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CHUYÊN ĐỀ BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH 9 - WORD DOC Nguồn: www.minh-pham.info WORD VERSION | 2020 EDITION ORDER NOW / CHUYỂN GIAO QUA EMAIL TAILIEUCHUANTHAMKHAO@GMAIL.COM Tài liệu chuẩn tham khảo Phát triển kênh bởi Ths Nguyễn Thanh Tú Đơn vị tài trợ / phát hành / chia sẻ học thuật : Nguyen Thanh Tu Group Hỗ trợ trực tuyến Fb www.facebook.com/DayKemQuyNhon Mobi/Zalo 0905779594

CHUYÊN ĐỀ

BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI

TIẾNG ANH 9

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Tài liệu sưu tầm

Phần 1: PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM) 1. SOUNDS 2. STRESS - Một số quy tắc cơ bản để nhận biết trọng âm Phần 2: WORD FORMATION ( CẤU TẠO TỪ ) A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ.

B- MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP: Phần 3: ĐỌC HIỂU 1. BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU DẠNG CHỌN TỪ ĐIỀN VÀO CHỖ TRỐNG 2. BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU MỘT ĐOẠN VĂN Phần 1: PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM) 1. SOUNDS CÁCH PHÁT ÂM "S" CUỐI : trong trường hợp danh từ số nhiều nhiều hoặc động từ số ít. /s/

Khi đi sau các phụ âm sau : /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ ,//.

Ex: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths; books...

/ iz /

Khi đi sau các âm sau: /s/, /∫/, / t∫/, /z/, / ʒ,/, /ʤ /,. Hoặc các chữ cái: s, x, z, ch, sh, ce, ge, se Ex: washes , kisses , oranges…..

/z /

Không thuộc hai loại trên. Ex: bags , kids , days …

Ngọai lệ: bình thường chữ s phát âm /s/, nhưng có những ngoại lệ cần nhớ: - Chữ s đọc /z /sau các từ :busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, poison..

-Chữ s đọc /'∫/ sau các từ sugar,sure Exercise 1. A. proofs B. books C. points D. days 2. A. asks 3. A. sees

B. breathes B. sports

C. breaths C. pools

D. hopes D. trains

4. A. tombs 5. A. books 6. A. cats 7. A. walks 8. A. shoots

B. lamps B. floors B. tapes B. begins B. grounds

C. brakes C. combs C. rides C. helps C. concentrates

D. invites D. drums D. cooks D. cuts D. forests

9. A. helps 10. A. hours 11. A. beds

B. laughs B. fathers B. doors

C. cooks C. dreams C. plays

D. finds D. thinks D. students 2

12. A. arms 13. A. boxes 14. A. relieves 15. A. dreams 16. A. resources 17. A. carriages 18. A. offers 19. A. miles 20. A. sports

B. suits B. classes B. invents B. heals

C. chairs C. potatoes C. buys C. kills

B. stages B. whistles B. mounts B. words B. households

C. preserves C. assures C. pollens C. accidents C. minds

D. boards D. finishes D. deals D. tasks D. focuses D. costumes D. swords D. names D. plays

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI : Đây là hình thức Past tense và Past participle: 1. “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : .Ex: wanted; decided 2. “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫, t∫ , / hoặc chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch, gh :.Ex: asked; stopped; laughed...

3. “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ 2 trường hợp trên : .Ex: moved; played; raised, used, Ngọai lệ: Đuôi -ed trong các tính từ sau được phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked, wicked, dogged, sacred, hatred, rugged, .....

Exercise 1. A. worked 2. A. kissed 3. A. confused

B. stopped B. helped B. faced

C. forced C. forced C. cried

D. wanted D. raised D. defined

4. A. devoted 5. A. catched 6. A. agreed 7. A. measured

B. suggested B. crashed B. missed B. pleased

C. provided C. occupied C. liked C. distinguished

D. wished D. coughed D. watched D. managed

8. A. wounded

B. routed

C. wasted

D. risked

9. A. imprisoned 10. A. a.failed 11. A. invited 12. A removed 13. A. looked 14. A. wanted 15. A. laughed

B. pointed B. reached B. attended B. washed B. laughed B.parked B. passed

C. shouted C. absored C. celebrated C. hoped C. moved C. stopped C. suggested

D. surrounded D. solved D. displayed D. missed D.stepped D.watched D. placed

16. A.believed 17. A.lifted 18. A. collected

B. prepared B. lasted B. changed

C. involved C. happened C. formed

D. liked D. decided D. viewed 3

19. A. walked 20. A.admired

B. entertained B. looked

C. reached C. missed

D. looked D. hoped

CÁCH PHÁT MỘT SỐ NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ PHỤ ÂM THƯỜNG GẶP 1. /i:/ : sau các các chữ cái: ea, ee, ei, ie, ese...

Ex: East, easy, sea, free, see, recieve, ceiing, belief, chief, Vietnamese, Chinese ....

Except: break, great, steak....

2. /u/ sau các các chữ cái: :oo, ould, u, o, ...

Ex: could, should, would, bush, full, butcher, woman, wolf, foot, cook, good, look, book .....

Except: blood, flood, ............

3. /u:/: sau các các chữ cái: ew, ui, ue (u-e),o oo ...

Ex: flew, grew, fruit, juice, clue, rule, dune, do, two, who, tomb, booth, food, tooh, tool....

4. /∂/: sau các các chữ cái: ear, (-)er, -ir, -or, -ur, Ex: learn, Earth, heard, serve, girl, bird, first, world, worm, burn, hurt, fur, nurse, Thurday,..

5. /e/: sau các các chữ cái: ea, ead...

Ex: dead, bread , breath, ...

6. //: sau các các chữ cái: th Ex: breath, bath, think, through , ............

7. / ð /: sau các các chữ cái: the, th ,....

Ex: breathe, this, that, they .......

8. /∫/: sau các các chữ cái: sh, s, c, ch.

Ex: wash, dish, sugar, sure, social, oficial, conscious, machine, chef, .....

9. / t∫/; sau các các chữ cái: ch, tur.....

Ex: chalk, church, choose, century, natural, culture, ......

10. /k/ sau các các chữ cái: ch, c, k .

Ex: chemistry, school, cancer, class, crowd, kitchen, like, king ....

BÀI TẬP VỀ CÁC NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ CÁC PHỤ ÂM KHÁC 1. A. heat B. scream C. meat D. dead 2. A. breakfast B. teacher C. east D. please 3. A. thrilling B. other C. through D. something 4. A. idea B. going C. will D. trip 5. A. face B. place C. prepared D. days 6. A. Germany B. garden C. gate D. gas 4

7. A. scholarship 8. A. house 9. A. hundred 10. A. head 11. A. choir 12. A. charge 13. A. reason 14.A. motion 15. A. gather 16. A. change 17. A. write 18. A. share 19. A. apply 20. A. choice

B. Christ B. harm B. exhausted B. ready B. cheap B. child B. clear B. question B. good B. children B. writer B. rare B. university B. achieve

C. school C. hour C. however C. mean C. child C. teacher C. mean C. mention C. large C. machine C. writing C. are C. identity C. each

D. chicken D. husband D. heat D. weather D. chair D. champagne D. each D. fiction D. again D. church D. written D. declare D. early D. chemistry

2. STRESS - Một số quy tắc cơ bản để nhận biết trọng âm 1/ Trọng âm thường ít rơi vào các tiền tố(prefix) và hậu tố (suffix) → ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather. ... * Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway ....

Dưới đây là vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn của từ gốc V + ment: ag'ree(thoả thuận) =>ag'reement V + ance: re'sist( chống cự ) =>re'sistance (sự chống cự) V + er : em'ploy(thuê làm) =>em'ployer(ông chủ) V + or : in'vent ( phát minh) => in'ventor V + ar : beg (van xin) => 'beggar( người ăn xin), liar ( người nói dối)

V + al : ap'prove( chấp thuận) => ap'proval V + y : de'liver( giao hàng)=> de'livery( sự giao hàng) V + age: pack( đóng gói ) => 'package( bưu kiện) V + ing : under'stand( hiểu) => under'standing adj + ness : 'bitter ( đắng)=> 'bitterness( nỗi cay đắng)

2/ Nhìn chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép hoặc dài, ít rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn như /∂/ hay /i/ * EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get , de'sign , en'joy 3/ Một từ hai vần vừa là động từ vừa là danh từ thì Động từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2.

Danh từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1 EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record, refuse...

Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v)...

4/ Tính từ hai âm tiết trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết 1.

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Ex: present, famous, careful, patient, .......................

- Giới từ hai âm tiết trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2.

Ex: between. above, about, across ....................................

5/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào trước các hậu tố (suffixes) sau đây một vần : -ION, -IC, IAL , -ICAL, -UAL, -ITY, -IA, -LOGY, -IAN, -IOUS, -EOUS , -IENCE, -IENT, GRAPHY , -NOMY , -METRY EX: 'vision, uni'versity, phy'sician, li'brarian, Ca'nadian, Au'stralian, ex'perience, im'patience, edu'cation, a'bility, elec'tricity, bi'ology, psy'chology, Au'stralia, 'Austria, 'Asia, ge'ography, pho'tography, e'ssential, ha'bitual, me'chanical, mathe'matical, po'litical, de'licious, pho'netics, scien'tific, ge'ometry, a'stronomy...

Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television...

6) Trọng âm rơi vào các vần cuối sau đây: -ADE, -OO, -OON, -EE, -EEN, -EER, ESE, -AIRE, -SELF, -ETTE, -ESQUE . Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer, themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen, Vietnamese, employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon... *Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee , 'cukoo , 'teaspoon…

Exercise 1. a. pollute b. contractual c. reject d. marvellous 2. a. mechanic b. military c. apologize d. miraculous 3. a. compulsory b. intensity c. kidding d. invaluable 4. a. nursery b. focus c. delicate d. secure 5. a. curriculum b. kindergarten c. contaminate d.conventional 6. A. apology B. industrial C. Industry D. Disaster.

7. A. interview B. certificate C.applicant D. primary 8. A. certificate B. apartment C. individual D. biology 9. A. scientific B. availlable C. suspicious D. supportive 10. A. especially B. comfortably C. carefully D. possibly 11. A. importance 12. A. aspect

B. subtraction B. careful

C. algebra C. require

D. example D. successful

13. A. terrific 14. A. recognize

B. applicant B. challenge

C. banking C. symbolize

D. ignorant D. Continue

15. A. continent 16. A. appalling 17. A. policeman 18. A. competition 19. A. accountant

B. belong B. ashamed B. cinema B. intelligent B. Arabic

C. master C. November C. overcoat C. automation C. Germany

D. access D. architect D. politics D. information D. chemistry

20. A. attention

B. interesting

C. influence

D. television 6

Phần 2: WORD FORMATION (CẤU TẠO TỪ) A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ: I- DANH TỪ: 1) Tiền tố: super-/under-/sur-/sub-/over- + N ---> N supermarket siêu thị underachievement đạt dưới mức

overexpenditure chi tiêu quá superman siêu nhân subway tàu điện ngầm

surface bề mặt 2) Hậu tố: a) V + -ion/-tion/-ation/-ition/-sion ---> N repetition sự lặp lại permission sự cho phép pollution sự ô nhiễm

addition sự thêm vào production sản xuất conservation sự bảo tồn b) V + -ment/-ance/-ence/-age/-ing/-al ---> N employment việc làm attendance sự có mặt difference sự khác nhau

marriage sự kết hôn swimming việc bơi lội arrival sự đến

c) V + -er/-or/-ant/-ee/ ---> N driver tài xế actor diễn viên nam accountant kế toán

employee người làm thuê interviewee người được phỏng vấn applicant người xin việc

d) N + -ist/-an/-ian/-ess ---> N physicist nhà vật lý American người Mỹ librarian thủ thư

actress nữ diễn viên musician nhạc sĩ scientist nhà khoa học

e) Adj + -y/-ity/-ness/-ism/-dom/ -ship ---> N difficulty khó khăn responsibility trách nhiệm happiness sự hạnh phúc

capitalism Chủ nghĩa tư bản freedom sự tự do friendship tình bạn

3) THE + ADJ ---> NOUN the poor, the blind, the deaf, the old, the sick, the weak, the unemployed, the disabled, the dead, the young…

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II- ĐỘNG TỪ: 1) Tiền tố: a) dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V ---> V disagree không đồng ý misunderstand hiểu nhầm redo làm lại overcook nấu quá chín undersell bán rẻ hơn outweigh nặng hơn b) en- + N/V/Adj ---> V enable làm cho cĩ thể endanger gây nguy hiểm enrich làm giàu 2) Hậu tố: Adj/N + -ize/-en/-ate/-fy ---> V industrialize Công nghiệp hóa widen làm rộng ra originate bắt nguồn beautify làm đẹp lighten làm nhẹ đi modernize hiện đại hóa III- TÍNH TỪ: 1) Tiền tố: un-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/dis- + Adj ---> Adj unlucky không may inexact không chính xác impossible không thể irregular không có qui tắc illogical không hợp lý dishonest không trung thực 2) Hậu tố: a) N + -ly/-like/-less/-ish/-y/-ful/-al/-ic/ ---> Adj daily hằng ngày childlike như con nít treeless không có cây selfish ích kỷ rainy có mưa peaceful hòa bình agricultural nông nghiệp scientific khoa học successful thành công b) V/N + -ive/-able/-ible ---> Adj attractive hấp dẫn acceptable có thể chấp nhận defensible có thể bảo vệ eatable có thể ăn được active năng động comprehensible có thể hiểu IV- TRẠNG TỪ: Phần lớn: Adj + -ly ---> Adv Slowly một cách chậm chạp carefully một cách cẩn thận safely một cách an tòan

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B - MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP: 1. a/ an/ the/ this/ that… my/ her/ his…/ Mary’s + (adj) + N many/ some/ a lot of…

2.

3.

4.

ADJ

Ex: She is a beautiful girl. danh từ chỉ sự đo lường, tuổi tác + (adj) Ex: This table is two meters long.

He’s twenty years old.

V (MAKE, KEEP, FIND…) + O + ADJ Ex: We should keep our room clean.

Linking verbs (be, become, feel, look, taste, sound, smell, seem, get, appear…) +

Ex: It becomes hot today.

5. đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…) + ADJ Ex: Do you have anything important to tell me?

6.

ADV + ADJ Ex: Your story is very interesting.

Ex: This film is extremely boring.

Hình thức hiện tại phân từ (-ING): Diễn tả nhận thức của người nói về người/việc

7. gì đó.

Ex: That film is interesting. (Bộ phim đó hay.) (Người xem nhận thấy bộ phim hay.)

Hình thức quá khứ phân từ (-ED): Diễn tả cảm giác của người nói do người/việc gì đó đem lại.

Ex: I am confused about the question. (Tôi bị bối rối về câu hỏi.) (Câu hỏi làm tôi bối rối.)

8.

Trạng từ thể cách bổ nghĩa cho động từ Ex: She drives carefully LƯU Ý: - fast (nhanh), early (sớm), late (muộn), hard (chăm chỉ) vừa là tính từ vừa là trạng từ.

Ex: Jack is a very fast runner. Jack can run very fast. late (muộn) lately (gần đây) (= recently) hard (chăm chỉ) hardly (hầu như không) - Một số tính từ tận cùng –LY: friendly (thân thiện), lovely (dễ thương), lively (sống động), ...

- Trạng từ tần suất đứng trước động từ thường, sau BE, trợ động từ và modals - Phân biệt:

Ex: She doesn’t often go with him.

He can seldom find time for reading.

Exercise: Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. Your new dress makes you more _____________. (beauty) 9

2. You should do these exercises _____________. (quick) 3. The industrial __________ will lead to the country’s prosperity. (develop) 4. Some large cities have had measures to minimize air ____________. (pollute) 5. I will come to the party because I accept the _______________. (invite) 6. The ______ of the Hollywood actor, Jimmy Halton, was announced last night. (die) 7. This company offered a lot of __________ jobs. (attract) 8. We often go to the theater at weekends for ____________. (entertain) 9. He is a famous……………………. (act) 10. You must ................................. the answer you choose. (dark) 11. We have a lot of ………….............. in learning English. (difficult) 12. I felt very …………... when I was a member of our school team. (excite) 13. He speaks English ........................ (fluency) 14. We are very proud of our………............. (friend) 15. He does exercise every morning, so he is very…………......... (health) 16. Her parents’ ………….............. makes her very sad. (ill) 17. News on TV is very ...................... (inform) 18. What is his ............................? (nation) 19. Everybody loves ................................ beauty. (nature) 20. It is cloudy and .......................... today. (rain) Multiple choice 1. He has been very interested in doing research on _______ since he was at high school. a. biology b. biological c. biologist d. biologically 2. You are old enough to take _______ for what you have done. a. responsible b. responsibility c. responsibly d. irresponsible 3. Many Vietnamese people ______ their lives for the revolutionary cause of the nation a. sacrifice b. sacrificed c. sacrificial d. sacrificially 4. They had a ______ candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage. a. romance b. romantic c. romantically d. romanticize 5. She sent me a _______ letter thanking me for my invitation. a. polite b. politely c. politeness d. impoliteness 6. As an _______, Mr. Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency. a. educate b. education c. educator 7. He was the only _______ that was offered the job. a. apply b. application c. applicant

d. educative d. applying 10

8. Many people have objected to the use of animals in _____ experiments. a. science b. scientist c. scientific d. scientifically 9. _______ is increasing, which results from economic crisis. a. Employment b. Unemployment c. Employ d. Unemployed 10. _______! I have heard of your success in the new project. a. Congratulate b. Congratulating c. Congratulation d. Congratulations 11. A / an _______ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct. a. dangerous b. endanger c. endangered d. endangerment 12. Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with ____. a. extinct b. extinction c. extinctive d. extinctly 13. They are going to _______ the pool to 1.8 meter. a. deep b. depth c. deepen d. deeply 14. The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a _______. a. penalty b. penalize c. penal d. penalization 15. The referee's _______ is the most important in any sport competition. a. decide b. decisive c. decision d. decider 16. Johnny used to be one of the most _______ athletes in my country. a. succeed b. success c. successful d. successfully 17. The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many _______ volunteers. a. support b. supporter c. supportive d. supportively 18. He was so _______ that he could not even say a word. a. nerve b. nerves c. nervous d. nervously 19. I am really _______ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves. a. interest b. interested c. interesting d. interestingly 20. Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _______ activities. a. society b. social c. socially d. socialize

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Phần 3: ĐỌC HIỂU 1. BÀI TẬP ĐỌC HIỂU DẠNG CHỌN TỪ ĐIỀN VÀO CHỖ TRỐNG Bài tập chọn từ điền vào chỗ trống là dạng bài tổng hợp nhiều dạng kiến thức về ngữ pháp, từ vựng, cấu trúc… mà học sinh đã được học trong cả bậc học. Để làm tốt dạng bài này cần lưu ý những điểm sau: 1. Phân biệt các từ đồng nghĩa hoặc gần nghĩa Đây cũng chính là câu hỏi có thể kiểm tra về độ thành thạo của học sinh trong quá trình sử dụng ngôn ngữ. Tiếng Anh có rất nhiều từ đồng nghĩa hoặc gần nghĩa, chúng tương đồng về nghĩa và có thể thay thế cho nhau trong một số trường hợp. Tuy nhiên, chúng khác nhau về sắc thái ý nghĩa, mức độ phổ biến,mức độ trang trọng cũng như cấu trúc sử dụng. Nên trong nhiều trường hợp ta không thể thay thế chúng cho nhau được. Nhiệm vụ của học sinh là nhận ra sự khác biệt giữa chúng để chọn từ điền cho chính xác và hợp lý nhất.

Hãy xem ví dụ sau: I _____ the orchestra play at Carnegie Hall last summer.

A. heard B. tasted C. smelled D. listened Trong 4 phương án, ta có thể loại trừ ngay phương án B và C vì ta không thể nếm hoặc ngửi thấy nhạc được. Với hai phương án còn lại, các em cần phân biệt sự khác nhau giữa hear và listen Về nghĩa, hear có nghĩa là nghe thoáng qua, nghe mà chưa có sự chuẩn bị hoặc chủ ý trước khi nghe. Trong khi đó, listen lại có nghĩa là nghe một cách tập trung và có ý định chú ý nghe từ trước.

Về cấu trúc, hear là một động từ chỉ tri giác nên đi sau nó là tân ngữ + động từ nguyên mẫu khôngto Tuy nhiên, động từ listen lại luôn đi kèm giới từ to và theo sau là tân ngữ (liste n to sth).

Xét về mặt nghĩa và cấu trúc thì heard là thích hợp để điền vào câu trên, listened không thể thay thế được.

2. Xác định nghĩa của từ dựa vào văn cảnh (context) Khi làm bài, các em phải đọc kỹ đoạn văn, đặc biệt là các phần trước và sau chỗ trống c ần điền chọntừ thích hợp. Bởi vì phương án được lựa chọn nằm trong tổng thể của cả đo ạn. Ví dụ: Tigers are rare in India now because we have killed too many for them. However, it isn’ t simple enough to talk about the problem. We must act now before it is too late to do _____ about it.

12

A. nothing B. something C. everything D. anything Về nguyên tắc, tất cả các phương án trên đều có thể dùng được với động từ do. Tuy nhi ên, dựa vào ngữcảnh của đoạn văn ta có thể thấy rằng tình hình bảo vệ động vật hoang dã đang ở tình trạng đáng báo động và chúng ta cần hành động ngay để cứu những loài vật đang có nguycơ tuyệt chủn g.

Cấu trúc too + tính từ + to sth có nghĩa là quá… đến nỗi không thể xác định.Trong khi đó, something và everything dùng trong câu không phù hợp về nghĩa nên loại hai phương án này.

Nothing(không có gì) là từ mang nghĩa phủ định và khi đi với do trong câu trên cũng có nghĩa phù hợp. Tuy nhiên,bản thân cấu trúc với too đã mang nghĩa phủ định nên không thể kết hợp với từ mang nghĩa phủ định trongcùng một câu nên nothing cũng bị l oại. Anything là từ được dùng trong câu phủ định tuy nhiên từ này còn có nghĩa bất cứ cái gì nên thích hợp để dùng trong câu có cấu trúc too ở trên.

3. Sử dụng cụm từ cố định Tiếng Anh có rất nhiều cụm từ cố định. Có những động từ chỉ đi với một loại giới từ nh ất định, và cũngcó những động từ khi kết hợp với một (một số) giới từ lại mang nghĩa k hác với gốc động từ đó. Người rađề có thể để khuyết động từ hoặc giới từ để kiểm tra mảng kiến thức này của học sinh. Khi làm bài, cácem không nên chỉ tìm nghĩa của từ đơn lẻ mà cần đặt chúng trong mối quan hệ với các từ xung quanh.

Ví dụ : 1. Mobiles that are fitted permanently in a vehicle do not _____ on separate batteries. T hey require an external aerial on the vehicle.

A. rely B. create C. carry D. insist Giải thích: create bị loại vì không có cấu trúc create on sth. Các động từ còn lại đều có t hể kết hợp vớion: to insist on sth: khăng khăng, cố nài làm gì đó; to carry on sth: xúc tiế n, tiếp tục; to rely on sth: dựa vào, cậy vào, nhờ vào.

Exercise: Read the pasage and circle the best corect answer.

Water is necessary for life. People can live only a few days (1)........... it. Yet nearly 25 million people die each year because of it. Both industrial nations and developing countries are worried about the (2) ...........and quantity of water in the world.

Even though people, animals, agriculture, and industry use a lot of water, there is more than enough on the earth. Water covers about three-quarters of the Earth's surface.

However, 97.4 percent of it is salt water. Three-fourths of the Earth's fresh water is frozen in glaciers and in the great polar ice caps. Most of the water we use (3)...........from rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere. Less than one percent of the Earth's water is usable, and we use it over and over again.

One of the (4) ......... about water is distribution. Water is not always distributed where the large (5)...........centers are. Some regions get enough rain. But it is all in one or two short rainy reasons.

1. A. with

B. without

2. A. characteristics 3. A. comes 4. A. cases

B. conditions B. arrives B. things

C. for C. situation C. goes C. facts

D. in D. quality D. gets D. problems 13

5. A. people B. men C. population D. women 2. BÀI TẬP ĐỌC HIỂU MỘT ĐOẠN VĂN Để làm tốt phần đọc hiểu của đoạn văn các em có thể thực hiện một vài bước sau.

1. Gạch chân những từ chính trong phần yêu cầu, nếu cần thiết học sinh có thể đọc nhẩm từ và ghi những từ đó trong quá trình làm bài.

2. Đọc lướt nội dung bài nếu thấy những thông tin có liên quan đến phần yêu cầu trả lời, các em dùng bút chì gạch chân. Sau đó, các em tiếp tục đọc hết bài.

3. Đọc lại bài lần nữa. Các em cần xem xét kỹ câu trả lời của từng đáp án, dựa trên những bằng chứng cụ thể để đưa ra đáp án đúng nhất.

Example: Read the passages below and choose the correct answer among A, B, C or D. Most of the joggers who are overweight are reasonable for talking about, worrying about, and obsessing with their weight. Since many people start jogging to lose weight (perhaps you're one of them) it is not surprising that body size is important. More and more people are on a diet, 50% of the women and close to 25% of the men in the US are watching what they eat. Body weight is the second most talked among joggers heart disease and high blood pressure are the first! There are many factors that affect your weight. They include: body type, diet, exercise level, sex and age. What may be an "ideal" weight for you at the age of 27 may not be ideal when you're 54. And your ideal weight will probably be different during racing season when you're in a specific training phase.

1. What are most of joggers who are overweight worried about?

A. their weight B. their height C. their jogging D. the distance 2. To many people, _______ A. body size is not a problem B. body size is very important C. they do not care about their body size D. jogging is a waste of time 3. In the US, _______ A. nobody is on a diet B. 50% women are on a diet C. obesity is appreciate D. 75% men are on a diet 4. What are the most talked among joggers?

A. body size B. lung cancer C. died D. heart disease and high blood pressure 5.

There are many factors that affect your weight. They are _______ A. body type, diet, exercise level, sex and age B. high blood pressure, sex and age C. heart disease and high blood pressure D. body type and heart disease

14

Phần 4: Một số đề tham khảo TEST 1 Part 1: Phonetics: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest in each group 6. A. sound B. about C. shout D. course 7. A. jogged B. cooked C. gained D. smiled 8. A. disappointed B. orator C. signature D. accept 9. A. enclose B. pen C. center D. tent 10. A. choose B. house C. horse D. course Choose the word whose syllable is stressed differently from the rest in each group 11. A. especially B. comfortably C. carefully D. possibly 12. A. importance B. subtraction C. algebra D. example 13. A. aspect B. careful C. baggy D. successful 14. A. terrific B. applicant C. banking D. ignorant 15. A. recognize B. challenge C. symbolize D. continue Part 2: Vocabulary - grammar and structures Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D 16. The Browns_______ here since 1990.

A. live B. are living C. have lived D. had lived 17. I wish I _______ all about this some weeks age.

A. knew B. have known C. had known D. would know 18. Vietnam is a country in _______ Asia A. Southeast B. Northeast C. Southwest 19. Money can't buy true_______.

D. Northwest

A. happy B. un happy C. happiness D. happily 20. We can buy from a needle to an elephant in this_______.

A. park B. crossroads C. shopping centre D. crowds 21. The synonym of MOTHER TONGUE is_______.

A. first language B. foreign language C. second language D. A & B are right 22. Don't disturb me. I've got _______ work to do.

A. a lot B. a great deal C. much D. many 23. When students finish their 12th school year, they're at their_______.

A. school-leaving age

B. status of children

C. status of worker D. none are right 24. Computers aren't_______ used in schools and universities in Vietnam 15

A. widely B. wide C. widen 25. Which prefix can go with FACE? A. super B. sur C. sub D. out 26. Language isn't the private property of a country.

D. width

A. access B. trade C. possession D. scholarship 27. Teenagers often have some physical changes during the _______ from childhood to adult life.

A. transition B. way C. growth D. obstacle 28. Is there anything important _______ first?

A. does B. do C. doing D. to do 29. We didn't have any money but Tom had_______.

A. a little B. a few 30. He said that he _______ his bicycle.

C. little

D. few

A. has lost B. loses C. had lost D. lost Which sentence expresses the same idea as the given one?

31. There is a tendency to minimize problems A. Pupils show a tend to minimize problems B. Pupils don't try to overcome problems C. Pupils don't show a tend to play problems down D. Pupils don't try to overcome problems much 32. They gave a great deal of thought to their work A. They thought a little about their job B. They didn't think so much about their job C. They thought so much about their job D. They didn't think about their job 33. They show a desire to put aside the status of the school - child A. They don't want to be adults B. They want to be adults a lot C. They want to leave school D. They desire to leave school 34. They had little knowledge of the job of their choice A. They knew much of the job of their choice B. They almost had no knowledge of the job of their choice C. They knew a lot about the job of their choice D. They were particularly keen on the job of their choice 35. They express a great determination to have a place at university A. They are greatly determined to have a place at university B. They want to have a good place at university.

16

C. They aren't determined to have a place at university D. They show a little desire to have a place at university Choose a word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting 36. He didn't give (A) me (B) any ink, so I (C) couldn't write (D) no more.

37. Either Peter (A) or Mary (B) have left (C) the door (D) unlocked.

38. The film (A) on television (B) made us so (C) boring that we went (D) to bed early.

39. If he (A) does a mistake, (B) will he (C) feel sorry (D) for it?

40. John decided (A) buying a new car in the morning, (B) but in the afternoon he (C) changed (D) his mind.

Part 3: Reading Read the passages below and choose the correct answer among A, B, C or D. Most of the joggers who are overweight are reasonable for talking about, worrying about, and obsessing with their weight. Since many people start jogging to lose weight (perhaps you're one of them) it is not surprising that body size is important. More and more people are on a diet, 50% of the women and close to 25% of the men in the US are watching what they eat. Body weight is the second most talked among joggers heart disease and high blood pressure are the first! There are many factors that affect your weight. They include: body type, diet, exercise level, sex and age. What may be an "ideal" weight for you at the age of 27 may not be ideal when you're 54. And your ideal weight will probably be different during racing season when you're in a specific training phase.

41. What are most of joggers who are overweight worried about?

A. their weight B. their height C. their jogging D. the distance 42. To many people, _______ A. body size is not a problem B. body size is very important C. they do not care about their body size D. jogging is a waste of time 43. In the US, _______ A. nobody is on a diet C. obesity is appreciate

B. 50% women are on a diet D. 75% men are on a diet

44. What are the most talked among joggers?

A. body size B. lung cancer C. died D. heart disease and high blood pressure 45. There are many factors that affect your weight. They are _______ A. body type, diet, exercise level, sex and age B. high blood pressure, sex and age C. heart disease and high blood pressure D. body type and heart disease One evening Dr. Peterson was at a party. A woman came up to him and began to talk about her back. "Its very painful (41)_______ I've worked for a long time in my 17

garden", the woman said. "You've hurt it by bending for too long", Dr. Peterson replied.

He then showed her (42)_______ to do some exercises. However, (43)_______ the woman left he felt very angry. He went up to a friend of his who was a lawyer. He told him about (44)_______ the woman and asked him for his advice. "Do you think I (45)_______ to send her a bill?" he asked. The lawyer thought for a moment and nodded. "How much should I charge (46)_______ giving all that advice?" Dr. Peterson asked. "Change her your usual fee" they lawyer said. The next day Dr. Peterson sent the woman a bill. (47)_______ a few days later he was surprised (48)_______ letter from the lawyer. (49)_______ he opened the letter, he saw the following brief note: "Please find a bill for $50 for the advice (50)_______" 46. A. because B. for C. by D. as soon as 47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

A. what A. when A. meet A. should A. by A. However A. by receiving A. Because

55. A. gave you Key 1

B. why B. because B. meeting B. had better B. because of B. In addition B. to receive B. When B. What I gave you

C. when C. if C. to meet C. ought C. owing to C. There fore C. for receiving C. Until C. when I gave you

D. how D. for D. he met D. must D. for D. Alternatively D. receive D. For D. I gave you

1. d

2. b

3. c

4. a

5. a

6. a

7. c

8. d

9. a

10. d

11. c

12. c

13. a

14. c

15. c

16. a

17. c

18. a

19. a

20. b

21. c

22. a

23. d

24. a

25. c

26. b

27. c

28. b

29. b

30. a

31. d

32. b

33. c

34. a

35. a

36. a

37. b

38. b

39. d

40. a

41. a

42. d

43. a

44. b

45. c

46. d

47. a

48. b

49. b

50. d

TEST 2 Part 1: Phonetics: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest in each group 1. A. pretty B. get C. send D. well 2. A. Valentine B. imagine C. discipline D. magazine 3. A. chorus B. cherish C. chaos D. scholar 4. A. house B. hour C. heat D. hand 5. A. feat B. great C. seat D. beat Choose the word whose syllable is stressed differently from the rest in each group 6. A. recycled B. polluted C. fertilized D. preserved 18

7.

8.

9.

10.

A. element A. focus A. capture A. especially

B. erosion B. attain B. apparent B. comfortably

C. elephant C. emit C. horrible C. carefully

D. quantity D. discard D. tolerant D. possibly

Part 2: Vocabulary - grammar and structures Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D 11. If you want to learn something, you had better pay_______ in class.

A. care B. respect C. attention D. notice 12. Your voice reminds me of somebody, but I can't remember_______.

A. it is B. who is C. who he is D. who 13. Although he loved his country_______ most of his life abroad.

A. but spent B. but he spent C. he spent D. so he spent 14. _______ the weather forecast, it will rain heavily later this morning 15.

16.

17.

18.

A. On account of B. According to C. Because of D. Due to I don't _______ locking the door.

A. remember B. forget C. remind D. A & B are correct I love this painting of an old man. He has such a beautiful, _______ smile A. childhood B. childish C. childless D. childlike I think you'd rather_______ to the mountains for your holiday.

A. to go B. going C. go D. have gone I shall do the job to the best of my_______.

A. capacity B. ability C. knowledge D. talent 19. If it's raining tomorrow, we shall have to put_______ the match till Sunday.

A. off B. away C. in D. on 20. It's obvious that neither the works_______ to fight the new rules.

A. nor the manager intend B. intend nor the manager C. nor the manager intends D. intend nor the manager intends 21. She stopped him_______ home by hiding the car key.

A. not drive B. not to drive C. to drive D.from driving 22. When he_______ all the letters, he took them to the post office.

A. has written B. had written C. wrote D. had been writing 23. The flat_______ of three rooms, with a kitchen and a bathroom.

A. composes B. contains C. includes D. consists 24. After Mary_______ her degree, she intends to work in her father's company.

A. will finish B. is finishing C. finishes D. will have finished 25. _______ the rise in unemployment, people still seem to be spending more.

19

A. Meanwhile B. Nevertheless C. Although Which sentence expresses the same idea as the given one?

26. The think fog made it impossible for the plane to land A. The plane couldn't land

D. Despite

B. We couldn't control the plane because the fog was thick C. We couldn't control the plane because of the thick fog.

D. The thick fog prevented the plane from landing 27. I never want to see another film about space travel A. I haven't seen a film about space travel B. I have enjoyed all the film I have seen about space travel C. I am anxious not to miss the next film about space travel D. I am tired of seeing films about space travel 28. Whenever she went to Paris she bought a new dress.

A. She never went to Paris to buy a new dress.

B. She never went to Paris without buying a new dress.

C. She never bought a new dress without going to Paris.

D. She never bought a new dress when she went to Paris.

29. Despite feeling cold, we kept walking A. In spite of we felt cold, we kept walking B. Although we felt cold, we kept walking C. However cold we felt, but we kept walking D. However we felt cold, we kept walking 30. No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't open the door.

A. Try as hard as I might I couldn't open the door.

B. Although I try, I couldn't open the door.

C. It is difficult for me to open the door.

D. I could open the door with difficulty.

Choose a word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting 31. She found it (A) hard to (B) concentrating on her book (C) because of the (D) the noise.

32. Have you met (A) Bill's sisters? - I've met (B) one. I didn't know he (C) had (D) other sister.

33. Customs are (A) different from (B) one region (C) of the country (D) to another.

34. The (A) job as a (B) booksell helps her (C) to support (D) her family.

35. It (A) is possible (B) determining that French explorers reached the juncture (C) of the Kansas and Missouri rivers (D) in the seventeenth century.

Part 3: Reading 20

Read the passages below and choose the correct answer among A, B, C or D. Laurel or Hardy?

He was a music-hall comedian in England before he went to America in 1910. In those days he often (36)_______ Chaplin. He made his first short film in 1918 but did not (37)_______ to establish himself in the competitive (38)_______ of the screen comedy. The first film he made with his famous fat (39)_______ was called Putting pants on Philip in 1927. Many critics (40)_______ that he was the more creative (41)_______ of the partnership. The humorist Leo McCarey (42)_______ him a rare comic who was intelligent (43)_______ to make up his own gaps. (44)_______, he was remarkably talented, while his partner was (45)_______ and this was the key to understanding their relationship. As a (46)_______, throughout their career together he (47)_______ on being paid twice as much as his friend because he believed he was (48)_______ twice as much. While he wrote the films and (49)_______ part in their creation, his partner was incapable of creating anything at all - it was amazing how he managed to find his (50)_______ to the studio.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

A. copied A. succeed A. job A. pair A. persist A. person A. considered A. even A. Although A. less A. fact A. persisted

48. A. valued 49. A. took 50. A. car Key 2

B. followed B. reach B. field B. Colleague B. claim B. member B. said B. quite B. Moreover B. least B. conclusion B. insisted

C. resembled C. fail C. position C. partner C. refuse C. actor C. described C. enough C. However C. little C. matter C. kept

B. making B. made B. road

C. worth C. was C. route

D. liked D. managed D. place D. match D. review D. piece D. saw D. also D. So D. hardly D. result D. demanded D. acting D. had D. review

1. a

2. a

3. b

4. b

5. b

6. c

7. b

8. b

9. b

10. a

11. c

12. d

13. c

14. b

15. d

16. d

17. c

18. b

19. a

20. c

21. d

22. b

23. d

24. c

25. d

26. d

27. d

28. b

29. b

30. a

31. b

32. c

33. c

34. b

35. b

36. a

37. d

38. b

39. c

40. b

41. b

42. a

43. c

44. b

45. a

46. d

47. b

48. c

49. a

50. d

TEST 3 21

Part 1: Phonetics: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest in each group 1. A. companion B. compound C. conclusion D. contribution 2. A. bear B. hear C. lear D. tear 3. A. wind B. chin C. blind 4. A. angle B. alive C. adverb 5. A. drunkard B. produce C. consult Part 2: Vocabulary - grammar and structures Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D 6. He went to see the sights. He had a______ tour A. investigating B. sightseeing C. reviewing 7. My brother is old enough to ______ his own living 8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

D. willing D. add D. sunshine

D. interesting

A. earn B. produce C. share D. demand She's running slowly through the park. She's______ A. walking B. riding C. jogging D. driving Mark Twain______ his childhood in Hannibal, which is on the Mississippi.

A. lived B. spent C. stayed D. enjoyed How do you speak this fraction: 3/5?

A. Three over fifth B. Three-fifth C. Three-fifths D. Three-fives Nam's parents are very______ with his success.

A. please B. pleasant C. pleasing D. pleased He is interested in ______ research.

A. working B. making C. studying D. doing Boiled meat can be kept in ______ containers and shipped to other countries.

A. tight-air B. airtight C. airsick D. air-free He can't buy that bicycle because he has______ money.

A. a lot of b. much C. little D. few English______ in many parts of the world A. is speaking B. speaking C. is spoken D. spoken Lam doesn't work as hard as he ______ last year.

A. was B. did C. didn't D. wasn't I remember______ you before, but I have forgotten your name.

A. to meet B. met C. meet 18. She was tired______ her long walk.

A. because B. since C. as

D. meeting D. because of 22

19. It is said that most______ are ill-prepared for their employment.

A. workers B. children C. girls D. boys 20. He was the first man______ across the channel.

A. swimming B. swim C. swam D. to swim Which sentence expresses the same idea as the given one?

21. Taking photographs is not permitted here A. Photographers must not use flash here B. Do not remove these photographs C. Do not use your camera here D. Photographs are on sale here 22. I thought this film would be better.

A. The film was boring B. The film made me bored C. I didn't like the film because it was boring D. The film wasn't as good as I expected 23. You press this button to stop the machine A. If you press this button, the machine doesn't stop B. You can use this button to operate the machine C. This button helps you to stop the machine D. The machine can't stop without this button 24. I have never read such a good book before.

A. This book is the best I have never read.

B. This book is the best I have ever read.

C. This is the first time I had read such a good book.

D. This is the first time I read a good book.

25. The trip was boring but we enjoyed it a lot A. We enjoyed boring trips.

B. We were bored with the trip C. The trip bored us D. We liked the trip very much although it was boring Choose a word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting 26. You (A) can learn (B) a lot (C) about other countries by (D) to watch television.

27. (A) Since the liberation (B) many changes (C) has taken place (D) in the whole country.

28. (A) My mother still (B) spends 14 hours (C) a day (D) do the housework 29. Her parents (A) don't allow (B) her (C) go out (D) in the evening.

30. (A) Do you know (B) Jim's brother (C) who house (D) is in your neighbourhood?

Part 3: Reading Read the passages below and choose the correct answer among A, B, C or D. 23

Coca Cola is a popular drink for people all over the world. At first, very few people drank Coca Cola, but now it is sold in more than 160 countries. More than 1,6 billion gallons are sold every year. Coca Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton in Atlanta on 8 May, 1886. However, the name Coca Cola was given by Frank Robinson, one of Dr. Pemberton's partners. Later, in 1888, the business was sold to another man, Asa Candler. He opened his first factory to produced this drink in 1895 in Dallas, Texas. Since then, a great quantity of Coca Cola has been produced there.

Since 1982, a special kind of Coca Cola has been made for overweight people diet Coke. They have used many clever advertisements to increase the amount of Coca Cola sold every year.

Besides Coca Cola, there are many other drinks of the same kind sold all over the world such as Pepsi Cola, Sp-Cola and Dr. Pepper. However, Coca Cola is the most popular. People drink Coca Cola with their meals, when they are thirsty or when they socialize with friends.

It is certain that more and more people will drink Coca Cola all over the world in this century.

31. Coca Cola was first made______ A. in the USA B. in England C. in Australia D. in Canada 32. The name Coca Cola was given to the drink by______ A. Dr. Pemberton B. Asa Candler C. Frank Robinson D. Dr. Pepper 33. Every year, people all over the world drink about______ gallons of Coca Cola.

A. 1,6 million B. 1,6 billion C. 16 million D. 16. trillion 34. Diet Coke is used for ______ people.

A. fat B. sick C. thin D. small 35. Coca Cola is_______ A. more popular than other drinks of the same kind C. as popular as Sp Cola B. less popular than other drinks of the same kind D. as not popular as other drinks of the same kind.

A YEAR IN CANADA I was born in London and had lived in cities (36)_______ most of my life. The one exception is the year I (37)_______ with my uncle in Canada. He owned (38)_______ enormous farm, miles from anywhere. Every morning, I (39)_______ to get up with the sun and help my uncle on the (40)_______ He was such a nice man, though, that I couldn't let him know how (41)_______ I was.

So you can imagine my feelings when, because of my husband's work, we (42)_______ to this small village three years ago. We arrived in the middle of January and (43)_______ was snow everywhere. The heating didn't (44)_______ and it was freezing cold. However, the welcome from our neighbours was warm and we continued to feel very much at home in the village. I have never once (45)_______ coming here.

36. A. in B. for C. to D. of 37. A. continued B. spend C. remained D. attended 24

38.

39.

40.

41.

A. an A. must A. land A. miserable

42. A. replaced 43. A. It 44. A. burn 45. A. cared Key 3

B. what B. had B. field B. unlucky

C. the C. should C. ground C. convenient

D. such D. ought D. soil D. fortune

B. moved B. that B. work B. missed

C. departed C. what C. make C. regretted

D. followed D. there D. happen D. disappointed

1. d

2. a

3. c

4. b

5. b

6. b

7. d

8. d

9. c

10. a

11. b

12. a

13. c

14. b

15. c

16. d

17. d

18. b

19. c

20. c

21. b

22. d

23. d

24. a

25. a

26. c

27. d

28. c

29. b

30. d

31. d

32. c

33. d

34. c

35. c

36. a

37. c

38. b

39. a

40. a

41. b

42. b

43. a

44. b

45. a

46. a

47. b

48. d

49. b

50. c

25

Contents: I. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs.

II. Noun clauses and relative clauses.

III. Gerund and infinitive IV. Useful Structures V. Communicative function VI. Tag questions.

I. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs.

A. Adjectives and Adverbs.

1. Adjectives: * Positions: - Adj. + N . beautiful hat.

- be/ seem/ appear/ feel/ taste/ look/ keep.... + Adj. He seems tired now.

- be/ seem/ look/ taste...+ too + Adj. - be + Adj + enough .

He is too young to drive a motorbike.

She is tall enough to play volleyball.

- be/ seem/ look/ taste/ smell/ ... + so + Adj. + that.

The story is so interesting that I can’t put it down.

- How + Adj. + S + V.

How beautiful the girl is.

Notes: Trật tự từ của tính từ: - Tính từ chỉ cảm nghĩ đứng trước tính từ miêu tả: an interesting young man.

- Đôi khi chúng ta dùng hai hay nhiều tính từ miêu tả trong một câu, thì trật tự của chúng được sắp xếp như sau: Số lượng + Chất lượng + Kích thước + Tuổi tác + Màu sắc + Xuất xứ( quốc gia)+ Chất liệu + NOUN. eg: a beautiful old French picture - Tính từ chỉ kích thước và chiều dài( big, tall, long...) thường đi trước tính từ chỉ hình dáng và chiều rộng( round, fat, wide...). eg. a long narrow street.

- Khi có hai hoặc hơn hai tính từ chỉ màu sắc,ta dùng liên từ ‘and’. eg.a red, white and green flag.

2. Adverbs: là những từ dùng để diễn tả tính cách, đặc tính, mức độ, trạng thái... và được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu. * Positions: - V(trợ động từ) + Adv. + V (thường). I have recently finished my homework.

- be/ feel/ look/ ....+ Adv + Adj. - V (thường) + too + Adv.

I feel completely interested in this book.

He studied too lazily to pass his exam.

- V(thường) + so + Adv. + that. Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident.

- S + V ( + O) + Adv.

He drives carefully.

- V (thường) + Adv. + enough.

He worked hard enough to succeed.

- Adv. cũng có thể đứng một mình ở đầu câu( hoặc giữa câu giữa hai dấu “,”) Suddenly, he heard a strange voice.

B. Degrees of comparison of Adj. and Adv. 1. Equal degree: S + V + as + Adj/ Adv + as + N/ Pronoun. eg. He is as tall as his father. / Mai is as beautiful as her mother.

26

- Có thể thay ‘as’ bằng ‘so’ trong câu phủ định. S + Be not + as/so +Adj + as N/ Pronoun.

S + do/ does not +as/so + Adv+............ eg. Your pen is not so expensive as mine.

- Có thể diễn đạt ý bằng nhau, như nhau: S + V + the same + (noun) + as +noun(pronoun). eg. My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his.

Marry is as old as Tony = Marry and Tony are the same age.

2. Comparative degree: a. Short Adjectives/ Adverbs: S + V + short Adj/Adv + er + than + Noun/ Pronoun. eg.- Today is hotter than yesterday.

- He runs faster than I do.

- Tính từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là phụ âm đơn ( trừ w, x, z) đứng trước một nguyên âm đơn thì gấp đôi phụ âm cuối + er. big-bigger - Tính từ 2 âm tiết có tận cùng là : y, le, er, ow, et + er. quieter, cleverer, narrower....

- Tính từ 2 âm tiết nhưng kết thúc bằng một phụ âm +y, đổi ‘y’ thành ‘i’ + er. happier.

- So sánh hơn có thể được nhấn mạnh bằng cách cộng thêm ‘much’ hoặc ‘far’.

S + V + far/ much + short.Adj/ Adv + er + than + noun/ pronoun. eg. Today is much hotter than yesterday. b. Long Adjectives/ Adverbs: S + V + more long Adj/ Adv + than + Noun/Pronoun. eg. This chair is more comfortable than the other.

He speaks English more fluently than I do.

- Nhấn mạnh : S + V + far/ much + more + long Adj/ Adv + than + noun/ pronoun. eg. Hoa’s watch is much/ far more expensive than mine.

He reads much more rapidly than his brother.

- So sánh kém hơn: S + V + less Adj/ Adv than noun/ pronoun. eg. My TV is less beautiful than yours.

He drives less carefully than I think.

3.Superlative degree: S + V + the + short.Adj/Adv + est + in( danh từ đếm được số ít) + the most + long Adj/ Adv + of( danh từ đếm được số nhiều) + least + Adj/ Adv eg. He is the tallest in my class.

Nga is the most inteligent of all the students.

Those shoes are the least expensive of all.

Note: Adjectives/ Adverbs

Comparative

Superlative

- good/ well

better

the best

- bad/ badly

worse

the worst

- many/ much

more

the most 27

- little

less

the least

- far

farther

the farthest(về khoảng cách)

further

the furthest( về thời gian)

nearer

the nearest(về khoảng cách)

- near

the next( về thứ tự) - late

later

the latest( về thời gian) the last( về thứ tự)

- old

older

the oldest( về tuổi tác)

elder

the eldest( về cấp bậc hơn là tuổi tác)

4. So sánh kép( double comparatives): a. Càng ngày ....... càng, mỗi lúc một...... hơn. * Với tính từ ngắn: Adj + ER and Adj + er.

The weather gets warmer and warmer

* Với tính từ dài: more and more + Adj.

She becomes more and more beautiful.

b. Càng ngày càng ít...., càng ngày càng kém....: less and less + Adj. eg. He is less and less hard-working. c. Càng .... thì càng....... * Với tính từ ngắn: The adj. + er......., the adj. + er. eg. The darker it gets, the colder it is. * Với tính từ dài: The more adj......., the more adj......... eg. The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her husband is. * Với động từ: the more...., the more...... The more you learn, the more you forget.

Note: Nhiều khi hai vế không cùng một loại tính từ dài hay ngắn nhưng có thể sử dụng lẫn lộn với nhau.( hoặc vế trước tính từ, vế sau động từ hoặc ngược lại...) eg. The more she smiles, the more graceful she is. d. Càng ít........, thì càng ít........ Càng kém....., ....thì càng kém...... * Với tính từ: The less + adj........, the less + adj. ....... eg. The less difficult the lessons are, the less hard-working the students. * Với động từ : the less....., the less.....

The less I live with him, the less I like him.

5. Những cách nói khác có tính cách so sánh. a. Other .... than........: khác. I want to read other novels than these. b. Rather than: hơn là.

We want to be poor rather than rich.

c. Had better: nên

You’d better stay at home than go fishing.

d. Had rather hoặc Would rather: thích.. ..hơn .We’d rather watch a film than read a book.

6. Danh từ cũng có thể được dùng trong so sánh: S + V + as + many/ much/ little/ few + noun +as + noun/ pronoun. hoặc

S + V + more/ fewer/ less + noun + than + noun/ pronoun. eg. He earns as much money as his brother.

I have more books than she does.

28

Exercises I. Choose the best answer 1. Of the four dresses, which is ………………..expensive?

A. the best

B. the most

C. the more

D. the greater

2. The larger the apartment is, the ................... the rent is.

A. expensive

B. more expensive

C. expensively

D. most expensive

C. the more soon

D. the sooner

3. The faster we walk,………….. we will get there.

A. the soonest

B. the soon

4. “ Why did you buy these oranges? ” “They were ……….….. I could find. ” A. cheapest

B. cheapest ones

C. the cheapest ones D. the most cheapest

5. She plays the piano …………… as she sings.

A. as beautifully

B. more beautifully

C. as beautiful D. the most beautifully

6. The streets are getting more and …………… these days.

A. crowded

B. less crowded

C. more crowded

D. most crowded

7. The larger the city is, …………… the crime rate is.

A. highest

B. higher

C. the highest

D. the higher

8. You must explain your problems …………....

A. as clear as you can

B. as clearly as you can

C. as clear than you are

D. as clearly as you are

9. Pil is ……………… person we know.

A. the happier

B. the happiest

C. happier

D. happiest

10. Which woman are you going to vote for? –I’m not sure. Everyone says that Joan is………….

A. smarter

B. the smarter

C. more smarter

D. more smart

11. Bill is ………………

A. lazier and lazier

B. more and more lazy C. lazier and more lazy D. more lazy and lazier

12. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere …………………?

A. noisier

B. more quiet

C. more noisy

D. quieter

13. ………………..the time passes, ………………….I feel ! The deadline of my thesis is coming , but I have just finished half of it.

A. The faster / the nervous

B. The more fast / the nervous

C. The fast / the more nervous

D. The faster / the more nervous

14. China is the country with…………………..population.

A. the larger

B. the more large

C. the largest

D. the most large

15. She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting……………… .Finally she exploded.

A. more and more angry

B. the more angry

C. angrier and angrier

D. the most angry

16. For ……………….., it is certain that in the future some things will be very different.

A. the better or the worse B. the good or the bad C. good or bad

D. better or worse

17. Her grandfather’s illness was…………………..we thought at first.

A. more seriously as B. as seriously as

B. more serious than

D. as serious than

18. My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed…………..usual.

29

A. more early than

B. as early as

C more earlier as

D. earlier than

19._______ you study for these exams, _______ you will do.

20.

A. The harder / the better

B. The more / the much

C. The hardest / the best

D. The more hard / the more good

His house is _______ mine.

A. twice as big as

B. as twice big as

C. as two times big as D. as big as twice

II. Choose the underlined part that needs corrections in each of the following questions.

1. Nobody is happy than Miss Snow is. ( happier) A

B

C

D

2. He needs many more sugar than I do. (much) A

B

C D

3. Does Mary feel weller today than she did yesterday? (better) A

B

C

D

4. It’s becoming hard and harder to find a job. (harder) A

B

C

D

5. The more you have, the most you want. (The more) A

B

C

D

II. Noun clauses and relative clauses.

I. Noun clauses: - Là một mệnh đề phụ làm công việc của một danh từ.

- Noun clause: được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các từ nối: That, who, what, which, where, when, how, whether.

- Khi dùng các từ nối trên, động từ trong MĐ danh ngữ chia ở thể xác định, không chia ở thể nghi vấn.

1. Noun clause làm chủ ngữ trong câu: eg. What he said was not true.

2. Noun clause làm tân ngữ trong câu: eg. I’ll tell you when he comes.

I didn’t believe what he said.

3. Noun clause làm bổ ngữ trong câu: eg. Money is what she needs.

II. Relative clauses: - Còn được gọi là Adj clause (MĐ tính ngữ) vì nó là MĐ phụ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

- MĐQH được nối với MĐ chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That hoặc các trạng từ quan hệ When, Where, Why. - Vị trí : MĐQH đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa. ** THE USES: 1.Who: - là một ĐTQH chỉ người, đứng sau danh từ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó. eg. This is the man. He is my teacher. – This is the man who is my teacher The man is my brother. He is standing overthere.- The man who is standing overthere is...

2. Whom: - là một ĐTQH chỉ người, đứng sau danh từ chỉ người làm tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó.

30

eg. The woman is my aunt. You saw her yesterday.

- The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.

- Whom : có thể được bỏ. - The woman you saw yesterday is my aunt.

3. Which: là một ĐTQH chỉ vật, đứng sau danh từ chỉ vật làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó. eg. The hat is mine. It’s on the table.

- The hat which is on the table is mine. eg. This is the book. You gave it to me yesterday.

- This is the book which you gave me yesterday.

- Which : có thể được bỏ khi nó làm tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó. eg. This is the book you gave me yesterday.

4.That: - là ĐTQH chỉ cả người và vật.

- That có thể dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which trong MĐQH xác định. eg. That is the car that he bought last month.

5.Whose: là một ĐTQH, đứng sau danh từ chỉ người và thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ. Whose cũng được dùng cho vật ( = of which). Sau Whose luôn là một danh từ. eg. The woman whose wallet was stolen yesterday is my sister.

6.When: là một trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau danh từ chỉ thời gian.

- When được dùng thay cho at / on / in + which ; then. eg. I’ll never forget the day when I met her.

That was the time when she saw the thief.

7.Where: là một trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, đứng sau danh từ chỉ nơi chốn.

Where được dùng thay cho at / on / in + which; there. eg. That is the house where we are living now.

Your home town is a place where you were you born.

8. Why: = for which - là một trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lý do, đứng sau tiền ngữ ‘ THE REASON’.

- dùng thay cho ‘ FOR THE REASON’. eg. Please tell me the reason why you are so sad.

III. Phân loại : có 2 loại relative clauses.

1.Definite clause: (MĐ xác định) - Là mệnh đề giúp ta nhận ra đặc điểm, tính chất đặc biệt của người hay vật được nói đến.Nếu ta bỏ chúng đi thì câu không đủ nghĩa hoặc không giữ được nghĩa gốc ban đầu.

- Liền ngay trước và sau mệnh đề không có dấu phẩy.

- That có thể thay cho who và which trong mệnh đề loại này. eg. -The man is my teacher He’s standing overthere.

The man who(that) is standing overthere is my teacher.

- The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday.

The book which(that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.

2.Non-defining clause: (MĐ không xác định) - Mệnh đề này chỉ giải thích thêm danh từ đứng trước nó và có thể bỏ đi mà nghĩa của câu không thay đổi.

- Liền ngay trước và sau mệnh đề có dấu phẩy.

31

- That không được sử dụng trong câu có mệnh đề loại này. eg. This hat, which my sister gave me on my birthday , is expensive.

IV. Trường hợp động từ của MĐQH có giới từ( chỉ dùng với who và which).

- Ta đặt giới từ trước MĐQH( trước who, which).

- Ta cũng có thể bỏ whom hoặc which và đặt giới từ ra sau động từ của MĐQH( chỉ áp dụng với MĐ xác định).

- Khi dùng that, ta không được chuyển giới từ lên trước mà vẫn phải để sau động từ. eg. The man is Mr. Nam. Hoa is talking to him.

The man to whom Hoa is talking is Mr. Nam. The man Hoa is talking to is Mr. Nam. The man that Hoa is talking to is Mr. Nam. •

Nếu giới từ là thành phần của động từ kép thì ta không chuyển chúng ra trước whom, which. eg. This is the book which I’m looking for.

Nếu chủ ngữ của câu là các đại từ bất định thì ta chỉ dùng That là đại từ quan hệ. eg. Everything that she said yesterday was not correct.

V. Dạng rút gọn của MĐQH: 1. MĐQH có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng hiện tại phân từ và quá khứ phân từ. a. Nếu động từ trong MĐQH ở thể chủ động, ta dùng hiện tại phân từ thay cho mđ đó(bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên dạng và thêm -ing.) eg. The girl sitting next to you is my sister.

Do you know the man breaking the window last night? b. Nếu động từ trong MĐQH ở thể bị động ta dùng quá khứ phân từ thay cho mđ đó( bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằng Vpp). eg. The books written by To Hoai are interesting.

2. MĐQH có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng‘TO- INF, or INF.PHRASE( for+O+to inf.) eg.- English is an important language which we have to master.

English is an important language to master.

- Here is a form that you must fill in.

Here is a form for you to fill in.

•

(Khi một MĐ tính ngữ mà trước nó là một MĐ thì đó là MĐ không xác định.)

Exercise Choose the best answer 1. Sunday is the day..........I go to Water park with my kids.

A. when

B. where

C. why

D. which

2. That was the reason..........he didn't marry her.

A. when

B. where

C. why

D. which

3. An architect is someone..........deigns buildings.

A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. whose

C. which

D. that

4. The boy to..........I lent my money is poor.

A. who

B. whom

5. The land and the people..........I have met are nice.

32

A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. that

C. whom

D. whose

6. I can answer the question ..........you say is very difficult.

A. which

B. who

7. This is the place..........the battle took place ten years ago.

A. which

B. in where

C. where

D. from where

8. Saturday is the day..........which we usually go fishing.

A. during

B. at

C. in

D. on

9. This is the last time..........I speak to you.

A. of which

B. whose

C. that

D. which

10. He talked about the books and the authors..........interested him.

A. who

B. that

C. which

D. whom

C. which

D. why

11. Bondi is the beautiful beach..........I used to sunbathe.

A. when

B. where

12. Dec 26th, 05 was the day..........the terrible tsunami happened.

A. when

B. where

C. which

D. why

C. which

D. whose

C. which

D. whose

C. which

D. whose

C. which

D. whose

C. which

D. at which

13. The woman..........lives next my door is doctor.

A. who

B. whom

14. The boy..........Mary likes is my son.

A. who

B. whom

15. The boy..........eyes are brown is my son.

A. who

B. whom

16. The table..........legs are broken should be repaired.

A. who

B. whom

17. The town..........we are living is noisy and crowded A. where

B. in where

18. The year..........we came to live here was 1997 A. when

B. which

C. that

D. in the time

19. The worker..........house is next to mine died this morning.

A. whose

B. whom

C. which

D. whose

20. The lady..........son went on a picnic with us last weekend is a teacher at our school.

A. who

B. whom

C. whose

D. that

21. Take..........measures you consider best.

A. whatever

B. however

C. whenever

D. wherever

22. ..........difficulties you may encounter, I'm sure you'll succeed.

A. how

B. whatever

C. however

D. how great

23. He is the only friend..........I like.

A. who

B. whom

C. that

D. whose

24. I didn't get the job..........which I applied.

A. in

B. on

C. at

D. for 33

25. The man..........whom she is married has been married twice before.

A. in

B. on

C. at

D. to

26. I wasn't interested in the things..........which they were talking.

A. in

B. on

C. at

D. about

C. at

D. for

C. at

D. to

27. The bed..........which I slept was too soft.

A. in

B. on

28. The party..........which we went wasn't very enjoyable.

A. in

B. on

29. The flight..........which we wanted to travel was fully booked.

A. in

B. on

C. at

D. for

C. whose

D. that

30. She is the most beautiful girl..........ever lived.

A. who

B. whom

31. The decision was postponed,..........was exactly what he wanted.

A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. that

32. All the people..........have gone into the room are still young.

A. who

B. whom

C. whose

D. that

C. which

D. that

33. Jack has three brothers, all of..........are married.

A. who

B. whom

34. They gave us a lot of information, most of..........was useless.

A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. that

35. There were a lot of people at the party, only a few of..........I had met before.

A. who

B. whom

C. them

D. that

C. which

D. that

36. I have sent him two letters, neither of..........has arrived.

A. who

B. them

37. John won $,600, half of..........he gave to his parents.

A. whom

B. which

C. that

D. it

38. Ten people applied for the job, none of..........were suitable.

A. who

B. whom

C. them

D. that

39. Jill isn't on the phone,..........makes it difficult to contact her.

A. which

B. that

C. who

D. it

40. Bod is the kind of person to..........one can talk about anything.

A. who

B. whom

C. that

D. him

C. his

D. that

41. He is a person..........friends trust him.

A. who

B. whose

42. Your career should focus on a field in................you are genuinely interested.

A. which

B. what

C. that

D. why

43. People..........outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.

A. whose

B. whom

C. that

D. which

C. this

D. it

45. They said they didn't have any money,..........was a pity.

A. which

B. that

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46. I haven't got a passport...........means I can't leave my country.

A. which

B. that

C. this

D. it

47. The part of town where I live is very noisy at night,..........makes it difficult to sleep.

A. which

B. where

C. that

D. this

C. on which

D. that

48. That is the place..........the accident occurred.

A. where

B. which

49. The boys ……………. tennis over there are my new neighbor.

A. who plays

B. playing

C. that playing

D. are playing

50. He read the Old Man and The Sea, a novel ………….by Ernest Hemingway.

A. written

B. which written

C. writing

D. that wrote

III. Gerund and infinitive A. Gerund Danh ñoäng töø coù caáu truùc gioáng nhö hieän taïi phaân töø ( töùc laø ñoäng töø theâm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying…

Danh ñoäng töø, nhö teân goïi, laø ñoäng töø duøng nhö danh töø. Danh ñoäng töø chuû yeáu ñöùng ôû vò trí, vaø thöïc hieän chöùc naêng, cuûa moät danh töø trong caâu. Noù thöôøng ñöôïc : 1/ Duøng laøm S : (subject) - Swimming is good for our health.

- Being friendly will bring you friends.

2/ Duøng laøm O : (object of a verb) - These boys like swimming.

- My brother practises speaking English every day.

3/ Duøng laøm boå ngöõ cho S : (subject complement) - My hobby is swimming.

- Seeing is believing.

4/ Duøng laøm O cho giôùi töø : (object of a preposition) - He is fond of swimming.

- She is interested in learning English.

5/ Duøng trong caâu ngaên caám ngaén (short prohibition) hoaëc ñeå thaønh laäp danh töø keùp (compound noun) - No smoking.

- No talking, please.

- a swimming pool.

- a dining room.

- a washing machine.

6/ Duøng sau tính töø sôû höõu : - Please forgive my coming late.

- His driving carelessly often causes accidents.

7/ Duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø vaø moät soá caùch dieãn ñaït nhaát ñònh nhö : admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, 35

postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no…

- We enjoy listening to music.

- I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes.

B. Infinitive Ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu thöôøng coù giôùi töø to ñöùng tröôùc (to do, to learn, to help, to advise…) vaø ñöôïc duøng trong nhöõng tröôøng hôïp sau : 1/ Laøm S,O hoaëc boå ngöõ (complement) trong caâu : - To conceal the truth from her was foolish.

- He wanted to become a spaceman.

- What he asked for is to be left alone.

2/ Laøm tính töø boå nghóa cho danh töø : - He was the first man to leave the room.

- English is an important language to master.

3/ Laøm traïng töø dieãn taû caùc noäi dung sau : * Muïc ñích cuûa haønh ñoäng.

- He went to the station to meet her.

- He bought a dictionary to study English. * Keát quaû, haäu quaû. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv) - She is too tired to go for a walk.

- The box was too heavy for her to carry. * Hieäu quaû. (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH) - I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box.

- He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi.

4/ Duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø nhaát ñònh nhö : afford, agree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like…

- They promised to come back soon.

- He can’t afford to take a taxi. …vaø duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø coù O (verb + obj + to inf) nhö : advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn…

- They don’t allow us to smoke in the office.

- I taught myself to play the guitar. + Chuù yù : Moät soá ñoäng töø coù theå theo sau bôûi danh ñoäng töø hoaëc ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu nhöng coù söï khaùc bieät veà nghóa trong caâu. (*) Remember + gerund : nhôù laïi vieäc ñaõ thöïc hieän.

- I remember posting the letter.

Remember + to infinitive : nhôù ñeå thöïc hieän.

- I remember to post the letter. (*) Stop + gerund : ngöng thöïc hieän vieäc ñang laøm.

36

- She stopped mending the dress.

Stop + to infinitive : ngöng laøm moät vieäc gì khaùc ñeå laøm vieäc naøy.

- He stopped to have a drink. (*) Try + gerund : thöû laøm vieäc gì .

- I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better.

Try + to infinitive : coá gaéng laøm vieäc gì.

- They tried to work as hard as they could. (*) Mean + gerund : mang yù nghóa.

- Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year.

Mean + to infinitive : döï ñònh laøm vieäc gì.

- He means to take the coming exam. (*) Forget + gerund : queân ñieàu gì ñaõ xaûy ra.

- I forgot telling her this story.

Forget + to infinitive : queân laøm ñieàu gì.

- I forgot to tell her about this. (*) Regret + gerund : hoái tieác vieäc ñaõ xaûy ra.

- She regrets going to a village school.

- The party was great. He regretted not to go there.

Regret + to infinitive :Lấy laøm tieác phảiõ laøm vieäc gì.

- I regret to say that she can’t come tonight C. Bare Infinitive Ñaây laø ñoäng töø nguyeân theå khoâng ñi keøm vôùi to (infinitive without to) vaø ñöôïc söû duïng trong caùc tröôøng hôïp sau : 1/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø khieám khuyeát (Modal verbs) nhö : can, could, may, might, must, ought to…

- You may go now.

- They must finish the work by now.

2/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP… - I helped the child tidy his desk.

- He had a painter paint the gate.

- They let him enter the room without a ticket.

- My parents make me go to bed early.

3/ Duøng sau BUT, EXCEPT vôùi nghóa “ngoaïi tröø” - Why don’t you do anything but complain?

- She agreed to do everything but help him with the homework.

4/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø chæ giaùc quan nhö : see, watch, hear, notice, observe, spot…

- We heard them sing all morning.

- He saw the thief enter the hall.

37

Chuù yù : nhö ta ñaõ bieát hieän taïi phaân töø (present participle) coù theå ñöôïc duøng cho caùc ñoäng töø treân ñeå dieãn tả haønh ñoäng ñang tieáp dieãn. Coøn ñoäng töø nguyeân theå duøng trong tröôøng hôïp naøy chæ haønh ñoäng ñaõ hoaøn taát.

- I watched them playing football for a while. (traän ñaáu vaãn ñang tieáp dieãn) - I watched them play football yesterday afternoon. (xem toaøn boä traän ñaáu)

Exercise GERUND Choose the best answer 1. I’m worried _______ my final exam in statistics.

A. about falling

B. to fall

C. with falling

D. to fallure

2. ________ the scholarship really surprised me .

A. Mike got

C. Mike’s getting

B. Mike getting

D. Mike gets

3. Many northerners look forward _______ a garden in the spring .

A. to plant

B. to planting

C. with planting

D. to planting of

4. “May I have a word with you ,Mrs. Adam ? ” – “ Is this in regard ______ late yesterday ?”

A. of you coming

B. to you coming

C. to your coming

D. of your coming

5. Who is responsible _______ the garbage – the husband of the wife ?

A. to take out B. for take out

C. for taking out

D. with taking out

6. I think ________ at the train station will surprise Aunt Kate .

A. your being

B. you are

C. you being

D. you to be

7. “ How do I turn on the T.V ? ” – “ _____ the button at the right .”

A. From pushing

B. By pushing

C. You pushing

D. To push

8. “It’s difficult to make money as an artist .”

– “ Have you considered _______ a course in business for artists ?”

A. To take

B. about taking

C. your taking

D. taking

C. of working

D. about working

9. “ Why have you decided to go back to school ” – “ I’m tired _______ as a secretary .”

A. for work

B. to work

10. “ We were opponents of the political regime in our country.” “ And that led to ____ to the United States thirty – five years ago .”

A. us coming

B. our coming

C. come

D. us to come

11. “ How do you like American food ?”

– “ Well, it’s not bad . Now I _______ hamburgers .”

A. used to eat

B. am used to eat C. used to eating

D. am used to eating

12. We insisted ___________ by the manager .

A. to be seen

B. to see

C. on being seen

D. on seeing

13. _______ for director must have surprised you .

A. Your being nominated

B. You nominated

C. Your nominating

D. You’re being nominated

14. “ What are you reading ?”

– “ It’s a magazine article ______ your own furniture .”

38

A. to make it

B. about make

C. about making D. for make

15. ______ a foreign language well is a long process.

A. Learn

B. Learning

C. To learning

D. Having learned

16. What do you enjoy _______ in your free time ?

A. doing

B. do

C. to do

D. done

17. You can’t go to England without _________ to Bucking ham Palace .

A. go

B. being gone C. to go

D. going

18. Would you mind not ___________ ?

A. to be smoking

B. to smoke

C. smoking

D. smoke

C. being rob

D. be robbing

19. She was worried about ________ by thieves.

A. being robbed

B. robbing

20. You can’t stop me from _____ what I want.

A. doing

B. do

C. to do

D. that I do

GERUND AND INFINITIVE 1. I can’t afford _______ you any more money .

A. borrowing

B. to borrow

C. to lend

D. my lending

2. The teacher encouraged _______ good compositions .

A. us write

B. us to write

c. us writing

d. us to writing

3. “ Stacey seems like a bright student .”

- “ She’s always the first ________ her work.”

A. to finish

B. finishing

C. to being finished with

D. to be finish with

4. Please ask the restaurant clientele ________ in the no smoking area .

A. don’t smoke

B. not to smoke

C. not smoking

D. don’t to smoke

5. “Why have you given up your job ? ” – “ ______ on my present salary is impossible .”

A. For me to live

B. To live for me

C. Me living

D. I live

6. “What’s wrong with Henry ? ” – “ He needs __________” A. cheer up

B. to be cheer up

C. cheering up

D. to cheered up

7. “Why are you mad ?” – “ I dislike ________ by my first name .”

A. you call

B. you to call me

C. your calling me D. you call me

8. “ Which baseball team do you support ?”

– “ We’d like ________” A. the Tigers win

B. That the Tigers win C. the Tigers will win D. the Tigers to win

9. “ May I help you ?”

– “ Yes , I need someone _______ the tire on my car .”

A. change

B. to change

C. changing

D. to be changed

10. “I heard Fred is going to work for the ambassader . ” – “ Yes , he was lucky _______ such a good job.”

A. to give

B. about getting C. to be given

D. to be giving

11. Can you get the teacher ______ us less homework ?

A. give

B. giving

C. to give

D. her giving 39

12. “ Mary hasn’t been feeling well lately .”

– “ Yes, we want _________ by a doctor .”

A. him to examine

B. that he be examined

C. him to be examined

D. he is examined

13. “ How did you travel so cheaply in Europe ? ” – “ We reduced our expenses by taking the train and _____ in inexpensive restaurants . ” A. eat

B. to eat

C. eating

D. ate

14. “ Your homemade ice cream is so good . What’s your secret ?”

– “ _____ good ice cream, you need to use a lot of cream .”

A. For make

B. to make

C. Making

D. Make

15. “ I’d like to go bowling tonight .” “ Don’t forget we’ve already made plans _______ to dinner at the Caihouns’ ” A. to go

B. going

C. for go

D.go

16. “ Why are you mad , Katherine ?” – “ That traffic jam _____ be late .”

A. made us

B. caused us C. had us to

D. forced us

17. “ My mother says I can’t marry Jim” – “ She should let ______ your own mind.”

A. you make up B. that you make up C. you to make up D. you making up 18. I can’t open the top of this apple juice .“ – “ ________ it.”

A. Mark have to do B. Make Mark to do

C. Have Mark do

D. Have Mark done

19. I can hear a cat ______ at the widow .

A. scratching

B. scratches

C. to scrath

D. was scratching

20. “ Why do the police want to talk to you ?”

– “ Because we saw the money _____ last night.”

A. stealing

B. been stolen

C. stole

D. stolen

IV. Useful Structures 1. It’s/ was + S + that + Predicate : ChÝnh…... mµ….... eg. Smoking causes lung cancer. – It’s smoking that causes lung cancer.

My sister gave me a computer on my birthday.- It was my sister that gave gave me a computer on my birthday 2.It’s + Adj + for somebody + to infi. = To infi. + be + Adj. = Ving + be + Adj. eg.It’s difficult for me to learn Russian. = To learn Russian is difficult. = Learning Russian is difficult.

It’s not easy to speak English perfectly. = To speak English perfectly is not easy.

3. It’s/ was possible/ impossible for somebody to infi. = S + be + possible/ impossible + to infi.

40

eg. It’s impossible for us to finish the long test on time. = We’re impossible to finish the long test on time.

4. It takes/ took/ will take + Smb + time + to infi. = S + spend/ spent/ will spend + time + Ving. eg. It takes me 30 minutes to cook dinner. = I spend 30 minutes cooking dinner.

5. S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known …..+ that + clause. = S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known…... to infi./ to have + Vpp. eg. It’s said that the earth is round. = The earth is said to be round.

6. It’s likely that + clause (will): cã thÓ eg. It’s likely that man will conque nature.

7. – S + used to + V → (ñaõ töøng…) chæ moät thoùi quen ôû quaù khöù eg. I used to cry when I was a child.

- S + use smt + to V. Sử dụng cái gì để làm gì eg. I use a dictionary to look up the meaning of words.

- S + be/ get used to + Ving. → (quen vôùi…) töông đương vôùi Be accustomed to 8. Had better + (not) + to V : nªn, kh«ng nªn lµm g× eg. You had better get up early and do morning exercises.

He’d better not smoke cigarettes.

9. Would rather + do smt than + do smt. ThÝch lµm viÖc g× h¬n viÖc g× = Prefer doing smt to doing smt/( prefer N to N). eg. I’d rather stay at home than go out. = I prefer staying at home to going out.

I prefer films to books.

10. Phrases and clauses of purpose.( Côm tõ vµ mÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých) a. Phrases of purpose: - NÕu muèn diÔn t¶ môc ®Ých kh¼ng ®Þnh ta dïng: * to infinitive * in order to/ so as to + V .( ®Ó mµ) eg. They try to study to pass their next exam.

They try to study in order to pass their exam - NÕu muèn diÔn t¶ môc ®Ých phñ ®Þnh ta dïng: so as not to, in order not to. eg. They study hard so as not to fail the exam.

I got up early in order not to miss the train. b. Clauses of purpose( Adverbial clauses of purpose) S + V + so that/ in order that + S + will/ would + V (M§ chÝnh)

can/ could may/ might ( M§ tr¹ng ng÷ chØ môc ®Ých)

eg. I try to study so that I can pass the exam.

I try to learn English in order that I can find a good job.

Note: NÕu chñ ng÷ cña M§ chÝnh vµ M§ chØ môc ®Ých kh¸c nhau ta kh«ng dïng Phrases of purpose.

41

c. Adverb clause of reason Mệnh đề chỉ lí do là những mệnh đề phụ bắt đầu với liên từ ( conjunction) chỉ lí do như: because of, because, since, as. Thông thường because, since và as có thể dùng thay thế cho nhau và mệnh đề chỉ lí do có thể đứng trước hay sau mệnh đề chính. Tuy nhiên because được sử dụng khi lí do nêu ra là phần quan trọng nhất trong câu, và thường đi sau mẹnh đề chính. Trái lại, since và as được dùng khi lí do nêu ra không quan trọng và không được chú trọng bằng ý diễn đạt ở mệnh đề chính. since và as thường được đặt ở đầu câu.

She looked after the others because she was the oldest.

As we live near the sea we enjoy a healthy climate.

Since she was busy, she didn’t go to the party.

Because, since, as là những liên từ phụ thuộc chỉ lí do. Người ta còn có liên từ kết hợp for để chỉ lí do. For không đứng đầu câu.

I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.

BECAUSE + Clause

→ (bôûi vì…) giôùi thieäu meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ nguyeân do

- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill.

- Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off.

BECAUSE OF + Phrase → (bôûi vì…) duøng cuïm töø hoaëc danh töø sau because of (preposition) - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness.

- Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off.

11. Phrases and clauses of result. a. Phrases of result: * TOO ( qu¸ …... kh«ng thÓ).

S + be/get/ look/ seem/ become…+ too + Adj +(for O)+ to infi.

S + V ( th-êng)

+ too + Adv +(for O)+ to infi.

eg. This coffee is too hot for me to drink.

He runs too slowly to catch the bus. * ENOUGH ( ®ñ…....®Ó cã thÓ).

S + be + Adj + enough ( for O) + to infi.

S + V ( th-êng) + Adv + enough ( for O) + to infi. eg. He’s intelligent enough to get good marks.

They speak slowly enough to understand. b. Clauses of result: * SO…..... THAT(qu¸ …......... ®Õn nçi).

S + be/ look/ seem/ smell/ taste/ feel….... + so +Adj + that + S + V. ( Main clause)

( Adverbial clause of result)

S + V ( th-êng) + so + adv + that + S + V. eg. It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.

The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.

- NÕu tr­íc ‘SO’ cã ‘ MANY, MUCH, FEW, LITTLE’ th× ta dïng cÊu tróc: S + V + so +many/ few + plural count. N + that + S + V. eg. There are so many people in the room that I feel tired.

S + V + so much/ little + uncount.N + that + S + V. eg. He spent so much money in his holiday that he runs out of money now. * SUCH …........... THAT: (qu¸ …......... ®Õn nçi).

S + V + such a/ an + Adj + N + that + S + V. 42

eg. It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home.

He is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him.

12. It’s time/ It’s high time ( ®· tíi lóc mµ mét viÖc nªn ®-îc lµm ngay). a. Followed by past tense with present meaning: It’s time

+ S + Ved ( be- were).- past subjunctive.

It’s high time eg. It’s time we went home. b. Followed by infi. – It’s time + ( for + O) + to Infi.

It’s high time + S + Ved eg. It’s time for her to go to bed =It’s high time she went to bed 13. Clauses after Would rather( mong muèn r»ng). a. Mong muèn ë t-¬ng lai: S + would rather ( that) + S ( not) + V bare infi. eg. I’d rather (that) you not call me tomorrow.

I’d rather (that) she be here tomorrow. b. Mong muèn ë hiÖn t¹i( tr¸i víi thùc tÕ, kh«ng cã thËt).

S + would rather (that) + S + V past subjunctive. eg. I’d rather the weather were fine today.

Nam’d rather (that) his girlfriend worked in the same office as he does. c. Mong muèn ë qu¸ khø : ( tr¸i víi thùc tÕ, kh«ng cã thËt).

S + would rather (that) + S + V past perfect subjunctive. eg. John would rather (that) Marry had gone to school yesterday.

Exercise Choose the best option 1. The weather was very cold. They couldn’t go out.

A. The weather was very cold and that they couldn’t go out.

B. The weather was so cold that they couldn’t go out.

C. The weather was not so cold they couldn’t go out.

D. The weather was very cold they couldn’t go out.

2. My teacher lives far from our school.

A. It’s a short distance from my teacher’s house to our school.

B. It’s a long distance from my teacher’s house to our school.

C. My teacher’s house is near our school.

D. My teacher lives near our school.

3. The water was so cold that we couldn’t swim in it.

A. The water was too cold for us to swim in it.

B. The water was very cold for us to swim in.

C. The water wasn’t warm enough that we couldn’t swim in it.

D. The water was too cold for us to swim in.

4. Although there was a traffic jam, Mr. David managed to get to his office on time.

A. Despite traffic jam, Mr. David managed to get to his office on time.

B. In spite traffic jam, Mr. David managed to his office on time.

43

C. Despite of the traffic jam, Mr. David managed to his office on time.

D. In spite of the traffic jam, Mr. David managed to get to his office on time.

5. John began playing the organ five years ago.

A. John has been playing the organ five years ago.

B. John has played the organ for five years.

C. John has been playing the organ for five years .

D. John used to play the organ five years ago.

6. She can’t have any more children because of her old age.

A. She isn’t young enough to have more children.

B. She isn’t young to have more children.

C. She isn’t so young that to have more children.

D. She is too old that to have more children.

7. I like watching TV more than listening to the radio.

A. I prefer watching TV to listening to the radio.

B. I prefer watching TV than listening to the radio.

C. I’d better watching TV to listening to the radio.

D. I’d better watch TV to listening to the radio.

8. Unless you keep your feet dry, you will catch a cold.

A. You won’t catch a cold even if you don’t keep your feet dry.

B. You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry.

C. You will catch a cold if you keep your feet dry.

D. Unless you keep your feet wet, you won’t catch a cold.

9. Parents always make their children wash their hands before meals.

A. Children are always made to wash their hands before meals.

B. Children are always made wash their hands before meals.

C. Parents always allow their children to wash their hands before meals.

D. Parents always let their children wash their hands before meals.

10. In spite of heavy rain, my brother went to work.

A. In spite it rained heavily, my brother went to work.

B. Although it rained heavily, my brother went to work.

C. Despite it rained heavily, my brother went to work.

D. Although of heavy rain, my brother went to work.

11. They think that the owner of the house has gone abroad.

A.The owner of the house is thought to go abroad.

B.The owner of the house is thought to have been going abroad.

C.The owner of the house is thought to have been gone abroad.

D.The owner of the house is thought to have gone abroad.

12

They cancelled all flights because of fog.

A. All flights were cancelled because of fog.

B. All flights because of fog were cancelled.

C. All flights were because of fog cancelled.

44

D. All flights were cancelled by them because of fog.

13. Because they made too many mistakes, they failed in the exam A. They made very many mistakes that they failed in the exam B. They made too many mistake for them to fail in the exam C. They made so many mistakes that they failed in the exam D. They made such many mistakes that they failed in the exam

V. Communicative function 1. CÁC MẪU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP MÌNH: Đề nghị

Trả lời đồng ý

Trả lời không đồng ý

- V0 …........., please.

- Certainly – Of course - Sure

I’m sorry. (I’m busy )

- Can you / Could you + V0….......

- No problem

I’m afraid I can’t/ couldn’t

- Would you please + V0…........

- What can I do for you?

- Will you + V0.

- How can I help you?

- I wonder if you’d/ could + V0.

- Would / Do you mind Ving….....

- No I don’t mind.

- I’m sorry, I can’t.

- No, of course not. – Not at all.

2. CÁC MẪU MÌNH MUỐN GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC:

Trả lời đồng ý

Trả lời không đồng ý

-Shall I…

-Yes. Thank you

No. Thank you

- Would you like me to …

-That’s very kind of you.

-Do you want me to …

Yes, please.

No, thank you. I can manage.

- What can I do for you ?

Oh, would you really?

Thanks a lot.

No, there’s no need. But thanks all the same.

- May I help you ?

Well, that’s very kind of you, but I think I can manage, thanks.

- Do you need any help?

- Let me help you.

- Can I help you ?

3. CÁC MẪU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC:

Trả lời đồng ý - May I ….? - Can I …..?

Could I

- Certainly – Of course

-May I go out ?

- Yes, by all means

- Please do – Please go ahead

Trả lời không đồng ý

- I’d rather you didn’t

-Do you think I could …

- I’d prefer You didn’t

-I wonder if I could …

-No, I’m afraid you can’t

-Is it all right if I …

-I’m sorry, but you can’t.

- Would you mind if I + QKĐ

- No, of course not.

- Would you mind if I smoked ?

- Not at all.

45

- Do you mind if I + HTĐ.

Do you mind if I smoke ?

- Please do - Please go ahead

4. CÁC MẪU CÂU RỦ, GỢI Ý LÀM GÌ : Trả lời đồng ý

Trả lời không đồng ý

1. Yes, I think that’s a good idea.

1. Shall I / we… (do)?

2. Let’s… (do).

3. Why don’t I / we… (do)?

5. What about… (doing)?

2. That’s probably the best option.

6. I think we should… (do).

3. Sure, why not? No, let’s not.

7. I suggest that we… (do).

4. Yes, definitely.

4. How about… (doing)?

8. It might be a good idea if we / you… (do).

5. By all means.

9. I think the best way of dealing with this situation would be to… (do).

6. Good idea

10. If you ask me, I think we / you should/ could…V (do).

5. CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN: Trả lời - Thank you. – Thank you very much.

- You’re welcome. – That’s all right.

- Thanks a lot. – Thanks a lot for ….

- Not at all.

– It’s my pleasure

6. CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại khi nghe không rõ: - Pardon? ( chữ này thông dụng các em cần nhớ) - Please say that again.

- Could you repeat that?

7. CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI: a) Mời ăn uống:

- Would you like + món ăn/uống

Ví dụ:

Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn uống trà)

Đáp lại:

- Yes, please. / - No, thanks.

b) Mời đi đâu: Ví dụ:

- Would you like + to inf.

- Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mời bạn đi xem phim với tôi) - Would you like to go to the party? ( mời bạn đi dự tiệc)

8. CÁC MẪU CÂU CẢNH BÁO : Don’t move!

Mind you head!

Watch out!

Look out!

Be careful!

Take care!

9. CÁC MẪU CÂU CHUNG : Showing interest (Thể hiện sự quan tâm)

1. Uh-huh! interesting!

3. Right!

3. Really?

4. That’s

5. And? happened next?

6. What then?

7. Oh?

8. What

46

Showing that you’re listening

1. Now, you mentioned…

2. So, that’s how…?

3. Yes, I was going to ask you about that… an example of…?

4. Could you give me / us

(Thể hiện bạn đang lắng nghe)

5. Could you explain in more detail…?

Thanking and responding

1. Many thanks.

2. Thanks a lot.

3. Cheers!

4. That’s very kind of you. all.

5. Thank you very much

6. Not at

7. It’s a pleasure. / My pleasure. mention it.

8. You’re welcome.

( Cảm ơn và đáp lại lời cảm ơn )

10. Any time.

9. Don’t

11. That’s OK / all right.

12. I’m glad to have been of some help

Apologizing ( Xin lỗi )

Accepting an apology ( Chấp nhận lời xin lỗi)

Giving instructions ( Đưa ra lời hướng dẫn )

1. Sorry very/awfully/so/extremely sorry.

2. I’m

3. Excuse me.

4. Sorry, (it was) my fault.

5. I do apologize.

6. Please accept my apologies

1. That’s all right/OK.

2. Not to worry.

3. That’s quite/perfectly all right. apologize.

4. No reason/need to

5. Don’t worry about it

1. Make sure…

2. Remember… (to do).

3. Be careful… (not to do).

4. Don’t forget… (to do)

5. Giving directions

6. Go straight on.

7. Take the first/second on the left / right.

8. Turn left / right.

9. Go along… as far as… tram.

10. Take the number 7 bus /

11. Get off (the bus / tram) at… (place).

12. Carry on until you see…

13. Look out for..

Checking someone has understood ( K.tra xem ai đã hiểu hay chưa)

1. Are you with me?

2. Did you follow that?

3. Have you got that?

4. Is everything clear so far?

5. Does that seem to make sense

Exercise Choose the best option 1. Tom: “How do you do?” – Jerry: “………………….”

A. yes, OK

B. Not too bad

C. How do you do?

D. I’m well 47

2. A: “Bye!” – B: “ ………”

A. See you lately

B. See you later

C. Thank you

D. Meet you again

3. A: “ I’ve passed my exam.” - B: “………………….”

A. Good luck

B. It’s nice of you to say so

C. That’s a good idea.

D. Congratulations!

4. A: “ Would you like to have dinner with me?” B: “ …………”

A. Yes, I’d love to

B. I’m very happy

C. Yes, It is

D. Yes, so do I

5. Peter: “ I enjoy listening to pop music.” Mary: “………………..”

A. I’m, too

B. I don’t

C. Neither do I

D. So am I

6. Ann: “ Are you going to visit Britain next month?” Kim: “Yes,……………..”

A. I am

B. I do

C. I like

D. I going

7. Bob: “ James is a very brave man.” David: “ Yes, I wish …………..his courage.”

A. had

B. will have

C. have had

D. have

8. David: “ You’ve got a beautiful dress!” Helen: “ …………..”

A. I do

B. Thanks for your compliment

C. You too

D. OK

9. Sue: “ I love pop music” Alice: “ ………………”

A. I do, too

B. No, I won’t

C. Yes, I like it

D. Neither do I

10. Ann: “ What do you usually do on Sunday?” Mary: “ …………….”

A. I used to drive to work

B. I’d be sleeping all day

C. I’m not doing anything

D. I usually sleep until noon.

11. Jack: “ I’ve got to go, Sarah. So long.” So long, Jack. And ……………”

A. be careful

B. don’t hurry

C. take care

D. don’t take it

12. Mary: “ That’s a very nice skirt you are wearing.” Julia: “ …………..”

A. That’s nice

C. That’s all right

B. I like it

D. I’m glad you like it

13. David: “ Happy Christmas!” Jason: “ …………..”

A. You are the same! B. Same for you! C. The same to you 14. Tom: “ …………………..?”

D. Happy Christmas.

Jerry: “ Once a week”

A. How often do you go shopping

B. How much do you want

C. Are you sure

D. When will you get there

15. Peter: “ Sorry, I’m late.” Mary: “ ………….”

A. OK

B. Don’t worry

C. Hold the line please

D. Go ahead

16. Davis: “ Good morning. My name is Davis. I have a reservation.” Andy: “…………”

A. What do you want?

B. Yes, a single room for two nights?

C. I haven’t decided yet. What about you?

D. What do you like?

17. Mary: “ I’ve got an interview for a job tomorrow.” – Peter: “ ………..”

A. Thank you

B. Same to you

C. Good luck

D. See you

18. A: “Thank you for the lovely present.” – B: “ ……………..”

A. Go ahead

B. Not at all

C. come on

D. I’m pleased you like it

19. A: Are you coming on Saturday? – B: ……………..

A. I’m afraid not

B. I’m afraid not to

C. I’m afraid to

D. I’m afraid I don’t 48

20. A: ………… do they travel abroad? – B: Once a year.

A. When

B. How

C. What time

D. How often

21. A: Do you think you’ll get the job? – B: ………….

A. I know so

B. Well, I hope so

C. I think so

D. Yes, that’s right

22. A: I’m getting married next week. – B: …………….

A. Thanks, the same to you

B. Congratulations!

C. Well done D. Sorry to hear that

23. A: How’s life? – B: ………………

A. Sure

B. Not too bad

C. Fine, thanks

D. Pleased to meet you.

24. A: Excuse me, what’s the time? – B: Sorry, I ………………

A. don’t see

B. don’t have a watch C. won’t know

D. know

25.”Have a nice weekend.”-“…”

A. You are the same B. The same to you

C. so do I

D. Will you?

26.Would you mind if I smoke? -……..

A. Never mind

B. Yes, please don’t C. Not at all

D. Yes, please do

27.Excuse me, is anybody sitting here?- …….

A. No,thanks B. Yes, I’m so glad C. Sorry, the seat is taken D. Yes, Yes you can sit here 28.Shall we start now?-…….

A. Yes,we are

B. Yes, let’s

C. Of course not

D. No, no

29.Your desk-mate failed in the oral test? –“…..........”

A. I’m sorry to hear that

C. Oh, I know

B. In which respect

D. It’s hard for me to express myself in English

30. A: Thank you for a lovely evening? – B: ………………

A. Don’t mention it

B. I’m glad you enjoyed it

C. Yes, I’d like that

D. Yes, that would be very nice

VI.Tag questions.

Câu hỏi đuôi là phần câu hỏi thêm vào sau một câu thường ở trước đó. Câu hỏi đuôi dùng để xác nhận ý nêu ra ở câu trước đó vá người hỏi thường dự kiến trước một câu trả lời đồng ý.

PhÇn c©u th-êng ë phÝa tr-íc

PhÇn c©u hái ®u«i

C©u ®¸p l¹i ®-îc sù kiÖn

Mary is here,

isn’t she ?

Yes, she is.

Mary won’t be absent,

will she ?

No, she won’t.

She looks happy,

doesn’t she ?

Yes she does.

You don’t work hard,

do you ?

No, I don’t.

I’m all right now,

aren’t I ?

Yes , you are.

There is a meeting today,

isn’t there ?

Yes, there is.

This is a book,

isn’t it ?

Yes, it is.

Those aren’t your books,

are they ?

No, they aren’t.

Everyone is ready,

Aren’t they ?

No, they aren’t.

49

Somebody has come,

Haven’t they ?

Yes, they have.

Everything was cheap then,

Wasn’t it ?

Yes, it was.

No one came late,

Did they ?

No , no one did.

Nothing has gone wrong,

Has it ?

No, nothing has

Let’s go out,

Shall we ?

Yes let’s.

Sit down,

Won’t you/ will you ?

Yes , I will.

Don’t look at your book,

Will you ?

No, I won’t.

He ought to practise more regularly,

Shouldn’t he ?

Yes, he should.

Not a single word

wasn;t it?

Exercise Cirle the best option to complete each sentence: 1. She’s finished the course, _________?

A. isn’t she

B. doesn’t she

C. didn’t she

D. hasn’t she

C. will we

D. shall we

2. Let’s go out for dinner, _________?

A. do we

B. don’t we

3. You’ve never had a girlfriend before, _________ you?

A. haven’t

B. have

C. had

D. hadn’t

4. You have tea for breakfast, _________ you?

A. didn’t

B. haven’t

C. don’t

D. won’t

5. You stopped at the traffic lights, _________ you?

A. don’t

B. do

C. did

D. didn’t

6. Many young people want to work for a humanitarian organization, _________ ?

A. doesn’t it

B. does it

C. didn’t they

D. don’t they

C. did you

D. will you

7. You haven’t met each other, _________?

A. have you

B. do you

8. John gave you the book yesterday, _________?

A did he

B. didn’t he

C. did John

D. didn’t it

9. You don’t know where she is, _________?

A. don’t you

B. do you

C. isn’t she

D. is she

C. do you

D. don’t you

10. You can speak English, _________ ?

A. can’t you

B. can you

Nội dung: 1: Reported speech 2: Article 50

3: Preppositions

PART I: REPORTED SPEECH We use direct speech ( sentence in quotation marks) when we repeat someone’s word and indirect speech when we use our own words to report what someone says.

Example: Direct speech: My mother said to me “ I will give you a present.” (reporting verb) động từ tường thuật Indirect speech: My mother said to me she would give me a present. * Changes in indirect speech.

1. Khi động từ tường thuật ở dạng past form (said, told,...) thì.

Direct speech(TT) Indirect Direct speech speech(GT) Present simple Past simple Go Present progressive Past progressive am/ is/ are going Past simple Past perfect Went Past progressive Past perfect was/ were going progressive Present perfect simple Past perfect has/ have gone Present perfect Past perfect has/ have been progressive progressive going Future Conditional will go must may/ might could / would/ should / ought to

chúng ta phải đổi Indirect speech went was/ were going had gone had been going had gone had been going would go had to might / could / would / should / ought to

Example: Peter said: "Carol is a nice girl." -> Peter said (that) Carol was a nice girl.

1. Chúng ta đổi pronouns phù hợp.

- Ngôi thứ nhất ( I / We) dổi trùng với chủ ngữ (người nói) của mệnh đề chính

She said He said They said

Direct speech I - my – me I - my – me we - our - us

Indirect speech she - her - her he - his - him they - their - them

51

- Ngôi thứ hai ( You and your ) đổi trùng với tân ngữ( Người nghe) của mệnh đề chính 1. Susan said: "My parents are clever scientists." ➢ Susan said (that) her parents were clever scientists.

2. Tom said: "I like PE best."  Tom said (that) he liked PE best.

3. They said: "We went swimming with our friends." ➢ They said (that) they had gone swimming with their friend.

4. Betty said: "Sam told me the truth." ➢ Betty said (that) Sam had told her the truth.

3.Adverbials of time and place.

Direct speech right now now ago

at once then / at that time / immediately before

today tonight

that day that night

Yesterday

TTTT Time

the day before yesterday Tomorrow the day after tomorrow

Place

Indirect speech

The day before / the previous day two days before

The next . following day in two days' time

last week, month,... last Tuesday

The previous week, month,... the Tuesday before

next week, month,...

The following week, month,...

Here

there

This

that

These

those

Example: She said: "I have already seen Carol today."

She said (that) she had already seen Carol that day.

Notes: 52

- Nếu tường thuật một sự việc luôn luôn đúng, một chân lý hay một thói quen ở hiện tại chúng ta không thay đổi thì.

Ex: Tom said” New York is bigger than London” → Tom said ( that) New York is bigger than London “The world is round,” he said → He said the world is round.

He said “ I always drink milk for breakfast” → Peter said that he always drinks milk for breakfast.

- Câu điều kiện loại 2,3 (câu điều kiện loại hai với động từ tobe) .

Ex: “If I were you, I would help her” he said → He said If he were me, he would help her - Khi động từ tường thuật ở hiện tại đơn (say, says), hiện tại tiếp diễn ( is/ are saying), hiện tại hoàn thành ( have/ has said), tương lai đơn ( will say) : Ex: My mother says to me, “you are my little pet.” → My mother tells me that I am her little pet.

Ex: She has said that “ the questions are very difficult” → She has said that the questions are very difficult.

- Thì quá khứ đơn đã rõ thời gian: Ex: Tom said to me, “My grandfather died in 1990.” → Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990.

– Wish + past simple/ past perfect: “I wish I lived in Da nang”, he said.

–> He said he wished he lived in Da nang.

– cấu trúc “it’s time somebody did something”: “It’s time he woke up”, she said.

–> She said it was time he woke up.

– could/ would/ should/ ought to/ had better/ used to không chuyển: “ You’d better work hard” he said –> He said that I had better work hard.

BẢNG ĐẠI TỪ Subject I You We They She He It

Object Me You Us Them Her Him It

Possessive Adj My Your Our Their Her His its

Outside quotation marks

Meaning Tôi Bạn, các bạn Chúng tôi, chúng ta Họ, chúng Cô ấy Anh ấy nó

Inside quotation marks 53

Câu phát biểu Câu mệnh lệnh Câu hỏi yes/ no

Câu hỏi wh

Người nói said to/ told Người Giữ nguyên cấu trúc nghe Người nói asked/ told Người ( not) to + ìn nghe Người nói asked Người nghe Đổi sang câu trần thuật, thêm IF/ WHETHER vào đầu câu Người nói asked Người nghe Đỏi sang câu trần thuật

CÁC DẠNG CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT I. AFFIRMATIVE . NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE: (Câu mệnh lệnh)

Câu mệnh lệnh: Là loại câu yêu cầu người khác làm gì đó, cách nhận dạng câu mệnh lệnh. Đầu câu là:

Direct speech Vinf Don’t Can you Could you Would you Would you mind Please (please có thể ở cuối câu) ............................

Indirect speech

S + tell / ask / order + O + (not) to infinitive

E.g: The teacher said: "Keep silent and look at the blackboard!"

-> The teacher told us to keep silent and look at the blackboard.

E.g. John said: "Don't forget to call me when you get home, Anna!" ✓ John told Anna not forget to call him when she got hom I. STATEMENTS S + said (that) / told+ O + (that) + S + V ...

E.g. Henry said: "I am going to visit my grandparents tomorrow." ✓ Henry said he was going to visit his grandparents the following day.

II. QUESTIONS A. YES – NO QUESTION Trực tiếp: “Aux verb … + S + V . . . ?

Gián tiếp: S + ask (O) . wonder + if / whether + S + V…..

B. WH - QUESTION Trực tiếp: S + V “WH –word + aux verb + S + V?” Gián tiếp: S + ask + (O) /. wonder + WH –word + S + V (want to know) 54

WH –word: What , Why , When , Who , How old , How often , What time, Who, ...

Aux verb: be, will, do, does, did, have, has…

Ex1: The old man said “Are you a good student?”

-> The old man asked if / whether I was a good student.

Ex2: Mum asked me: "Have you seen my daughter?"

-> Mum asked me if I had seen her daughter Ex3: Susan said: "What happened to you, Michael" -> Susan asked Michael what had happened to him.

Ex4: “Why didn’t I get a computer before?” thought the office manager. ➔ The office manager wondered why he had not got a computer before III. ADVICE, REQUEST, INVITATIONS agree , decide , offer , promise , refuse … advise . ask . invite . remind . encourage . persuade . tell … + O deny , suggest , admit , regret , postpone …

S + apologize for, congratulate someone on , accuse someone of , approve of , blame someone for , blame sth on sb , dream of , insist on , object to , prevent someone from , thank someone for , warn someone against, criticize sb for, ...

Ex1: Mary said, “Jim, you shouldn’t drink too much coffee.”

-> Mary advised Jim not to drink too much coffee Ex2: He said, “Would you like to come to a party on Saturday?”

-> She asked me to come to a party on Saturday Ex3: “I am sorry I’m late “, he said -> He apologized for being late Ex4: “Why don’t you put your luggage under the seat?” he asked.

-> He suggested putting my luggage under the seat

+ to infinitive + to infinitive + Ving

+ Ving

55

MỘT SỐ CÔNG THỨC NHẬN BIẾT ĐẶC BIỆT S + had better S + should Why don’t you…

If I were you…

->

S + advise + O + ( not) to inf.

Ex: “ You had better study harder” Tom said Tom advised me to study harder. “ Why don’t you forgive him?” Tom said Tom advised me to forgive him.

Let’s…

Why don’t we…

-> S + suggest + Ving Shall we…

How about …..

Ex: ‘Why don’t we go out for lunch?” Mary said -> Mary suggested going out for lunch.

Would you like ….?

S + invite + O + to inf.

Ex: “ Would you like to go out with me?” He said -> He invited me to go out with him.

Câu cảm thán S + exclaim with +

Danh từ biểu lộ trạng thái + that Disappointment / admiration Horror / satisfaction surprise / pain regret / delight …

Ex: - “What a lovely dress!”

She exclaimed with delight that the dress was lovely.

- “Oh! I’ve cut myself” said the little boy .

The little boy exclaimed with pain that he had cut himself.

Một số dạng khác: Lời chào dùng greet, Cảm ơn dùng thank, Lời chúc dùng wish Ex: She said to me “Hello!” => She greeted me.

Ex: “Thank you very much for your help” => She thanked me for my help.

Ex: “Happy new year!” => She wished me a happy new year.

MỘT SỐ BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG I. STATEMENTS (CÂU TRẦN THUẬT)

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She said, “I went to the cinema yesterday.”

She said __________________________________.

2.

He said, “I am writing a test tomorrow.”

He said __________________________________.

3.

You said, “I will do this for him.”

You said __________________________________.

4.

She said, “I am not hungry now.”

She said _________________________________.

5.

They said, “We have never been here before.”

They said _________________________________.

6.

They said, “We were in London last week.”

They said _________________________________.

7.

He said, “I will have finished this paper by tomorrow.”

He said _________________________________.

8.

“I will apply for my visa tomorrow,” She said.

She said _________________________________.

9.

“If I were you, I wouldn’t come here,” Lan said.

Lan said _________________________________.

10. Mary said “I wish I were a boy.”

Mary said _________________________________.

11. He said “I was born in 2000.”

He said _________________________________.

12. My teacher said “the sun rises in the East”.

My teacher said _________________________________.

13. “You had better not contact to her,” Tom said to me.

Tom said to me _________________________________.

1.

II. QUESTIONS (CÂU HỎI) 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

“Where is my umbrella?” she asked.

She asked_________________________________.

“How are you?” Martin asked us.

Martin asked us_________________________________.

He asked, “Do I have to do it?”

She asked_________________________________. ”Where have you been?” the mother asked her daughter.

The mother asked her daughter_________________________________.

“Which dress do you like best?” she asked her boyfriend.

She asked her boyfriend. _________________________________.

“What are they doing?” she asked.

She wanted to know_________________________________.

“Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me.

He wanted to know_________________________________.

The teacher asked, “Who speaks English?”

The teacher wanted to know_________________________________.

“How do you know that?” she asked me.

She asked me_________________________________.

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10.

“Has Caron talked to Kevin?” my friend asked me.

My friend asked me_________________________________.

III. REQUESTS (CÂU MỆNH LỆNH)

1. She said, “Go upstairs.”

She told me_________________________________.

2. “Close the door behind you,” he told me.

He told me_________________________________.

3 “Don't be late,” he advised us.

He advised us_________________________________.

4.”Stop staring at me,” she said.

She told him_________________________________.

5.“Don't be angry with me,” he said.

He asked her_________________________________.

6.“Leave me alone,” she said.

She told me_________________________________.

7.“Don't drink and drive,” she warned us.

She warned us_________________________________.

8.“John, stop making noise,” John’s mother ordered_________________________________.

9.“Don't worry about us,” they said.

They told her_________________________________.

10.”Meet me at the cinema. “he said.

He asked me_________________________________.

IV. REPORTED SPEECH WITH TO INFINITIVE 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

“You Should see a doctor, Hoa.” She advised_________________________________.

“If you like, I’ll help you clean the windows,” Jane said.

Jane offered_________________________________.

“We’ll tell Bruno about the party,” said Tom and Jerry.

Tom and Jerry promised_________________________________ ”Why did you change your job?” Lam asked Linh .

Lam wanted_________________________________.

“Remember to lock the door before going to school,” my sister said.

My sister reminded_________________________________.

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“You should join the football tea, Eric,” said the teacher.

The teacher encouraged_________________________________.

7.

“Come and see me whenever you want,” he said to me.

He invited_________________________________.

8.

“All right, I’ll wait for you;” he said to me.

He agree_________________________________.

9.

“You can go home, boys.”

The man allowed_________________________________.

10. “Be careful of strangers and not to go out at night”.

He warned us_________________________________.

6.

V. REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND “Shall we go for a swim now?”.

She suggested_________________________________.

2.

“I know I’m wrong,” he said.

He admitted_________________________________.

3.

“I didn’t say that,” Lan said.

Lan denied_________________________________.

4.

“If only I had told him the true!”

Jane regrets_________________________________.

5.

“I haven’t finished the assignment yet. I’m really sorry”.

The boy apologized. _________________________________.

6.

“It’s you who took my bag,” said the man to the boy.

The man accused_________________________________.

7.

“No, no .I really must sit for the test.”

She insisted on_________________________________.

8.

“What I always want is to become a doctor,” she said.

She dreamt_________________________________.

9.

“I can’t let you use the mobile phone,” his mother said.

His mother prevented_________________________________.

10. “It’s really nice of you to visit me,” she said to him.

She thanked_________________________________.

11. “I like the car. I’ll buy it.”

The woman thought_________________________________.

12. “I feel like going to America soon.”

She looked forward to________________________________ 1.

PART II: ARTICLES There are two types of articles: Indefinite ( a, an), Definite ( the).

I. Indefinite articles ( a, an) are used when you do not want to specify the thing reffered to.

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Indefinite articles ( a, an) are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before.

Examples: I bought an ink- pot this morning.

I draw a beautiful picture. “a” is used before nouns beginning with a consonant ( b, c, d, h, g, f, j, k, l, m, n, q, p, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, and z). such as: a factory, a car, … “a” is used in Exclamatory sentences ( What + a singular countable Noun!)

Ex: What a nice room! / What a beautiful girl! “a” is used before a word phrase of quantity Ex: I have a lot of book. “a” is used after there is/ was.

Ex: There is a bookshop near my house. “ an” is used before nouns beginning with a vowel ( a, e, I, o, u) such as: an ice- scream, an umbrella, an orange, an egg, an apple,… * Note: Pronunciation changes this rule.

If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, such as; “university, unique meaning, union, uniform, European ...” then we use a. If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, such as;” hour, honest man, ...”

II. Definite article ( the) 1. It is used when you know that listener know or can work out what particular person / thing you are talking about.

Ex: “The orange tasted sour” refers to a specific orange.

2.You should also use the when you have already mentioned the thing you are talking about.

Ex: She has got two children. The girl is eight and the boy is four.

3.We use the to talk about geographical points on the globe .

Ex: the Middle East, The West, the North * But we use no article with northen, southern, eastern and western: Ex: Greece is in southern Europe 4. We use the to talk about rivers, oceans and seas, canals/ restaurant, hotel, cinema, name of magazine or newspaper.

Ex: The Nile, The Pacific, The Atlantic, The Panama, The Times, The Thang tam cinema,…

5. We also use the before certain noun that are unique things Ex: The sun, The moon, The earth, …

However if you want to describe a particular instance of these you shoul use a/an Ex: “I could hear the wind”/There is a cold wind..

6. We use the + adjective to talk about a group of people( including nationalities).

Ex: The unemployed receive money from the government.

The young must be taught manners Boonthung, the thai, won the men’s 200 metres. He ran 200 metres in 20,14 seconds.

7. We use the with plural names of people and places.

Ex: The Smiths, The Netherlands, The Phillipines, The Bahamas, The Alps, The Cook Islands, The United States of America, The Republic of China, …

8. We use the with musical instruments.

Ex: He plays the piano My uncle is good at accompanying the guitar.

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9. We use the with the superlative comparison and double comparion.

Ex: Who is the most harworking student in your class?

The more I know him, the more I like him 10. We use the with ordinal number.

Ex: My class is on the second floor.

III. No article: 1. With names of countries ( if singular) Ex: He has ever been to Germany.

2. With the name of languages Ex: He is very good at Chinese./ Many young people can speak English very well.

3. With the names of meals Ex: What time do you have breakfast/ luch/ dinner?

4. With people’s name ( if singular).

Ex: My linh is a famous singer 5. With uncountable noun Ex: Rice is main food in Asia. / She can’t drink coffee without sugar 6. With the names individual mountains, lakes, and islands.

Ex: Mount Mckinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.

7. With the name of towns, streets, stations, and airports: Ex: Can you show me the way to Xuan Truong street?

She lives in Cao Bang.

8. With names of sports and subjects and colour.

Ex: He likes learning Maths He likes playing football He likes green 9. After the possessive case.

Ex: His car is very expensive 10. In some fixed expressions Ex: by day in church by car in prison by train in bed by air reach home on foot go picnic on holiday go camping at school from north to south at work … at university

MỘT SỐ BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG I. Add "a' or "an" where necessary: 1. He drove the car at ninety miles .......... hour.

2. My brother wants to be.............. engineer.

3. ......... cigarette ......... is made of ............. tobacco and .............. paper.

4. ............. milk comes from .......... cow.

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5. We make ............... butter and cheese from ........ milk.

6. .............. window is made of glass.

7. ......... cat has .......... tail.

8. ............. coffee is ........... drink.

9. ........... fish swims in .......... water.

10. ............. rose is .......... beautiful flower.

11. We eat ............. soup with .............. spoon.

12. I can write .......... letter in ............. ink or with ................. pencil.

II. Add "a", "an" or "the" where necessary: 1. .............. friend of mine has two dogs and ........... cat.

2. Put your bag in ................ back of ...........car.

3. Which is ................. quickest way to ............. Star Hotel?

4. It is ....... pity that ................ friends you spoke of have not come.

5. Would you like .......... cup of .............. tea and ......... cake?

6. It's beter to tell ....... truth than to tell ............... lies.

7. We had dinner together at ............... good restaurant yesterday.

8. ........... Thames, ............. Seine and .............. Rhine are famous rivers.

9. Mothers often tell ........... small children ........... stories before bedtime.

10. I dislike towns but I like ............. countryside.

11. Where is ......... hat that I bought yesterday?

12. Smith, ..........man you met yesterday, is ........... honest man.

13. .............. cheese, .............. butter, .......... iron and ................ milk are all substances.

14. ............. Alps are ............ highest mountain in ................ Europe.

15. He crossed ................ Atlantic in .............. record time.

16. It's .......... shame! There won't be another train for at least hour.

17. Stay in .......... hotel or ........... inn near ........... station.

18. ................ wool is one of .............. chief exports from ............. Australia.

19. I had ............. lunch with ............. old friend on ............... Saturday.

20. What ............... weather! ........... rain hasn't stopped all ...........day.

21. Out of .......... sight, out of .............. mind.

22. He collects .............. butterflies, ............. stamps and ................ match boxes.

23. .............. cat caught .......... mouse yesterday but .............. lucky mouse escaped.

24. I like ............. lot of .............. milk in my tea and ..........few lumps of .......... sugar.

25. He came to see me .............. last week and said it was last opportunity he would have.

26. In ................. last week of ............... year we had .......... lot of snow.

27. ................ nature is more wonderful than ....... works of ........... man.

28. He works all .........day and every day from ........ morning till late ................ night.

29. He asked for ........ bread and ........butter: ......... loaf of .......... former and ........... pound of ........ latter.

30. He won ............... prize of ............... hundred pounds and spent it all in ................. week.

31. He became ................. soldier and proved to be ................. good soldier.

32. He is ........... man for .............. job! None other can do it so well.

PART III: PREPOSITIONS I- Definition: 62

Giới từ là một từ hoặc một nhóm từ nối danh từ hoặc một từ tương đương danh từ với các phần khác của một câu.

Ex: Bring the cakes to Jane’s house before Saturday.

I go to school everyday.

- Giới từ được dùng để diễn tả thời gian, nơi chốn, vị trí, nguyên nhân, mục đích, thể cách,phương tiện, sự quan hệ, sự di chuyển, phương hướng di chuyển, …

- Giới từ có thể là một từ đơn: in, on, at, by, to, about, across, from.

Ex: She lives in Cao Bang from 1990 to 2008 She is in her room.

- Giới từ có thể gồm một nhóm từ: in front of, on top of, because of, …

Ex: The bus stops right in front of our house.

Her address is on the top of the letter.

II- Kinds of prepositions: 1. Preposition of time: - Before ( trước): I shall come here before this afternoon.

- After ( sau) : We shall meet after 8 o’clock.

- During ( trong khi): Nobody likes to leave home during the stomy night.

- on ( vào lúc) Come and see me on Monday - since ( từ khi): I have lived here since last night - till ( cho đến khi): I wait for you till 5 o’clock - at ( hồi, lúc) He came here at 6 o’clock - in ( vào: mùa, tháng, năm): Is it hot or cold in the summer?

- about ( vào khoảng: thời gian) He arrived about 10 o’clock - by ( vào lúc, trước lúc) She sleeps by day and works by night.

2. Prepositions of place or position.

- at ( ở tại ) I live at 17 Kim Dong street.

- above ( Ở trên cao, cao hơn) My bed room is above the living room.

- in ( ở trong, ở tại) What have you got in pocket ?

- on ( ở trên, ở sát trên) There are some apples on the table.

- before (ở đằng trước) = in front of: They knelt before throne.

- by ( gần, kế bên): The telephone is by the window.

- off ( cách, khỏi, rời): He fell off a horse.

- Beneath ( ở dưới): The boat sank beneath the waves.

- across ( ngang qua, chéo qua, ở bên kia): He shouted to me from across the room.

- along ( dọc theo): She í going along the corridor.

- about ( quanh quẩn, gần): He is walking about the town.

3.Prepositions of cause/ reason.

- because of ( bởi vì) They are here because of us.

- for ( bởi vì, vì): He didn’t answer for fear of hurting her.

- of (vì): She is ashamed of her husband’s behavior.

- out of ( vì ): He did it out of curiosity.

- Thanks to ( nhờ, bởi vì ): Thanks to your help, I got over my difficulties.

- Through ( vì, bởi vì là do): The accident happened through heavy snow.

4. prepositions of purpose.

- for ( mục đích là, để ): Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work.

- in order to, so as to ( để, cốt để): She arrived early in order to get good seat.

- to ( để): She employed a secretary to help with her work.

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5. prepositions of manner.

- with ( với) He welcome her with open arms.

- Without ( không có) She went away without saying aword .

- like ( như ): He walked like an old man.

6. Prepositions of means - by ( bằng, nhờ): May I pay by cheque. / You can go by bus.

- on ( bằng, trên): He went on foot.

- in ( bằng) please write in ink. / This novel is written in English.

- through ( bằng, nhờ, từ ): We heard about it through some friends.

- with ( bằng): He fought with a sword.

7. Preposition of relation.

- about ( về ) What is he angry about?

- on (về ): Would you like to attend on Shakespeare?

III- List of prepositions 1. prepositions and nouns. out of work in advance by accident from my poit of view out of control to my mind by chance in my oppinion out of order in addition by mistake in love in a hurry by the way out of reach out of sight, ….

2. nouns and prepositions FOR: - a request for: sự yêu cầu - a cheque for: một tấm ngân phiếu - a wish for: sự mơ ước - an appetite for: sự khát khao - a reason for: lý do (về điều gì đó) - an application for: đơn xin - a need for: nhu cầu ………………………….

IN: An increase/ a decrease/ a reduction/ a rise/ a fall in (the price/ the number of sth): Sự gia tăng, sự giảm sút giá cả, số lượng của cái gì.

TO: - a damage to: sự hư hại đối với - a solution to/ for (a problem): biện pháp giải quyết (một vấn đề) - an answer to (a question): câu trả lời ………

- a reply to (a letter): thư phúc đáp - an attitude to/ towards: thái độ (đối với……….)

- an invitation to (a party/ a wedding etc): lời mời/ thư mời……………

WITH/ BETWEEN: - A relationship/ a connection/ contact with (sb/ sth): Mối liên hệ, sự lien quan, sự tiếp xúc với ……………

- A relationship/ a connection/ contact/ contrast/ difference between (two things or people): Mối liên hệ, sự lien quan, sự tiếp xúc, sự trái ngược, sự khác nhau giữa (hai người, hai vật).

3. adjectives and prepositions - nice/ kind/ good/ silly/ intelligent/ clever/ sensible/ (im) polite/ rude/ unreasonable of someone (to do something).

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Ex: It is very kind of you to help me, thank you very much.

It is stupid of her to believe in a stranger - angry/ furious/ about something// with someone// for something.

Ex: Why are you so angry with me?

- please/ disappointed/ satisfied with something.

Ex: Are you sastified with your examination result?

- bored/ fed up with something Ex: Are you fed up with doing the same thing everyday?

- surprised/ shocked/ amazed/ astonished at/ by something.

Ex: We were surprised at his appearance.

- excited/ worried/ upset about something.

Ex: Parents always worried about their children’s studying.

- afraid/ scared/ frightened/ terrified/pround of someone/ something.

Ex: They are very pround of their daughter.

- good/ bad/ exerllent/ brilliant/ hopeless/ at doing something.

Ex: The young are very good at speaking English.

1. OF: - ashamed of: xấu hổ về

- hopeful of: hy vọng

- afraid of: sợ, e ngại

- independent of: độc lập

- ahead of: trước

- proud of: tự hào

- aware of: nhận thức

- jealous of: ghen tỵ với

- capable of: có khả năng

- guilty of: phạm tội( về), có tội

- confident of :tin tưởng

- sick of: chán nản về

- doubtful of: nghi ngờ

- joyful of: vui mừng về

- fond of: thích

- quick of: nhanh chóng về

- full of: đầy 2. TO: - acceptable to: có thể chấp nhận

- likely to: có thể

- accustomed to: quen với

- lucky to: may mắn

- agreeable to: có thể đồng ý

- next to: kế bên

- addicted to: đam mê

- open to: mở

- delightful to smb: thú vị đối với ai

- pleasant to: hài lòng

- familiar to smb: quen thuộc đối với ai

- preferable to: đáng thích hơn

- clear to: rõ ràng

- profitable to: có lợi

- contrary to: trái lại, đối lập

- rude to: thô lỗ, cộc cằn 65

- equal to: tương đương với, bằng

- similar to: giống, tương tự

- favourable to: tán thành, ủng hộ

- useful to smb: có ích cho ai

- grateful to smb: biết ơn ai

- necessary to smt/ smb:cần thiết cho ai/cái gì

- harmful to smb/ for smt:có hại cho ai/ cái - available to smb/ for smt: sẵn cho ai/cái gì gì - important to: quan trọng

- responsible to smb: có trách nhiệm với ai

3. FOR: - difficult for: khó

- sorry for: xin lỗi

- late for: trễ

- qualified for: có phẩm chất

- dangerous for: nguy hiểm

- helpful/ useful for: có lợi/ có ích

- famous for: nổi tiếng

- good for: tốt cho

- greedy for: tham lam

- grateful for smt: biết ơn về việc

- necessary for: cần thiết

- convenient for: thuận lợi cho

- perfect for: hoàn hảo

- ready for smt: sẵn sàng cho việc gì

- suitable for: thích hợp

- responsible for smt: chịu trách nhiệm về việc gì

4. AT: - good at: giỏi (về....)

- excellent at: xuất sắc về

- bad at: dở( về.....)

- present at: hiện diện

- clever at: khéo léo, thông minh về

- surprised at: ngạc nhiên

- skillful at: khéo léo, có kỹ năng về

- angry at smt: giận về điều gì

- quick at: nhanh

- clumsy at: vụng về

- amazed at: ngạc nhiên

- annoy at smt: khó chịu về điều gì

- amused at: vui về 5. WITH: - delighted with: vui mừng với

- busy with: bận

- aquainted with: làm quen( với ai...)

- familiar with: quen thuộc

- crowded with: đông đúc

- furious with: phẫn nộ

- angry with: giận dữ

- pleased with: hài lònh 66

- friendly with: thân mật

- popular with: phổ biến

- bored with: chán

- satisfied with: thỏa mãn với

- fed up with: chán

- contrasted with: tương phản với

6. ABOUT: - confused about: bối rối (về...)

- serious about: nghiêm túc

- excited about: hào hứng

- upset about: thất vọng

- happy about: vui, hạnh phúc

- worried about: lo lắng

- sad about: buồn

- anxious about: lo lắng

- disappointed about smt: thất vọng về cái gì 7. IN: - interested in: thích, quan tâm về....

- successful in: thành công về....

- rich in: giàu về......

- confident in smb: tin cậy vào ai

8. FROM: - isolated from: bị cô lập

- far from: xa

- absent from: vắng mặt ( khỏi......)

- safe from: an toàn

- different from: khác

- divorced from: ly dị, làm xa rời

9. ON: - keen on: hăng hái về.....

4. Phrasal verbs

- on Put Go Turn Call Let …

Notes:

- in Fill Break Hand Stay Trade Bring …

- up Give Wash Look Get Hold Clear …

- be tired of: chán

- out Go Try Fall …

- after Look Take …

- over Get Think …

- away Throw Get Give Pass Take …

- off Take turn go call …

- back Turn Come …

eg. I’m tired of doing the same work every day.

- be tired from: mệt vì..... eg. I’m tired from walking for a long time.

- be grateful to smb for smt: biết ơn ai về vấn đề gì eg. I’m grateful to you for your help.

- be responsible to smb for smt: chịu trách nhiệm với ai về việc gì. eg. You have to be responsible to me for your actions.

- good/ bad for: tốt/ xấu cho......, good/ bad at: giỏi/ dở về........ eg. Milk is good for your health. / She is bad at mathematics.

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* Những từ có thể dùng với một hoặc nhiều giới từ nhưng không thay đổi về nghĩa.

- be astonished at/ by: ngạc nhiên ( vì, bởi) - discussion about/ on/ of: sự bàn bạc về - explaination of/ for: sự giải thích ( về…)

- imprressed with/ by: cảm động ( bởi/ vì …)

- succeed in/ at: thành công về diều gì) - be surprised at/ by: ngạc nhiên ( vì, bởi,..)

- talk to/ with: nói chuyện (với,…) * Những từ khi đi với giới từ khác nhau có cách dùng khác nhau.

- accompanied by ( Sb): được kèm cặp bởi ai. - accompanied with ( sthm/ V- ing):được đệm Ex: He was accompanied by his mother Ex: Her singing was accompanied with clapping - accountable to ( Sb): chịu trách nhiệm với - accountable for Sthm/ V-ing sthm: Chịu ai trách nhiệm về điều gì.

Ex: You are accountable to me the money Ex: He had to be accountable for his action - agree with ( Sb): đồng ý với ai.

- agree to ( Sthm): đồng ý với việc gì.

Ex: I agree with you that we should take a Ex: I agree to your suggestion. taxi.

- angry with ( Sb): giận ai - angry about ( Sthm): bực mình vì điều gì.

Ex: She is very angry with her boy friend.

Ex: She is angry about your late.

- apologize for ( sthm done): xin lỗi vì việc - apologize to Sb: xin lỗi ai. làm gì Ex: Did he apologize you?

Ex: I apologize for coming late.

- arrive at ( small place): đến một địa điểm - arrive in ( large place): đến một địa điểm nhỏ. lớn Ex: They arrived at the village late at night. Ex: We arrived in Singapore in 2010.

- careful with ( sthm) : cẩn thận với điều gì. - careful of ( sb): thận trọng với ai.

Ex: Be careful with that mad dog.

Ex: My father advised me to be careful of that man.

- deal with ( do/ treat): cư sử - deal in( sell): bán Ex:How does your mother in law deal with Ex: This shop deals in antiques. you?

- difficulty with sthm: gặp khó khăn với việc - difficulty in doing sth: gặp khó khăn trong gì việc làm gì.

Ex: Students have difficulty with listening Ex: Students get some difficulties in studying skill.

E. - engaged in ( doing sthm) bận làm gì - engaged to ( a person): đính hôn với ai Ex: Students are engaged in reviewing for Ex: John was ingaged to Mary. their examination.

-get in (to)/ out of( a car/ taxi or small boat. - get on ( to) / off ( a bus/ train/ plane/ ship.

Dùng get in ( to) hoặc get out of khi nói về Dùng get on ( to)/ off khi nói lên xe hoặc việc lên ( xuống) xe hơi, taxi, tàu thuyền. xuống xe buýt, xe lửa, máy bay, tàu biển.

- greatful to ( sb): cảm ơn ai - greatful for ( sthm done): cảm ơn vì điều gì Ex: He great to his mother Ex: We are greatful for your help - quarrel with ( Sb): cãi nhau với ai.

- quarrel over ( sthm): cái nhau vì điều gì Ex: She is quarrelling with her husband.

Ex: They are quarrelling over property.

- responsible to ( Sb): chịu trách nhiệm trước - responsible for ( Sthm): chịu trách nhiệm ai. vif điều gì.

Ex: The techer is responsible to the Ex: The driver is responsible for passanger’ 68

headmester - stay with( sb): ở cùng ai Ex: He stays with his brother.

- on time ( at the time arranged): đúng giờ Ex: He came to the meeting on time

safety.

- Stay at( a place): ở đâu.

She stays at her uncle’s house.

- in time ( not late): kip giờ.

Ex: He is in time for the meeting

MỘT SỐ BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG I: Nối một cụm động từ ở cột A với một từ phù hợp ở cột B. A B 1. put on a. continue 2. fill in

b. complete

3. look after

c. test

4. try out

d. take care of

5. take after

e. resemble

6. get over

f. explode

7. go off

g. recover from

8. go on

h. wear

II. Chọn MỘT trong HAI giới từ trong ngoặc để điền vào chỗ trống trong mỗi câu.

1. Tell us something ________ your holiday. (about/ on) 2. I sometimes wonder ________ my old friend, where she is now and what she's doing. (form/ about) 3. The glass is full _____ water. (of/ with) 4. They congratulated the speaker _____ his speech. (on/ with) 5. He seemed very bored ______ life. (of/ with) 6. I don't get on very well ____ him. (to/ with) III. Chọn MỘT trong BA giới từ trong ngoặc để điền vào chỗ trống trong mỗi câu.

1. I won't see you______ Friday. (till/ for/ in) 2. You must clean this table _____ ink spots. (out of/ of/ from) 3. He is just getting _______ his severe illness. (out of/ out/ over) 4. My house is just ______ the street. (on/ across/ beside) 5. My mother is a true friend ______me. (for/ to/ with) 6. Aren't you glad that you went to the party with us_______all? (after/ in/ with) IV. Chọn MỘT trong BỐN giới từ trong ngoặc để điền vào chỗ trống trong mỗi câu.

1. He made a speech______ this subject. (on/ at/ in/ from) 2. He complained ______ the children ______ the mess they've made. (of-about/ aboutto/ to-about/ about-of) 3. Turn this passage from English_______ Spanish. (with/ about/ to/ into) 4. I'm not very good ______ making decisions. (on/ at/ for/ in) 69

5. I will stay in London_____ about three weeks. (for/ during/ since/ at) 6. She reminds me_______ my mother. (with/ to/ by/ of) IV. Điền vào mỗi chỗ trống một giới từ đúng.

1. The boat moved slowly _______ the coast.

2. She spends a lot _______ time _____ her English.

3. I'm going______ the shop to buy some milk.

4. "Where's Tom?" - "He's ______ the kitchen making some coffee."

5. Shelly sat here _______ me.

6. The train will leave ______ five minutes.

* Thống kê một số các câu liên quan đến phần ngữ pháp trên trong đề thi TN THPT một số năm.

I. Giới từ: + Năm 2006 * Hệ 3 năm: 1. This student is not very good …… Physics.

A. at B. in C. with D. to 2. We are very fond …… folk music.

A. in B. at C. with D. of 3. My uncle lived in Hanoi since 1990 to 1998, but he is now living in Hue. A B C D 4. ……… …………….. . Marconi was born in Bologna ……….. ( 40) northern Italy, in 1974. ……........... . He liked to sit and read science books …………( 44) his father’s big library. …………………………

(40). A. in B. on C. at D. to …………..

(44). A. on B. from C. in D. by * Hệ 7 năm: 1. Have you decided to apply …… th job yet?

A. for B. to C. into D. off 2. We are very fond …… folk music.

A. in B. at C. with D. of 3. She goes …… a lot. She hardly ever spends an evening at home.

A. out B. down C. along D. over 4. My uncle lived in Hanoi since 1990 to 1998, but he is now living in Hue. A B C D 5. Approximately 350 million people speak English as their first language About the same number use it as a second language. It is the language …….. (36) aviation, international sport, and world trade. 75 % of the world’s mail is in English, ………………………………..

6. (36). A.on B. to C. from D. of + Năm 2007 * Hệ 3 năm ( Lần 1): 1. These days everybody is awave ………… the danger of smoking A. at B. of C. to D. for 70

2. They were surprised ….. the news.

A. about B. at C. for D. on * Hệ 3 năm ( Lần 2): 1. She is fed up …………… washing the dishes everyday.

A. to B. of C. with D. by 2. Are you ………… in knowing all the answers.

A. frightened B. excited C. amused D interested 3. Lindsay Lewis is married with four children. In 1969 he went to Cambridge University and took a degree in economics. From 1972 to 1978 he taught …… (32)India and Japan. ……………………………………………….

(32). A. at B. in C. on D. for 5. Children are fond with swimming in summer.

A B C D * Hệ 7 năm ( Lần 1): 1. Glass is usually ……….. sand A. made from B. made with C. made by D. made of 2. The world’s first film was shown in 1895 by two french brothers. Although it only ……(31) of short, simple scenes, with titles on the screen to explain the story. ……………………………..

(31). A. considered B. consisted C. belonged D. held 3. John’s mother thought that chocolates were bad to him.

A B C D 4. She is tired with being asked the same thing everyday.

A B C D * Hệ 7 năm ( Lần 2): 1. Many Vietnamese people are fond ……………….. watching footbal.

A. of B. with C. in D. about 2. ……………………… . I think that you can count (35) ………… Ann to make your school a cuccess and I recommend her for the post of Director.

(35). A. on B. for C. with D. to + Năm 2008 * Hệ 7 năm: 1. My sister is very fond ….. eating chocolate candy.

A. of B. with C. about D. at + Năm 2009 * Hệ 3 năm: 1. Susan is very ……….. of telling other what to do.

A. fond B. interested C. fed up D. bored 2. Who is going to look ……….. the children while you are away?

A. at B. up C. after D. over 3. My younger brother has worked in a bank since long time.

A B C D 4. I go to Mexico with my girlfriend in the summer of 2006.

A B C D 5. I’m very interested ………..

A. in tne information you gave me.

B. with the information you gave it to me.

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C. about the information you gave me.

D. about the information you gave it to me.

6. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… . Unfortunately, all the time he was talking (50) ……….. me, the water was running. You can imagine how the kitchen was!

(50). A. to

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Content: I. THE TENSES of VERBS II. The passive voice III. THE MODAL VERBS IV. THE conditional sentences TENSES OF VERBS I. The present simple tense ( Thời hiện tại đơn) 1. Form : S ( I / we / you / they) + V S ( he / she / it) + Vs/es S + Be (am / is / are)......

2. Usage: - Th× HT§G diÔn t¶ mét thãi quen, mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra th-êng xuyªn lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i ë hiÖn t¹i. eg. I watch T.V every night.

- Th× HT§G diÔn t¶ mét ch©n lý , mét sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn. eg. The sun rises in the East / Tom comes from America.

- Th× HT§G ®-îc dïng khi ta nãi vÒ thêi gian biÓu ( timetables), ch-¬ng tr×nh (programmes)......... eg. The train leaves the station at 8.15 a.m.

The film begins at 8 p.m.

- Th× HT§G dïng ë nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò chØ thêi gian when vµ mÖnh ®Ò If trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn hay unless eg. When summer comes, I’ll go to the beach.

You won’t get good marks unless you work hard.

3. Adverbs: Always, usually, often, as a rule, sometimes, rarely, never everyday, every week, every month, every year…

II. The present continuous tense( Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn ) 1. Form : S + Be ( am / is / are) +V_ing 2. Usage: - Th× HTTD diÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang diÔn ra vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian ë hiÖn t¹i( th-êng cã c¸c tr¹ng tõ : now, right now, at the moment, at present.) eg. The children are playing football now.

- Th× HTTD còng th-êng ®-îc dïng theo sau c©u ®Ò nghÞ, mÖnh lÖnh. eg. Be quiet! The baby is sleeping.

Note: Kh«ng dïng th× HTTD víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc , tri gi¸c nh- : to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, realize, seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe.....

(Víi c¸c ®éng tõ nµy ta thay b»ng th× HT§G.) eg. She wants to go for a walk at the moment.

- Th× hiÖn t¹i cßn ®-îc dïng trong c¸c t×nh huèng sau: eg: Look! the boy …………………. (feed) the elephant.

Don’t turn off the TV. I ………………… (watch) the news on VTV1.

SIMPLE PRESENT VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS 73

Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ 1 hành động diễn ra trong 1 thời gian nói chung không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại Thời gian nói chung là thời gian mà sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (everyday), mỗi tuần(every week), mỗi tháng (every month), mỗi năm (every year), mỗi mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)…

Eg: He goes to school every day.

Mrs Brown travels every summer. * Thì Present Continuous được dùng để chỉ 1 hành động đang xảy ra (a current activity) hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this moment), hôm nay (today), tuaàn này (this week), năm nay (this year)…

- We are learning English now.

- Mary is playing the piano at the moment.

Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day.

- I’m working in a bakery this week. * CHUÙ YÙ : 1. Thì Simple Present thường được dùng với các động từ chỉ tri giác (verbs of perception) như : feel, see, hear… và các động từ chỉ trạng thái như: know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe… + Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple Present với các động từ : be, appear, belong, have to… + Thì Simple Present còn được dùng với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never…

- That child needs care.

- This book belongs to me.

- He never comes late. + Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple Present để chỉ 1 chân lí hay 1 sự thật hiển nhiên (a general truth).

- The sun rises in the East.

- Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom.

2. Thì Present Continuous còng được dùng để chỉ hành động ở 1 tương lai gần (a near future action) Với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer…

III. The present perfect tense (Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành) 1. Form : S + have / has + v(PP) 2. Usage : - Th× HTHT diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng võa míi x¶y ra, võa míi kÕt thóc, th-êng ®i víi tr¹ng tõ “just” eg. We have just bought a new car.

- Th× HTHT diÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø , cßn kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i vµ cã kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp tôc ë t-¬ng lai. eg. You have studied English for five years.

74

- Th× HTHT diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng xaû ra trong qu¸ khø mµ kh«ng biÕt râ thêi gian. eg. I have been to Hanoi.

- Th× HTHT diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®-îc lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i nhiÒu lÇn ë qu¸ khø. eg. We have seen Titanic three times.

- Th× HTHT dïng sau nh÷ng tõ so s¸nh ë cÊp cao nhÊt.( trong lêi b×nh phÈm) eg. It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.

- Th× HTHT dïng víi This is the first/ second time, it’s the first time......... eg. This is the first time I’ve lost my way.

- Th× HTHT dïng víi This morning/ This evening/ Today/ This week/ This term...... khi nh÷ng thêi gian nµy vÉn cßn trong lóc nãi. eg. I haven’t seen Joana this morning . Have you seen her?

Note - Gone to kh¸c víi Been to. eg. Marry has gone to Paris (®ang ë hoÆc ®ang trªn ®-êng ®Õn Pari) Marry has been to Paris (®· ®Õn nh-ng b©y giê kh«ng cßn ë Pari) 3. Adverbs : - just, recently, lately: gÇn ®©y, võa míi - ever: ®· tõng - never :ch-a bao giê - already :råi - yet: ch-a (dïng trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn) - since :tõ khi( chØ thêi ®iÓm mµ hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu) - for : kho¶ng(chØ kho¶ng thêi gian cña hµnh ®éng ) - so far = until now = up to now =up to the present - Th× HTHTTD : S + have been + Ving. Sö dông t-¬ng tù như th× HTHT nh-ng nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh liªn tôc cña hµnh ®éng. eg. You have been learning English for 5 years.

PRESENT PERFECT VỚI PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ keát quaû cuûa moät tình traïng ôû hieän taïi (the result of the present state), moät vieäc xaûy ra trong quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi ñieåm, laäp ñi laäp laïi nhieàu laàn vaø keùo daøi ñeán hieän taïi. + Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ söï tieáp dieãn cuûa moät haønh ñoäng (the continuity of an action) cho tôùi hieän taïi.

- I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet.

- He has been living here since 1975.

- We have been working in the garden all morning. + Thì Present Perfect Continuous coøn ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc ñoäng töø nhö : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…

- They have been learning English since 1995.

- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages.

IV. The past simple tense ( Thì Quá khứ đơn ) 1. Form : S + V- ed (regular /irregular) 2. Usage : Th× QK§ diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø, ®· chÊm døt vµ biÕt râ thêi gian.

75

eg. I went to the cinema last night.

3. Adverbs : last, yesterday, ago, in 1997…

- Khi ®æi sang d¹ng phñ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn nhí ®-a ®éng tõ chÝnh vÒ nguyªn mÉu.

- Chó ý c¸ch ph¸t ©m c¸c ®éng tõ cã tËn cïng lµ “-ED” §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®­îc ph¸t ©m lµ /d/ khi theo sau c¸c ©m h÷u thanh (trõ ©m /d/ ) §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®­îc ph¸t ©m lµ /t/ khi theo sau c¸c ©m v« thanh ( trõ ©m /t/ ) §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®­îc ph¸t ©m lµ /id/ khi theo sau c¸c ©m /t, d/ PRESENT PERFECT VỚI SIMPLE PAST TENSE * Thì Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi ñieåm coøn lieân laïc vôùi hieän taïi. * Thì Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù coù thôøi ñieåm roõ reät caét ñöùt vôùi hieän taïi. + CHUÙ YÙ : (1) Thì Present Perfect thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng töø nhö : up to now, up to the present, so far (cho tôùi nay), not … yet (vaãn chöa), for, since, ever (ñaõ töøng), never, several times (nhieàu laàn), just (vöøa), recently (vöøa môùi), lately (môùi ñaây) ...

- Have you ever seen a tiger ?

- The train has not arrived yet.

- We have lived here for 6 years.

- I have known him since he moved here.

- The bell has just rung.

(2) Thì Simple Past thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng tieáng chæ thôøi gian quaù khöù xaùc ñònh nhö : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago.

- We came here a month ago.

- He went to the cinema yesterday. * Thì Simple Past coøn ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät chuoãi caùc haønh ñoäng keá tieáp xaûy ra trong quaù khöù.

- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out.

V. The past continuous tense : 1. Form : S + was/ were + V-ing 2. Usage : - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian ë qu¸ khø. eg. Yesterday, Mr Nam was working in the garden all the afternoon.

- Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm x¸c ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø. eg. We were learning English at 9 a.m last Sunday.

- Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra (ë qu¸ khø ) th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c xen vµo.

(Hành ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë th× QKTD , hµnh ®éng xen vµo dïng th× QK§G ) 76

eg. When I saw her yesterday, she was having breakfast.

- Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc ë qu¸ khø. eg. Last night, I was watching T.V while my sister was reading a book.

Note: Kh«ng dïng th× nµy víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc, tri gi¸c ( thay v× dïng th× QK§G).

3. Adverbs: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago, or in a certain year in the past.

SIMPLE PAST VỚI PAST CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng ngaén (thình lình) xaûy ra trong quaù khöù.

- I met him in the street yesterday. + Thì Past Continuous (Quaù Khöù Tieáp Dieãn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng keùo daøi trong quaù khöù töông öùng vôùi moät haønh ñoäng khaùc cuõng trong quaù khöù.

- I met him while he was crossing the street.

- She was going home when she saw an accident. + Thì Past Continuous coøn dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng keùo daøi taïi ñieåm thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû quaù khöù hoaëc hai haønh ñoäng lieân tieáp song song vôùi nhau.

- My father was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.

- I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV VI. The past perfect tense (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành ) 1. Form : S + had + PII. 2. Usage : DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng trong qu¸ khø x¶y ra tr-íc mét thêi gian cụ thể hoÆc tr-íc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø.( NÕu trong c©u cã hai hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø , h® nµo x¶y ra tr-íc ta dïng QKHT, h® nµo sau ta dïng QK§G). eg. They had live here before 1985.

After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed.

VII. The past perfect continuous tense ( Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn ) 1. Form: S + had been + Ving 2. Usage : DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø ®· x¶y ra vµ kÐo dµi cho ®Õn khi hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø thø hai x¶y ra ( h® thø hai dïng QK§G). Kho¶ng thêi gian kÐo dµi th-êng ®-îc nªu râ trong c©u. eg. The boys had been playing football for 2 hours before I came PAST PERFECT VỚI PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quaù Khöù Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn) duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh tính lieân tuïc cuûa haønh ñoäng tröôùc khi moät haønh ñoäng quaù khöù khaùc xaûy ra. Haõy so saùnh : - She had been studying English before she came here for classes.

(Haønh ñoäng had been studying xaûy ra lieân tuïc cho tôùi khi haønh ñoäng came for classes xaûy ra).

- She had studied English before she came for classes.

(Haønh ñoäng had studied chaám döùt tröôùc haønh ñoäng came for classes) Vaø haõy so saùnh : 77

- It had been raining when I got up this morning. (Trời ñaõ tạnh mưa khi toâi thöùc daäy.)

- It was raining when I got up this morning. (Trời vaãn coøn mưa khi toâi thöùc daäy) VIII. The simple future tense (Thì tương lai đơn giản) 1. Form : S + will/ shall + V bare infi.

2. Usage: - Dïng khi ta quyÕt ®Þnh lµm mét ®iÒu g× ®ã vµo lóc nãi. eg. You will give your sentences now. eg: A : I need some money.

B: Don’t worry .I’ll lend you some.

- Dïng ®Ó yªu cÇu, ®Ò nghÞ ai ®ã lµm g× eg. Will you shut the door.

Will I make you a cup of coffee.

- Dïng ®Ó høa hÑn lµm ®iÒu g× eg: I promise I’ll call you when I arrive - Dïng shall I vµ shall we ®Ó ®Ò nghÞ hoÆc gîi ý. eg. Where shall we go tonight?/ Shall we go to the cinema?

- Dïng I think I’ll...../ I don’t think I’ll... khi ta quyÕt lµm / ko lµm ®iÒu g×. eg. I think I’ll stay at home tonight./ I don’t think I’ll go out tonight.

3. Adverbs : - someday, next week/ next month, tomorrow, soon or in a situation.

IX. Near future (Thì tương lai gần ) 1. Form: S + Be + Going to + V bare inf. (dù ®Þnh sÏ ) S + Be +V ing (s¾p söa ) 2. Usage :- DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t-¬ng lai gÇn cã dù ®Þnh tr-íc (th-êng trong c©u kh«ng cã tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian ) eg. They are going to repaint the school .

- DiÔn t¶ sù tiªn ®o¸n, sù kiÖn ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ra ë t-¬ng lai v× cã dÊu hiÖu hay chøng cø ë hiÖn t¹i .

- eg: Tom’s a good student. He’s going to pass the final exam.

Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain.

X. The future continuous tense (Thì tương lai tiếp diễn) 1. Form: S + will / shall + Be + V ing.

2. Usage : - DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm x¸c ®Þnh trong t-¬ng lai . eg. I will be watching T.V at 8p.m tonight.

- DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë t-¬ng lai th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c x¶y ra. eg. I’ll be cooking when my mother return this evening.

SIMPLE FUTURE VỚI FUTURE CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Future (Töông Lai Ñôn) dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ xaûy ra (coù hoaëc khoâng coù thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû töông lai); coøn thì Future Continuous 78

(Töông Lai Tieáp Dieãn) dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng lieân tieán taïi ñieåm thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû töông lai.

- He will go to the stadium next Sunday.

- We will / shall have the final test.

Haõy so saùnh : - I will eat breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (Vaøo luùc 6 giôø saùng mai, toâi seõ baét ñaàu duøng böõa ñieåm taâm.)

- I will be eating breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (Vaøo luùc 6 giôø saùng mai, toâi seõ ñang duøng böõa ñieåm taâm.) + Trong caùc meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ thôøi gian (adverb clause of time) hay meänh ñeà ñieàu kieän (adverb clause of condition), thì Simple Present ñöôïc duøng ñeå thay theá cho thì Simple Future.

- I shall not go until I see him.

- If he comes tomorrow, he will do it. + Chuù yù : WILL coøn ñöôïc duøng cho taát caû caùc ngoâi.

XI. The future perfect tense (Thì tương lai hoàn thành ) 1. Form : S + will + have +PII. 2. Usage : - DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng sÏ hoµn tÊt vµo mét thêi ®iÓm cho tr-íc ë t-¬ng lai.

Th-êng dïng c¸c côm tõ chØ thêi gian nh- : By+ mèc thêi gian (By the time , By then. when) eg. We’ll have finished our lesson by 11 o’clock.

When you come back, I’ll have had lunch.

By the time tomorrow, we’ll have flown to Moscow.

XII. The future perfect continuous tense (Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn) 1. Form: S + will + have been + Ving 2. Usage : - DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø vµ kÐo dµi ®Õn mét thêi ®iÓm cho tr-íc ë t-¬ng lai. Th-êng dïng c¸c côm tõ chØ thêi gian nh- : By........... for + kho¶ng thêi gian (By the time , By then) eg. By this time next year, my father will have been working here for 25 years.

By May, they’ll have been living in this house for 15 years.

FUTURE PERFECT VỚI FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Future Perfect (Töông Lai Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng seõ hoaøn thaønh tröôùc moät haønh ñoäng khaùc trong töông lai hay moät ñieåm thôøi gian ôû töông lai.

- The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing.

- By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for 5 years. + Ñeå nhaán maïnh tính lieân tuïc cuûa haønh ñoäng, chuùng ta duøng thì Future Perfect Continuous (Töông Lai Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn).

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- By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through Russia.

- By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years.

Sequence of tenses( sù hßa hîp vÒ th× ) Trong c©u cã hai mÖnh ®Ò trë lªn, c¸c ®éng tõ ph¶i cã sù phèi hîp vÒ th×.

1. Sù hßa hîp vÒ th× cña c¸c ®éng tõ trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh(main clause) vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô ( subordinate clause) nh- sau : Main clause 1. Simple present

Subordinate clause - Simple present - Present perfect - Present continuous - Simple future/ Near future - Simple past (nÕu thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh ë qóa khø)

2. Simple past

- Simple past - Past perfect - Past continuous - Would/ was ,were+ going to + V bare inf.

- Simple present (mét ch©n lý)

3. Present perfect

- Simple present

4. Past perfect

- Simple past

eg. Marry says she will come here next Sunday.

People have said that London has much fog.

2. Sù phèi hîp cña c¸c ®éng tõ trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh- sau:

Main clause

Adverbial clause of time

1. Present tenses

- Present tenses

2. Past tenses

- Past tenses

3. Future tenses

- Present tenses

+ MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian th-êng ®-îc b¾t ®Çu víi c¸c tõ nèi sau: - when: - until: - whenever : - just as: ngay khi - as: - since: - while: - no sooner ......than: ngay khi - before: - hardly.......when: khã.......khi 80

- after: - as long as: chõng nµo, cho ®Õn khi - as soon as: - till: eg. You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises.

When I came there, it was raining hard.

I often drink coffee while I am watching T.V. + Note:- Kh«ng ®-îc dïng th× t-¬ng lai (Future tenses) trong c¸c mÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian ( cã thÓ thay b»ng th× hiÖn t¹i). eg. If it rains tomorrow, We’ll stay at home.

- Trong tr-êng hîp dïng tõ nèi Since l-u ý: S + V( Pr.perfect/ present perfect cont) + Since + S + V(past simple) eg. You have been studying English since you came here.

EXERCISE Exercise 1: Put the verb in brackets into the simple past or past continuous tense.

1. I..........(get) up at 7.00 o’clock. The sun .........(shine), so I ...............(go) for a walk.

2. Nancy ........................................(not/ go) to work yesterday. She was ill.

3. Mai..............................( watch) television when I ..........................(phone) her.

4. I (see)....................Barbara at the party. She ...........................(wear) a red dress.

5. When we......................................(go) out................................................(rain).

6. The postman.......................(come) when I .....................................(have) 7. breakfast.

8. The boy.......................(break) a window when they ..........................(play) football.

9. I ................................(have) a bath when the phone..............................(ring).

10. What ..................................(you/ do) on Saturday evening? – I went dancing.

11. Tom.......................(take) a photograph of me while I ......................(not/ look).

12. What .....................................(you/ do) at this time yesterday?

13. Last night I.............(read) in bed when suddenly I ...............(heard) a scream.

14. Carol.............................(wait) for me when I ................................(arrive).

15. ...............................................(you/ watch) television when I phoned you?

16. I...........................(not/ drive) very fast when the accident................ (happen).

17. I ....................................(not/ go) out because it..................................(rain).

18. What ............................ (you/ do) when I (call)............................ you?

19. While Maria was cleaning the department, her husband ................. (sleep).

20. When Mark arrived, I.......(have) dinner, but I stopped in order to talk to him.

21. When the teacher.....................(enter) the room, the students were talking.

Exercise 2: Put the verb in brackets into the simple past or past perfect tense.

1. We ………(go) to a concert last night.

2. He ………(leave) three days ago.

3. They ………..(sell) their house this morning.

4. I ………….(get) up early this morning.

5. I …………..(watch) TV last night.

6. My sister …………….(not/ buy) the car yesterday afternoon.

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7. Yesterday morning, the alarm went off and I …................ (get) up and then ………(go) down to the kitchen.

8. Jane ……………. (see) Lan’s brother a month ago in London.

9. What ……… you ……………(do) last night?

- I ……………(write) a letter and then ……………(do) my homework.

10. When we …………..(arrive) at the bus stop, the bus …………….(already/ start).

11. I …………………(worry) a lot before I heard from my beloved aunt.

12. We ……………..(drink) a small cup of tea after we ………....(finish) breakfast.

13. Tom ……………………..(just/ go) out when I …………….(call) at his home.

14. The hostess ………..……be sure that she …………………..(see) the thief before.

15. When I ……………(reach) the station, the train …………(already/leave).

16. As soon as the children ……………... (finish) their breakfast , they ……...(run) out to play.

17. The sun ……………..(set) before I……..…… (be) ready to go.

18. He ……………. (learn) a lot of English before he ………..(go ) to England.

19. He …………….(thank) me for what I …………….(do) for his parents.

20. When we ……………….(come) many guests ………….(arrive).

Exercise 3: Put the verbs into the correct tense of the verbs in brackets 1. Yesterday afternoon Anna (go)………..………….to the station to meet her friend. when She(get)……………….. there, her friend (already/ wait) …………………. for her. The train (arrive) ………………………. early.

2. When I got home, Bill (lie) ……………………. on the sofa. The television was on, but he (not watch) ………………… it, he (fall) ………………… asleep and (snore) ………………… loudly I (turn) ……………… the television off and just then he (wake) ………… up.

3. he end of the 21st century, they ………………… (finish) building tall buildings in this area.

4. When you ………………… (come) to England this summer, please visit me.

5. When she ………… (arrive) at the station, the train ………… (leave).

6. He …………… (put) down the living room carpet at the moment.

7. I …………………. (not see) her for 20 years now.

8. He didn’t pass the exam. If he ………………… (study) harder, he (not fail) the exam.

Exercise 4: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

1. Be quiet! The baby (sleep)………..

2. We seldom (eat)………….before 6:30 3. Look! A man (run)………….. after the train. He (want)……………… to catch it.

4. The sun (set)……… in the West.

5. It (be)……… often hot in Summer.

6. I(do)……….an exercise on the present tenses at this moment anh I (think)……………… that I (know)………………..how to use it now.

7. My mother sometimes (buy)………….. vegetables at this market.

8. It (be)……… very cold now.

9. It (rain)………….. much in summer. It (rain)………….now.

10. Daisy (cook)…………… some food in the kichen at present. She always 82

(cook)…………. In the morning.

11. Hurry! The bus (come)…………… I (not /want)…………… to miss it.

12. Listen! Somebody (sing)………………

Exercise 5: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets 1. How long you (study)…………... E? For 5 years.

2. I (wait)……………for 2 hour, but she (not come)………………… yet.

3. They (live)…………..in HCM City since 1975.

4. She (read)……………. All the books written by Dickens. How many books you (read)…………..?

5. He (not be)………........here since Christmas. I wonder where he (live)………….. since then.

6. Jack (go)…………. To Paris foi a holiday. He never (be)………..there.

7. You (sleep)…………… so far? I (ring)……………. The bell for the last 20 minutes.

8. He (write)……………..a novel for 2 years, but he (not finish)……………… it yet.

9. Mary (lose)……………. her hat and she (look)………………for it until now.

10. I (see)……………. that film several times because I like it.

Exercise 6:Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets 1. Listen! I (think)…………….. someone (knock)……………. at the door.

2. Up to the present, we (write)………….almost every lesson in the book.

3. The Earth (circle)………………….the sun once every 365 days.

4. The farmers (work)……………..in the field at the moment.

5. How many times you (see)…………….him since he went to Edinburgh?

6. Rivers usually (flow)………………. to the sea.

7. Look! The boy (cry)……………….

8. Do you know that man, who (smoke)……….....there?

9. Green always (go)…………..to work by bus.

10. We (be)……………from F. We (be)……………there for 20 years.

11. That house (belong to)…………………. Mr Green.

12. Mai (lose)…………..her ditionary.

13. I (be)………I (forget)…………….that girl’s name already.

14. I (wait)……………for the manager for 2 hours.

15. You (ever/ see)…………………….a lion.

16. Jack (look)……………no trouble with my E lesson up to now.

17. The weather generally (get)……………..quite hot in July and August.

18. That brown briefcase (belong)………………to Dr. Smith.

19. Yes, I (remember)………………..that older fellow’s name now.

20. Michael (work)…………….thirty eight hour a week.

21. I (be)……….sorry . I (forget)……………..the way to go to HL already.

22. John’s brother just (graduate)……………..from Oxford University.

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Exercise 7: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets 1. When I (arrive)….............. at his house, he still (sleep)…...................

2. The light (go)…..out while we (have)…………dinner.

3. Bill (have)…………….breakfast when I (stop)……….at his house this morning.

4. As we (cross)…….......... the street, we (see)……..an accident.

5. Tom (see)…..........a serious accident while he (stand)…..........at the bus stop.

6. While my father (read)…..a newspaper. I (learn)...…my lesson and my sister (do)………. her homework.

7. The children (play)…………….football when their mother (come) ……………back home.

8. The bell (ring)………..while Tom (take)………..a bath.

9. I (be)………….very tired because I (work)………..all day yesterday.

10. He (sit)……….in a cafe’ when I (see)…………him.

Exercise 8: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets 1. They (go)…….home after they (finish)……..their work.

2. She said that she (already/ see)…………….Dr. Smith.

3. When we came to the stadium, the match (already/ begin)………..

4. They told me they (not/ eat)..such kind of food before.

5. He (ask)……………why we (come)……………..so early.

6. After they had gone, I (sit)…………….down and (set)………

7. Before she (watch)…………TV, she (do )…………her homework.

8. After talking a bath, he (go)……………to bed.

9. What (be)…………….he when he (be)……………young?

10. It was the first time I (ever/ see)…………….such a beautiful girl.

11. Yesterday, John (go)…….to the store before he (go)………home.

12. Our teacher (tell)…………..us yesterday that he (visit)…………… England in 1970 13. When John and I got to the theatre, the movie (start)………already.

14. Before Alice (go)………….to sleep, she (call)………..her family.

15. When the phone (ring)……………., I (have)…………… …dinner.

16. Daisy (agree)……………..with other members in the last meeting.

17. What you (do)…………………..at 6 p.m yesterday?

18. The little girl asked what (happen)……………….to her ice- cream.

19. He (teach)………in this school before he (leave)……..for England.

20. The house (be)……. much smaller than he (think)……….at first.

21. Before you (mention)…...…..him, I never (hear)…………of that author 22. She (win)……………the gold medal in 1986.

23. While you (play)……………….the piano, I (write)………a letter.

24. When he (go)……. to see them last night, and they (play)……… cards. They (say)………they (play)………..since 6 o’clock.

25. I didn’t recognise Mrs. Johnson. She (change)……………….a lot.

Exercise 9: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets 1. After having the dinner, she…………………(pay) her and………(leave).

2. I closed the door quietly because he…………………………….(try) to sleep.

3. How many times……………………(she call) you since she……………… (come) to NewYork?

4. I……………………….(know) about this for a long time now.

5. They………………(watch) television – their favourite program is on at the moment.

6. I wanted to be the first to tell her, but it was to late. Someone….............… (already/tell) her.

7. The children are filthy. Where………………………………(they/be)?

8. I’m going to bed. I……………………(work) for hours and I’m tired.

9. I think she is the nicest person I……………………(ever meet).

10. Mary…………(clean) the windscreen when she…………..(notice) a crack in the glass.

11. I couldn’t open the front door because someone…………….(lock) it.

12. I agree: I………………(not think) you should apologise.

13. When I……………(phone) her, she……………(do) her homework.

14. We……………………………….(wait) for three and a half hour when John finally arrived.

15. When I shouted, they……………(jump) off the root and…………. (run) away.

16. Don’t phone her just now. She………………(talk) to her boss.

17. Jackie……………(have) a shave. He looks strange without a beard.

18. I………………………(serve) in the army for eighteen months.

19. We………………………(travel) for about four hours when we realised that something was wrong with one of the tyres.

20. Mary will be ready soon. She………………… (have) a bath at present.

21. Sorry. I…………………(not understand). Could you say that again?

22. We…………(stay) in the café until the rain stopped and…………(go) home.

23. …………(you/be) here before? – Yes, I first…………(come) here in 2005.

24. There was nobody at the office. Mr. Brown……….....(allow) the staff to go home.

25. Entering the hotel, I…………(sign) the register and……(go) up to my room.

26. We…………………..……(work) in the garden for hours when Nam came to visit us. We…………………(stop) working and…………………..(invite) him to enjoy some tea. While we……………………(chat) funnily, he suddenly……………(realise) that he……………………..(forget) another important appointment, He apologised to us and……………(leave) hurriedly.

Exercise 10: Choose the best answer among A,B,C, and D. 1. When I ………to the party, Sally and Doug ……., John ………..drinks.

A. was coming/ had danced/ made B. had come/ danced/ made C. came/ were dancing/ was making D. have come/ are dancing/ is making.

2. When I ………….there, dinner ………..so I had a drink first.

A. get / is prepared B. get / has been prepared C. got / had been prepared D. got / was being prepared.

3. We …….your son in the school play last night. He ….a terrific acting job.

A. saw / was doing B. were seeing/ did C. had seen/ had done D. have seen/ has done 4. ……………him? – Last night.

A. When do you meet B. When did you meet C. When have you meet D. When will you meet 5. When we ……………..to see him last night he …………….. to music.

A. come/ is listening B. had come/ listened C. came/ was listening D. were coming/ listens 6. She sometimes ………..to turn off the computer before she goes home.

A. forgot B. has forgot C. is forgetting D. forgets.

7. They …………good preparation before they ………………their final examination yesterday.

A. made / had taken B. had made / took C. have made/ take D. will make/ take 8. It ………………..quite often in Britain during the winter.

A. is snowing B. snows C. snowed D. was snowing 9. He ……………..for London one year ago.

A. leftB. has left C. leaves D. had left 10. I ……………….to the market with my mother yesterday.

A. go B. went C. have gone D. was going.

11. I usually …………….to school by bus.

A. went B. am going C. go D. have gone 12. ……………..you ………………..out last night?

A. Did / go B. Do / do C. Have / gone D. Were / going 13. When they …………….in the garden, the phone ……………

A. worked / was ringing B. were working / rang C. worked / rang D. work / rings 14. After they ……………their breakfast, they ………..shopping yesterday.

A. have / go B. had/ had C. had / had gone D. had had / went 15. They ………………..tea when the doorbell ……….. .

A. have/ is ringing B. were having/ rang C. had had / rang D. having / ringing 16. I …………….know how to dance when I ……………….six years old.

A. don’t/ was B. didn’t/ am C. didn’t/ was D. haven’t known/ was 17. Nam is a careful driver but yesterday he ………………carelessly.

A. drove B. had driven C. drives D. was driving 18. He ……………..up at five every morning.

A. is getting B. got C. gets D. was getting 19. What ………………….he ………………before you came?

A. does / do B. had / do C. had / done D. has / done 20. While mum was watching TV, I ………………….my homework.

A. am doing B. was doing C. had done D. has done 21. After she ………………hospital, she had a long holiday.

A. leaves B. is leaving C. left D. has left 22. The film …………….by the time we ……………to the cinema.

A. already began / got B. have already begun / got C. had already begun / got D. already began / had got 23. When I arrived at his house, he ………………….a phone call.

A. answers B. answered C. has answered D. was answering Exercise 11: Choose the best answer among A,B,C, and D. 1. It is possible ………… a train across Canada.

A. take B. to take C. taking D. to be taken 2. I think your mother should let you …………….your own mind.

A. make up B. to make up C. making up D. made up 3. I was delighted ………………my old friend again.

A. to see B. seeing C. seen D. to be seen 4. I’d rather ……………to Elvis than the Beatles.

A. listen B. to listen C. listening D. listened 5. Do you know what made so many people ………….their home?

A. evacuate B. to evacuate C. evacuated D. be evacuated 6. The exam is coming so the teacher make their students ………a lot.

A. study B. to study C. studying D. studied 7. her parents want her ………………….a doctor.

A. become B. to become C. becoming D. became 8. I consider it my affair ……………the newcomers in my class.

A. to help B. help C. helped D. helping 9. These employees are made……………………overtime.

A. to work B. work C. working D. worked 10. The teacher never let us ………………out when ……………..

A. to go / explaining B. go/ explaining C. going / explain D. gone / explained 11. The Manager had some letters to sign.

A. That he had to sign C. so that he signed B. for signing D. which are for signing 12. He advised me ……..the facts before I made a decision ….the job.

A. considering / to accept B. consider / accepting C. consider / accept D. to consider / to accept 13. It’s a nice surprise ………….you here.

A. see B. to see C. seeing D. seen 14. It is impossible ………..such a difficult thing without any help.

A. to do B. do C. doing D. done 15. Those tourists were …………….their journey.

A. enough tired to continue B. too tired to continue C. very tired that they couldn’t continue D. too tired for continuing 16. The police let him …….after they had asked him some questions.

A. to leave B. leave C. leaving D. left 17. The police didn’t permit them .......through the military zone. They forced them to go another way.

A. going B. to go C. went D. go

18. The water was so polluted that the explorers could not drink it.

A. The water was too polluted for the explorers to drink .

B. The water was polluted enough for the explorers to drink .

C. The water was too polluted for the explorers drinking .

D. The water was polluted enough for the explorers drinking.

19. His doctor advised him ……smoking, but he find it impossible ….. his habit.

A. stopped / quit B. To stop/ quitting C. stopping/ for quitting D. to stop/ to quit 20. The company was made …………….100.000 USD in taxes.

A. pay B. to pay C. paying D. paid 21. I hear you are preparing …………….for Australia.

A. leaves B. to leave C. leaving D. left 22. The children were eager …………. their parents.

A. to see B. see C. seeing D. saw 23. I would rather ………….at home.

A. to stay B. staying C. stayed D. stay 24. He refused …………….her ………….for herself.

A. to allow / think B. allow / to think C. allowing / thinking D. to allow / to think 25. I keep getting this pain in my leg. I think I would better…a doctor.

A. seeing B. to see C. see D. x 26. It is impossible for her ………….the office.

A. ringing B. ring C. to ring D. rang 27. The government has few options except …….interest rates high.

A. keeps B. to keep C. keeping D. of keeping 28. Have you got time …………….the report today.

A. finishes B. to finish C. finishing D. finished 29. She is in a hurry. She has a train ……………….

A. catching B. catches C. to catch D. caught 30. John, I have something interesting …...........you but you have to promise .......…...it secret.

A. for telling / keeping B. to tell / keep C. to tell / to keep D. told / kept 31. The guards were watching a shoplifter ….along the shop windows.

A. go B. to go C. went D. gone 32. The skiers would rather ……………through the mountain than go by bus.

A. to travel on train B. traveled by train C. travel by train D. traveling by train 33. The students stopped__________ when the teacher entered the classroom.

A. to talk B. talk C. talked D. talking 34. You should______________ a lot of grammar exercises if you want to improve your writing.

A. did B. doing C. done D. do 35. The kids didn’t go to the movie last night_______ it rained so heavily.

A. and B. but C. because D. although 36. _______________ it’s rainy, I walk home with my umbrella.

A. When B. But C. Because D. Though 37. Lan suggested_____________ to the zoo at weekend.

A. goes B. went C. going D. to go 38. This movie is not interesting. How about___________ to the concert?

A. to go B. going C. go D. went 39. You should_______________ more books on UFO if you want to know about life on other planets.

A. reading B. read C. to read D. have read 40. They _____________ their friend at the airport tomorrow.

A. will see B. have seen C. saw D. see 41. What were you doing when he_____________?

A. comes B. to come C. came D. coming 42. There used_______a movie theater here,but it closed a long time ago.

A. be B. to be C. being D. have been 43. I_______________ English here since I graduated from university.

A. teach B. taught C. have taught D. am teaching 44. He used to_____________ full time, but now he is a part time worker.

A. work B. working C. worked D. is working 45. Let’s______________ somewhere for a drink!

A. go B. to go C. going D. went 46. She said that she_______________ learning English with you.

A. like B. to like C. likes D. had liked 47. She asked me where I_____________ from.

A. come B. coming C. to come D. came 48. She______________ me whether I liked classical music or not.

A. ask B. asks C. asked D. asking 49. He asked me who the editor of that book____________ .

A. was B. were C. is D. has been 50. He wants to know whether I_____________ back tomorrow.

A. come B. came C. will come D. would come 51. I wonder why he______________ love his family.

A. doesn’t B. don’t C. didn’t D. hasn’t 52. I remember_______________ her somewhere.

A. see B. seeing C. saw D. to see 53. She forgot_____________ off the gas before going out A. turn B. turning C. to turn D. turned 54. I suggest____________ money for the poor people in our neighborhood.

A. save B. to save C. saving D. saved 55. He got wet_____________ he forgot his umbrella.

A. because of B. because C. but D. and 56. We____________ since we left school.

A. don’t meet B. didn’t meet C. won’t meet D. haven’t met 57. ______________ laugh at me.

A. Didn’t B. Won’t C. Don’t D. Haven’t 58. Tidal waves_______________ the result of an abrupt shift in the underwater movement of the Earth.

A. are B. were C. is D. was 59. My parents do not allow me___________, so I had to stay home.

A. go B. to go C. going D. gone 60. Do you think you will be able______________ a space trip?

A. take B. to take C. taking D. taken Exercise 12: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets 1. We’ll go out when the rain (stop)…………….

2. I (stay)……………here until he (answer)………….me.

3. Wait until I (catch)……………you.

4. She (not come)…………….until you (be)………….ready.

5. Miss Helen (help)……………..you as soon as she (finish)………………. that letter tomorrow.

6. After the class (be)………….over, ask the teacher about that sentence.

7. I (come)……………..and (see)……………..you before I leave here.

8. We (go)……………home as soon as we have finished our work.

9. I (wait)………………here until you (come)………………back tomorrow.

10. I (send)……………you some postcards as soon as I (arrive)……......in London.

B-1. When you (go)………..into the office. Mr. John (sit)………….at the front desk.

2. Our E teacher (explain)………………….that lesson to us tomorrow.

3. We (wait)……………….for you when you (get)……………. back tomorrow.

4. What you (do)………….at7 p.m next Sunday? I (practise)…………….my E lesson.

5. When I (see)…………..Mr. Pike tomorrow, I (remind)………………..him of that.

6. When you (come)…………today. I (work)……………at my desk in room 12.

7. He (work)……………on the report at this time tomorrow.

8. Please wait here until the manager (return)…………..

9. The Browns (do)…………..their housework when you (come)…………..next Monday.

10. Don’t leave until you (see)……….her.

C-1. I’ll wait until he (finish)……………his novel.

2. When you (come)…………..back. I already (buy)………..a new house.

3. Don’t come until I (finish)……………lunch.

4. I (hope)…………..it (stop)………….raining by 5 o’clock this afternoon.

5. The river (not begin)……………………to smell until some rain (fall)………

6. By next month I (leave)……………for India.

7. The film (end) by the time we (get)………….there.

8. They (build) a house by June next year.

9. We (start)………….our plan next week.

10. I (give)……………her you letter when I (see)……….her tomorrow.

D-1. I’m sure they (comple)………………………………..the new road by June.

2. He (wait)…………….for you when you (get)…………..back tomorrow.

3. At this same time tomorrow, we (drive)………………..through Pennsylvania.

4. We (see)……………you next Monday.

5. In 2 years from now, the contract (come)…………….to an end.

6. Who (look)……………..after the children when you are away?

7. By november I (work)…………….for this company for 6 years.

8. If you call her at 6, she (practise)……………the piano then.

9. By march 15, I (be)……….here for 1 year.

10. We (move)…………to our new house at Chritmas this year.

11. By the end of December, John (work)……………as a reporter for 10 years.

12. By the time you arrive, I (finish)…………….writting an essay.

13. I (give)………..him your message when I (see)………… him 14. He certainly (not do)…………………all his home work by 10 tonight.

15. Don’t call him at 2.30 p.m. He (interview)…………….job applicants at that time.

16. The teacher hope we (pass)……………the exams.

17. By this time next week, he (write)……………his novel for 6 months.

18. They (arrive)…………..on Wednesday.

19. I hope the weather (be)…………..fine tonight.

20. You (finish)……………your work by 9 tonight?

THE PASSIVE VOICE (CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG ) Câu bị động tiếng Anh thường được dùng với nghĩa “được” hay “bị” với các mục đích sau: 1. Nhấn mạnh vào người chịu tác động hay nhận tác động hơn là người gây ra tác động đó.

Ví dụ: He was rescued yesterday.

2. Khi không biết người gây ra tác động đó là ai.

Ví dụ: My book was taken away.

3. Khi bản thân người nói vì lý do nào đó không nêu ra người gây ra tác động hay hành động đó.

Ví dụ: I was informed about your business trip. (Tôi đã được thông tin về chuyến công tác của anh) II. MỘT SỐ ĐẶC ĐIỂM CỦA CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG TIẾNG ANH 1. Chỉ có Ngoại động từ (transitive verbs) mới có thể dùng trong câu bị động.

- “Ngoại động từ” là loại động từ có một “Tân ngữ” đứng sau.

Ví dụ: He meets me everyday.

(Phân tích: “meet” được gọi là “Ngoại động từ” vì nó có “Tân ngữ” (me) đứng sau) - “Tân ngữ” được định nghĩa là bộ phận đứng sau động từ hoặc giới từ để chỉ người hay vật chịu tác động hay tiếp nhận tác động do chủ ngữ câu gây ra. “Tân ngữ” có thể là Đại từ (me, him, her, us, you, them, it) hoặc cụm từ như “My book” trong câu “He borrowed my book (Anh ấy đã mượn cuốn sách của tôi)” 2. Câu bị động có thể dùng trong hầu hết các thời của tiếng Anh. Sau đây là một số

thời chính của tiếng Anh: A. HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN GIẢN: Am/ Are/ Is + Past Participle Example: - The floor is cleaned.

- Photos are taken.

B. QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN GIẢN Were/ Was + Past Participle - The floor was cleaned.

- Photos were taken.

C.TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN GIẢN Will be + Past Participle - The floor will be cleaned.

- Photos will be taken.

D. HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN Am/ Is/ Are + being + Past participle - The floor is being cleaned.

- Photos are being taken.

E. QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN Was/ Were + being + Past Participle - The floor was being cleaned.

- Photos were being taken.

F. HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH Has/ Have + been + Past Participle - The floor has been cleaned.

- Photos have been taken.

G. QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH Had + been + Past Participle - The floor had been cleaned.

- Photos had been taken.

H. TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH Will have + been + Past Participle - The floor will have been cleaned.

- Photos will have been taken.

I. CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG VỚI ĐỘNG TÙ TÌNH THÁI: như “can”, “may”, “must”, “need”, “should”, v.v

S + MODAL VERBS + BE + PII Ví dụ: This car should be repaired. (Cái xe này nên được sửa chữa) This problem must be solved. (Vấn đề này phải được giải quyết) III. CÁCH CHUYỂN CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG (ACTIVE SENTENCE) SANG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG (PASSIVE).

1. Cấu trúc câu tổng quát: CHỦ NGỮ + BE (các dạng theo các thời và chủ ngữ) + PHÂN TỪ QUÁ KHỨ ĐỘNG TỪ CÂU GỐC (câu chủ động) + BY (BỞI, DO) + TÂN NGỮ Ghi chú: - Đối với động từ Theo quy tắc (REGULAR) thì Phân từ quá khứ là “V-ED” - Đối với động từ Bất quy tắc (IRREGULAR) thì Phân từ quá khứ ở cột III bảng “ĐỘNG TỪ BẤT QUY TẮC”: Ví dụ: to take – took – taken: (taken= past participle) Câu bị đông kép: People say/think/belive/ suppose that + Clause People said/ thought/ believed/ supposed that + Clause

EXERCISES EXERCISE 1 Directions: Fill in the blank with the passive voice of the verb in ( ).

1. Traffic regulations _______________________ by drivers as well as pedestrians. (must/obey) 2. A driver _______________________________ by the police. (might/stop) 3. A driver _______________________________ to get out of the car. (could/ask) 4. A driver _______________________________ to the police station. (might/take) 5. Drunk drivers ___________________________ a sobriety test. (may/give) 6. Drivers ________________________________ of their rights. (must/inform) 7. A traffic accident ________________________ to the police. (must report)

EXERCISE 2 Put the verbs in parentheses into the correct active or passive voice.

1. Last night my favorite program________________ (interrupt) by a special news bulletin.

2. When I______________ (arrive) at the airport yesterday, I______________ (meet) by my cousin and a couple of friends.

3. Kim______________ (write) this composition last week. That one ___________ (write) by Phi.

4. I don’t have my bicycle today. It’s with the repairman. It______________ (repair) right now.

5. Someone has bought the small lot behind my house and a new house_______________ (build) on it next year.

6. A: Do you understand the explanation in the book?

B: No, I don’t. I_______________ (confuse).

7. A: When____________ your bike_______________ (steal)?

B: Two days ago.

8. A:__________ you_____________ (pay) your electricity yet?

B: No. I haven’t. but I’d better pay it today. If I don’t, my electricity supply ______________ (shut off) by the power company.

9. A: Did you hear about the accident?

B: No. What________________ (happen)?

A: A bicyclist_____________ (hit) by a taxi in front of the dorm.

B: ___________ the bicyclist______________ (injure)?

A: Yes. He_______________ (take) to City Hospital.

10. The Eiffel Tower_____________ (be) in Paris, France. It_____________ (visit) by millions of people every year. It________ (design) by Alexandre Eiffel (18321923). It_______________ (erect) in 1889 for the Paris exposition. Since that time, it_______________ (be) the most famous landmark in Paris. Today it______________ (recognize) by people throughout the world.

EXERCISE 3 Directions: Change the following sentences to the passive voice.

1. You must put out all smoking materials. _____________________________________________________ 2. You must fasten the seat belt. _____________________________________________________ 3. They will demonstrate safety precautions. _____________________________________________________ 4. You should read the safety instructions. ______________________________________________________ 5. You can store small packages in the overhead compartment. ______________________________________________________ 6. When the seatbelt light goes off, you may remove the seatbelt. ________________________________________________________ 7. They may serve a meal. ________________________________________________________ 8. They might show a movie. ________________________________________________________ 9. They will serve coffee. ________________________________________________________ EXERCISE 4

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the active or the passive voice of the modal verbs.

1. Safety precautions ____________________________________. (will/demonstrate) 2. Flight attendants _________________________________ meals. (will/serve) 3. Passengers ________________________________ their seatbelts. (must/fasten) 4. Passengers ________________________________ coffee. (will/serve) 5. Passengers __________________________ the safety precautions. (should/read) 6. Passengers __________________________ to put out smoking materials. (will/tell) 7. Passengers ___________________________ the safety rules. (should/obey) 8. A movie _____________________________ on some flights. (might/show) 9. Some movies ____________________________ sex and violence. (may contain) 10. Some viewers ____________________________ by sex and bad language. (might/offend) EXERCISE 5: Change these sentences into passive voice 1. They can’t make tea with cold water. → ............................................................................

2. The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plant. → ............................................................................

3. Somebody has taken some of my books away. → ............................................................................

4. They will hold the meeting before May Day. → ............................................................................

5. They have to repair the engine of the car. → ............................................................................

6. The boys broke the window and took away some pictures. → ............................................................................

7. People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday. → ............................................................................

8. They may use this room for the classroom. → ............................................................................

9. The teacher is going to tell a story. → ............................................................................

10. Mary is cutting the cake with a sharp knife. → ............................................................................

11. The children looked at the women with a red hat. → ............................................................................

12. They have provided the victims with food and clothing. → ............................................................................

13. People speak English in almost every corner of the world. → ............................................................................

14. You mustn’t use this machine after 5:30 p.m. → ............................................................................

15. Luckily for me, they didn’t call my name. → ............................................................................

16. After class, one of the students always erases the chalk board. → ............................................................................

17. You must clean the wall before you paint it. → ............................................................................

18. They told the new pupil where to sit. → ............................................................................

19. I knew that they had told him of the meeting. → ............................................................................

20. Nobody has ever treated me with such kindness. → ............................................................................

21. No one believes his story. → ............................................................................

22. A sudden increase in water pressure may break the dam. → ............................................................................

23. We must take good care of books borrowed from the library. → ............................................................................

24. A man I know told me about it . → ............................................................................

25. We can never find him at home for he is always on the move. → ............................................................................

26. They use milk for making butter and cheese. → ............................................................................

27. Science and Technology have completely changed human life. → ............................................................................

28. John used to visit Mr. Cole at weekends. → ............................................................................

29. Weeds cover the river bank. → ............................................................................

30. Smoke filled the room. → ............................................................................

Change these sentences into active voice 1. These exercises were done well. → ............................................................................

2. This dress must be washed in cold water. → ............................................................................

3. No mistakes have been made in his composition. → ............................................................................

4. His painting will be exhibited for the first time by New Arts gallery. → ............................................................................

5. This house was built 100 years ago. → ............................................................................

6. These artificial flowers are made of silk. → ............................................................................

7. The lessons are being written by the students now. → ............................................................................

8. This job has to be done at once. → ............................................................................

9. These animals at the zoo are fed twice a day. → ............................................................................

10. The operation is going to be performed by French doctors. → ............................................................................

11. All the arrangements have been made. → ............................................................................

12. When was this radio manufactured? → ............................................................................

13. They couldn’t be found anywhere. → ............................................................................

14. Is mathematics taught in this school? → ............................................................................

15. Fortunately the machinery wasn’t damaged by the accident. → ............................................................................

16. Please wait here while your luggage is being examined. → ............................................................................

17. How are candles made? → ............................................................................

18. For a long time the earth was believed to be flat. → ............................................................................

19. Were you taught how to apply this theory by your teacher? → ............................................................................

20. Apples are said to be good for our health. → ............................................................................

21. Don’t let the dog be teased by the children. → ............................................................................

22. It is believed that red is the symbol of luck. → ............................................................................

23. What have been done to help the poor in this cityd? → ............................................................................

24. The jewelry must have been stolen while she was out. → ............................................................................

25. Where did the treasure use to be hidden by pirates in the old time? → ............................................................................

Change these sentences into passive voice

1/ Yes – No question: 1. Do they teach English here? → ............................................................................

2. Will you invite her to your wedding party? → ............................................................................

3. Did the teacher give some exercises? → ............................................................................

4. Is she going to write a poem? → ............................................................................

5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory? → ............................................................................

6. Is she making big cakes for the party? → ............................................................................

7. Has Tom finished the work? → ............................................................................

8. Are the police making inquires about the thief? → ............................................................................

9. Must we finish the test before ten? → ............................................................................

10. Will buses bring the children home? → ............................................................................

2/ Wh – questions: 11. Why didn’t they help him? → ............................................................................

12. How many games has the team played? → ............................................................................

13. Where do people speak English? → ............................................................................

14. Who are they keeping in the kitchen? → ............................................................................

15. How can they open this safe? → ............................................................................

16. What books are people reading this year? → ............................................................................

17. How did the police find the lost man? → ............................................................................

18. Who looked after the children for you? → ............................................................................

19. How long have they waited for the doctor? → ............................................................................

20. What time can the boys hand in their papers? → ............................................................................

3/ Sentences with two objects: 21. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.

→ ............................................................................

22. Someone will tell him that news. → ............................................................................

23. They have sent enough money to these poor boys. → ............................................................................

24. They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote. → ............................................................................

25. They paid me a lot of money to do the job. → ............................................................................

4/ Sentences with verbs of reporting: 26. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number. → ............................................................................

27. They rumored the man was still living. → ............................................................................

28. They declared that she won the competition. → ............................................................................

29. They know that English is an international language. → ............................................................................

30. People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure. → ............................................................................

31. They say that John is the brightest student in class. → ............................................................................

32. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack. → ............................................................................

33. They think that he has died a natural death. → ............................................................................

34. They reported that the troops were coming. → ............................................................................

35. People believed that the earth stood still. → ............................................................................

5/ Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin”.

36. We’ll continue to use this computer. → ............................................................................

37. They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations. → ............................................................................

38. People can continue to enjoy natural resources. → ............................................................................

39. People will continue to drink Coca – Cola in the 21st century. → ............................................................................

40. American people begin to love football. → ............................................................................

6/ Sentences with Phrasal verbs: 41. They gave up the research after three hours. → ............................................................................

42. Someone should look into the matter. → ............................................................................

43. Don’t speak until someone speaks to you. → ............................................................................

44. A neighbor is looking after the children. → ............................................................................

45. Your story brings back pleasant memories. → ............................................................................

7/ Sentences with verbs of perception: 46. I have heard her sing this song several times. → ............................................................................

47. People saw him steal your car. → ............................................................................

48. The teacher is watching them work. → ............................................................................

49. He won’t let you do that silly thing again. → ............................................................................

50. People don’t make the children work hard. → ............................................................................

51. They made him work all day. → ............................................................................

52. The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag. → ............................................................................

53. The terrorists made the hostages lie down. → ............................................................................

54. Police advise drivers to use an alternative route. → ............................................................................

55. She helps me to do all these difficult exercises. → ............................................................................

8/ Sentences of order: 56. Open your book. → ............................................................................

57. Take off your hat. → ............................................................................

58. Don’t do that silly thing again. → ............................................................................

59. Let’s tell them about it. → ............................................................................

60. Don’t let the other see you. → ............................................................................

9/ Sentences with “Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide,..…”

61. She advised me to sell that house. → ............................................................................

62. They begged us to help him. → ............................................................................

63. He orders us to clean the floor. → ............................................................................

64. He recommends me to do the job. → ............................................................................

65. She urged him to visit her parents as soon as possible. → ............................................................................

10/ Some special sentences: 66. It is dangerous for us to take the short cut. → ............................................................................

67. You need to have your hair cut. → ............................................................................

68. You must see it to believe it. → ............................................................................

69. He wants someone to take some photographs. → ............................................................................

70. We enjoy writing letters. → ............................................................................

MODAL VERBS I. CAN – COULD Đặc tính chung của Động từ khuyết thiếu (Modal verbs) Ngoài những đặc tính như trợ động từ, động từ khuyết thiếu còn có thêm một số đặc tính riêng như sau: 1. Không có TO ở nguyên mẫu và không có TO khi có động từ theo sau.

They can speak French and English.

2. Không có S ở ngôi thứ ba số ít thì Hiện tại.

He can use our phone.

3. Chỉ có nhiều nhất là 2 thì: Thì Hiện tại và thì Quá khứ đơn.

She can cook meals.

She could cook meals when she was twelve.

Trong những trường hợp khác ta sử dụng những động từ tương đương. Động từ khuyết thiếu CAN CAN là một động từ khuyết thiếu, nó chỉ có 2 thì Hiện tại và Quá khứ đơn. Những hình thức khác ta dùng động từ tương đương be able to. CAN cũng có thể được dùng như một trợ động từ để hình thành một số cách nói riêng.

1. CAN và COULD có nghĩa là “có thể”, diễn tả một khả năng (ability).

Can you swim?

She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old.

2. Trong văn nói (colloquial speech), CAN được dùng thay cho MAY để diễn tả một sự cho phép (permission) và thể phủ định CANNOT được dùng để diễn tả một sự cấm đoán (prohibition).

In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you can’t smoke downstairs.

3. CAN cũng diễn tả một điều có thể xảy đến (possibility). Trong câu hỏi và câu cảm thán CAN có nghĩa là ‘Is it possible…?’

Can it be true?

It surely can’t be four o’clock already!

4. CANNOT được dùng để diễn tả một điều khó có thể xảy ra (virtual impossibility).

He can’t have missed the way. I explained the route carefully.

5. Khi dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) CAN cho một ý nghĩa tương đương với thì Tiếp diễn (Continuous Tense).

Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (không dùng I am hearing) COULD 1. COULD là thì quá khứ đơn của CAN. She could swim when she was five.

2. COULD còn được dùng trong câu điều kiện.

If you tried, you could do that work.

3. Trong cách nói thân mật, COULD được xem như nhiều tính chất lịch sự hơn CAN. Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?

Could you tell me the right time, please?

4. COULD được dùng để diển tả một sự ngờ vực hay một lời phản kháng nhẹ nhàng.

His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.

I could do the job today, but I’d rather put it off until tomorrow.

5. COULD – WAS/WERE ABLE TO a) Nếu hành động diễn tả một khả năng, một kiến thức, COULD được dùng thường hơn WAS/WERE ABLE TO. He hurt his foot, and he couldn’t play in the match.

The door was locked, and I couldn’t open it. b) Nếu câu nói hàm ý một sự thành công trong việc thực hiện hành động (succeeded in doing) thì WAS/WERE ABLE TO được sử dụng chứ không phải COULD. I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.

II. MODAL VERBS MAY – MIGHT 1. MAY và dạng quá khứ MIGHT diễn tả sự xin phép, cho phép (permission).

May I take this book? – Yes, you may.

She asked if she might go to the party.

2. MAY/MIGHT dùng diễn tả một khả năng có thể xảy ra hay không thể xảy ra.

It may rain.

He admitted that the news might be true.

3. Dùng trong câu cảm thán MAY/MIGHT diễn tả một lời cầu chúc.

May all your dreams come true!

Trong cách dùng này có thể xem MAY như một loại Bàng Thái cách (Subjunctive).

4. MAY/MIGHT dùng trong mệnh đề theo sau các động từ hope (hy vọng) và trust (tin tưởng).

I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction.

He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction.

5. MAY/MIGHT dùng thay cho một mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ (adverb clauses of concession).

He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor…)

Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard…)

Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard…)

6. MAY/MIGHT thường được dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trường hợp này người ta cũng thường dùng CAN/COULD để thay cho MAY/MIGHT. She was studying so that she might read English books.

7. MIGHT (không dùng MAY) đôi khi được dùng trong câu để diễn tả một lời trách mắng có tính hờn dỗi (petulant reproach).

You might listen when I am talking to you.

(Làm ơn ráng mà lắng nghe tôi nói) You might try to be a little more helpful.

(Làm ơn ráng mà tỏ ra có ích một chút) 8. Trong trường hợp cần thiết người ta dùng be allowed to, permit… tùy theo ý nghĩa cần diễn tả để thay cho MAY và MIGHT. I shall be allowed to go to the party.

III. MODAL VERB MUST MUST là một động từ khuyết thiếu và chỉ có hình thức hiện tại.

1. MUST có nghĩa là “phải” diễn tả một mệnh lệnh hay một sự bắt buộc.

You must drive on the left in London.

2. MUST bao hàm một kết luận đương nhiên, một cách giải thích duy nhất hợp lý theo ý nghĩ của người nói.

Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad!

You have worked hard all day; you must be tired.

3. MUST NOT (MUSTN’T) diễn tả một lệnh cấm.

You mustn’t walk on the grass.

4. Khi muốn diễn tả thể phủ định của MUST với ý nghĩa “không cần thiết” người ta sử dụng NEED NOT (NEEDN’T).

Must I do it now? – No, you needn’t. Tomorrow will be soon enough.

5. CANNOT (CAN’T) được dùng làm phủ định của MUST khi MUST diễn tả ý nghĩa kết luận đương nhiên, một cách giải thích duy nhất hợp lý theo ý nghĩ của người nói như đã đề cập trong điểm 2 trên đây.

If he said that, he must be mistaken.

If he said that, he can’t be telling the truth.

6. MUST và HAVE TO a) HAVE TO dùng thay cho MUST trong những hình thức mà MUST không có.

We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve o’clock train. b) HAVE TO không thể thay thế MUST khi MUST mang ý nghĩa kết luận đương nhiên, một cách giải thích duy nhất hợp lý theo ý nghĩ của người nói như đã đề cập trong điểm 2 trên đây. Người ta phải diễn tả bằng những cách khác.

He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad) c) MUST và HAVE TO đều có thể dùng để diễn tả sự cưỡng bách, bắt buộc (compulsion). Tuy nhiên MUST mang ý nghĩa sự cưỡng bách đến từ người nói trong khi HAVE TO mang ý nghĩa sự cưỡng bách đến từ hoàn cảnh bên ngoài (external circumstances) You must do what I tell you.

Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lệnh của Cục Đường Sắt) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (Vì không còn đường nào khác) IV. MODAL VERBS SHALL – SHOULD 1. SHALL có thể là: Một trợ động từ giúp hình thành thì Tương lai (Simple Future) ở ngôi thứ nhất số ít.

I shall do what I like.

Một động từ khuyết thiếu. Khi là động từ khuyết thiếu SHALL diễn tả một lời hứa (promise), một sự quả quyết (determination) hay một mối đe dọa (threat) theo ý nghĩ của người nói.

If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat) These people want to buy my house, but they shan’t have it. (determination) 2. SHOULD được dùng trong những trường hợp sau: Làm một động từ khuyết thiếu có nghĩa là “nên” và tương đương với ought to.

You should do what the teacher tells you.

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb) Dùng thay cho must khi không muốn diễn tả một ý nghĩa quá bắt buộc với must.

Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary.

Dùng thay cho thì Hiện tại Bàng thái (present subjunctive).

V. MODAL VERBS WILL – WOULD 1. WILL có thể là: Một trợ động từ. Dùng làm trợ động từ WILL giúp hình thành thì Tương lai (simple future).

Một động từ khuyết thiếu. Khi là một động từ khuyết thiếu WILL diễn tả một sự mong muốn (willingness), một lời hứa (promise) hay một sự quả quyết (determination).

All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness) I won’t forget little Margaret’s birthday. I will send her a present. (promise) Trong cách diễn tả sự quả quyết (determination) cả SHALL lẫn WILL đều có thể sử dụng nhưng mỗi từ mang một nghĩa riêng. Với SHALL, sự quả quyết là ở người nói.

Với WILL, sự quả quyết ở chủ từ (subject) của động từ. So sánh hai thí dụ sau: (a) George shall go out without his overcoat. (b) George will go out without his overcoat. Ở câu (a), người nói nhất định bắt George phải đi ra ngoài mà không được mặc áo khoác. Ở câu (b) George nhất định đi ra ngoài mà không thèm mặc áo khoác.

2. WOULD có thể là: Một trợ động từ. WOULD giúp hình thành một Tương lai trong quá khứ (future in the past) hay các thì trong câu điều kiện.

He said he would send it to me, but he didn’t.

If she were here, she would help us.

He would have been very happy if he had known about it.

Khi dùng như một động từ khuyết thiếu, WOULD diễn tả một thói quen trong quá khứ.

Với nghĩa này, WOULD có thể dùng thay cho used to.

Every day he would get up at six o’clock and light the fire.

VI. MODAL VERBS OUGHT TO – DARE – NEED Động từ khuyết thiếu OUGHT TO OUGHT TO là một động từ khuyết thiếu chỉ có thì Hiện tại (simple present). Nó có nghĩa là “nên”, gần giống với should. Trong hầu hết các trường hợp OUGHT TO có thể được thay thế bằng should.

They ought to (should) pay the money.

He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself.

1. OUGHT TO cũng dùng để diễn tả một sự gần đúng, rất có thể đúng (strong probability).

If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now.

2. OUGHT TO có thể dùng trong tương lai với các từ xác định thời gian tương lai như tomorrow, next Tuesday…

Our team ought to win the match tomorrow.

3. OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle diễn tả một sự không tán đồng về một hành động đã làm trong quá khứ.

You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing. Động từ khuyết thiếu DARE DARE có nghĩa là “dám, cả gan” có thể được xem như một động từ khuyết lẫn động từ thường.

Khi là một động từ khuyết thiếu, nó có đầy đủ đặc tính của loại động từ này.

Dare he go and speak to her? (động từ khuyết thiếu) You daren’t climb that tree, dare you? (động từ khuyết thiếu) He doesn’t dare to answer my letter. (động từ thường) She didn’t dare to say a word, did she? (động từ thường) Thành ngữ I daresay có nghĩa là “có thể, có lẽ” đồng nghĩa với các từ perhaps, it is probable. Thành ngữ này thường không dùng với chủ từ nào khác ngoài ngôi thứ nhất.

He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later. Động từ khuyết thiếu NEED Có hai động từ NEED: một động từ thường và một động từ khuyết thiếu. Khi là động từ khuyết thiếu NEED chỉ có hình thức Hiện tại và có đầy đủ đặc tính của một động từ khuyết thiếu. Nó có nghĩa là “cần phải”, tương tự như have to. Vì thế nó cũng được xem là một loại phủ định của must.

Need he work so hard?

You needn’t go yet, need you?

Có một điều cần nhớ là động từ khuyết thiếu NEED không dùng ở thể xác định. Nó chỉ được dùng ở thể phủ định và nghi vấn. Khi dùng ở thể xác định nó phải được dùng với một từ ngữ phủ định.

You needn’t see him, but I must.

I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.

VII. MODAL VERB USED TO Động từ khuyết thiếu USED TO USED TO là một hình thức động từ đặc biệt. Nó có thể được xem như một động từ thường hay một động từ khuyết thiếu trong việc hình thành thể phủ định và thể nghi vấn.

You used to live in London, usedn’t you?

He usedn’t to smoke as much as he does now.

He didn’t use to smoke as much as he does now.

Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden?

Ngày nay người ta có khuynh hướng dùng did và didn’t để lập thể phủ định và thể nghi vấn cho USED TO. Trong nhiều trường hợp thể phủ định có thể được hình thành bằng cách sử dụng never.

You never used to make that mistake.

USED TO được dùng để chỉ một hành động liên tục, kéo dài, lặp đi lặp lại trong quá khứ mà nay không còn nữa.

People used to think that the earth was flat.

Với thì Quá khứ đơn người ta chỉ biết hành động đã xảy ra. Với USED TO người ta thấy được tính chất kéo dài của hành động ấy.

He was my classmate. (không rõ trong thời gian bao lâu) He used to be my classmate. (trong một thời gian khá lâu) Phân biệt USED TO và một số hình thức khác 1. USED TO + infinitive: hành động liên tục trong quá khứ 2. (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen với một việc gì 3. (get) USED TO + V.ing: làm quen với một việc gì.

He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesn’t) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now he’s used to it.

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences using the words listed in the box below. Some gaps may have more than one correct answer. can could have to must might should 1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ________ be exhausted after such a long flight. He ________ prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.

2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you ________ walk downtown and explore the waterfront.

3. Hiking the trail to the peak ________ be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You ________ research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.

4. When you have a small child in the house, you ________ leave small objects lying around. Such objects ________ be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.

5. Dave: ________ you hold your breath for more than a minute?

Nathan: No, I can't.

6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ________ have cost a fortune.

7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they _______ die.

8. I ________ speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I ________ just say a few things in the language.

9. The book is optional. My professor said we ________ read it if we needed extra credit. But we ________ read it if we don't want to.

10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It ________ be in this drawer but it's not here.

Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It ________ be in there. That's the only other place it ________ be.

11. You ________ take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it ________ rain later on this afternoon.

12. ________ we pull over at the next rest stop? I really ________use the bathroom and I don't know if I ________ hold it until we get to Chicago.

13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He ________ have left it here last night.

14. Ned: ________ I borrow your lighter for a minute?

Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you ________ keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.

15. I ________ believe she said that to Megan! She ________ insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She ________ have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.

16. Do you ________ chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.

17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer ________ be someone in this room. It ________ be any one of us!!!

18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.

Pamela: It ________ have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous.

After all, the big day is tomorrow.

19. ________ you always say the first thing that pops into your head? ________ you think once in awhile before you speak?

20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It ________ be lying around here somewhere. Where ________ it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.

Exercise 2: Complete each sentence so that it contains might, might not, must, mustn't, can or can't. More than one answer may be possible.

1. Don't stand up in the boat! You....... fall in the river!

2. Sue says she's stuck in traffic and she........ be late.

3. You really........ start spending more time on your work.

4. Tell Peter he........ stay the night here if he wants to.

5. That's a really stupid idea! You....... be serious, surely!

6. You....... realize it, but this is very important to me.

7. Don't be silly. You........ expect me to believe you!

8. We're not sure but we........ go to Prague for Christmas this year.

9. Me learn to fly! You........ be joking!

10. Bill cooked the lunch, so you.......... expect anything special!

I. Choose the best option for each sentence: 1) Young people ______ obey their parents. a. must b. may c. will d. ought to 2) Laura, you and the kids just have dinner without waiting for me. I ______ work very hard today. a. can b. may c. should d. would 3) I ______ be delighted to show you round the factory. a. ought to b. would c. might d. can 4) Leave early so that you ______ miss the bus. a. didn’t b. won’t c. shouldn’t d. mustn’t 5) Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ______ have cost a fortune a. must b. might c. will d. should 6) You ______ to write them today. a. should b. must c. had d.ought 7) I hope I ______ find it. a. will b.shall c. could d. must 8) Unless he runs he______ catch the train.

a.will b. mustn’t c.wouldn’t d.won’t 9) ______ you be in Rome tonight. a.will b.may c.might d.maybe 10) We ______ have time to help you tomorrow. a.may b.must c.will d.could.

11) “______ you hand me that pair of scissors, please?” a. May b. Will c. Shall d. Should 12) Jeanette did very badly on the exam. She _____ harder. a.must have studied c. could have studied b. should have studied d. must studied 13)He was very lucky when he fell off the ladder. He _____ himself. a. could have hurt c. must have hurt b. should have hurt d. will have hurt 14) Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday. She _____ an accident. a. should have had c. must have b. might have d. may have had 15) John still hasn’t come out. He ______ everything for the trip now. a. must have been preparing c. must be preparing b. will be preparing d. will have prepared 16) Thomas received a warning for speeding. He _____ so fast. a. shouldn’t have driven c. should have b. would have driven d. might have driven 17) The photos are black. The X-ray at the airport _____ them. a. should have damaged c. would have damaged c. would damage d. must have damaged 18) Tom didn’t do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. He _____ his homework. a. must have done b. should have done c. might have d. will have done 19) My car stopped on the high way. It _____ out of gas a. may run c. must be b. may have run d. should have run 20) Robert arrived without his book. He _____ it. a. could have lost c. would have lost b. should have lost d. will have lost 21) “Where do you think Rooney is today?”. “I have no idea. He _____ late.” a. should have left c. would sleep b. would have sleep d. may have sleep 22) Berbatov painted his bedroomblack. It looks dark and dreary. He _____ a different color. a. had to choose c. must have chosen b. should have chosen d. could have been choosing 23) The children _____ “thank you” to you when you gave them their gifts. a. will have said c. should have said b. must say d. should say 24) If we had known your new address, we _____ to see you. a. came c. will come b. would have come d. would come 25)These two boys look identical. They _____ twins. a. must have been c. should be b. must be d. should have been II. Rewrite the sentence in the same meaning: 26) Perhaps Susan know the address. (may) Susan ……………………………………………………………..

27) It’s possible that Joanna didn’t receive my message. (might)

Joanna……………………………………………...

28) The report must be on my desk tomorrow. (has) The report…………………………………………..

29) I managed to finish all my work. (able) I………………………………

30) It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat. (didn’t) Nancy ……………………………………………………..

31) The best thing for you to do is to sit down sit down. (better) You……………………………………………….

III. Complete the sentences with must (not), (do not) have to, must (not), need (not), can (not), could (not), might (not), be (not) able to, had better or should.

32) I _____ go to the airport. I’m meeting someone.

33) It’s too late. I _____ go now.

34) You _____ lock the door when you go out. These have been a lot of break-in recently.

35) A person _____ to become rich and famous in order to live a successful life.

36)I don’t want to know anyone. You _____ tell anyone.

37) Tom: What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?

Susan: Well, it _____ big. That’s not important. But it _____ have a nice garden – that’s essential.

38) Ann: I think I _____ go shopping. We’re run out of food.

Susan: We have enough food for dinner, so I _____go shopping today.

39) We _____ repair the car ourselves. We _____ take it to garage.

40) George has traveled a lot. He_____to speak for language.

II. Answer key : 27. Susan may know the address.

28. Joanna mightn’t have received my message.

29. The report has to be on my desk tomorrow.

30. I was able to finish all my work 31. Nancy didn’t need to clean the flat.

32. You had better sit down.

III. Answer key : 32. have to 33. must 34. must 35. doesn’t have to 36. mustn’t 37. needn’t be 38. must, needn’t 39. couldn’t 40. can/is able to 1. Smoking is not allowed in the museum.

--> You mustn’t smoke in the museum.

2. It isn’t necessary to bring an umbrella. The weather is beautiful.

--> We needn’t bring an umbrella.

3. May be you will need to buy a ticket for your child.

--> You may need to buy a ticket for your child 4. It is essential that all new soldiers have a medical examination.

--> All new soldiers must have a medical examination 5. Foreigners don’t have to register for military service.

--> Foreigners needn’t register for military service 2. Choose the correct options.

1. Twenty years ago, David _________ speak Arabic fluently. Now he’s forgotten a lot.

A. could B. might C. needed D. must 2. Jessica hasn’t made up her mind about where to go to school. She __________ attend Duke University. She just doesn’t know yet.

A. mustn’t B. may not C. needn’t D. can’t 3. This box isn’t as heavy as it looks. You ________ help me with it. Thanks anyway for

offering to help.

A. must B. mustn’t C. might D. needn’t 4. Yesterday everyone in the office _________ leave the building for a fire drill. I am glad it wasn’t a real fire.

A. may B. might C. must D. mustn’t 5. You ________ play loud music at night. The neighbours will call the police.

A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. might not D. couldn’t 6. You __________ stand up. There are a lot of seats available on the bus.

A. couldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. might not 7. People who use public parks __________ clean up after themselves.

A. must B. may C. ought D. might 8. This library book is overdue. I _________ better return it today.

A. need B. must C. might D. had 9. Our company provides free advice on the use of our products. You _________ pay us.

A. must B. have to C. needn’t D. mustn’t 10. Whatever ___________ come, I will always be by your side.

A. must B. may C. could D. need 11. We open the lion`s cage. It is contrary to Zoo regulations.

A. must B. mustn`t C. needn`t D. should 12. I arrive on time, so please start dinner without me.

A. could B. may C. may not D. should 13. " you hand that book, please?" "Sure. Here it is."

A. Could B. Should C. Must D. May 14. "Are these gloves necessary?" "Yes. You use this chemical without gloves. It will burn your skin."

A. must not B. don`t have to C. could not D. need not 15. You clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow.

A. don`t have B. must C. mustn`t D. needn`t 16. Carl studied harder; he failed the test again.

A. must have B. should have C. could have D. needn`t have 17. "Would you like to go with me to the Williams` wedding next month?" "I`m not sure. I be too busy with school work."

A. will B. might C. maybe D. should 18. We to take a taxi. Otherwise we`ll be late.

A. would rather B. had better C. must have D. will have

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF SENTENCES) I. Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type 1 Ex: If I finish my homework, I will go to the concert (= I will go to the concert if I finish my homework.) * If clause: If I finish my homework, * Main clause: I will go to the concert 1. Form If + S + V1….., S + will + Vo……..

2. Use: Diễn tả một điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

II. Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type 2 1. Form If + S + V2/ed…..., S + would/could + Vo……

(be  were) 2. Use: Diễn tả một điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại.

Ex: - If he had much time, he would help you.

(He doesn’t have much time now) - If I were in your position, I could do that.

(I am not in your position now) III. Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type 3 1. Form If + S + had + V3/ed….., S + would/could + have + V3/ed…..

2. Use: Diễn tả một điều kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ.

Ex: If we had studied hard last year, we would have got good marks.

(We didn’t study hard last year and we didn’t get good marks) * Summary: Type If clauses Main clauses 1 If + S + V1….., S + will + Vo……

2 If + S + V2/ed….., (be  were) S + would/could + Vo……

3 If + S + had + V3/ed….., S + would/could + have + V3/ed….

IV. Notes 1. Unless: “If … not” có thể được thay bằng “UNLESS” (trừ phi): Ex: - We will be late if we don’t hurry.

We will be late unless we hurry.

- If I have time, I’ll help you.

Unless I have time, I won’t help you.

2. Inversion: Bỏ IF trong 3 loại câu điều kiện (phải có đảo ngữ với SHOULD/WERE/HAD): Ex: - If it should be necessary, I will go.

Should it be necessary, I will go.

Ex: - If I were rich, I would buy a new car.

Were I rich, I would buy a new car.

Ex: - If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer.

Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer.

3. Một số từ/cụm từ có thể thay cho IF với nghĩa tương đương: provided that; so (as) long as (miễn là); in case (trong trường hợp); on condition that (với điều kiện) Ex: You can borrow my book provided that you bring it back.

EXERCISES I/ Delete the incorrect verb form.

1. I’ll send/ send you some information if you’ll tell/ tell me your address.

2. If Kate will be/ is late again, she’ll lose/ loses her job.

3. You’ll be/ are sick if you’ll eat/ eat all that ice-cream.

4. There won’t be/ isn’t enough room if everyone will come/ comes.

5. If we’ll go/ go out tomorrow evening, we’ll miss/ miss that new programme on TV. II/ Put the verbs in parentheses in the correct form to complete the sentences or exchanges.

1. A: My mother always spends his money on expensive things.

B: If he ______________ (be) practical, he _______________ (can save) some money.

2. A: Conservation programs have been introduced by most governments to prevent reckless waste of land.

B: If there _______________ (not be) proper control by the governments, the earth ______________ (be) greatly damaged now.

3. A: Last month, we paid a massive electricity bill.

B: If you ________________ (not waste) so much electricity, the bill _____________ (not be ) so large.

4. If Mr. Brown ________________ (save) some money when he was young, he ______________ (not be) so poor now.

5. A: The invitation says six o’clock.

B: Well, it’s six thirty now.

A: If we _______________ (start) earlier, we ______________ (not be) so late now.

III/ Complete the following sentences, using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Tom got to the station in time to catch his train.

If he (miss)____________ it, he (be)_____________ late for his interview.

2. It’s good that you reminded me about Lan’s birthday. I (forget) ______________ if you (not remind)_______________ me.

3. Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York. If I (have)_______________ your address, I (send)_____________ you a postcard.

4. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. It (be)___________ quicker if I (walk)_______________.

5. I didn’t know you were in hospital. If I (know)______________, I (go)_______________ to visit you.

IV/ Use conditional sentence type 2 with would or could.

1. We can’t bathe in this part of river because the water is too dirty.

If ____________________________________________________________ 2. We spend too much money on electricity because we have four air conditioners in our house.

If ____________________________________________________________ 3. I can’t write to Linh because I don’t have her address.

If ____________________________________________________________ 4. Dick often causes accidents because he drives carelessly.

If ____________________________________________________________ 5. We can’t give much help to the poor because we waste a lot of money on unnecessary things.

If ____________________________________________________________ V/ Rewrite the following sentences, using Conditional Sentences Type 3 1. He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train.

If ____________________________________________________________ 2. My brother didn’t leave the car keys, so I couldn’t pick him up at the station.

If my brother __________________________________________________ 3. We didn’t go because it rained.

If it hadn’t ____________________________________________________ 4. We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money.

If we _________________________________________________________ 5. Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes.

If Susan ______________________________________________________ 6. Without this treatment, the patient would have died.

If he _________________________________________________________ 7. We got lost because we didn’t have a map.

If we ________________________________________________________ 8. He lost his job because he was late every day.

If he _________________________________________________________ 9. Peter is fat because he eats so many chips.

If ____________________________________________________________ 10. Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes.

If Robert ______________________________________________________ 11. Those people weren’t prepared to face the floods; therefore, the consequence was disastrous.

If _____________________________________________________________ 12. We didn’t enjoy our camping trip last week because it rained all the time.

If _____________________________________________________________ 13. That village was heavily flooded last year because trees in the nearby forests were cut down without control.

If _______________________________________________________________ 14. We started our vacation too late, and we had to suffer bad weather.

If _______________________________________________________________ 15. She didn’t take her friends’ advice; therefore, she failed in her business.

If _______________________________________________________________ (All correct answers are A) 1. You are late. If you …… a few minutes earlier, you …… him.

A. came / would meet B. had come / would have met C. come / will meet D. had come / would meet 2. I’d gone swimming yesterday afternoon if I …… time.

A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had 3. What would you do if you …… a million pounds?

A. won B. win C. will win D. had won 4. If you didn’t do this, you …… punished.

A. are B. will be C. should D. would be 5. If he had told me the truth, I …… him.

A. would have not punished B. would not have punished C. would not punish D. will not punish 6. If they had not given me advice, I …… again.

A. would have failed B. would fail C. would have been failed D. wouldn’t fail 7. If it ……, the match will be postponed A. rains B. has rained C. is raining D. will rain 8. Bill …… more photographs if he …… more film.

A. would have taken / had had B. would have taken / had C. would take / has had D. would take / had had 9. If there …… no floods last year, the crop …… better.

A. had been / would have been B. were / would be C. had / would have been D. was / would have been 10. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I …… it.

A. would never have believed B. don’t believe C. hadn’t believed D. can’t believe 11. If I …… you, I’d get some rest before the game tomorrow.

A. were B. could be C. am D. had been 12. If someone …… into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”

A. comes B. came C. come D. could come 13. If I had a chance to do creative work, I …… happy working in an office.

A. would be B. will be C. would have D. will feel 14. …… you, I’d think twice about that decision.

A. Were I B. If I had been C. Should I be D. If I am 15. If they …… soon, I’m not going to wait.

A. don’t come B. won’t come C. hadn’t come D. didn’t come 16. If I …… hungry, I …… something. But I am not hungry now.

A were / would eat.

B. had been / would have eaten C. had been / would eat D. were / would have eaten 17. You won’t pass the examination …… you study more.

A. unless B. as C. if D. whether 18. I’m playing tennis tomorrow …… it’s raining.

A. unless B. if C. as long as D. provided 19. Tell him to ring me if you …… him.

A. see B. saw C. have seen D. had seen 20. Unless she ……, she’ll be late.

A. hurries B. didn’t hurry C. hurried D.doesn’t hurry 21. Would George be angry if I …… his bicycle without asking?

A. took B. take C. had taken D. would take 22. I …… you a postcard while I was on holiday if I …… your address.

A. would have sent / had had B. would have sent / had C. would send / had D. would send / had had 23. I’d have visited you if I …… you …… in hospital.

A. had known / were B. have known / were C. had known / are D. knew / had been 24. …… still my friend if I were put in prison?

A. Would you be B. Will you be C. Would you D. Would you are 25. If anybody …… a , please ask me after class.

A. has B. have C. don’t have D. doesn’t have 26. If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I …… in a bank.

A. would be working B. will work C. have worked D. work 27. “Can I borrow your car for this evening?”

“Sure, but Nora’s using it right now. If she …… it back in time, you’re welcome to borrow it.”

A. brings B. would bring C. will bring D. brought 28. We’re going to lose this game …… the team doesn’t start playing better soon.

A. if B. unless C. although D. whereas 29. If I …… somebody else, I’d like to be a film star.

A. could be B. would be C. become D. must be 30. What …… if they …… tomorrow?

A. will you do / don’t come B. would you do / don’t come C. would you have done / won’t come D. do you do / won’t come 31. He said, “…… watch TV all the evening if you wish.”

A. You may B. You have to C. You need to D. You should 32. If he ……, please tell me.

A. comes B. won’t come C. will come D. come 33. If the earth …… move around the sun, everything …… floated.

A. didn’t / would be B. doesn’t / would be C. didn’t / will be D. don’t / would be 34. If I …… that you were in hospital, I ……

A. had known / would have visited B. had known / would visit C. knew / would visit D. knew / would have visited 35. If he had taken my advice, he …… a rich man now.

A. would be B. would have been C. had been D. were 36. Unless you …… smoking, you …… better.

A. stop / won’t feel B. stop / will feel C. stopped / will feel D. stopped / would feel 37. It is a beautiful house, and I …… it if I ……enough money, but I cannot afford it.

A. would buy / had B. will buy / have

C. would have bought / had had D. shall buy / have 38. If you are right, I ….. wrong.

A. am B. will be C. would be D. would have been 39. If I …… to the party last night, I …… tired now.

A. had gone / would be B. had gone / would have been C. went / would be D. went / would have been 40. Joe can’t hear ……. you shout.

A. unless B. if C. providing D. whether 41. You can use my car …….you drive carefully.

A. as long as B. whether C. until D. unless 42. You can smoke here …….you leave a windowopen to let the smoke out.

A. as long as B. whether C. unless D. until 43. George won’t lend you any money …….you promise to pay him back.

A. unless B. providing C. if D. as long as 44. I’m going now …… you want me to stay.

A. unless B. providing C. provided D. as long as 45. He said, “…… watch TV all the evening if you wish.”

A. You may B. You have to C. You need to D. You should 46…… immediately, I will call a policeman.

A. Unless you leave B. If you leave C. If you didn’t leave D. Unless you left 47. If Jake …… to go on the trip, would you have gone?

A. hadn’t agreed B. didn’t agree C. doesn’t agree D. wouldn’t agree 48. He would be happy if he …… here now.

A. were B. already C. would be D. be 49. If I could speak Spanish, I …… next year studying in Mexico.

A. would spend B. would have spent C. had spent D. will spend 50. If the weather …… fine, we will start early.

A. is B. be C. was D. will be

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