of the Hypostyle Hall. They suggest a peristyle of papyriform columns was constructed lining the interior of the hall during the reign of Horemheb, with the main colonnade and additional columns then built under Seti I (Carlotti and Martinez 2010:140-145). This suggestion is not included in the model.

Ramesses II

Ramesses II completed the decoration of the hypostyle hall started by his father. Although his artisans began their decoration in the same style used in the reign of Seti I (raised/bas relief), they seem to have quickly changed techniques and adopted sunk relief, a quicker style of relief cutting, for the remaining parts of the hall. In the southern half of the hall, the raised relief panels of Seti were altered to match the new style. Ramesses II added relief scenes and highly visible cartouches or royal titles on the central line of 12 columns (left undecorated by Seti), which marked Karnak's main east/west entrance. Each of the southern group of smaller columns, also not adorned under Seti, was carved with a main ritual scene and a series of plant and bird motifs. A deeply carved line of hieroglyphs naming the king ringed each column below the ritual scene. Ramesses also ordered the re-cutting of some of his father's cartouches, including those on the clerestory window grills, to his own name. Later, Ramesses IV added his own cartouches to the central line of columns, associating himself with the greatness of his ancestors. Additional ritual scenes and friezes of his cartouches were added to most of the smaller columns. Shortly after, Ramesses VI covered up the cartouches on the central columns, carving his own name atop that of Ramesses IV. While the form of the hall was not substantially changed after the 19th Dynasty, a number of repairs were carried out in the Late and Ptolemaic Periods.

Hypostyle Hall 17 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

Side right

1 King presents drink to Amon Re 2 King presents incense to Amon Re Ithyphalique and Amonit 3 King presents conical bread to Amon Re and Chonsu 4 King presents flowers to Amon Re Ithyphalique and Hathor 5 (Damaged) Ramses II kneeling before Amon Re and Amon Re Ithyphalique (with goddesses behind them?) 6 ???? 7 P28 Tableau at the beginning of the wall on the side of the gate in the II pylon (Schw 87) Ramesses II receives life and years of jubilees from an enthroned Amun-Re, behind whom stands Khonsu. Mut appears behind Ramesses, cobras coiling around her papyrus staff as it protect the king’s back with life and dominion. At the left end of the scene Thoth inscribes the king’s titulary on a field defined by four -staves. The right end of the scene (Amun’s plumes, as well as the texts above them and Khonsu) extends up into the clerestory of the central nave. A frieze in raised relief with Sety I’s titulary (preserved between cols. 1 and 26) stands above the rest of the scene just below the ceiling of the Hall’s southern wing. RELIEF: Sunk, but originally carved in raised relief, of which many traces remain. These are especially noticeable on the king (shoulders, feet, back of flail, top of his wig), Amun (upper arm, back of head, back of legs and feet, sides of both plumes), Mut (back of her feet), Thoth (tail and front foot) and Khonsu (arm, beard, crook and top of his lunar disk,

Upper register

8 (Damaged) King to a god and goddess, Ramesses II receives life, years and feasts from Amun Re and Chonsu 9 (Damaged) King sacrifices 'Hecatomb' for Amon Re Ithyphalique with a goddess 11 (Damaged) King presents flowers to Amun Re and a goddess 12 Plate P36. with ibis in hand ‘crested ibis’ runs for Weret-Hekau. Subject: (Right) Ramesses II, holding a crested ibis in one hand and a bundle of staves in the other, runs in the presence of lioness-headed Weret-hekau, while a vulture flies above. (Left) Ramesses II offers incense and libation before members of the Theban Triad. A vulture flies over the king’s head. Right / Label: Taking a run for the la[dy] of heaven that he might achieve “given life like Re.” By Weret-hekau: Words spoken by Weret-hekau, lady of the palace: “(I) have given to you years of eternity vas king of the Two Lands, you being risen as dual king of Southern and Northern Egypta like Re forever.” Words spoken: “(I) have given to you myriads of years. (I) have given to you the jubilee(s)c of Re. I have given to you that which the sun disk illuminates forever and ever!” 3rd register - sanctification of the offerings: 13 King dedicates the animals to be sacrificed to Amun Re, followed by Mut 14 King dedicates the vases to Amun Re Ithyphalique kamoetef, followed by Mut 15 King with double crown, presents flowers to Amun 16 King sacrifices to Chonsu 17 King offers incense and fresh water to Amun Re, followed by Rattaoey 18 King holds his arm towards Amon Re Ithyphalique kamoetef, followed by Isis 19 King makes the (Hotep-di-Nesoet) to Amon Re 20 King dedicates the raising of the mast for Amon Re Kamoetef 21 King makes an offering to Amun Re. 2nd register - scenes of fondation and consecration of the Temple

2e register

22 King with red crown and dressed in a long skirt tightens the rope (measuring) with Sechat for Amon Re Kamoetef 23 King adorned with Atef, spread natron (cleaning) around the Temple for Amun Re followed by Amonit 24 King bareheaded draws Amon Re Ithyphalique Kamoetef followed by Isis Hypostyle Hall 18 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

25 Ramesses II fashions a mudbrick in a wooden mold, before Amun. A falcon soars over the king’s head. Observations: Someone intentionally hollowed out a small rectangular space below Amun’s waist, perhaps to accommodate an inset roofing beam. Otherwise, all damage appears natural. 26 King with white crown 'gives the house to his master' 27 King bareheaded dedicates five bulls to sacrifice to Ptah standing in his naos 28 King bareheaded cuts a sheaf (bunch / branches) for Amon Re Ithyphalique Kamoetef 29 King with red crown offers flowers to Amun Re followed by Mut 30 King with white crown anoints Amon Re Ithyphalique Kamoetef followed by Chonsu 1e register scenes related to the return barque from Luxor 31 (Damaged) King presents incense and fresh water to Amon Re Ithyphalique Kamoetef 32 (Damaged) This scene is hidden by stones 33 King makes offerings to Amun Re and Mut 34 King presents ribbons to Amon Re Ithyphalique Kamoetef 35 The king with red crown performs the ritual 'great step', 'giving the fields four times to his father Mentu master of Thebes'.

With whip (flagellum) and makes for Montoe (Schw 87)

36 Plate 36 P65

King adorned with kheprech crown is kneeling behind the enneade of Karnak, opposite the theban triad / VEILED (Amun as the source of the Nile inundation), on a canopy on the water

Ramesses II kneels and, accompanied by fifteen members of the Theban Ennead, adores Amun-Re (enthroned), followed by Mut and Khonsu (standing). A falcon—doubtless Horus— hovers over the king’s head, while beneath the front of its wing the serpent goddess Wadjet (perched on a basket mounted on a tall papyrus stalk) offers dominion () to () atop Ramesses’ serekh. Members of the Theban Triad are ensconced within a kiosk, their feet resting on a body of water. In Amun’s forward hand are the staves of life () and dominion ( ), from which rivulets of water stream into the pool that gathers directly under his feet. Also notable, Amun wears a double-stranded shebyu-collar, and on his head (along with his customary doubleplumed headdress) a hemhem-crown. By contrast, there is nothing exceptional about the costumes of Mut and Khonsu. The other deities all appear without their distinctive attributes (e.g., for Seth or Sobek), being distinguished merely as human males and females with tripartite wigs and generic divine costumes.

Type of Relief: Sunk, but originally carved in raised relief. Many traces of the earlier version linger at the edges of the final sunk lines, and in some cases (e.g., the coils of - crowns in cols. 43-44) raised lines were never recut as sunk. The most striking example of this last expedient, in fact, is the interior of the Theban Triad’s shrine. Although the supports and roof of the shrine itself were recarved in sunk relief, most of it contents (except for hieroglyphs along the top, with their dividers) remain raised in keeping with the sculptors’ convention that treats as raised parts of sunken figures superimposed on others. Traces of Ramesses II’s earlier names abound in the several versions of his cartouches. His figure is higher than the negative space around him.

37 Ramesses II, together with Wepwawet, Khnum, and two forms of Horus, stand in a large papyrus skiff as they tow the river-barge of Amun- Re in the presence of the

Upper Egyptian Meret-goddess. 38 Ramesses II faces the central cabin on board the Userhet river-barge of Amun-Re as he censes the portable bark-shrine (inside) and those of Mut and Khonsu (behind the cabin) Type of Relief: Sunk, but originally carved in raised relief, sculptors left the interior of the cabin of Amun’s barge entirely in raised relief.

Observations: As in the preceding scene, sculptors never renewed the waves of water inside the band representing the Nile river when they recarved the scene. 39 King adorned with kheprech, dedicates the offerings for Amun and Mut of Luxor placed under a canopy. 40 Then king offers incense and water to Amun Re Ithyphalique of Luxor 41 Frisian with cartouches

Hypostyle Hall 19 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

131 Ramesses II (originally Ramesses I) offers jars of wine to Amun-Re, accompanied by Mut while a vulture floats above the king. 132 Ramesses II (originally Sety I) offers jugs of milk to ithyphallic Amun-Re, who is followed by a goddess wearing the Red Crown. Her name and titles, once written in two columns of text above her head, have disappeared. A falcon soars over the king. 133 Ramesses II (originally Ramesses I) offers a tall, conical loaf of bread to Amun-Re, who is followed by Khonsu. A vulture flies over the king. 134 Ramesses II (originally Sety I) offers a bouquet to ithyphallic Amun-Re, who is followed by Mut. A falcon hovers above. 135 1st scene king kneeling in adoration for Amon Re Ithyphalique. 2nd scene king kneeling holds the vase of fragrances for Mut 136 3rd scene destroyed

137 Plate 137 P 203

Large tableau on the side of the gate. Royal ascent (Schw ill 25 left). Seti I (cartouches Seti I usurped by Ramses II) with fence and neck haka on the shoulders is led by goddess with horns and a sun disk (Hathor?), In her right hand with sistrum and flowers fanning for Amon Re, sitting on a throne and Mut with Anch in right hand. Behind Amon is the goddess Mut with a normal haircut and a double crown, with Anch in his left hand. Behind the king, Chonsu is mummy-shaped, with a solar disk and crescent moon, a prince's hairstyle, which records the royal titles on the palm of the millions of years. This scene is called 'royal ascent (entering the Temple) to the Temple called Seti-Merenptah is an illumination in the house of Amun'.

4e register Mainly Ramses I in scenes

138 Plate 138 P 209 Ramses I standing burns incense (fire) and makes a libation (water) for the first eight gods of the theban enneade; Montoe, Atoem, Shoe, Tefnoet, Geb, Nut, Osiris and Isis. At the level of the belt, the sky carves the figures of the previous scene. 139 Seti I kneeling devotes the white bread to Seth, "the great one of power who resides in the Temple (called Seti meriamon is enlightening in the house of Amun), and to Nephtys 139 Ramses I offers wine to Harsiésis and Hathor van Denderah 140 Ramses I offers to Sobek, Tanent and Ioenyt 141 Ramses I with white crown performs the ritual loop with the vases for Amon Re 'who leads his harem' and 'Hathor lady of the Sycamore of the south' 142 Ramses I 'the right one' with red crown fills the ritual loop with oar and rudder for Amon Re master of the two lands and Hathor mistress of Dep 143 Seti I presents tables with offerings to Amon Re Ithyphalique and Hathor Mistress of the Turquiose 3e register

144 Seti I censer in hand approaches Amon Re master of the two lands and Hathor mistress of Denderah - 145 Seti I offers the necklace Usekh to Amun Re Ithyphalique Kamutef and to Hathor who is the head of Thebes - 146 Seti I places offerings on an altar to Amonrasonter and 'Hathor mistress of the castle of Sistre' - 147 Plate 146P 222Seti I with white crown dedicates the four suitcases with ribbons 'mryt' to Amon Re Ithyphalique Kamoetef and to Hathor's mistress of Aphroditopolis - 148 Seti I with red crown ment the four oxen to Amun Re master of the thrones of the two lands and to mistress of Medjedny - 147 Plate 147P 224 Seti I dedicates the erection of the mast of Min to Amon Re Ithyphalique Kamoetef - 148 Plate 148 P 225 Purification of Seti I by Ombite 'Master of the Southern Lands' and Horus - 149 Royal take-off between Atum and Chonsu - 150 While Thoth records the royal observances, the king (crowned with Kheprech and kneeling) is consecrated by Amun Re Master of the thrones of the two lands. Behind Amun stands Hathor 'Mistress of Asyut' 2e register

151/152 Plate 151 P 229 - Plate 152 P 233

TWO BARKS The royal barque (montée) (on the opposite side the king?) Oeserhat from Amun, is drawn south (Luxor?) By King, Uppu, Choem and Horus of the cataracts (Surpassed / superposition of Seti I, 2 times image boat) 153 Seti I kneeling offers a vase of fragrances and silver to Amun Re Kamoetef Ithyphallique and to Hathor 'Lady of Cusae' 154 Seti I kneeling offers a vase of silver to Amon Re who is in the Hypostyle hall and to Hathor 'Mistress of Hetepet' also resident in the hall 155 Seti I kneeling offers milk and 4 cows to Amon Re Kamoetef and to Hathor 'Mistress of Pe and Dep' 156 Seti Ioffert Maat to Amun, holding the 'jubiles' behind the king Hathor Dame van Poent 157 Seti I Anoints Amon Re Ithyphallique Master of the Thrones of the Two Lands, followed by Hathor Mistress of? 1e register

158 Plate 158 P 242 - 159 Plate 159 P 244 - 160 Seti I kneeling offers ribbons/strips to Chonsu mummy-shaped 161 Seti I kneeling offers flowers to Amun and Mut - 162 destroyed - 163 Seti I sacrifices to Amon Re master of the crowns of the two lands - 164 Seti I kneeling dedicates the conical bread to Mut leontocephale - 165 Seti I kneeling offers flowers to Min Kamoetef Ithyphallique - 166 Seti I kneeling offers a vase of fragrances to Amon Re Master of the thrones of the Two Lands 167 Seti I kneeling offers flowers to Re Harakte who resides in Ermant - 168 Seti I kneeling sacrifices to Hathor who is the head of Thebes - 169 Seti I kneeling offers vases of wine to Amun Re and Chonsu - 1 Seti I kneeling offers frankincense to Amon Re Kamoetef Ithyphallique - 44 Seti I kneeling offers the clepsydra to Mut - 45 Seti` I kneeling and offering Maat to Amon

Hypostyle Hall 20 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

All plates on the walls 124 and 124.1 are from Seti I X - quartzites found nearby Stèle Tutanchamon, usurped by Horemheb (Cairo Museum 34183) 171-201 Upper register the scenes progress from East to West, the king is kneeling 171 Seti I adorned with the Kheprech, offering flowers to Montoe 172 Seti I with double crown lifts the offerings to Amon Re 173 Seti I with (-.hnw) crown offers incense to Amon Re Kamoetef

Ithyphallique 174 Seti I with the white crown offers papyrus to Amon Re 175 Seti I with kheprech crown dedicates the white bread to Atum 176 Seti I with the red crown offers incense to Amon Re 177 Seti I with nemsit crown presents the 'fard-md' to Chonsoe ?? Seti I with a simple wig offers vases (wine?) To Amon Re Ithyphallique followed by a goddess

178-181 Plate 178 P 272 - >>> - Plate 180 P 279

The barks leave from a resting altar for which the king is led by Montoe and Atum. The sacred barks go to the west accompanied by the king and his son, dressed in a panther skin at the head of the cortege. The king is called "Horus who repeats the coronations" Amon is called 188 Above 194-195 residual relief 189 Seti I offers the vases of wine to Amon Re Kamoetef Ithyphallique 190 Seti I with atef crown offers the vases of wine to Amon Re

Kamoetef Ithyphallique

191 / 192 Plate 192 P 293

Seti I with double crown offers the Clepsydra to the goddess Oerethekaoe lioness Persea tree 4th tableau of the 2nd register. (Schw 49) Seti I wearing the blue helmet, kheprech and in the right hand the scepter fence on his shoulder. Kneeling in the holy persea, Thot writes his mystical name Men-Maat-Ra on the fruits of the tree. A saucer in his left hand. 4th tableau (Schw 50 M 28). Seti I kneeling before Amun sitting in his naos. The kneeling mode is in the position of 'the silver statue'. Dressed with the atef on top of a pair of Khnoem horns flanked by 2 uraeus. Right hand has the gate and neckhaka, his left hand supports the symbols of the Sed celebrations and of the long life hanging from the staff Amon holds in his left hand. Behind the king stands Sekhmet "the great sorceress" with a lioness head. With one hand the king is blessed, the other hand holds the 'palms of the years', 193 Seti I with the double crown offers the vases with fresh water to Amon Re Kamoetef Ithyphallique 194 Seti I carries on his head a tray with offerings for Amon Re 195 Seti I presents the vases with wine to Amon Re Kamoetef Ithyphallique + CORRECTIONS

Paint: Three dark rings of faded pigment remain on the god’s collar near his neckline, while a fourth band lies outside the carved outer edge of this collar. Observations: Sculptors recut the king to enlarge his proportions as follows: all of his khat-wig except for its visor and uraeus; on his rear arm, the top of the forearm and the bottom of the upper arm; his rear shoulder; on his forward arm, the top of his shoulder and biceps muscle along with the elbow and underside of his forearm; the bottom of his hands; both -jars; his belly; rump; instep at the ankle; both sides of his belt; and the bottom of his knee. At the same time, they incompletely suppressed pleating and the distinctive flap of his original Shendyt-kilt. Plaster caulking adheres to the underside of his hands, the lower edge of his rear upper arm, and the end of the enlarged lappet of his khat-headdress below his shoulder. 196 Seti I offers vases of ointment to Amun Re 197 procession of the holy barks from west to east, to rest in the monuments of Seti 198 Seti I kneeling is cleansed by Horus and Thot 199 the sacred ascent between Atum and Montoe 200 Seti I, after being received by Hathor van Denderah, enters the sanctuary in which Amon sits with Chonsu behind him. Here Seti I receives the festive years from Amon. 201 The 15 gods of the Enneade of Karnak are in a naos behind Amun

Hypostyle Hall 21 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

88 RII Rattling The Sistrum In Presence Of Ithyphallic AmunRe And Isis89. 89 RII Adoring Before Amun-Re Ani Mut (Right, B 131); Fragmentary Scene (Left, B 132) 90 RII With Ka Consecrating Hecatomb In The Presence Of Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 133) 91 RII Presenting Ritual Vessels To Amun-Re (B 134) 92 RII Offering To Amun-Re (B 135) 93 RII Presenting Flowers To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 136) 94 RII Offering Incense To Amun-Re (B 137) 95 RII Offering Wine To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (Right, B 138) And Greeting Hawk-Headed Khonsu (Left, B 139) 96 RII Receiving Years And Jubilees From Thoth (B 140) 97 RII "Making A Royal Offering" To Amun-Re (B 141) 98 RII Presenting A Pectoral Collar To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 142) 99 RII Presenting A Broad Collar To Amun-Re (B 143) 100 RII Adorinc Before Khonsu (B 144) 101 RII Consecrating Hecatomb Before Amun-Re-Harakhti-Atum (B 145) 102 RII Pouring A Libation On An Offering Table In The Presence Of Amun-Re And Amunet (B 146) Subject: Ramesses II pours a liquid offering from an ANKH jar into a T shaped offering basin, supported by an ANKHfigure with two upraised arms, before Amun-Re and Amunet. A vulture soars above the king. Type of Relief: Sunk. Paint: The relief still preserves numerous traces of paint. The vulture above the king has traces of red on the lower interior part of its outstretched wing and blue on the outer edges of the wings. Faint traces of patterning can be discerned within the belt apron of the king, but the colors are not identifiable. Red is present on the legs of the king and on the coil of Amunet’s Red Crown. Yellow remains on Amun’s bull’s tail. 103 RII Running Before A Goddess (Right, B 147) And Before [A Divinity] (Left, B 148) 104 RII Before Amun-Re (Top, B 150) And, Accompanied By Goddess Thebes, Receiving Years And Jubilees From Amun-Re, With Mut (Bottom, B 160) 105 RII Being Purified By Horus And Thoth (Left, B 152); Decoration Above Doorway (Right, B 151) 106 RII Being Crowned By Hawk-Headed Khonsu (Right, B 153) And Being Led In By Hathor, Who Rattles The Sistrum Before Amun-Re And Amunet (Left, B 154) 107 RII Consecrating Hecatomb To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (Right, B 155) And Offering four cups to ITHY Amun B188 108 RII Consecrating boxes before AmunRe B157 and presenting calves to IthyAmun B188 109 RII Being let in by Goddess

East Wall - North Half B.6 scenes 202 t/m 232

Divided into 5 elements by the 4 masts, mainly related to the daily rituals for the gods. Each element is told retrospectively 202. Sety I kneels with his arms upraised in adoration to Amun-Re. A long ritual text occupies most of the space around the figures

Litany of the King: ³Spell for perpetuating the divine offerings: ⁴“Greetings to you (O) Atum. Greetings to you (O) Khepri. You have come into existence on the high ground and you shine in the pyramidiona ⁵in the Mansion of the Phoenix in Heliopolis, ejaculating Shu and Tefnut. May you place your two arms around king MENMAꜤATRE, given life forever. ⁶May the name of Atum, lord of the Two Lands endure in Heliopolis, like this divine offering consisting of what the son of Re SETY-MERENAMUN gives to Amun together with ⁷his Ennead which is perpetuated forever.b May the name of Shu endure in ‘Upper Lasting-ofPlace’ in Heliopolis which is perpetuated forever.c ⁸May the name of Tefnut endure in ‘Lower Lasting-of-Place’d in Heliopolis which is perpetuated forever. May the name of Geb endure ⁹in ‘Hacking-the-Earth’ in Heliopolis which is perpetuated forever. May the name of Nut endure in Hutshen(yt)e ¹⁰in Heliopolis which is perpetuated forever. May the name of Osiris-¹¹Foremost-of-the-Westerners endure in Abydos which is perpetuated forever. May the name of Isis <endure>f ¹²in Netjeretg which is perpetuated forever. May the name of ¹³Seth lord of Ombos endure which is perpetuated forever. May the name of ¹⁴Nephthys endure in the Mansionh in Heliopolis which is perpetuated forever. May the name of ¹⁵the Ram-Lord-of-Mendesi endure which is [perpetuated] forever. May the name [of] Thoth endure ¹⁶[in Hermopolis which is perpetuated forever. A royal offering (for) Geb (consisting of) ch]oice cuts (of meat) ¹⁷[for the gods which (they) have selected.j To them belongs their power; to them belongs their] honor; ¹⁸[to them belongs their effectiveness. What is given to them:k a royal offering] consisting of divine offerings; ¹⁹consisting of what king MENMAꜤATRE — given life forever — gives.”

203. Sety I Kneeling, Holding Wick, In Front Of Amun-Re (Left, B 302); Fragmentary Scene: Sety I Before Mut (Right, B 303) 204. Fragmentary Scene Of Sety I Before Khonsu (Left, B 304); Sety I Presenting Food To Amun-Re (Right, B 305) 205. Sety I Offering Ointment To Ptah (Left, B 306) And Offering Incense To Lionessheaded Mut, With Khonsu (Right, B 307)

Hypostyle Hall 22 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

206. Sety I Offering A Drink To Khonsu (Top, B 307A) And Offering A Bouquet To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (Bottom, B 308) 207. Sety I In Offering Ritual Before Amun-Re (B 309) 208. Sety I Kneeling With Nernset-Jar Before Khonsu (Left, B 310) And Presenting Ointment To Sekhmet (Right, B 311) 209. Sety I Offering Wine To Amun-Re, With Amunet (B 312) 210. Sety I Leaving The Sanctuary (B 313) 211. Sety I Presenting Taper To Amun-Re (B 314) 212. Sety I With New Year's Taper Before Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 315) 213. Sety I Receiving Sceptres From Mut (Left, B 316) And Presenting Macat To Amnnre (Right, B 317) 214. Sety I Presenting Lettuce To Ithyphallic Amun-Re, With Isis (B 318) 215. Sety I Offering A Drink To Amun-Re, With Goddess Thebes (Left, B 319) And Presenting Flowers To Ithyphallic Amun-Re, With Isis (Right, B 320) 216. Sety I Presenting Two Tapers To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 321) 217. Sety I Offering Incense To Amun-Re (B 322) 218. Sety I Offering A Libation To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (Left, B 323), Offering A Libation To Amun-Re (M Iddle, B 324), And Offering A Libation To Ithyphallic Amun-Rte (Right, B 325) 219. Sety I With Nern Set-Jar Before Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 326) 220. Sety I Inside The Sanctuary, Offering Two Tapers To Amun-Re (B 327) 221. Sety I Kneeling Before Osiris (Left, B 328) And Offering Incense To Ithyphallic Amun-R (Right, B 329) 222. Sety I Presenting Ointment To Amun-Re, With Mut And Khonsu (B 330) 223. Sety I Presenting Flowers To Ithyphallic Amun (B 331) 224. Sety I Presenting Ointment To Re-Harakhti (B 332) 225. Sety I Presenting Food To Kieppm (B 333) 226. [Sety I] With Offering List Before The Portable Bark Shrine Of Amun-Re In The Sanctuary (B 334) 227. Sety I Greeting Amun-Re In The Sanctuary (Left, B 335), Breaking The Seal Of The Sanctuary (Middle, B 336), And Drawing The Bolt Of The Sanctuary (Right, B 337) 228. Sety I Presenting Bouquet To Ithyphallic Amvs-Re (B 338) 229. [Sety I] Presenting An Offering To Amun-Re In The Sanctuary (B 339) 230. [Sety 1] Offering Incense To [Amun-Re] In The Sanctuary (B 340) 231. Sety I With Regalia Being Escorted Into Temple By Horus And [Another Divinity] (Left, B 341) And Kneeling Before [Divinity] (Right, B 342) 232. Litany Of The Goddess Thebes Before [Divinities] In The Sanctuary (Left, B 343); Fragmentary Scene (Right, B 344)

Hypostyle Hall 23 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

4th register. Destroyed 3rd register. Right wall, hunting rituals 42 King burns incense for his father Seti I followed by his Ka. Left wall, scenes related to the renewal of the royal powers 43 King with red crown sacrifices the captured 6 birds to the Theban triad, he gets life and enlargement of the heart.

44 Plate 44 P 86 Bird catching scene

Seven geese escape from the net, in the middle an (Ibis?). The king in the middle is helped by Chnoem and Horus. Thot, 'master of the city of the Eight, leading the way in hesert?, In the middle of the Temple of the net' gives the signal for closing the nets by means of a sash. Reference to the place where Set was caught by a net by Horus. Thot indicates by means of the length of his arms a fathom (unity). The whole is set for a goddess, hands on a sash around her neck. Type of Relief: Sunk, but originally carved in raised relief (figs. 66, 125-127). Traces of raised relief linger, particularly along the edges of the figures. In recarving the large elements, there was a tendency to set the final cut outside the raised version. By contrast, the artists cut sunk versions of hieroglyphs inside the original raised signs and, consequently, they are more slender. They left the marsh below the clapnet, as well as the clapnet itself and its contents, as raised relief. Paint: Little remains, although Ramesses II and the male divinities have red flesh. There are faded patterns of paint below the clapnet (representing lashings) and on the epicalyxes of the two largest papyrus blooms at the left end of the marsh. Horus’s face is white with the falcon facial markings in black.

SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE SOUTH WALL Plates 42-87= B 86-126

Translations: By Khnum: 1 Words spoken by Khnum, lord of the cataract: 2 “King Usermaatre-Setepenre has come 3 before you, (O) Amun, lord of the thrones of the Two Lands. 4 He has brought to you everythingc that flies; 5a pure offering to your Ka.” By Horus: 6 Words spoken by Horus, foremost of 7 the marsh fowl: “(I) have brought to you 8 myriads of everything that alights.” By the King: 9 The good god Usermaatre-Setepenre, 10the son of Re RAMESSESMERAMUN, given life like Re. By the Vulture: 11 Nekhbet the bright one of Hierakonpolis. By Clapnet: 12-13 The brave fowler, the ruler 14 aggressive-of-arm, who knows 15 (how to use) his hand(s), 15-16 for whom were created the 16 millions of birds 17 which he has snared.d 1819 The Fen Goddess has come to him 19 through a desire that 20 the marsh fowl might swarme for him 21 and (so that) they may be offered 22 to his august father, 23 Amun, king of the gods—24 (namely) the dual king Usermaatre-Setepenre. By Thoth: 25 Words spoken by Thoth, lord of Hermopolis, pre-eminent in 26 Hesret,f residing in the Mansion of the Clapnet: “Welcome, welcome, 27 (O) <son>h of Amun-Re, lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre-Setepenre 27- 28 You have snared the water fowl in your trap. 29- 30 For you the Fen-Goddess has caused that the marsh fowl might fluttere 30 as you draw (shut) 31 your clapnet, and your two arms are on the draw-rope together with 32 your two brothers— Khnum (being) in front of you 33 (and) Horus behind you—driving 34 awayi the evil ones from your path. 35 Look, (I) am your father, the lord of Hermopolis: 36my two arms are stretching the cloth for you.” Beside Thoth: 37 The lord of Hermopolis—closing the net: Words spoken: “My two arms are 38 outstretched. You have come, that (I) may spread out the cloth for you. I have come 39 to you in the marsh, after you have crossed the marshes, and after you have sprung 40 your traps. You have brought away tens-of-thousands of geese, and thousands 41 of green-chested birds, lying inertly on the offering table of the gods forever and ever!” By Seshet: 42 Words spoken by Seshet, [la]dy-[whois- in-front, she of] the double-fringed sc[arf],j 43 Neith, lady of Meter,k [who is in] 44 Sais, mistress of Pe and Depl [pre-eminent in Island]45 in-the- Marsh:m “[You have] crossed the watersn 46 to the place where your father is, his heart being glad when he sees your strength like (that of) Monthu, (O) aggressive-of-arm, the lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre-Setepenre, given life like Re.” Beside Seshet: 47 Words spoken by Seshet, She of Dep and Pe, lady of Netjeret,o who is in 48 Sais, mistress of Meter, to her son, the lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre-Setepenre, given life: 49 “I am your mother, who bore you by means of my beauty,p you being suckled upon 50 my two breasts, when I acted for you (as) nurse and brought up 51 your incarnation to be king on the throne of Horus like Re.”

45 King (destroyed) navigates the boats through the papyrus towards Amon Re Ithyphallique of Luxor 46 King sacrifices by means of neckline an oryx (a white form of Set) which lies on a sacrificial table decorated with Djed columns and (modified) Isis buttons. For the theban triad A .(M 19) 47 King embraces Amun Re Kamutef Ithyphalliqu behind which Amonit stands 48 King is cleansed by his father Osiris Seti I.

49 Plate 49 P 95

Thoth and Seshat inscribing many years of reign for RII kneeling in kiosk with Amun-re Subject: Ramesses II kneels within a shrine under the protection of Amun-Re while Thoth writes down the length of his reign on three year-staves and the “Mistress of Writing” brings two more year-staves laden with jubilees. All these year-staves terminate at their bottoms with -signs (symbolizing continuity, thus complementing the references to linear time in the texts). Attached to the bottom of Thoth’s staves are the hieroglyphs (for ḥḥ.w “millions”) and (ḥfn.w “hundreds-of-thousands”), while each of the goddess’ staves has only (“a hundredthousand” or “myriad”). and jubilee-signs between these two fronds are interspersed twice with for “all life, stability, and dominion,” and once with (ḏbꜤ.w) denoting “tensof-thousands.” Type of Relief:

Sunk, but originally carved in raised relief (figs. 88, 90, 131-132). Residue from the earlier version abounds as raised edges and incised lines along the outer contours of the figures: e.g., Amun’s plumes and his front shoulder; the king’s back and the terminals of his flail; the goddess’ forward shoulder; and around many of the hieroglyphs. Some elements were left as raised relief, including the upper part of Thoth’s tail and some notches on the year-staves. The craftsmen partially shaved back the figures, occasionally erasing or softening interior features, e.g., the leopard’s legs at the bottom of the goddess’ dress. Ramesses II’s head and crown, however, were untouched, and here the modeling is particularly fine. Hypostyle Hall 24 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

Observations: Masons inserted two small patchblocks near the bottom of the scene (inside Amun’s throne and in front of Ramesses II’s lap). A cluster of deep hack-marks inside Amun’s throne along with lighter, more scattered pitting on the king and inside the shrine, are probably quarry damage. Nelson did not copy some finer ornamentation such as the flap which emerges diagonally above Thoth’s belt to the left of his navel119 or high modeling inside Pharaoh’s khepresh-crown extending above his ear and a deep crease behind it. Thoth’s ibis-head features are more elaborate than indicated, including a tiny ear, nostril, and grooves on his beak. Various incised lines in and around the king’s figure may stem from an earlier design of the reliefs on this part of the wall

Translations: By Thoth: 1 Words spoken by Thoth: 2 (I) have given to you millions of 3 years and myriads of jubilees, 4-5 inasmuch as your father, the lord of the gods, has ordained (that) 5 the flat lands and the hill countries 6 be under your sandals forever and ever!” Between Thoth and the King: 7 Words spoken by the lord of Hermopolis: “I write down for you myriads of jubilees. 8 (I) cause your annals to be establisheda as ‘Horus: mighty bull, ‘beloved of Maaat,’ that you may existb forever.” By the Lady of Writing: 9 Words spoken by the Lady 10 of Writing, she who is pre-eminent in the house of documents: c 11“(I) foretell for you 12 the jubilees of Re 13 and the years of Atum.” By Amun-Re: 14 Words spokene by Amun-Re, lord of the thrones of the Two Lands, pre-eminent in 15 Karnak: 15-16 (O my) beloved f son of my body, 16 the lord of the Two Lands UsermaatreSetepenre, given life: 17 My heart is glad for love of you, 18 while I exult at seeing your monument. 19 (I) have given [to] you the crook and the flail, my office, 20my throne and my s[ea]t, while (I) cause your annals to be established 21for millions of years forever and ever!” By the King: 22 The lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre-Setepenre, 23 the master of strength RAMESSES-MERAMUN.

50 The king led hands Montoe and Atum makes the royal ascent to the Temple of Amun Ra. (Schw 78/48) 51 King with white crown comes out of his palace with whip / flagellum and makes King is cleansed by Chnoem

52 P 99

On the left are 15 mummy-shaped gods of the enneade of Thebes, listening to the divine decisions proclaimed by priest Iun-mustef (Schw 86 M 19). / 4 Up r> l Mentu, Atum, Shoe / 3 r> l Tefnut, Geb, Noet, Osiris 2 r> l Isis, Seth (?), Neftys, Horus + / 1 r> l Hathor +, Sobek +, Tjenenet +, Ioenet + Right (M 19) King crowned with kheprech receives emblems 'years and jubilees' of the teban triad and the jubiles Th ot writes on the (stem) of millions of years. To the right of Amon is 'Chonsu-nefer-hotep-and-ipet-soet' in tight robes, on his head the lunar disk and in his hands all the scepters except for oadj. In front of him Amon sitting on a throne, in the left hand the scepter oeas and the palms, in his right the fence and hakhakha with the Sed symbols 'thousands of years of renewal'. The king is kneeling on a pedestal as 'the silver statue'. Behind him stands Mut, 'mistress of Asheroe' with a double palm of the years in her right hand, her left hand blessing the king. Damaged blocks were replaced and carved with newer versions of the same material, in a contemporary Greco-Roman style. This is clearly evident in the paleography of the lowest cartouche in col. 43 and in the sinuousness of Ramesses’ forward foot (his original foot had been covered by the bottom of his then longer belt apron) (figs. 143-144). Likewise, portrayal of highly modeled ankle bones of the main figures— uncharacteristic of Ramesside art—is another hallmark of their later date. The Greco-Roman restorers missed recarving Thoth’s bull’s tail within the restoration block. The king’s rear leg was originally raised, traces of which are now filled with modern cement. Other anomalies may be noted. Curious shapes observed between the figures of Hathor and Sobek (Ennead) are due to bungled modern attempts at restoration in cement. At the right end, blocks have shifted, resulting in misalignment of the staff above Khonsu’s knee with what lies below

Translations: By Amun-Re: 1Words spokena by Amun-[Re], lord of the thrones of the Two Lands: “(O) my beloved son, 2 the lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre-Setepenre 3 receive for yourself the crook and the flail, years and myriads 4 of jubilees, you appearing 5as dual king of Southern and Northern Egypt.” By Khonsu: 6 Khonsu Neferhotep 7 in Karnak, 8 as he gives all life and all joy. By Mut: 9 Words spoken by Mut, lady of Isheru: 10 (I) have [made] your heart endure in the great place,c 11in the presence of your father, the lord of the gods, 12 his heart being joyful through love of you, [as he endows]d 13 your limbs 14 with life and dominion 15 like Re forever. By Thoth: 16 Words spokena by Thoth, lord of Hermopolis: “See, (I) am acting in accordance with what has been ordained of 17 your father,e the lord of the gods. (I) have caused your annals to be established, consisting of millions <of>f 18 years and myriads of jubilees, (and) I have causedg your lifetime to be (as) a likeness to (that of) heaven. 19 So long as Re exists, so shall you exist. I have given to you the south(erners), gathered in submission; 20 the northerners being subdued byh your divine power. I have placed the fear of you in 21 all foreign countries, and the dread of you in the hearts of their chiefs.”i By Iunmutef-priest: 22 Words spoken by the Iunmutef-priest, purifier of the Per-wer shrine,j to the Great Ennead which is in Karnak: “Amun-Re, king of the gods, has ordained the establishing of the son whom he loves, [the lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre-Setepenre 23 as dual king of Southern and Northern Egypt. [He has] bequeathed to [him] south, north, 24 west and east, gathered together; the flat lands and hill countries being under his sandals, 25 and his arm not being opposed—what is spoken in Heliopolis, is done in Thebes, and endures in the Mansion-ofthe- Kaof-Ptah.”l By the Ennead: 26 Words spokena by the Great Ennead residing in Karnak: “One acts in accordance with all you have ordained for your son who came forth in front of you. As for him, one acts for a doer, (therefore) be beneficent for the one who has performed benefactions […].m [We have given] to [you millions of years and]n 27 myriads of jubilees, as for a son who is as beneficent as he.o By Individual Ennead Gods: 28 Monthu, as he gives life. 29 Atum. 30 Shu. 31 Tefnut. 32 Geb. 33 Nut. 34 Osiris. 35 Isis. 36 The Ombite.p 37 Nephthys. 38 Horus. 39 Hathor, lady of heaven. 40 Sobek. 41 Tjene<ne>t.q 42 Yunyt. Beside Thoth’s Year-staves: 43 Horus: mighty bull, ‘beloved of Maaat’, the dual king, lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre-Setepenre, the son of Re RAMESSES-MERAMUN, given life. By the King: 44 Horus: mighty bull, ‘beloved of Maaat’, 45 the dual king Usermaatre-Setepenre, 46the son of Re RAMESSESMERAMUN, given life like Re.

53 P 104

Three boats follow each other. The first is that of Amun, then Chonsu and Mut (Schw 79> 81) AMON King crowned with kheprech crown and dressed in a long cloak, the prow of the holy barks of Amun. The bow of the barque ends and starts with a ram's head with disk. The barque is carried on the shoulders by 3 times 5 falcon-headed souls of Pe at the front, and 13 anubish-headed souls of Nekhen at the back. In the center is the first prophet of Amun 'king Oeser-maat-ra-setep-n-Ra' with panther skin accompanying the barque. (Behind them stands (Osiris) Seti I crowned with the Atef)

Hypostyle Hall 25 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

Frame of the central door

54 King, with Meret behind him, running with the hepet and oar for Amon Re and Chonsu 55 King offers milk to Amon Re and Mut 56 King offers Nemset vase to Amon Re Ithyphallique and Amonit 57 King Incense Amon Re, with behind and deified statue of Seti I on the side of the door jamb a relief with King for Amon Re Ithyphallique and in crowned Amon Re 58 King, with Above Egyptian Meret behind him, running with the vases for Amun Re and Mut 59 King offers milk to Amon Re and Mut 60 King burns incense for Amon Re Ithyphallique and Isis 61 King offers Nemset vase to Amun Re, with behind it and deified statue of Seti I.

62 Plate 62 P 131

King is accompanied by the souls / spirits of Pe and Nekhen, he receives attention from a goddess

63 King receives regalia from Amun Re, on both sides Chonsu and Mut, while Thot writes down the royal jubiles 64 King offers flowers to Amon Re Ithyphallique with a goddess 65 King with sacrificial list for a deified Seti I in a barque 66 Chnoem models the young king on a potter's wheel, Must find out. The child is depicted alone, unlike in the Luxor Temple where his Ka is present. (The location of the image is exactly above the Persea scene) 67 Hathor suckles the young child, left king confirmed in his role by Amon Re and Chonsu

Left wall 68 King crowned with Atef leads the 4 cattle for Amon Re Kamoetef Ithyphalliqu 69 King kneeling bare-headed on the 'sma-taoey'. Horus, great Neter, Master of Mesent, and Thot, Master of the city of the Eight unite for the king the two lands north and south under the two feet, and assure him the kingdom of the double Horus' Horus of the north and Seth of the South '(Schw 76) 70 King crowned with Atef kneeling before Amun and Neith sitting under a canopy. Behind the king is the goddess Mut-Uret-hekaoe lionhead-shaped holding the jubilee years 71 king with red crown fulfills the ritual course of 'the big step' with the vases, accompanied by bull for Amon Re Kamoetef Ithyphalique. (Schw 74)

72 P144

King and priest Iunutef present sacrifices to the image of his father Osiris Seti I in his naos 73 King crowned with the atef, dedicate the 4 suitcases with ribbons / strips 'mryt' for Amon Re

74 P 147

Ramses II seated on his throne with the double crown (the white one for the red !!) and the royal stanchions (not crossed !!). (Sch 73). Female Neters on both sides. In the east Nekhebit de Witte, mistress of the south, assures her protection by 'uniting with his limbs' and 'rejuvenating the image of the disk Aton in the sky'. In the west, Oeadjit is mistress of the north. Behind Oeadjit stands Thot who puts the king on the red crown and confirms his divine origin and justifies his reign like his father Horus son of Isis. Behind Nekhebit is Horus van Behedet who offers the king the white crown and assures him that he is due both the red and the white crown and that he appears as Horus. Paint: Large amounts of polychrome remain intact, especially in the middle and upper parts of the scene. Observations: A considerable amount of the plaster wash is preserved in the scene. Some of the plaster infill which masked quarry damage has fallen out below the king’s knee, inside Nekhbet’s throne, and around the lower kilt and the knee of Horus’ advancing leg. Apart from such defects, and some widening of the block joints, this relief is in excellent condition.

Translations: By Wadjet: 1 Words spoken by Wadjet: “My two arms 2 surround you, with life and dominion, 3 (O) lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre, beloved of Amun!” By Thoth: 4 Words spoken by Thoth, master of the god’s words: 5 (O) my bodily son whom I love, 6 the master of strength RAMESSES-MERAMUN, I establish 7 for you the Double Crown ona your head 8in order (for you) to take possession of the Two Lands by rightful claim like your father Horus son-of-Isis, every foreign country being gathered in your grasp, (and) you being rejuvenated like Re.” By Nekhbet: 9 Words spoken by Nekhbet the bright one of Hierakonpolis: “My two arms 10 are your protection and are enclosing your limbs, that you may be rejuvenated 11 like the solar disk in the sky, (O) master of strength RAMESSESMERAMUN!” By Horus: 12 Words spoken by Horus the Behdetite: “I establish 13 for you the Southern Egyptian crown and the Northern Egyptian crown, they being established on your brow—14 you appearing as Horus, lord of the palace, after you have gone forth with the White Crownd ona your head, (and) you having come into existence [a]se one who takes possession of the Double Crown, (O) lord of the Two Lands USERMAaATRE!” By the King: 15 The dual king, lord of the Two Lands Usermaatre, 16 the son of Re, master of strength RAMESSES-MERAMUN, given life like Re.

75 King presents his name to Amon Re Ithyphallique (from Luxor?) 1st register. Right wall, procession of the boats.

Left wall, purifying the barks and the consecration of the divine names

76 P 151

King crowned with the kheprech burns incense in front of the 3 sacred barks which stand still on their resting altar, behind the barks the king Seti I 77 King crowned with the double crown presents the sacred animals to Amun Re and Neith

Hypostyle Hall 26 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

79 P 159

Persea Tree (Sch 72) The king is accompanied by Tum master of Heliopolis and by Mentu 'master of Thebes' to the sanctuary of his father Amun. King is crowned with the kheprech kneeling under the Persea tree with in his left hand the fence and the nekhakha on his shoulder and in the right hand he supports the symbols of the Sed feast that Amon offers him sitting in his naos. Behind the king stands Thot 'master of the Eight' and god of writing, he writes the name of Ramses II on the fruits of the Persea tree. Above the king in the left cartouche the short name of Ramses II Oeser-Maat-Re. Above it the winged solar disk with multicolored feathers, great Neter of Behedet (Edfoe)

Translations: By Amun: 1 Words spoken by Amun-Re king of the gods: 2 (O) this true son of my [bod]y,a the protector 3 who is upon my throne, the lord of the Two Lands USERMAaATRE, 4(I) have given to you all life, stability, and dominion, and all health on my part.” By Mut: 5 Words spoken by Mut, lady of the papyrus-columns: “(I) have given to you 6-7 very many jubilees.” By Khonsu: 8 Words spoken by Khonsu-Neferhotep: “(I) have given to you 9 the crook and the flail, and life and dominion to your nose. 10I have given to you eternity as 11a legal possession in the presence of the lord of the gods. 12 I have caused that your name [might endure]b in Thebes just like the name of Atum endures in Heliopolis.” By Thoth: 13 Words spoken by Thoth, 14 lord of Hermopolis: “I inscribe for you 15 millions of jubilees,16 your years (being) 17 like sands of a sand 18 bank, all flat lands 19 and all hillcountries being gathered under your sandals. 20 I have inscribed your titulary as Horus: mighty bull, ‘beloved of Maaat,’ which endures upon the august Ished-tree in the “Mansion of the Ka of Ptah,” and which is established in the Southern City.” By Winged Disk: 21 The Behdetite, the great god of variegated plumage, as he gives life. By the King: 22 The good god, son of Amun, protector of the one-who-is-in-Thebes, 23 the dual king USERMAaATRE, 24 the son of Re RAMESSES-MERAMUN, 25 given life like Re forever.

Vestibule

Translation and Commentary 315

Vestibule of the Third Pylon (Plates 110–30 + 261, 233–57 + 265)

110. RII Before (Divinity) And Offering Four Cups To Ithyamun 111. RII Being Led By Monthu And Atum Into The Presence Of Amunet 112. RII Kneeling Before [Divlnity] (Top, B 173) And Being Crowned By Divinities (Bottom, B 194) 113. RII Offering Incense To Khnum (B 177) 114. RII Offering Conical Loaf To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 182) 115. RII Receiving [Life] From Amun-Re, With Amunet (B 189) 116. RII Offering A Bouquet To Ithyphallic Amun-Re, With Isis (B 196) 117. Amun-Re (Top, B 170); RII Before Ptah (Bottom, B 175) 118. RII Receiving Years And Jubilees From Thoth (B 178) 119. RII Being Led By Mut Into The Presence Of Amun-Re (B 183, 184) 120. Two Fragmentary Scenes: King Before Divinities (B 190 [Right], 191 [Left]) 121. Bamesses Ii Receiving Regalia From A [Divinity] (B 197; B 198 To The Left Is Lost) 122. RII Presenting Wine To Nut (B 176) / 123. RII Presenting Onions To Amun-Re (B 179) / 124. RII Presenting Nemset-Jar To Atum (B 185) 125. RII Presenting A Bouquet To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 192) / 126. RII Presenting Macat To Amun-Re (B 199) 127. RII Presenting Ointment To Amun-Re (B 180) / 128. Ramesses 11 Censing Amun-Re (B 186) 129. RII Annointing Amun-Re (B 193) / 130. RII Presenting Conical Loaf To Amun-Re (B 171A)

Eastern Vestibule, North Wing (Plates 233–57 + 265)

Plan 14. Diagram of the vestibule of the Third Pylon, north wing, showing the location of each scene listed by plate number relief, although it tends to be flatter and less subtly carved and embellished than on the walls farther north. The precise boundary between Sety’s decoration and that of his son is slightly ambiguous due to conditions on the west face of the pilaster (ibid., pl. 261:d), where royal cartouches survive in only two of the six scenes (ibid., pls. 118–19), but as both these were initially completed by Ramesses II, he may plausibly be credited for all of them.612 The presence of bowing figures of the king in most of these scenes suggests that Sety I’s draftsmen had laid out painted cartoons for more of the decoration on the vestibule than his sculptors were able to carve in relief before the king’s death (ibid., pls. 113–29, 261:b–f). As on the west wall and west wing of the south wall, Ramesses’ artisans carved their new monarch’s earliest reliefs on the western pilaster of the vestibule in raised relief much like his father’s, featuring the shorter form of his prenomen, Wsr-MꜢꜤt-RꜤ (ibid., pls. 117–21, 261:d). Later, they continued their work

233. Sety I Offering To [Divinity] (B 354) / 234. Sety I Presenting Ointment To Divinity With Goddess (B 361) / 235. Sety I Presenting Macat To 612 Most ambiguous is the third scene from the top, where Nelson Ptah, With Sekhmet (B 362) / 236. Sety I Pouring A Libation Before A Divinity (Left, B 368) And Offering Incense To Goddess (Right, B 369) recorded traces of the of Sety I’s nomen epithet mr-n-Ptḥ, but our own collation differs: see our commentary to GHHK I.1, pl. 119:11. 237. Sety I Offering Lettuce To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 370) / 238. Sety I Presenting Ointment To Amun-Re (B 371) / 239. Sety I Kneeling Before Khonsu (B 377) / 240. Sety I Offering A Bouquet To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 378) / 241. Sety I Presenting Flowers To Amun-Re, With Mut (B 379) / 242. [Sety I Before Re-Harakhti And Ius-Acas (B 380) 243. Fragmentary Scene (Left, B 385A); Sety I Before Amunet (Middle, B 385) And Before Amun-Re And Khonsu (Right, B 386) 244. Sety I Offering A Drink To Mut (B 356) / 245. Sety I Kneeling Before Ithyphallic Amun-Ret And Isis (B 363) 246. Sety I Offering A Drink To Amun-Re, With Amunet (B 372) / 247. Sety I Offering A Bouquet To Ithyphallic Amun-Re, With Mut (B 381) 248. Sety I With Nernset-Jar(?) Before Amun-Re And Goddess (B 387) / 249. Ramesses Ii Presenting Ointment To Khonsu (Top, B 357) And Presenting Macat To Ptah (Bottom, B 358) / 250. Ramesses Ii Offering Incense To Mut (Left, B 364) And Presenting Ointment To Thoth (Right, B 365) 251. Ramesses Ii Presenting Macat To Re-Harakhti (Left, B 373) And Offering Incense And Libation To Amun-Re (Right, B 374) 252. Ramesses Ii Offering A Bouquet To Amun-Re (Left, B 382) And Offering Conical Loaf To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (Right, B 383) 253. Ramesses Ii Being Led Into The Sanctuary By Hawk-Headed Khonsu, While Mut Strokes Chin Of Amun-Re (Top, B 388) And Offering Wine To Geb (Bottom, B 359) 254. Ramesses Ii Offering Bouquet To Ithyphallic Amun-Re (B 366) / 255. Ramesses Ii Offering Flowers To Amun-Re, With Mut (B 375) 256. Ramesses Ii Offering A Drink To Ithyphallic Amun-Re~ (B 384) / 257. Ramesses Ii Before Amun-Re (B 390)

Hypostyle Hall 27 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

2019 > 1047 - 1068

The bottom register 1 to 5 (Sashu Campaign) has a historically probably correct interpretation. The register above 6 through 10 (Yenoam Campaign) has a more symbolic value.

1 Side: King Seti I attacks the Sashu Bedouin close to a city in Canaan

(Seti beloved of Ptah, gifted with life like the sun, beloved of Menhit (lion-headed goddess of war) In his chariot, the king shoots arrows at the Shashoe, marauding Bedouin tribes from Palestine, who made the area unsafe between the border of Egypt (Zaloe) and fortress Pa Kanana. The Shashoe depicted with thin faces, long sharp noses, pointed beards and wrinkled. On the hill three figures the middle one breaks his lance as a sign of surrender. Many traces of paint survive in the deep outer cuts of the figures and hieroglyphs. / 14A (or The) town of Canaan. /

2 King receives Tribute from Asian (Syria) princes

Two forts are depicted at the top. Below the right circular lines (?). Left on a hill (?) The magistrates of the city of Raphia (name destroyed), while the king says goodbye in his chariot to the west. The king's face has changed (double lines) At the bottom, scene 2 and scene 3, some (5?) Wells and fortresses, An array of elaborate metal vessels, 2 symbolizing the Syrians' tribute, is placed in front of the fortress on the hill (top left). The king, outfitted in the Blue Crown with long streamers attached to the back, grips with his left hand the horses' reins, his bow and his scimitar, while turning to face the Syrians to his right. The most drastic cosmetic change was to the king's head, which was both enlarged and made higher. These changes most obviously affect outer cuts of the neck and profile on the left: a good deal of the original face (lips, chin, brow, ear) survives inside, no doubt because much of the final revision was done in plaster.

3 King defeats the Sashu Bedouin on his way to Gaza

The king stands in his war chariot and shoots volleys of arrows as he charges into the mass of fleeing Shasu. He is garbed simply, wearing a lappet wig and having the horses' reins lashed around his waist to leave his hands free for combat. Above his head is a sun-disk with irradiating cnb- and w?s-signs as well as two uraei both wearing plumed crowns and having in-signs looped around their tails. To the right of this the vulture goddess Nekhbet extends her protection over the king: from her talons hangs a hieroglyphic rebus with the general sense of "encompassing (in) myriads of years and jubilees." A wide fan held by a humanoid ankh-figure (this mostly lost) protects the king's rear. The desert hills on which the encounter takes place are suggested by the background, in particular the scrubby bushes seen at the left side. Forts and wells associated with the Egyptian military road to Asia are seen in the lower part of the scene.

4 Returning to Seti's Egyptian border with Shasu prisoners, welcomed by preachers and high officials

The fighting is over and the king takes the bound prisoners to the Egyptian border town of Zaloe. This city is split in two by a canal, with crocodiles and reeds on the banks. A part (right) has the typical Egyptian architectural style, the other Asian. Across the canal, the king is greeted by prophets, nobles, and officials. At the rear of the chariot two princes and a fortress (destroyed) Uadjyt situated in the vicinity of a fountain in the form of a waxing man with a tree above it.

5 Offering of spoils to Amun

Seti I appears before Amon, leading in two rows of Shasu prisoners and presenting booty won during the campaign. The king wears the Blue Crown, and his usual kilt is supplemented by a long overgarment that falls below his knees. Holding his bow in his left hand, he extends his right towards the four rows of bags and ornamental vessels that represent the spoils of victory. The vulture goddess Edjo hovers above his head, a In-sign in her talons. At the right of the scene is enthroned Amon, wearing his characteristic plumed cap and holding in his hands the w?s-scepter (right) and an ankh (left). The god is seated on a block throne upon a pedestal, the side of the throne being decorated with four images of the king in the act of holding up the sky.

6 Side: Surrender of the great chiefs of Lebanon (Yenoam)

The king, facing south, listens to his Fan Bearer speech, which assures him that the great chiefs of Retenoe are surrendering. In the forest, two chefs cut down a tree that is held by ropes. These large stumps are intended for the construction of the great boat of the beginning of the river and of the masts carrying the banners of Amun. Under the belly of the horse a fortress with the name: Qador in the land of Hanoema; one of the fortresses lying on the first foothills of Libya's mountains.

Hypostyle Hall 28 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

7 Attacks on the city of Yenoam

The Asiatic towns lie in hilly, wooded country, in which the fleeing enemy attempt to hide themselves: one man at the far left is seen trying, in effect, to crawl out of the scene. The towns themselves are conventionally rendered fortresses, surrounded by moats. On the ramparts of the lower fort, "the town ofYenoam," we see the city elders raising their hands in supplication while the leader of the procession-the city's prince?-holds up a brazier.4 The town above this, for the most part now lost, was probably Hamath or (less believably on purely historical grounds) Beth Shan.

8 Binding the prisoners

This small scene depicts the military king in his moment of victory. Bestriding the battlefield in full panoply of war, armed with his bow and sickle sword, he grasps the ropes binding his prisoners as they kneel in submission at his feet. The top and most of the bottom of the scene are gone, but it appears that the Asiatic just in front of the king is kneeling with his body facing to the right, with his head and shoulders twisted around so that they face the king: his two feet and the curving bottom of his robe can be seen at the very bottom of the scene.

9 Capture the prisoners.

The king carries the prisoners (the great chiefs of Retenoe). He takes a (symbolic) big step to the west, in his fists he holds the ropes of the prisoners, the whip and the harpoon, and the bow and the reins of the horses.

10 Offering of spoils to theban triad

In this scene Seti presents the spoils of victory to his divine patrons, Amon, Mut and Khonsu. The king stands, facing the Theban Triad, in the middle of the scene: garbed simply, wearing a wig with the fillet headdress, and with an empty quiver strapped to his back, he gestures with his right hand towards three subregisters of ornamental vessels that represent tribute from the campaign.1 His left grasps his bow and also the draw-ropes leading the two rows of Asiatic prisoners behind him.

11 Ritual destruction of the vanquished

This large scene occupies the height of two full registers and is placed between the east jamb of the central doorway and the two registers of battle scenes on the east. It is dominated by an immense figure of Seti I, who grasps with his left hand a stake to which an assemblage of Libyan, Nubian and Asiatic prisoners is bound: a mace is held in his upraised right hand, as he shifts his weight onto his left leg before striking the prisoners at his feet.') The prisoners are a mixed group: a Libyan (left, eyes raised towards the king) and a Nubian (right, eyes downcast) occupy the forefront, while assorted foreigners (mostly Asiatics) are shown behind, either in profile or full-face. Those on the left side of the stake raise their hands beseechingly towards the king, while on the right side they show an attitude of worship towards Amon-Re, who stands on this side. The god is drawn on a somewhat smaller scale than the king: he dominates the prisoners' figures only because he stands on a ground line higher than theirs. His figure, with his right arm outstretched, extending the sickle sword (bpi) towards the king, was at some point shrouded with a veil, for there are rectangular drill holes his right fist and above his right arm. His face, lying on the corner joint of three blocks, was carved on a separate stone patch that has been lost. Beneath him, on a far smaller scale, is a figure of the goddess of the Theban nome: the hieroglyphic nome-sign is mounted on her head; in her right hand she grasps a bow and a sheaf of arrows, and a compound mace in her left. Both divinities hold with their left hands the ropes that bind each member in the rows of name-rings behind them (cf. pl. 17): the rings, a characteristic part of such triumph scenes from the early Eighteenth Dynasty, consist of small ovals with a crenellated border-in effect, a fortification.

Hypostyle Hall 29 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

The bottom register 12, 13, 14 (Hittite Campaign) has a large number of lists which are not related to the battles or places provided. The correct historical interpretation is unlikely. The register above 15 to 18 (Lybian Campaign). 19 = Kadesh. (Battle Reliefs Seti - oip107.pdf)

12 King fighting the bow against the Hittiten

The warrior king is seen standing erect within his chariot as he charges into the masses of Hittite foemen. The reins fastened around his waist, he fires volleys of arrows into the fleeing army. Simply garbed as is his wont, he wears the simple hair wig that he also used in the scene of single combat with the Libyans (pl. 29), a quiver being secured to his back by a pair of straps that hang down in front of his body. The main focus of the king's charge is a Hittite chieftain in his chariot, just in front of the king's horse team. Though smaller than the king, this figure is much larger than the other Hittites shown here and may be taken, if not precisely as the Hittite king-since the text refers only to "their chiefs". in this battle-then at least as the characteristic exponent of enemy power. The shield-bearer has already fallen, pierced by a javelin, and other missiles have apparently maddened the horses, who plunge forward uncontrolled. The

13 Return to Egypt with the prisoners (PL35) 14 Sacrifices and prisoners to Theban triad (Amun, Mut-Sekhmet, Chonsu) and Maat (PL36)

As in other registers, Seti I is seen leading his captives into the presence of the gods and presenting the spoils of victory. The king wears the Blue Crown (with the usual two streamers hanging down his back)' and has a long translucent skirt over his customary kilt and sporran. An empty quiver is strapped to his back by means of two straps that hang in front of his chest (cf. pls. 14, 29, 34), and in his left hand he grasps his bow and also the lead ropes of the two rows of Hittite prisoners behind him. With his right hand he gestures towards the three rows of sacks and ornamental vessels that represent the Hittites' "tribute" (cf. pl. 32),2 while above his head hovers the guarding vulture goddess, "as she gives life and dominion." To the left, inside a kiosk surmounted by a frieze of cobras, Amon is seated upon a block throne. An offering stand with a nemsetjar, as well as several bouquets, is set before him; while behind, instead of the other members of the Theban Triad, we see the lioness Sekhmet; the moon god Khonsu, with the crescent disk upon his head; and Ma'at, with her characteristic headdress of a single plume.

Hypostyle Hall 30 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall

Seti I is seen in battle with the Libyans: the king stands against the outer frame of his chariot, his left foot on the pole connecting the wagon to the horse team, and the horses' reins tied around his waist. He wears the Blue Crown and a pleated kilt, with the sickle sword in his upraised right hand being further secured by a strap around his wrist. The quiver on his back being empty (although there are plenty of arrows in the chariot's rear javelin case), he uses his bow to seize a Libyan chieftain around the neck while preparing to strike him with his sword. The chariot is shown in exceptional detail, down to the figured pin through the axle; and note the unstrung bow in the chariot's front javelin case.1 The solar disk with two flanking uraei above his head and also the vulture goddess to the right both extend their protection over him; while behind his back is a humanoid ankhfigure holding a broad fan, as well as the customary "Protection of all life, stability and dominion behind him" text. Below and to the right are the routed Libyans, broken under the force of the king's charge. Nearly all of them wear the long cloak, knotted around the neck, and a plume in their hair. Each man wears the sidelock, however, and a penis sheath. In addition to bows and arrows, the Libyans are armed with short swords: note what could be a scabbard in the left hand of the man at the upper right end.

16 Fight with spear / javelin against a Libier (Schw ill 16 PL) 17 Return with prisoners Libyans 18 Offering the spoils to Theban triad

19 Fight with bow and arrow at Kadesh, land of Amun

20 Offering estimates (taxes) to the Temple

21 Ritual destruction of the vanquished for Amun

Exterior walls South

B.9 Wall East

A South Side, Three registers, 1-III, four scenes in each. I, x, King on foot attacking two Retenu forts, 2, King in chariot attacking foes and [two forts], 3, King on foot binding captives before two forts, 4, King on foot attacking two forts, with falling men. n, I, King in chariot attacking Syrian chariots and forts, :z, King on foot attacking two forts, 3, King in chariot attacking Syrians and two forts, 4• King on foot presenting captives to Amun. Ill, 1, King in chariot overwhelming Syrian in chariot and attacking forts of Sabat and Takat, z, King, holding and driving captives, mounts chariot, 3, King in chariot driving captives, 4 (superimposed), King presenting captives to Amun. B Two registers. I, King in chariot attacking two forts, with spearmen climbing hill with plants. II, (superimposed) King, with ka, smiting captives before Am11n and Horus in the east below, both holding name-rings of Palestinian cities. (name-rings incomplete, and called north wall) C Two registers. I, King on foot attacking fort, ll, [King] smiting captives before Amun holding name-rings and Wast with bow and arrows below.; list of seven countries behind King,

FRAGMENT DE STATUE PORTE-ENSEIGNE NORD MONTANTS DE PORTE D’AMENHOTEP II STATUE D’UN ROI AGENOUILLÉ PRÉSENTANT UNE TABLE D’OFFRANDES DE SÉTHI II STATUE PORTE-ENSEIGNE DE SÉTHI II STATUE PORTE-ENSEIGNE DE SÉTHI II STÈLE DE LA CAMPAGNE NUBIENNE DE PSAMMÉTIQUE II OBJETS DÉCOUVERTS

Hypostyle Hall 31 3 – 2e Pylon / Hypostyle Hall