Dispatches in Decarbonization | Toronto Green Standard V5 | Designing for Resilience

CANADIAN SUSTAINABILITY LEARNING LAB PRESENTS

Dispatches in Decarbonization Toronto Green Standard Version 5 Designing for Resilience HOSTED BY JAMIE DABNER November 07, 2024

Where we are

Canada EMEA

Introba is one of the world’s largest building engineering and consulting firms with more than 1,000 employees in offices across the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Serbia, and Australia.

USA

Australia

2

Full range of sustainability consulting and design services

HEALTHCARE

EDUCATION

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

GOVERNMENT

COMMERCIAL

AVIATION

Dispatches in Canadian Decarbonization Eduard Cubi, PhD., P.Eng – Associate Principal, Decarbonization

Canadian Decarbonization – Progress to date

Decarbonization efforts to date have been insufficient to curve emissions

Buildings

Eduard graduated from university

Canada Energy Regulator. Canada Energy Futures 2023 Report.

Historical emissions consistent with National Inventory Report

Canadian Decarbonization – Path to Net Zero

Approaching a “Net-Zero” future requires a (very significant) shift in approach

Canada Energy Regulator. Canada Energy Futures 2023 Report.

Historical emissions consistent with National Inventory Report

Buildings - Trends in Policy (and market) - High performance is voluntary

- Regulation drives high performance

- Focus on New Construction

- Focus on New AND Existing Buildings

- Focus on Energy Efficiency

- Focus on Carbon

- “Improvements over a Baseline”

- Absolute performance (approaching zero)

- Individual buildings

- Portfolio level decarbonization

Trends in Decarbonization Policy KEY POLICY TOOLS

New Construction

Existing Buildings

• Toronto Green Standard (next presentation!)

• Federal Alterations to Existing Buildings Code

• BC Energy Step Code -> BC Zero Carbon Step Code

• Province of BC Highest Efficiency Equipment Standards

• Updates to NECB - Carbon

• Municipal Building Emissions Performance Standards (+ supports)

• Corporate Zero Carbon Standards

• Corporate decarbonization plans and Standards for Building Retrofits • (Updates to NECB – requirements for existing buildings)

BC Highest Equipment Efficiency Standard (…) To help accelerate this transition, we're committing to highest-efficiency standards for new space and water heating equipment by 2030, and earlier where feasible. After 2030, all new space and water heating equipment sold and installed in B.C. will be at least 100% efficient, significantly reducing emissions compared to current combustion technology.

I.e., after 2030, when a NG fired system reaches end of life, it will have to be replaced with a system that is electric, HP, or hybrid

“…All space and water heating equipment” -

+

Complexity

Packaged, integrated, “off the shelf” systems

Complex, engineered systems

Point of Sale Standards

Point of Installation Standards

For common, mass-produced heating equipment, to be incorporated in the Energy Efficiency Standards Regulation (EESR) under the Energy Efficiency Act, to take effect in 2030

For complex systems, to be incorporated into the BC Building Code (for both new construction and existing buildings) by 2030

Building Emissions Performance Standards ✓City of Toronto

e.g., Office buildings (>50K sf) 3%

✓ City of Vancouver

12%

✓ Ville de Montreal

– Denver – NYC – Seattle – Washington State

– Washington DC – …

% of stock impacted

– Boston

17%

30%

Initial target

31%

44%

Interim target?

58%

72%

86%

For illustrative purposes only

87%

100% 0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

GHGi (kg CO2/m2-yr)

Final target

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

Building Emissions Performance Standards - Toronto • The proposed BEPS implementation plan and recommended next steps will be presented in a report to City Council in Q3 2025.

• … along with support programs and policies

Work in progress: • Metric(s)?

• Targets?

• Building types/classification?

• Phasing?

• Alternative Compliance Paths?

• …

Decarbonization Planning – Region of Peel

Standardization – Region of Peel NZE Building Retrofit Standard • Organized in 6 compliance paths that provide: • Default solutions for the well-known retrofit interventions • Alternative Compliance Paths when the default solution is not a “good fit” for a particular building, or when design teams desire to further optimize performance • A consistent methodology to assess and select retrofit interventions that are consistent with the goals of the Standard, in less known building types or systems

Recap

• Regulation of high performance • Existing Buildings

• Carbon • Decarb planning and Standardization

15

Toronto Green Standard Version 5 Study Lisa King, MA, Senior Policy Planner, City of Toronto, City Planning Division

TransformTO Net Zero Strategy Adoption of the TransformTO Net Zero Strategy in December 2021 brought the net zero emissions target forward to 2040. This prompted an acceleration of the emissions targets for new developments, specifically for GHGI. 2018 2022 2025 2028 Version Version Version Version 3 4 5 6 Tier 4

Tier 3

Tier 2

Tier 3

Tier 2

Tier 1

Tier 2

Tier 1

Tier 1

Tier 1

“Near-Zero” Emissions

Near-Zero = Net Zero-Ready (on-site generation and/or off-site procurement to achieve net zero) 17

Designing for Resilience Eric Campbell, P.Eng. – Associate, Energy + Sustainability

2023 average temperatures compared with 1880-1899

-1

0

1.5

2

3

+6°C

Climate Projections for Ontario EXTREME HEAT

Ontario Provincial Climate Change Impact Assessment, 2023

Climate Projections for Ontario RAINFALL & FLOODING

Ontario Provincial Climate Change Impact Assessment, 2023

Future-proof design values Use Future Building Design Value Summaries from:

Sea wall design for future sea level rise

Adapted from United Nations Academic Impact

Adaptive Management Use modular approaches & build in extra space for future expansion at system renewal e.g. upsize utility rooms, backup generator pads, piping and conduit

Increased space for cooling capacity required for 2080s loads

Increased cooling capacity for 2050s loads Source: Vox

Deaths per 100,000 people

STUDY: Impact of heat wave + power outage on heatrelated mortality and morbidity

+104%

+19% -27%

-66%

“We find a substantial

increase in heatrelated mortality and morbidity across each of the three cities with a loss of electrical power during heat wave conditions.”

Source: How Blackouts during Heat Waves Amplify Mortality and Morbidity Risk (2023, Stone Jr., et al)

+281%

+58%

-19% -14%

-23% -21%

+50%

+93%

“

The rate of heat mortality in Phoenix from a concurrent heat wave and blackout event is projected to exceed 1% of the total modeled population in mid-century and approach 2% of the population by late century

Source: How Blackouts during Heat Waves Amplify Mortality and Morbidity Risk (2023, Stone Jr., et al)

By late century, the fraction of urban population visiting

the ER increases to 40% in Atlanta and 68% in Phoenix Addition of trees

covering 50% of pavement reduces rate of

ER visits by 70% in Atlanta and 15% in Phoenix Addition of cool roofs reduces rate of ER visits by 39% in Atlanta and 48% in Phoenix Source: How Blackouts during Heat Waves Amplify Mortality and Morbidity Risk (2023, Stone Jr., et al)

Emergency room visits per 100,000 people

“

Protective of health during heat wave periods with an operational electrical grid, high AC prevalence may have the unintended effect of amplifying heat vulnerability during grid failure events.

Source: How Blackouts during Heat Waves Amplify Mortality and Morbidity Risk (2023, Stone Jr., et al)

Vienna House affordable housing Passive House project in Vancouver analyzed using the GTA climate

Systems Design Overview

Open air single loaded corridor and courtyard to enable cross ventilation

External horizontal shading and Spanish blinds

Passive House Envelope Centralized ventilative cooling

Image Courtesy of Public Architecture + Communication

Overheating Summary

Hours > 26°C: 4142 Hours > 31°C: 3061 Max temp: 46.9°C

12 AM

No HVAC

Building Code Envelope

>35°C

9 PM 6 PM

29°C

3 PM

22°C

12 PM

16°C

9 AM

<10°C

6 AM 3 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Overheating Summary

Hours > 26°C: 5868 Hours > 31°C: 5105 Max temp: 56.0°C

12 AM

No HVAC

Passive House Envelope

>35°C

9 PM 6 PM

29°C

3 PM

22°C

12 PM

16°C

9 AM

<10°C

6 AM 3 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Overheating Summary

Hours > 26°C: 5638 Hours > 31°C: 4750 Max temp: 53.2°C

12 AM

Passive House Envelope + External Shades

No HVAC >35°C

9 PM 6 PM

29°C

3 PM

22°C

12 PM

16°C

9 AM

<10°C

6 AM 3 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Overheating Summary

Hours > 26°C: 1931 Hours > 31°C: 367 Max temp: 37.7°C

12 AM

Passive House Envelope + Natural Ventilation

No HVAC >35°C

9 PM 6 PM

29°C

3 PM

22°C

12 PM

16°C

9 AM

<10°C

6 AM 3 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Overheating Summary

Hours > 26°C: 1721 Hours > 31°C: 316 Max temp: 36.9°C

12 AM

Passive House Envelope + Natural Ventilation + Shades

No HVAC >35°C

9 PM 6 PM

29°C

3 PM

22°C

12 PM

16°C

9 AM

<10°C

6 AM 3 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Max Daily Indoor Temperature

Passive House Envelope

60 Passive House Envelope + Shades

50

Temperature °C

Building Code Envelope

40

30

20 Passive House Envelope + NV

10

0 Jan

Passive House Envelope + NV + Shades

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Heat Wave and Power Outage 45

Temperature °C

40

POWER ON

POWER RESTORED

BLACKOUT

Heat Wave Event

35

7-day Blackout

30 25

Peak outdoor temperature achieved on hottest day:

20

15 1

2

3

4

5

6 Days

7

8

9

10

36.4°C

Heat Wave and Power Outage Outdoor Temperature

45

Building Code Envelope

Temperature °C

40 35 30

Peak Indoor Temp is

7°C higher than

25

Peak Outdoor Temp

20 15 1 Day

Heat Wave and Power Outage Outdoor Temperature

45

Building Code Envelope

Temperature °C

40

Passive House Envelope + NV + Shades Passive House Envelope + NV + External Blinds

35 30

Adaptation measures result in up to 7°C decrease in peak indoor temperature

25

20 15 1 Day

Heat Wave and Power Outage 45

Temperature °C

40

BLACKOUT

POWER ON

POWER RESTORED

Outdoor Temperature Building Code Envelope

Passive House Envelope + NV + Blinds

35 30

Space indoor temperature drops with outdoor temperature with NV

25 20

15 1

2

3

4

5

6 Days

7

8

9

10

More overheating adaptation – Toronto Community Centre

“

Our building codes were designed for heating, not cooling.

Design that does not consider overheating adaptation is design for a planet that no longer exists.

Climate Vulnerable

Climate Resilient

Clayton Community Centre Passive House