DSWT/KWS Quarterly Mobile Veterinary Unit Report Oct to Dec 2015

MOBILE VET UNITS TSAVO – MARA – MERU AMBOSELI REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2015

MOBILE VETERINARY UNITS OVERVIEW OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2015 During the October to December 2015 3-month reporting period the DSWT in partnership with the Kenya Wildlife Service and their four dedicated KWS field veterinary officers, attended to 73 wildlife cases. This shows a decline in cases compared to the last reporting period in 2015, which saw 110 cases attended to.

The decrease in wild animals treated during this period can be contributed to the onset of the rains, which generally sees greater wildlife dispersal making it difficult for poachers to target elephants and other species.

Similarly, the rains effect community activities, whereby potential poachers and wildlife offenders turn to small scale agriculture and planting crops in the hopes of a good harvest.

Out of 46 elephants treated overall by all the Units, 20 were treated for direct poaching injuries including 6 elephants injured with poisoned arrows, 4 with snares, 3 with bullet wounds and 9 elephants attacked with spears. Other cases included rescues, post-mortems, natural causes and non-medical cases. Other wildlife cases included 10 lions, rhinos, giraffe, and a number of other species.

The Mara Unit attended to 20 cases in total during this 3-month period of which 8 cases were directly related to poaching as well as 3 cases of human wildlife conflict. Of the 20 cases, 9 were elephant cases, 4 of which were due to poaching.

The Meru Unit attended to 18 cases, 6 of which were directly related to poaching. 5 of the poaching cases were elephants with snare, spear, arrow and bullet wounds as well as one snared waterbuck. In total the Meru Unit attended to 11 elephants with the remaining cases relating to human-wildlife conflict or natural causes.

The Amboseli Unit treated 20 cases of which 14 were elephants. Of these cases 6 involved elephants with spear, arrow and bullet wounds as well as 2 lions which were speared due to human wildlife conflict. The remaining 8 elephant cases were related to human-wildlife conflict or natural causes.

The Tsavo Unit worked on 18 cases during their 2-month period (December they were on leave) which included 5 elephant poaching cases; 2 had snare injuries, 1 had a spear wound, and 1 had an arrow injury, there was sadly also 1 death of a female elephant with an arrow wound. The remaining cases included 5 elephant rescues, including the calf of the elephant that succumbed to an arrow injury and one antelope. 2 elephants were also treated for natural causes alongside 2 cheetah cases and 2 lion collaring.

Out of all of these emergency operations 55% of the treatments had a successful outcome, whilst 24% of the cases were sadly reached too late to save or died during treatment due to the severity of their injuries. Those 10% of cases given a poor prognosis have been monitored by all parties involved in the operation, with the DSWT's Aerial Unit and one of the Mobile Veterinary Units close at hand should a follow up treatment be needed.

In total during this reporting period there were 6 baby elephant rescues where 4 were taken to the Nairobi orphanage, whilst thankfully one was reunited with its mother and the other one was old enough to be released alone.

TSAVO MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2015

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT OCTOBER 2015 Introduction The region remained busy for the better part of the month with several elephant cases attended to.

Cases included two bulls with wire snares in Ithumba and Galana river; a female elephant with a calf near Dakota with an arrow wound; the rescue of an elephant calf along the Mzima pipeline; an arrowed elephant in Komboyo, Tsavo west; collaring of two lionesses in Kuku group ranch and treatment of an injured male cheetah near Satao camp.

We are expecting rains in the area soon and a decrease in the number of cases as elephants will remain more in the park.

1.

Rescue of an elephant calf, Pipeline, Tsavo East National Park, 2nd October 2015

Case History This temporary water hole was created by leakages along the Mzima-Mombasa water pipeline and subsequently made deeper by elephants digging activity at the site.

It provides water for elephants staying near the park headquarters during the dry season when most of the water holes are dry. Visitors to the area reported an elephant calf that was struggling to climb over the walls in vain.

The vet team together with the Voi stockade team rushed to the location to find the calf stuck in the water hole with the mother attempting to help. The mother was pushed away and the calf rescued and re united with his mother.

2.

Treatment of an elephant with an arrow injury, Komboyo, Tsavo West National Park, 3rd October 2015

Case History The elephant was seen near the Komboyo water hole with a wound on the left abdominal wall by DSWT patrol aircraft. The team rushed to the area to find the bull moving slowly with two other bulls.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised using 18 mgs of Etorphine in a dan-inject dart from a helicopter but it did not go down after 20 minutes so another dart with 18 mgs was prepared. It took him 7 minutes to go down on lateral recumbency of the right side after he was darted with the second dart.

There was an old arrow injury to the left abdominal wall. The wound was cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of iodine was used to disinfect and then Oxytetracycline spray applied. Finally, the wound was covered with wetted green clay.

An intravenous administration of 50 cc Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and 50 cc of Dexamethasone injected IV. Reversal The anesthetic was reversed by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl at three times the Etorphine dose. He stood up and walked away calmly.

Prognosis Prognosis is very good.

3.

Lioness collaring exercise, Kuku Ranch, 3rd and 4th October 2015

Case History Kuku ranch is a community conservation area bordering Tsavo West National Park and Chyulu National Park.

Human predator conflict is high in the mainly pastoralist community that keep livestock as their economic activity.

Understanding the dynamics of predator activity, especially lions, is crucial in solving the rampant human-wildlife conflict in this area hence the need to deploy satellite linked collars that will avail crucial information on lion movements and problem prides.

Immobilization and collaring The first lioness was immobilized using 300 mgs of Ketamine and 4mgs of Meditomidine Hcl late in the afternoon after being spotted in the Wildlife Sanctuary; another dart was added to fully immobilize the lioness. The second lioness (Namunyak) was immobilized on the night of 4th October by aid of night vision equipment.

The collars were fitted with enough space to allow the lioness to feed and move with ease. The lionesses were revived one and half hours later using 0.5cc Atipemazole hcl and monitored until he moved away on his own.

Further follow up reports indicate they are doing well with the satellite component sending signals.

4.

Treatment of an elephant with an arrow wound, Dakota, Tsavo east national park, 19th October 2015

Case History This elephant was seen by KWS personnel based at Dakota camp with an arrow injury to the right thigh but vanished. It reappeared with a swollen leg that extended to the abdomen with massive pus accumulation in the lower abdomen. She was accompanied with her 2-year-old calf Immobilisation, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised using 16 mgs of Etorphine in a dan-inject dart from a vehicle. The elephant was immobilized in 4 minutes and went down lying on the injured flank. Ropes fastened to the front legs were used to roll her over using the vet vehicle.

There was an arrow wound to the left thigh with massive tissue destruction and accumulation of copious amounts of pus. The elephant had lost a lot of muscle and appeared very thin. Large amounts of dead tissue was cut out and the pus drained by making an incision at the lowest point. An arrow head was retrieved and the wound cleaned using Hydrogen peroxide mixed with water then, doused with Iodine and covered in green clay. During treatment the female’s calf stood at a distance. An intravenous administration of Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and long acting Amoxicillin administered parenterally.

Reversal Anaesthesia reversal was done by administration of Diprenorphine at three times the Etorphine dose intravenously through the ear vein. She struggled to wake up and was assisted by ropes hooked on the tusks and the land cruiser but could not lift herself up despite being pulled to sitting position. She collapsed and died an hour later. The calf was captured and taken to the Voi stockade.

5.

De-snaring an elephant, Ithumba, Tsavo East, 23rd October 2015

Case History A report was received from DSWT teams in Ithumba regarding an elephant bull that was dragging a long wire snare on the front leg and had a wound on the left hind limb.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised using 18 mgs of Etorphine in a dan-inject dart from a helicopter. The elephant was immobilized after 8 minutes and went down on sternal recumbency and pushed to lateral recumbency. The huge cable snare was removed which was thankfully not tight. The elephant was then flipped over to expose an arrow wound to the left thigh.

The arrow wound was cleaned using Hydrogen peroxide mixed with water. The necrotic tissues were removed and doused with tincture of Iodine. Finally, green clay was used to cover the wound and an intravenous administration of Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein.

Reversal Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

6.

Rescue of an elephant calf, pipeline, Tsavo east, 26th October 2015

Case History This temporary water hole was created by leakages along the Mzima-Mombasa water pipeline and subsequently made deeper by elephants digging at the site. It provides water for elephants staying near the park headquarters during the dry season when most of the water holes are dry.

Visitors reported that an elephant calf was struggling to climb out of the waterhole. The vet team together with the Voi Stockade team rushed to the location to find the calf stuck in the water hole and no other elephants in the area. The calf was retrieved from the water hole and the mother searched for in the surrounding area in vain.

The calf was airlifted to Nairobi orphanage for specialised care.

The elephant was named Kwama and is subsequently doing well at the nursery.

7.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED CHEETAH, Satao, Tsavo East National Park, 26th October 2015

Case History The report was made by DSWT de-snaring team in Voi regarding a lame cheetah near the road struggling to move.

The team rushed to the area and found the injured cheetah under some shrub.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The cheetah was immobilized using 70 mgs of Ketamine and 1 mg of Meditomidine. He was fully immobilized using in 10 minutes. The shoulder muscles had fresh bite wounds thought to have been inflicted by a lion attack.

The wounds were cleaned using normal Saline, smeared with Amoxicillin cream and sprayed with Oxytetracycline spray. In addition, 3cc of long acting Amoxicillin and Dexamethasone were administered parentally.

Reversal Reversal was by administration of 0.5 cc of Atipemazole hcl Prognosis He was given a guarded prognosis due to inability to hunt while recuperating.

8.

Rescue of an elephant calf, pipeline, Tsavo east, 27th October 2015

Case History After the previous days rescue another elephant calf was found stranded in the same water hole with no mother.

The report was made by visitors to the area of an elephant calf that was struggling to climb out of the waterhole.

The vet team together with the Voi stockade team rushed to the pipeline to find the calf stuck in the water hole and no elephants in the area.

The calf was retrieved from the water hole and every attempt to find the mother made. However, the calf’s herd was not located so the calf was airlifted to Nairobi orphanage for specialised care.

Kawaida is doing well at the Nairobi Nursery

9.

Treatment of an elephant, Ngulia, Tsavo west national park, 30th October 2015

Case History A report was received from Ngulia Rhino IPZ of an injured elephant seen near the road at Buffalo wallows water hole struggling to stand.

Immobilisation, examination and treatment The elephant was in poor body condition with lameness and pain of the right front limb from an unknown cause.

He was treated with long acting Amoxicillin and Dexamethasone and topped up with Vitamin B12 complex (Catasol) to boost its metabolism.

Reversal Water was poured to keep him cool and he was assisted onto his feet using ropes tied to one of the tusk.

Prognosis He limped away slowly. Prognosis is guarded

10. De-Snaring an Elephant, Thabagunji along Galana River, Tsavo East, 31st October 2015 Case History An elephant bull was seen by KWS rangers at Sangayaya camp attempting to cross the Galana river. The rangers reported it to the Vet Unit who asked for assistance from the DSWT helicopter to confirm the problem. The helicopter reported that the elephant bull was pulling a huge wire snare tied on a log and was in a lot of pain.

Because of darkness the operation was scheduled for the next morning.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted using 18 mgs of Etorphine from the DSWT helicopter. The bull finally fell with his legs facing uphill and a huge struggle to remove the snare ensued.

It took an hour to cut through the snare which was made of a steel cable and was as thick as a man’s thumb. The cable alone weighed 10-15 kg and the elephant must have been dragging the branch and snare for several days judging by the amount of pus, swelling and severe damage to the limb which had torn tendons and cartilage.

The wound was washed with Hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, the necrotic tissues removed and then doused with Iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound and long acting antibiotics and Dexamethasone were injected parenterally.

The elephant was turned over using the Landcruiser, so that the leg could be treated all the way around. This also meant that his legs would be downhill, making it easier for him to stand up when he was given the revival drug.

Reversal A rope was looped loosely over his right tusk and the vehicle was positioned to assist him lift his head and regain his feet. The revival drug at three times the Etorphine dose was given and at he was up immediately.

Prognosis Due to the terrible damage done to the elephant’s leg and especially to the rear tendons the prognosis was guarded.

11. Treatment of an elephant, Komboyo, Tsavo west, 31st October 2015 Case History An elephant bull was seen by the DSWT aircraft limping within a group of 3 other elephants.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted using 18 mgs of Etorphine from the DSWT helicopter. The elephant was immobilized after 7 minutes and went down lying on the right flank exposing the wound to the left rear leg. There was an old healing but bleeding wound to the lateral aspect of the left foot of unknown cause. The wound was cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of Iodine was sprayed on the wound and wetted green clay applied.

In addition, an intravenous administration of Dexamethasone Hcl and long acting Amoxicillin was given through the ear vein.

Reversal Anaesthesia was reversed by administration of Diprenorphine at three times the Etrophine dose and the elephant woke up and moved away calmly.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT NOVEMBER 2015 Introduction The Tsavo ecosystem is currently experiencing some much rains which have turned the area lush green with many temporary water holes filled up.

Plenty of food and water usually leads to less human wildlife conflict and poaching attempts as many people turn to their farms to grow food plants. The cases handled in the region included treatment of an injured elephant bull in Ol Donyo Wuas area of Chyulu, rescue of an elephant calf along Mzima pipeline and post mortem examination of a dead cheetah in Tsavo east.

A security dog was also treated for bloody diarrhea and Elephant tusk exhibits examined and court reports produced.

1.

Treatment of a speared elephant, Ol Donyo Wuas, Chyulu National Park, 1st November 2015

Case History This elephant was seen at the Ol Donyo Wuas lodge water hole by rangers manning the conservancy and alerted the vet team. The following day the vet was airlifted to the area by DSWT aircraft. The vet team had to wait for the calf to reappear and the following morning the elephant was located at the water hole with 3 other big bulls.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised using 18 mgs Etorphine in a Dan-inject dart using a dan-inject dart gun from a vehicle. He ran off into the bushes with the team in hot pursuit and was lost briefly but later located lying on sternal recumbency. He was pulled to his side using ropes tied to a land cruiser.

There was a spear injury to the back near the spinal column area. The wound was cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of iodine and Oxytetracycline spray were applied before the wound was covered with green clay.

Reversal An intravenous administration of 50 cc Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein. He was assisted onto his feet as he was facing downhill. He woke up and walked away slowly.

Prognosis Prognosis is very good.

2.

Treatment of a security dog, Ngulia, Tsavo West National Park, 3rd November 2015

Case History This tracker dog is used by security teams in Tsavo to track poachers in the vast ecosystem. The trained attack dog ALF was brought with signs of bloody diarrhea and anorexia.

Examination and treatment Examination revealed temperature of 49.5 C and slight congestion of mucous membranes. Blood and fecal smears did not reveal anything.

A diagnosis of bacterial enteritis was made. Treatment with 3.5 cc of long acting Amoxicillin and dexamethasone were administered parenterally.

Prognosis Follow up revealed recovery No images available

3.

Rescue of an elephant calf, Pipeline, Tsavo East National Park, 11th November 2015

History After the repair of the temporary water hole along the Mzima pipeline another water hole was dug by elephants looking for water along the pipeline. The temporary water hole was created by leakages along the MzimaMombasa water pipeline and subsequently made deeper by elephants digging activity at the site.

It provides water for elephants staying near the park headquarters during the dry season when most of the water holes are dry.

The report was made visitors to the area of an elephant calf that was struggling to climb over the walls of the water hole. The vet team together with the Voi stockade team rushed to the location to find the calf stuck in the water hole and unable to scale the walls with no mother or any other herd around. The tiny calf was rescued and taken to the stockade where it was fed on milk before being airlifted to Nairobi.

Prognosis Korongo was taken to the DSWT Nursery but sadly died a month later.

4.

Elephant Posst-mortem of a cheetah, Tarhi camp, Tsavo east National Park, 25th November 2015

History A report was made by tourists along Voi- Aruba road about a dead cheetah near the road. The team rushed to the area and found a Cheetah’s carcass beside the road in advanced stage of decomposition. Complete autopsy could not be undertaken due to the advanced stage of decomposition.

Bite marks were observed around the neck suggesting a lion attack.

5.

Treatment Rescue of a hartebeest calf, Taita ranches, Tsavo, 28th November 2015

Case History This lone calf was rescued by a community member who found it wondering alone in the vast Taita ranches, a place that teems with a variety of wildlife. The community member kept it for 2 days and fed it on milk before calling the vet unit for help. The calf was picked and brought to the Voi elephant stockade where it was fed on milk and put in a secured, well ventilated room.

Other activities undertaken The unit examined several elephant tusk exhibits and produced two professional reports for use by prosecution in court cases at Voi law courts.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT DECEMBER 2015

OFFICIAL LEAVE The Tsavo Mobile Veterinary Unit were on leave for the month of December and were covered by Dr Njoroge of the Amboseli Veterinary Unit where possible and the Sky Vet program.

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2015

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT OCTOBER 2015 The month experienced moderate precipitation with most of the wild animals moving out of the park to Conservancies and Community areas. There has been a notable increase in elephant – human conflicts most likely caused by close interaction of humans, livestock and wildlife species due to competition for resources.

One of the two cheetahs treated for suspected cat flu succumbed to the condition while the brother continued to improve and finally recovered and is now living a healthy life. Results from the samples collected are still being awaited.

The following are veterinary cases handled during the month;

1.

Elephant with a spear wound, Keekorok, Masai Mara National Reserve, 9th Oct 2015

Case History This massive bull was seen with spear wound to the left side of his flank discharging purulent stuff by County Government staff and visiting tourists. They called the unit for intervention.

The Unit found the elephant in the open near a waterpoint in the company of an equally massive bull just a few meters away. He appeared to be in great pain and reluctant to move. The wound was visible from a distance.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Chemical restraint was achieved by administration of 16mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan inject dart from a vehicle. He was prevented from going into a nearby thicket using vehicles and guided towards a more open area. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this bull assuming left lateral recumbency. He had to be flipped over using a vehicle and ropes in order to access the injured side.

There was an approximately four-day old injury to his left flank which was infected, discharging purulent stuff and appeared to have been caused by a spear. The depth was not beyond the abdominal muscles though there was moderate tissue necrosis. All necrotic tissues were removed and the pus drained. The wound was debrided with Hydrogen peroxide, rinsed with clean water then lavaged with tincture of iodine and finally green clay was packed into the wound to absorb toxins and hasten healing. Additional treatments involved parenteral administration of 30000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 5000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Achieved by administration of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride through ear vein. He rose in four minutes and joined his colleague.

Prognosis This bull is expected to make a full recovery.

2.

De-snaring and treatment of an adult male rhino, Ruma National park, 10th Oct 2015

History This adult male christened Baraka, was seen dragging a braided wire attached to a log in the morning by the park security team. This raised concern and all efforts were made to rescue this stressed rhino. This involved arranging a Vet team from KWS headquarters to be flown via Mara to pick the Mara Vet in order to assist in the de-snaring.

This rhino was still alert and in a difficult terrain to approach by vehicle. He had dropped the log but the wire was tightly round his neck.

Immobilization, de-snaring and treatment This rhino was immobilised using a combination of 5mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 80mgs Azaperone in a 1.5ml Dan inject dart from foot due to the nature of the terrain. It took approximately ten minutes for the drugs to take full effect and the rhino movement was monitored all along by a fixed wing plane which guided the ground team to the location of the rhino. Breathing was stabilized by intravenous administration of 5mgs Butorphanol before the wire was cut loose. The resultant wound was cleaned with Hydrogen peroxide, rinsed with clean water and then disinfected with Iodine. Oxytetracycline spray was then applied topically. This rhino received Amoxicillin antibiotic and Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory; all given parenterally.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 18mgs Diprenorphine and 100mgs Naltrexone into a prominent ear vein. He got to his feet after ten minutes and disappeared into the tall grass.

Prognosis Good.

3.

Treatment of a speared elephant bull, Olkinyei conservancy, 12th Oct 2015

History This massive bull was seen by KWS security team together with Olkinyei Conservancy staff hardly mobile with blood tinged exudate from a wound to his left flank. They called the Mobile veterinary unit for assessment and way forward.

This bull was alone in a relatively open area. He appeared to be in great pain and reluctant to move. A relatively fresh wound with bloody discharge was visible on his left flank. The urine he released at the time of observation appeared to be blood tinged. A decision to immobilize him for further examination was arrived at.

Immobilization, examination and treatment He was chemically restrained by use of 16mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan inject dart from a vehicle. It took a total of eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the elephant assuming left lateral recumbency. Quick examination revealed another sharp wound mid spine, inflicted by a sharp object most likely a spear. This however did not damage the spinal cord. This wound was thoroughly lavaged with water, Hydrogen peroxide to remove debri, rinsed with clean water and swabbed dry before tincture of iodine was applied to disinfect the area. Thereafter green clay was applied to prevent sepsis and absorb toxins.

After the first wound was treated, the elephant was flipped over using ropes and a vehicle in order to assess the wound to the left flank. This was a deep wound that accessed the peritoneum and the left kidney. No offending object was retrieved as probing yielded nothing. The wounds were wiped with sterile swabs and disinfected with tincture of iodine before Penicillin and Streptomycin were infused. The wound was then packed with green clay.

He was given 30000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics and 5000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory all parenterally.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 48mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the ear vein and 150mgs Naltrexone intramuscularly.

After making a few attempts, it was evident this elephant could not stand without help. He was roped and assisted to stand with a vehicle where he eventually rose and walked towards a thicket.

Prognosis Due to the involvement of the peritoneum and left kidney, prognosis was considered grave and sadly, this massive bull succumbed 24hrs after intervention. There was extensive left kidney damage and peritonitis. Both tusks were recovered and taken by KWS security staff for accounting and safe custody.

4.

Treating an Injured Young Lion, Mara North Conservancy (Mara Royal Camp), 13th Oct 2015

History This young male was injured by the mother of a baby hippo that it was hunting. He took refuge at the camp attracting sympathies of the visitors. Subsequently Mara North Conservancy rangers requested the Unit’s services to treat this young male.

This young male is about three years old and was found relaxing a few meters from the camp in a small thicket.

He moved with a lot of pain with wounds visible to his left hind leg.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of combination of 3.2mgs Medetomidine and 230mgs Ketamine delivered through a 3ml Dan-inject dart from a vehicle. He moved briefly before settling down in a small bush.

The drugs took full effect after ten minutes and a blindfold was put in place. Cloxacillin eye ointment was put on both eyes before the wounds were examined. He had bite wounds to his left rump and groin area with some abrasions to the left hind limb. All the wounds were consistent with hippo bites. Luckily there was no damage to internal organs and the wounds were relatively fresh.

All the wounds were debrided with Hydrogen Peroxide, rinsed with clean water, wiped dry with sterile gauze swabs and disinfected with tincture of iodine. Cloxacillin ointment antibiotic was also infused into the wounds. In addition, this lion received an intramuscular injection of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 16mgs Dexamethasone Sodium anti-inflammatory. To reduce parasitic infestation and prevent maggot colonization, he was also given a subcutaneous injection of 70mgs Ivermectin.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 12.5mgs Atepamezole hydrochloride intramuscularly one hour after immobilization. He rose up seven minutes after revival and moved to sit under another shade.

Prognosis Good

5.

Desnaring a baby elephant, MMNR, 16th Oct 2015

This snared baby elephant was reported by Masai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) rangers on patrol. The Unit found the calf near a Lugga wallowing with his mother close by but no other elephants in proximity. A braided cable wire was wrapped around his neck though not very tight. His condition was still good.

Immobilization, de-snaring and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 3mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 1.5ml dan-inject dart from foot. Both the mother and the calf were pushed out of the Lugga into the open. As soon as the calf succumbed to the drug the mother was moved away by vehicles while the vet team concentrated on removing the snare. It was a braided cable wire which had caused mild abrasion wounds to the neck which were cleaned and disinfected with iodine. He also received 3000mgs intramuscular injection of amoxicillin antibiotic.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 12mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through the ear vein. He rose after two minutes and joined his mother.

Prognosis Good.

6.

Treating an Injured Lion, 17th Oct 2015, Musiara area

History This big male christened Blackie and his equally big brother are frequently seen near double cross in MMNR. On the 17th October Blackie was seen with multiple bite wound injuries to his hindquarters by Governors Camp guides and MMNR rangers who called the Vet Unit for assistance. It was likely that he picked a fight with other males over territorial competition. His brother was nowhere to be seen.

The Vet Unit found Blackie alone near a Lugga lying down and in a lot of pain. His hindquarters bore multiple bite wounds with blood stains. The right hind limb appeared to be severely injured and not weight bearing.

Immobilization, examination and treatment He was chemically immobilized by use of a combination of 4mgs Medetomidine and 260mgs Ketamine delivered through a 3ml Dan inject dart from a vehicle. It took ten minutes for him to be fully anaesthetized. A blind fold was used to cover his eyes and Cloxacillin eye ointment applied to prevent desiccation.

Examination revealed multiple fresh wounds to the rear part of his body and to the gluteal muscles consistent with bites from other lions. All the wounds were cleaned with sterile water, wiped dry with sterile gauze swabs, disinfected with tincture of Iodine and infused with Cloxacillin ointment.

He was also given an intramuscular administration of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 16mgs Dexamethasone sodium anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by intramuscular administration of 15mgs Atepamezole one hour after immobilization. He got to his feet ten minutes after reversal, moved briefly before sitting down again.

Prognosis Good

7.

De-snaring a giraffe, Mara Triangle Conservancy, 18th Oct 2015

History This young giraffe was seen with a snare around the leg on the extreme western border of Mara Triangle Conservancy near the escarpment and reported to the Vet Unit by Conservancy management.

The Unit found this giraffe in a small herd limping on her left hind limb with a snare around her distal metacarpus.

Her condition was still good and she could be seen browsing.

Immobilization, examination and de-snaring Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 8mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs Azaperone delivered in a 1.5ml dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the giraffe assuming right lateral recumbency.

The wire, which had become loose overtime, was released and the abrasion wounds treated. The wounds were disinfected with tincture of Iodine and Oxytetracycline spray applied topically. She also received intramuscular administration of 4500mgs Amoxicillin anti-biotic to prevent sepsis.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 24mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the jugular vein. She rose immediately and took off to join the rest of the herd.

Prognosis Good.

8.

Assessment of an elephant with injured toe, Mara Triangle, 18th Oct 2015

This big bull in Mara Triangle Conservancy was seen close to the snared giraffe. His left forelimb had a fresh wound to one of the inner toes caused by loss of the nail. Further examination revealed this elephant had been treated a couple of months ago for a snare that was tight around this limb.

The limb had since healed and the fresh wound was thought to have been caused by accidental knock on a rock or tree stump. He was in good condition and showed no signs of lameness or pain. There was a small wound which should heal without intervention. However, the rangers were advised to monitor this elephant and report back if it gets worse.

9.

Treatment of an elephant with an arrow wound, Naboisho conservancy, 21st Oct 2015

History This massive bull was seen in the company of several other males. An arrow head was protruding from his left thigh and Naboisho Conservancy Management called the mobile Vet Unit for assistance. The bull was in very good condition and was browsing a slight distance from the other bulls.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved by administration of 17mgs Etorphine hydrochloride through a 3ml dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took nine minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the elephant assuming sternal recumbency.

He was pushed over onto his right side.

The arrow head, which appeared to have been in place for at least 24 hours, was worked out. It was barbed and not poisoned. The resultant wound was debrided with Hydrogen peroxide, rinsed with clean water and flushed with tincture of Iodine. In addition, he received parenteral administration of 30000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 2500mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Reversal of the anesthetic was achieved by administration of 48mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride and 100mgs Naltrexone intravenously through superficial ear veins. He rose up after four minutes and joined the other bulls.

Prognosis Good.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT NOVEMBER 2015 Introduction Like most parts of the country, the Masai Mara experienced increased rainfall attributed to the short rains of November. Most areas became inaccessible with most seasonal riverbeds flooded. Movement within the reserve and some conservancies was greatly hampered by these floods.

Following are the cases handled during the period;

1.

Elephant Collaring Exercise, Masai Mara, 10th and 11th November

Case History This exercise for the purpose of monitoring of elephants to assist in management was done in Masai Mara National reserve with two female elephants fitted with GSM collars. KWS carried out this activity in collaboration with WWF, Narok county government (Masai Mara Reserve Management) and save the elephant (STE) teams.

Identification of candidates Female candidates confirmed to be adults and matriarchs were chosen for this exercise because they represented a family and their movements and locations are assumed to represent position of the entire family. The first female was collared on 10th November 2015 while the second one was collared on 11th November 2015.

Elephant 1 This female in a family of eight was spotted in Masai Mara National Reserve few kilometers from Keekorok lodge.

She was obviously the matriarch and in good body condition other than an abscess on her left hind limb. This even provided more reason to immobilize her for treatment in addition to collaring. She had an approximately four-year-old calf.

She was chemically restrained by use of 15mgs Etorphine delivered in a 1.5ml Dan-inject dart using the Dan inject darting system from a vehicle. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the elephant going down on her right lateral side. The rest of the family members were scared away by use of vehicles to give room for this elephant to be attended to.

After confirming she was stable, the GSM collar was deployed while another team treated her for the abscess which was beginning to heal. The abscess was debrided with dilute Hydrogen peroxide and disinfected with tincture of Iodine. Other treatments included parenteral administration of 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic to counter sepsis. The whole procedure took about 20 minutes. Tissue and blood sample was collected from this elephant.

Reversal Reversal of anesthetic was achieved using 48mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride and 100mgs Naltrexone delivered intravenously through the ear vein. She woke up within two minutes and joined the rest of the family.

Elephant 2 This female with one tusk was spotted near Sand River close to Mara-Serengeti border. She was in a herd of about 13 elephants with a number of calves. She too had a four-year-old calf and was the matriarch. She was a female of approximately 30years and still lactating.

She was immobilized by use of 16mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this elephant assuming sternal recumbency. The other family members were scared away by use of vehicles to give room for her to be attended to. She was pushed to lie on her left lateral side before the collar was attached. She was in good condition for her age and state of lactation.

She was given intramuscular injection of 15000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic for prophylaxis and reversed after collar deployment. The whole exercise took twenty minutes. Samples collected from this elephant include tissue for DNA and whole blood for hematology.

Reversal.

This was achieved by use of 48mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride and100mgs naltrexone delivered intravenously through the ear vein. She woke up after two minutes and calmly moved to join the rest of family members who were waiting nearby.

Both exercises went on without an incident.

2.

Post Mortem of an Elephant, Mara Triangle, 10th November 2015

History This female in her 20’s was seen on the morning of this date, dead by the roadside by Mara Triangle Management.

She was nursing a calf of about three years. No physical injury could be seen and they called the unit for examination. Carcass was relatively fresh, less than 24 hours old.

The carcass had been pulled to a distance about two hundred meters from the road away from the public and partly submerged in a pool of water. Lions and other predators had already ripped apart parts of this carcass with offal’s and other internal organs floating in the pool.

From gross observation, this elephant was in poor body condition with the spine, cheek and temporal bones prominent. Score of 2.5 in a scale of 1-5 where 1 is poor and 5 good. The tusks had been collected by the Mara Triangle Security for custody and onward transmission to KWS. A pride of lions were close by guarding this carcass.

The calf was not found but was thought to be a three-year-old female who was with the rest of the family members. A thorough scan through the herds around was fruitless. The Conservancy rangers were tasked to be on the lookout just in case this calf appears or is seen.

As for the mother, due to the status of the carcass, cause of death could not be determined but signs of prolonged debility were evident.

3.

Zebra Treatment in Mara North Conservancy, Mara North Conservancy, 12th November 2015

History This male was seen by the Conservancy rangers with a metallic tin round his distal right hindlimb. He could have accidentally stepped on it and it became stuck around his fetlock joint.

The zebra was in good body condition grazing with other zebras in an open field. He appeared to limp slightly on this limb. A decision to immediately immobilize him and remove the tin was made.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 7mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs Azaperone in a 1.5mls Dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the zebra falling on his left lateral side. The tin that was loosely attached round his limb was cut loose and released. Luckily there was no serious damage to the limb save for small abrasions which were cleaned with water and sprayed with Oxytetracycline wound spray. Additional treatments included administration of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics parenterally for prophylaxis.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by intravenous administration of 24mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through the jugular vein. He was up in two minutes and went on to join the rest of the zebras.

Prognosis Good.

4.

Euthanasia of an Injured Lion Cub, Masai Mara National Reserve, 14th November 2015

History This young lion cub, a member of a pride of lions within MMNR was seen near Keekorok area by MMNR rangers on routine patrols dragging his rare limbs. They said they saw a rhino close by and possibly had injured him. His mother had three other cubs his age and all healthy. They called the unit for assistance The Unit found this cub a few meters from his mother in the shade. The rest of the cubs were with the mother.

He tried to stand up to join his calling mother when he saw us but was unable to. He could only drag his hind limbs with signs of complete posterior paralysis.

Immobilization, examination and case management Immobilization was achieved by use of combination of 0.8mgs Medetomidine hydrochloride and 50mgs Ketamine delivered through a 1.5 Dan inject dart from a vehicle. This cub was fully anaesthetized within eight minutes.

Examination revealed damage to the lumbar-sacral vertebrae possibly by a blow. His hind limbs also appeared injured with evidence of complete posterior paralysis.

Due to the extent of his injuries, prognosis was considered grave. Taking into consideration his welfare and to save this animal from further suffering euthanasia was considered the best option. This was achieved by administration of 2000mgs Pentobarbital sodium. The carcass was disposed of properly and far away from the family.

5.

De-collaring of elephant bull, Olesukut conservancy Trans Mara, 16th November 2015

History This elephant christened “Fred� was originally collared in 2012 by Mara Elephant Project and Save the Elephant teams in collaboration with KWS. His collar was about to expire so had to be replaced. He was tracked by Mara Elephant Project team and found to be in Olesukut conservancy in company of another four males.

Immobilization and de-collaring Immobilization was achieved by use of 17mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the elephant assuming right lateral recumbency. After making sure he was stable, the old collar was removed and a new AWT collar fitted. Fred was in good body condition and was given 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics intramuscularly for prophylaxis.

Soundness of the collar was first confirmed before he was reversed.

Reversal Reversal of the anesthetic was achieved by administration of 48mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through a superficial ear vein. He rose up after four minutes and calmly walked to join the other bulls.

6.

Attending to an Abandoned Young Elephant, Naboisho conservancy, 22nd November 2015

History This baby elephant was seen by Naboisho management alone after being abandoned by the herd. They called the unit for assessment and possible rescue.

Assessment and Management This elephant was found grazing close to a swamp. Her tusks were clearly visible and her age estimated to be over three years. She appeared confident even in our presence and looked like she had lost her mother a while ago.

The team agreed that a rescue was not necessary at her age but close monitoring should be provided until she finds a herd to join. It was also decided that once away from the swamp and in the company of a herd, she could be tranquilized and given injectable de-wormers amongst other treatments.

Naboisho conservancy rangers monitored her and she was finally treated on 22nd November 2015 with Closamectin broad spectrum anthelmintic, multivitamins and Amoxicillin antibiotics. This was done after being made calm with 80mgs Azaperone delivered through 1.5ml dan-inject dart.

7.

Treating an Eland with an Arrow Injury, Olare Orok Conservancy, 21st November 2015

History This big bull eland was seen by the Olare Orok Conservancy management with an arrow lodged in his left shoulder.

They called the Vet Unit to help remove the arrow and treat this eland.

The eland was isolated from the rest of the elands who were grazing on a plain field. He had taken cover in a small thicket and appeared to be in pain. An arrow shaft could be seen sticking from his left shoulder which appeared severely swollen.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Chemical restraint was achieved by use of a combination of 70mgs Azaperone and 10mgs Etorphine delivered in a 3ml Dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took ten minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the eland assuming right lateral recumbency exposing the injured leg. The arrow was still in place with about nine inches of the shaft deep in the tissues and with the severe swelling located to be about two days old. The arrow was carefully pulled out and the resultant wound was debrided with reconstituted Hydrogen peroxide. It was then wiped dry with gauze swabs before being rinsed with clean water and tincture of Iodine. Additional treatments included intramuscular injection of 7500mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 1500mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory.

Reversal This was achieved by administration of 30mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the jugular vein. He rose within two minutes and walked away calmly.

Prognosis Good.

8.

Treating an injured lioness, MMNR (Outlook area), 25th November 2015

History This lioness is a member of Notch pride and was seen by MMNR rangers on patrol near a Lugga at Outlook area with multiple injuries.

The team found this lioness close to a Lugga with another female likely her sister and three adult males. She appeared shy and had several bite wounds described by the rangers as being inflicted by one of the males. She walked with difficulty limping on her left forelimb which had a big bite wound distally.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 6mgs Medetomidine hydrochloride and 300mgs Ketamine delivered in a 3ml Dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took ten minutes for full anaesthesia to be achieved upon which a blindfold was applied.

The lioness was made comfortable prior to examination. She had multiple bite wounds which had been recently inflicted. All the wounds were debrided with Hydrogen peroxide and swabbed before rinsing with clean water and applying tincture of iodine. Cloxacillin ointment was then infused into all the wounds. Additional treatments include parenteral administration of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic, 16mgs Dexamethasone sodium antiinflammatory and 80mgs Ivermectin.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by intramuscular administration of 17.5mgs Atepamezole hydrochloride one hour after immobilization. She rose up in ten minutes and walked away to join other members of the pride.

Prognosis Good.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT DECEMBER 2015 Introduction Precipitation continued over the month with most seasonal rivers and luggas getting flooded. Mobility was highly hampered by this, yet thankfully only a few cases were reported.

However, there was a nasty incident which involved suspected poisoning of the well-known Marsh pride of lions including vultures. Samples collected are still being analysed to ascertain the type of chemical used. As of now, the situation has stabilized with no new cases reported.

The following are cases handled during the month;

1.

Suspected poisoning of the marsh pride lions, Musiara area, 6th December 2015

History These members of the Marsh pride occupying Musiara/ Bilashaka area in the Masai Mara National Reserve were seen during the morning behaving strangely by a BBC crew filming them. They informed the Masai Mara National Reserve Management and Governor’s camp management who in turn sought the Veterinary Unit’s help.

Examination and management On arrival we found eight lions which form part of the larger Marsh pride. The composition of this pride was as follows; 1 adult male, 2 adult females, 3 sub adult cubs and 2 young cubs.

This splinter group normally has eleven members meaning three members were missing. One of these eight lions, Allan, a two-year-old male cub, was severely affected with signs of profuse diarrhea, hyper salivation, posterior ataxia and incoordination, anxiety, pupillary dilation and muscle spasms. These signs were considered consistent with poisoning. As for the rest of the pride, they presented occasional stumbling while walking but in much better condition than Allan. They were also very shy and took refuge in a high rocky hill when pursued.

Allan was immediately treated with 6mgs Dexamethasone sodium and 2mgs Atropine sulphate all delivered remotely by dart. Allan showed great improvement two hours after treatment. The rest were monitored until evening and by then they had all become sound. A team was tasked to monitor them throughout as reviews were on going until they were out of danger .

Meanwhile a search for the remaining three members, Bibi the oldest member of Marsh pride, Sienna an elevenyear-old female and a two-year-old male called Red continued. None of them were spotted by close of the day.

On the morning of 7th December 2015, a visit to the pride for review was done. A report from the ground that morning had indicated that Bibi had been seen lying prostrate with foam coming from the mouth and suffering from fits. She died within ten minutes after discovery.

Before carrying out post mortem, the status and soundness of the other pride members was confirmed and thorough search for the remainder of the missing lions was conducted. Red had resurfaced in good health and joined the other members of the pride leaving only Sienna unaccounted for. However, during the search, remains

of a carcass were found within a hundred meters of Bibi with only a scapula and a small piece of skin recovered.

Most of it had been scavenged by hyenas. From the appearance the remains looked to belong to a carnivore and specifically a lion. Since up to now Sienna has not been accounted for, it is assumed these were her remains.

A thorough post mortem was carried out on Bibi with the following findings:  She was on her left lateral recumbency and heavily bloated.  She appeared to have been in good body condition before death.  Tail end missing which was a long time healed injury.  She had a broken lower left canine and several lower incisors missing associated with aging.  There was a pinkish powder substance stained on her left shoulder.

On opening the carcass, the following observation was made;  The mucus membranes were cyanotic.  The liver, kidneys and lungs were heavily congested. Additionally, there was some froth in the lungs  She had recently fed and the was stomach full  Pinkish substance was found in the stomach mixed with ingested food  The small and large intestines were severely eroded with ecchmotic hemorrhages evident Samples from the stomach contents, kidney and liver tissues have been submitted to Government chemist for analysis. By this date, 5 vulture carcasses were also recovered within the vicinity and disposed of by burning together with Bibi’s remains. The residues were then buried deep to avoid possible contamination.

Allan was on his way to recovery and had joined the other members of the pride. He was in better shape than the previous day.

UPDATE: On the morning of 9th December, Allan was reported to have been severely injured by a herd of buffaloes and had taken refuge under a visitor’s vehicle. On rushing to the scene, Allan was in deep pain with discernible injuries. Any attempt to agitate him to come from under the vehicle was fruitless, he retreated deeper.

He was anaesthetized with a combination of 1.8mgs Medetomidine and 100mgs Ketamine way below the normal

dose for his age as he was already compromised. He was fully anaesthetized after 4 minutes. The vehicle was carefully moved to expose him for examination.

On closer examination, Allan had been severely injured with multiple deep wounds. The wounds were seen on the inner left front limb, inner right hind limb, inner left hind limb, one on the belly and puncture wounds on both left and right thorax. A puncture wound could also be palpated on the sternum. The thoracic wounds were severe accessing the pleural cavity and lungs with resultant pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema during breathing around this region. Air was escaping from the pleural cavity and accumulating beneath the skin.

Auscultation revealed damaged and collapsed lungs. The lion was evidently struggling to breath. There was also blood clots in the mouth and blood vessels had collapsed.

Owing to the unfavorable prognosis and considering the welfare of Allan, euthanasia was recommended to prevent further suffering. He was euthanized by administration of 20% Pentobarbitone Sodium euthanizing agent rapidly intracardially.

An immediate post mortem carried out on him revealed the following;  Liver and kidneys were congested  Heart was flaccid and devoid of blood. Suggesting extravasculation of blood. Severe bleeding  Both left and right lower lung lobes were hemorrhagic with puncture wounds.  The puncture wounds to the thoracic area including the sternum had accessed the pleura  There was extensive bleeding on his ventral side of the neck with large volume of blood accumulating. A large blood vessel around this region had ruptured  Stomach had some food eaten 3-4 days ago. Skin patches and hair balls were found in the stomach  Organized fecal balls were found in the lower gastrointestinal tract Conclusion Post mortem picture of Bibi and the strange substance found in her gastrointestinal system suggested she died of possible poisoning. The results of the substance being tested are awaited.

Allan died from severe injuries from buffalo attack. However, he was rendered vulnerable by his status as he was recuperating and could not defend himself or run away More vulture carcasses have been retrieved and numbers as of now stand at eleven The above scenario indicates there was a common source of this problem with ingested lethal poison being highly suspected

2.

Snared zebra, Naboisho conservancy, 10th December 2015

History This female zebra was seen by the Naboisho conservancy rangers with a snare tight round her neck. She was with other zebras and appeared in some discomfort but otherwise her condition was good.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The zebra was immobilized chemically by use of a combination of 60mgs Azaperone and 6mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered in 1.5 dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take maximum effect with the zebra assuming sternal recumbency. Examination revealed a tight cable wire snare round her neck with resultant damage to muscle tissues.

The wire was cut loose and the resultant wound cleaned with the help of Hydrogen peroxide, copious amount of water and disinfected with tincture of Iodine. Topical Oxytetracycline wound spray was applied. Additional treatments include parenteral administration of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics and 20mgs Dexamethasone Sodium anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Reversal of anesthetic was achieved by administration of 24mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the jugular vein.

Prognosis Good.

MERU MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2015

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT OCTOBER 2015 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in October 2015. After a prolonged drought, most parts of northern Kenya received rainfall in the third week of October. This was a relief to wildlife mainly because of rejuvenated habitats and reduced interaction with human and livestock in conservation areas.

Clinical cases treated during the month include two elephants believed to have been injured by herdsmen in Samburu National Reserve. The Unit also visited Ruko Conservancy in Lake Baringo to do a health assessment on Rothschild giraffes and El Karama ranch to remove a metallic bracelet on the leg of a giraffe. In Lewa Conservancy the unit immobilized an elephant to remove a wire which was entangled around its leg. Other cases attended in October are described in the report.

1.

Health Assessment of Giraffes, Ruko Conservancy, Lake Baringo, 3rd October 2015

Case History Ruko community wildlife conservancy located in the eastern shores of Lake Baringo is home to eight Rothschild giraffe which were relocated there from Soysambu conservancy in February 2012. The Conservancy is supported by the Northern Rangeland Trust (NRT). On 1st October NRT requested for veterinary evaluation of the giraffes which were reported to have shown progressive emaciation during the last one month.

The giraffes inhabit an approximately 100-acre island in Lake Baringo which was cut off from the mainland by rising lake water levels since 2013. Vegetation in this island is open woodland with mainly acacia species which is the preferred diet for giraffes. However, drought in the area has adversely affected browse availability and diversity. This has caused nutritional stress and the giraffes have been feeding on bark rather than leaves of trees.

The Conservancy occasionally supplements their diet using commercial horse cubes.

Emaciation was attributed to poor nutrition. Diet supplementation with lucerne hay was advised. Lucerne is a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals. Because it is highly palatable caution was advised during feeding to reduce the risk of bloat.

No images available

2.

Treatment of an elephant with a bullet wound, Samburu National Reserve, 3rd October 2015

History A patrol team from Save the Elephants (STE) reported a female elephant showing severe lameness and a swollen left forelimb in Samburu National Reserve. STE requested for immobilization and treatment of this female which was nursing a one-year-old calf.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using M99 14mg in a single 3cc Dan-inject dart from a vehicle with the dart placed at the gluteal muscles. Down time was 5 minutes with the elephant lying on left lateral recumbency. Its calf and an older sibling were chased away by a vehicle before treatment commenced.

Examination showed a penetrating wound into the soft tissue around the metacarpal bones. This wound was contaminated and oozed pus. On probing with forceps a bone fracture was confirmed. These findings are consistent with gunshot injuries.

Treatment was achieved by wound debridement with Hydrogen peroxide and cleaning with antiseptic. A long acting antibiotic was injected to control infection spread.

Reversal Reversal of the anesthetic was achieved by intravenous administration of Diprenophine hydrochloride.

Prognosis Prognosis for recovery is guarded due to fracture involving the metacarpal bones.

3.

Postmortem of a black rhino carcass, Samburu National Reserve, 5th October 2015

History A post mortem examination was conducted on a black rhino carcass at Ol Pejeta Conservancy (OPC) on 5th October 2015. Both the front and rear horns were intact. An examination of the carcass was conducted at the scene of death to document the cause of death and collect genetic samples for RHoDIS. General observation: Carcass was in poor body condition (body score 1.5 on a scale of 1-5). Both the front and rear horns had been retrieved for safe keeping and was under custody of the area senior warden. Parts of the carcass had been consumed by scavengers including the perineum, external genitalia, external ear pinna and some viscera.

On flaying the carcass there were subcutaneous bruises and hematomas at the right shoulder area and along the vertebral column. These may have been self-inflicted prior to death.

Specific findings There was extensive autolysis of visceral organs, myocardial hypertrophy, diffuse hemorrhages on the intestinal serosa and fibrinous intestinal adhesions. A purulent mass approximately 15cm in diameter attached to the visceral surface of the spleen was observed and a cut section revealed a ruptured abscess.

Diagnosis Acute peritonitis secondary to a ruptured splenic abscess.

4.

Treatment of a sick elephant, Naibunga Conservancy, Laikipia, 10th October 2015

History This elephant calf in Naibunga Conservancy was reported to have shown severe emaciation over a two-week period and had been abandoned by the rest of the herd. It had a swelling on its lower jaw which was oozing pus.

Elephant scouts from Space for Giants requested for veterinary evaluation of this calf.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted from a vehicle after driving it to an open grassland area. Immobilization was achieved using M99 3mg in a single 3cc Dan inject dart and the drugs took effect after 3 minutes.

Examination showed bilateral mandibular abscesses. Irrigation of these abscesses revealed that they penetrated through the root of molar teeth into the oral cavity. Bacterial infection known as Actinomycosis was suspected as the cause.

The abscesses were lanced and lavaged using dilute Hydrogen peroxide and Povidone Iodine. A long acting antibiotic and corticosteroid were also injected.

Reversal Reversal of the anesthetic was achieved by intravenous administration of Diprenophine hydrochloride.

Prognosis Prognosis for recovery is guarded due to bone infection which is difficult to manage. Bone tissue is poorly vascularized therefore most antibiotics do not reach bone infection sites.

5.

Injured elephant in Doldol Community Land, 10th October 2015

History Livestock herders found this recumbent elephant in a lugga (dry river bed) in Doldol. It showed no apparent injury but was believed to have fallen off a cliff at night as it was browsing nearby acacia. There was a steep 12-foot cliff at the bank of the lugga.

Examination and Management Examination showed paralysis of the hind limbs and loss of sensation of the caudal abdominal muscles and perineum. Traumatic injuries of thoracic spinal cord may have been sustained during the fall.

Efforts to assist it to stand on its feet by roping and pulling with a vehicle were not successful. Due to the extent of its injuries euthanasia was recommended.

No images available

6.

Snare Removal from an Elephant, Lewa Wildlife conservancy (LWC), 11th October 2015

History LWC rangers on patrol reported that a male elephant in a group of 15 elephants was dragging a wire around its left hind limb. This wire which was picked from the fence was coiled around the foot of the elephant. Its herd mates tried to remove the wire by stepping and pulling but instead tightened it.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was successfully immobilized using Etorphine hydrochloride. The wire was cut using a wire cutter and removed.

Reversal Anesthetic drug effect was reversed by intravenous administration of Diprenophine hydrochloride and the elephant fully revived 5 minutes later walked away to join its herd mates.

Prognosis Good

7.

Arrow head removal in elephant, Samburu National Reserve, 12th October 2015

History Scouts from Save the Elephants (STE) reported an elephant which had an arrow head protruding from its back.

STE requested for veterinary attention to remove the arrow and treat the wounds.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using M99 6mg in a single 1.5cc Dan-inject dart from a vehicle with the dart placed at the abdominal muscles. Down time was 8 minutes with the elephant lying on right lateral recumbency.

Examination showed an arrow head penetrating into the dorsal thoracic muscles causing an open abscess.

Treatment involved surgical incision to remove the arrow head, lancing the abscess and wound lavage to remove pus. Topical povidone iodine was applied and an antibiotic was injected to control spread of the infection.

Reversal Complete reversal of anesthetic was achieved three minutes after intravenous administration of Diprenophine.

Prognosis This young bull is expected to make a complete recovery.

8.

Treatment of a giraffe, El Karama ranch, Laikipia, 21st October 2015

History This giraffe had a tight metallic bracelet on its right forelimb causing skin lacerations. As a result, the lower limb was swollen. It was first seen on 15th October by wildlife scouts who reported it to ranch management and requested veterinary attention.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using a combination of Etorphine hydrochloride and Azaperone tartate in a single 3cc Dan-Inject dart from a vehicle. Six minutes later when the giraffe showed signs of sedation it was roped to right lateral recumbency and a blind fold used to cover its eyes.

The steel bracelet was cut using an electric grinder and removed. The metallic object resembled a worn out motor vehicle part which had somehow accidently got stuck on the giraffe’s foot.

Reversal The anesthetic was reversed by intravenous injection of Diprenophine through the jugular vein. Two minutes later the giraffe was assisted onto its feet by roping around its neck. With the offending object now removed it ran away to join its herd mates.

Prognosis Good.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT NOVEMBER 2015 Introduction This report describes activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in November 2015. Rains continued in most parts of northern Kenya, therefore there was plenty of vegetation and water for wildlife.

The Unit attended to 7 cases in total including a rhino, a giraffe and several elephants.

1.

Treatment of a speared elephant, Meru National park, 4th November 2015

History Tour guides from Elsas Kopje lodge reported that this elephant saying that it had a swelling on its flank which was oozing pus.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using 16mg M99 in a single 3cc Dan-inject dart from a vehicle with the dart placed at the gluteal muscles. The elephant went down in 8 minutes and fell on left lateral recumbency.

Examination showed a deep stab wound dorsal to the right abdominal flank caused by a spear. This open abscess discharged copious pus but on probing with forceps the wound did not seem to penetrate into the abdominal cavity. The wound was debrided using Hydrogen Peroxide to remove dead tissue and Iodine was applied as a topical antiseptic. Parenteral antibiotic and corticosteroid was also administered.

Reversal To reverse the anesthesia 60mg Diprenophine Hcl was administered through the superficial ear vein.

Prognosis This elephant is expected to make a complete recovery.

2.

Rescue of an Elephant Stuck in Mud, Njiru, Lower Imenti, 8th November 2015

History The Meru veterinary unit was informed by KWS rangers on patrol of an elephant which was recumbent at a farm in Njiru village at the edge of Lower Imenti forest. This animal was among crop raiding elephants that had encroached on the farm the previous night and was found by the farmer in the morning.

When the team arrived at the scene they found the animal had fallen into a mud pool and was exhausted after unsuccessful attempts to get up. No other significant injuries were found on examination.

Rescue Firstly, the elephant was extracted from the mud pool using ropes and a vehicle. Its tusks were then roped and pulled to support it into standing position. The elephant then charged the vehicle and ran off into the nearby forest.

3.

Treatment of an elephant with a bullet wound, Ol Maiso ranch, Laikipia, 9th November 2015

History A sub-adult elephant in Ol Maiso ranch was reported to have shown severe lameness and emaciation.

Researchers from Space for Giants (SfG) requested for an assessment and treatment of this animal.

Immobilisation, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using 10mg M9 in a single 1.5cc Dan-inject dart from foot with the dart placed into the dorsal lumbar muscles. The elephant went down in 3 minutes with the elephant lying on right lateral recumbency.

Examination showed a swelling to the distal part of the right forelimb. At the carpal joint an infected penetrating wound caused by a bullet was observed. Manipulation of the joint did not reveal joint instability.

The wound was debrided with Hydrogen Peroxide and Povidone Iodine. Betamox trihydrate, an antibiotic, was also injected intramuscularly to prevent spread of infection.

Reversal To reverse the anesthesia 36mg Diprenophine Hcl was administered through the superficial ear vein.

Prognosis Prognosis for recovery is guarded due to involvement of the carpal joint.

4.

Treatment of an elephant, Samburu National Reserve, 11th November 2015

History This female adult elephant, known as ‘Alpine’ to the research teams based in the area, was reported to have shown emaciation, being off-feed and haivng a swelling on the lower abdomen. Field researchers from Save the Elephants (STE) requested for an examination and treatment of this elephant.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using 16mg M99 in a single 3.0 cc Dan-inject dart from a vehicle with the dart placed into the gluteal muscles. The elephant went down in 8 minutes lying on right lateral recumbency.

Prior to darting this animal showed signs of colic: restlessness and throwing dust on its abdomen. Its feces were also covered in mucus. Examination showed bilateral swelling on the ventral abdomen along the fatty band. On aspiration no discharge was found. This swelling was attributed to a loss of body condition.

Tentative diagnosis: Intestinal impaction A conservative treatment approach was used. Flunixin Meglumine 5000mg was injected intramuscularly and Betamox trihydrate 30g intramuscular.

Reversal To reverse the anesthesia 48mg Diprenophine Hcl was administered through the superficial ear vein.

Prognosis Prognosis for recovery is guarded; however, STE scouts were advised to monitor the elephant’s recovery progress.

A follow up visit on 27th November showed that this animal was making slow progressive recovery. She had rejoined her herd.

UPDATE ON ALPINE IN SAMBURU: On the 11th of November the Trust funded Northern Mobile Veterinary Unit based out of Meru National Park headed by KWS seconded Veterinary Officer Dr. Bernard Rono was called by Save the Elephants to treat a wellknown 30-year-old female elephant called Alpine who was showing signs of emaciation, seemingly unable to feed and suffering from a huge swelling under her abdomen. When the team arrived on site she was showing signs of colic, extremely restless and throwing copious quantities of dust on her swollen abdomen.

She was immobilized on the bank of the river in Samburu National Reserve using M99. After her treatment the prognosis for recovery remained guarded.

On a follow up visit from the Veterinary Unit on 27th November Alpine showed improvement and had re-joined her herd. The on the 6th of December, Alpine was again spotted amidst her herd wallowing and frolicking in the Samburu river, behaving normally, her swollen abdomen no longer evident, appearing to have made a miraculous recovery.

Here is a statement from the researchers watching over Alpine: ‘We were watching a huge amount of elephants enjoying the river when we spotted her. Sure enough it was Alpine and I was elated to see her with other elephants.

I think there is a huge difference in appearance comparing before and after her treatment.’

5.

Injured giraffe in Meru National Park, 15th November 2015

History Rangers on patrol reported that this giraffe showed severe swelling and lameness on its left forelimb.

Immobilization and management The vet team were called and restrained this animal manually using ropes and hand injected a sedative to calm this animal for examination.

Examination showed hypermobility of the left elbow joint and crepitus was felt on manipulation. Fracture of the humerus was diagnosed. For management euthanasia by exsanguination was recommended.

6.

Postmortem Examination of a Rhino Carcass, Ol Pejeta conservancy (OPC), 23rd November 2015

History A black rhino carcass was found by rangers on patrol in OPC on 23rd November. A post mortem examination was carried to determine the cause of death.

General Examination The carcass was in good body condition with both horns were intact. Parts of its lower lips and perineum had been eaten. Skin lacerations on the lower abdomen and hind limbs were observed.

Specific findings: A wound 7 centimeters in length caudal to the right scapula penetrating into the thoracic cavity. There were comminuted fractures of the 4th to the 6th rib. On opening the carcass internal organs were extensively autolysed and could not be examined.

7.

Treatment of an injured white rhino, Lewa wildlife conservancy (LWC), 24th November 2015

History This geriatric female white rhino had been treated for fight wounds three weeks earlier. It was showing severe emaciation, lameness, swelling and abscesses on its right forelimb. LWC requested for a follow up evaluation of this rhino.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The rhino was immoblisaed using a combination of 4.5mg M99 and 60mg Azaperone in a 1.5cc Dan-Inject dart from foot. The rhino was in open ground and because of severe pain of thefoot this rhino did not move after darting and was down after 3 minutes.

Patient monitoring during anesthesia was achieved by counting respiration rate and observation of mucous membranes for capillary refill. This rhino was generally stable under anesthesia with an average of 4 breaths per minute while the mucous membranes were pink and moist.

There were open abscesses on the lateral and medial aspect of the right carpal joint. Crepitus was felt on manipulation of the carpal joint and an unstable joint due to tear of joint ligaments. Abscesses were lanced, application of iodine revealed communicating abscesses.

Reversal To reverse anesthesia effect, 150mgs Naltrexone Hcl was injected intravenously. After a brief struggle this rhino was up on its feet six minutes later Prognosis Considering the age of this animal and extent of injuries prognosis for this case was guarded. However, treatment was attempted by administration of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Unfortunately, she died 48 hours from severe infection. On post mortem fracture of the lateral carpal bone and torn joint ligaments were found.

Cause of death was suspected to be as a result of dehydration.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT DECEMBER 2015 Introduction This report describes activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in December 2015. In Ol Jogi ranch, Laikipia, we removed a wire snare from an elephant calf which had inflicted a debilitating leg injury. In Meru National Park we treated a white rhino for soft tissue injury suffered in a territorial fight and removed a snare from the neck of a waterbuck.

1.

De-snaring a water buck, Meru National park, Mugwongwo plains, 4th December 2015

History On the 4th December, tour guides from Elsa’s Kopje Lodge reported that a waterbuck had a loose wire snare around its neck which needed to be removed.

Immobilization, examination and treatment After a brief search in an area where it was seen earlier that day, this water buck was found near the road leading to Elsas Kopje lodge. It was in company of two calves and looked calm on approach.

The waterbuck was immobilized using a combination of M99 3mg and Stressnil 20mg in a single 1.5cc Dan-Inject dart from a vehicle. It went down in five minutes and a blind fold was applied to minimize stress. The wire snare around its neck was loosened and removed.

Reversal Reversal of anesthesia was achieved by intravenous injection of M5050 12mg through the superficial veins in the ear pinna. Two minutes later the water buck stumbled onto its feet and ran into the bush where it joined its two calves.

Prognosis Because there was little trauma caused by the snare this water buck will make a complete recovery.

2.

Treatment of a wounded white rhino, Meru National park, Rhino sanctuary, 4th December 2015

History On 2nd of December, KWS rangers on patrol reported that this rhino had shown severe lameness and swelling on its hind leg. The officer in charge of the rhino requested for an assessment and treatment of its injuries.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The rhino was immobilized using a combination of M99 5mg and StressnilÂŽ 60mg in a single 3cc Dan-Inject dart with a 2.0 Ă— 60mm needle from a helicopter. The dart was placed into the dorsal lumbar muscles. This rhino was roped to lateral recumbency after 9 minutes and a blind fold applied to minimize stress.

Patient monitoring during anesthesia was achieved by counting respiration rate and observation of mucous membranes for capillary refill. It was generally stable under anesthesia with an average of 4 breaths per minute while the mucous membranes were pink and moist.

Examination revealed skin lacerations to the ventral abdomen, perineal area and abdominal flanks. Hock joint of the left hind foot was swollen. Manipulation showed that the joint was stable therefore these injuries affected the soft tissue around the joint. These injuries were consistent with fight wounds.

The wounds were scrubbed, debrided and Povidone Iodine applied to clean and disinfect the wounds. Flunixin Meglumine an anti-inflammatory drug and a 20% Oxytetracycline hydrochloride an anti-microbial drug was injected intramuscularly.

Reversal For anesthesia reversal, 5% Naltrexon Hcl 150mg was given intravenously through the ear veins.

Prognosis Two weeks after treatment this rhino was reported to have improved significantly.

3.

Desnaring an elephant calf, Ol Jogi ranch, Laikipia, 11th December 2015

History Wildlife rangers in Ol Jogi ranch reported that an elephant calf had shown severe lameness and deep wounds caused by a snare on its right forelimb. The ranch security manager requested for immediate veterinary intervention to treat this calf.

Restraint, examination and treatment After a brief aerial search, this calf was found in the company of its mother in a herd of 7 elephants, mainly composed of sub-adult elephants. The herd looked calm on approach by vehicle. Its mother was darted to avoid separation after treatment while the calf was restrained physically using ropes.

Darting was done from a vehicle using 12mg M99 in a 1.5cc Dan-Inject dart. The rest of the herd was chased away using vehicles and the calf roped to lateral recumbency for treatment. A wire snare had cut through the soft tissue distal to the carpal joint of the right forelimb causing debilitating contaminated wounds. Tissue necrosis, joint deformity and swelling was observed showing that these injuries were chronic. The wire snare was cut using a wire cutter and removed carefully. The wound was debrided to remove necrotic tissue using Hydrogen peroxide and povidone Iodine. Green clay was then applied to facilitate healing. Betamox Trihydrate 20ml and Flunixin meglumine were injected intramuscularly.

Reversal The anesthesia of the mother elephant was reversed by intravenous injection of Diprenophine hydrochloride 36mg. After 3 minutes she was conscious and was soon reunited with her calf and the rest of the herd which were waiting nearby.

Prognosis Though its injuries were severe this calf is expected to make a slow recovery, permanent deformity of the leg is expected due to chronic injury. Follow up treatment will be scheduled to monitor the progress of this injured calf.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2015

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT OCTOBER 2015 Introduction The SCA Mobile Unit during October was faced with a number of cases within the Amboseli and Tsavo ecosystems.

There has been a gradual increase in the number of cases mostly due to the dry weather season and the increase in activity of poachers.

1.

Treatment of an elephant with an arrow injury, Satao, Tsavo East National Park, 8th October 2015

Case History The DSWT pilot reported to have spotted a male elephant with a suspected arrow head injury to the left hind limb. The veterinary team located and assessed the elephant from the helicopter before deciding to treat it.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised with 18mg Etorphine in a 3 ml dan - inject dart using the Dan Inject system and was relatively easy from a helicopter. The elephant went down on lateral recumbence after 8 minutes. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The temperature was high hence plenty of water was doused on the elephant to keep the body temperature low. The ears were used as blindfold.

On physical examination the elephant had a penetrating wound to the left hind limb. The wound was relatively fresh and likely to have been caused by an arrow head. The wound was thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide before it was lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and prevent infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Betamox L.A and 50 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 minutes.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using 60mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride into the ear vein. The elephant took 4.5 minutes to get up and move away from the site.

Prognosis Good

2.

Treatment of an elephant with an arrow injury, Rukinga, 8th October 2015

History The rangers at Rukinga reported an injured elephant with a suspected arrow head injury to the right flank. The elephant was darted from a helicopter for examination and treatment.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised with 18mg Etorphine in a 3 ml dan - inject dart using the Dan Inject system and was relatively easy from a helicopter despite the thick vegetation. The elephant went down on lateral recumbence after 7 minutes. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The temperature was high hence plenty of water was doused on the elephant to keep the body temperatures low. The ears were used as blindfold.

On physical examination the elephant had an approximately 5-inch-deep wound (3-4 weeks old) to the right flank region. The wound was septic and had necrotic tissue with lots of pus. The wound was caused by an arrow which was retrieved from the wound. The dead tissue was debrided and removed. The wound was then thoroughly cleaned using clean water and Hydrogen Peroxide and then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. An opening on the ventral side of the wound was made for easy drainage to prevent further infection. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was also injected with 100ml Betamox, 1200 mg Clindamycin (Dalacin C) and 100ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 minutes.

Reversal To reverse the anaesthetic Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (60mgs) was injected into the ear vein. It took about 5 minutes to be fully awake from anaesthesia.

Prognosis Good

3.

Responding to a trapped eland case, Amboseli, 9th October 2015

History An eland was reported trapped in an electric hotel fence in the Amboseli ecosystem. The veterinary team attended to the case immediately.

Examination The eland was found still trapped on the electric fence and had already succumbed to the effects of electric shock.

Cause of death Effects of electric shock

4.

Treatment of a blind giraffe, Olorika, Chyulu Ecosystem, 10th October 2015

History A female giraffe was reported to be blind within the Chyulu area. The KWS Loitokitok station reported to the veterinary team who attended to the case immediately for examination and treatment.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The giraffe was darted using 15 mg Etorphine and 30 mg Azerperone from foot because of the rocky terrain. The giraffe was brought down using ropes once the narcotics had taken effect.

On physical examination the giraffe had suffered from an eye infection leading to total loss of the left eye. The right eye was treated using a combination of 3ml penicillin streptomycin and 3ml Dexamethasone HCL. Antibiotic cream was also applied.

Reversal The anesthetic was reversed using 45 mg Diprenorphine Hcl into the jugular vein.

Prognosis Guarded

5.

Postmortem report of an elephant, Amboseli, 14th October 2015

History The sudden collapse and death of an elephant at the Amboseli National Park was reported to the SCA mobile veterinary team. This case was reported as a seriously sick elephant which had gone recumbent and died suddenly. A postmortem was carried out and the following was observed.

General and physical examination of the carcass On general examination, the animal was in poor body condition and was on the right lateral side. She had a small penetrating wound (5 cm deep) caudal to the right eye which was full of pus. On probing the wound, no object was retrieved.

Examination of the opened carcass On opening the carcass, all body organs looked normal suggesting the condition was not chronic.

The G.I.T system had very little ingesta showing that the elephant had been off feed for a considerable period.

The gut had plenty of bile suggesting starvation.

Samples collected -Blood from the ear vein -Blood smear -Fecal sample from the g.i.t Differential diagnosis Bacterial/viral infection

6.

Treatment of injured elephant, Tsavo East National Park, 16th October 2015

History This case was seen whilst searching for another reported injured elephant. It had a fairly large swelling on the right fore limb. With an already prepared dart, this elephant was immobilized and attended to.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised with 18mg Etorphine in a 3 ml dan - inject dart using the Dan Inject system from a vehicle. After 10 minutes, the bull went recumbent but on the wrong side and had to be rolled over to expose the wounded limb for examination and treatment. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The temperature was high hence plenty of water was doused on the elephant to keep the body temperatures low. The ears were used as blindfold.

On physical examination the elephant had a large swelling on the right fore limb. However, no physical injury could be seen and it was suspected that the swelling could have been caused by trauma. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Betamox L.A and 100ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 minutes.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using 60mg Diprenorphine Hydrochloride into the ear vein. It took 5 minutes to get up and walk away from the site.

Prognosis Good.

7.

Treatment of injured elephant, Tsavo East, 16th October 2015

History On the 16/10/2015 while planning to attend to another case, the Veterinary Team received an urgent report regarding an injured elephant in an accident. The motor vehicle KBQ 681D Toyota Land cruiser was involved in the accident between sign post 137 and Aruba Lodge in Tsavo East earlier in the morning. The team immediately attended to the case for clinical intervention.

The team found the injured elephant in a small herd of elephants in a small thicket. She could be seen limping from a distance and had a swollen hock. A decision was made to immobilize, examine and treat the elephant.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was chemically restrained by use of 16mgs Etorphine in a 3ml Dan inject dart through the Dan inject darting system from a vehicle. She appeared agitated initially but finally calmed as the drugs took effect. She was fully narcotized after 7 minutes assuming left lateral recumbency. Close examination revealed a fresh injury to the right hind limb. On palpation, no crepitation could be felt. However, the hock joint felt weak and swollen indicating a definite injury to the joint. A muscle/ligament tear or laxation of the hock joint was suspected.

To prevent scepsis and inflammation, 100ml Betamox, 1200 mg Clindamycin and 100 ml Flunixine meglumine was injected at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 minutes.

Oxytetracycline spray was also applied topically.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 42mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through a superficial ear vein. She came around in four minutes and traced the rest of the family members.

Prognosis Fair. The elephant will be monitored for two weeks after which she will be reviewed.

8.

Postmortem report of an elephant, Tsavo West 26th, October 2015

History Sudden collapse and death of an elephant at the Tsavo west National Park was reported to the veterinary team.

A post-mortem was carried out and the following was observed.

General and physical examination of the carcass On general examination, the animal was in good body condition and was on the right lateral side. The elephant was extremely swollen indicating signs of poisoning. The oozing blood was black tarry. No external injuries were visible even after flipping the elephant over for examination.

The elephant was recommended for disposal by burning to avoid contamination of the scene.

Samples collected -Blood from the ear vein -Blood smear Tentative diagnosis Poisoning

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT NOVEMBER 2015 Introduction The Amboseli ecosystem has had a long dry spell leading to malnutrition and death of wildlife in the region. A series of wildlife deaths have been reported but this has gradually reduced towards the end of the month owing to the rains which have turned the area very green with plenty of vegetation for wildlife. Few cases of humanwildlife conflict have been reported after the rains began.

1.

Postmortem of an elephant, Amboseli, 10th November 2015

Case History The death of an elephant at the Amboseli National Park had been reported to the SCA mobile veterinary team. A post-mortem was carried out and the following was observed.

General and Physical examination of the carcass On general examination, the animal was in poor body condition and was on left lateral side. Both tusks were present.

Examination of the opened carcass The carcass had been mauled by scavengers and most of the organs destroyed. The G.I.T system had very little ingesta showing that the elephant had been off feed for a considerable period.

The tusks were recovered and handed over to the Amboseli national park headquarters for safe custody.

Samples collected -Feacal sample from the g.i.t -Liver sample Differential diagnosis Bacterial/viral infection and Malnutrition

2.

Post-mortem of an elephant, Amboseli, 11th November 2015

History An elephant carcass was reported to have been seen within the Amboseli ecosystem within the community land.

General and Physical examination of the carcass The carcass was about 1 month old and no viable post-mortem could be carried out. Both tusks were missing though it was evident that they were easily pulled off after decomposing of the carcass. No traumatic concussions could be seen in the tusk region and the entire carcass.

3.

Treatment of a speared elephant, Amboseli National Park, 12th November 2015

History This adult male elephant was spotted within the park by The Amboseli elephant research personnel while on their routine programme. A serious freshly inflicted wound was clearly visible. The vet team attended to the case and a decision was made to immobilize and treat the elephant. Darting was relatively easy from a land cruiser.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using 17 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart using the Dan-inject system from the land cruiser. Full immobilization took place after 5 minutes and he fell on lateral recumbence. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The ears were used as blindfold.

Plenty of water was doused on the ears (pinnae) and the entire body to help cool the elephant during the operation.

On examination, the elephant had a serious wound to the spinal region about 5 cm from the spine. The wound was deep (aprox. 70 cm), with a clean cut. It is likely to have been caused by a spear thrown from a platform. The wound was thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine.

Topical antibiotic cream, spray and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 200 ml Amoxcycillin L.A 20% and 100 ml Flunixine meglumine at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 40 minutes.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (54mgs) into the ear vein.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

4.

Treatment of a speared elephant, Amboseli, 13th November 2015

History This adult male elephant had been treated earlier for a serious right flank spear injury. Due to the severity of the wound a repeat treatment was necessary on this elephant.

After several days of a thorough search, the elephant was spotted and the veterinary team immediately notified.

Darting was relatively easy from a land cruiser since the ground was relatively open.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using 17 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart using the Dan-inject system from a land cruiser. Full immobilization took place after 8 minutes and he fell in a dog sitting position. The rangers helped flip the elephant to left lateral recumbence for easy access to the wound and safety of the elephant. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The ears were used as blindfold. Plenty of water was doused on the ears (pinnae) and the entire body to help cool the elephant during the operation.

On examination, the wound was on its way to recovery and the condition had greatly improved. A fresh wound was also visible to the ear. The dead tissue was debrided and removed. The wounds were then thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide and lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream, spray and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Amoxcycillin L.A 20% and 100 ml Dexamethasone HCL at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 minutes.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (54mgs) into the ear vein. It took about 5 minutes to be fully awake from the anaesthesia and walk away from the site.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

5.

Treatment of a speared elephant, Sato – Amboseli, 15th November 2015

History The KWS reported to have spotted a male elephant with a suspected spear in the right hind quarters. Aided by the DSWT Helicopter, a thorough search ensued. The elephant was finally spotted in thick bush and in the midst of its family. At the best convenience darting was done and attempts made to drive him to some open ground.

Unfortunately, the elephant went down in a sternal position in a thick bush. Quick effort was made to have the animal secured to proper lateral recumbence aided by use of a land cruiser.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using 16 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart using the Dan-inject system from the helicopter. The elephant first went down in sternal recumbence after 10 minutes and was flipped over to lateral recumbence using a land cruiser. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The weather was favourable (rainy) for anaesthesia hence temperatures were at optimum.

The ears were used as blindfold.

On physical examination the elephant had a penetrating wound to the right hind quarters and tip of tail. The wound was fresh probably about 24 hrs old and most likely caused by a spear. The wounds were then thoroughly cleaned using clean water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Betamox L.A and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 30 minutes.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (60mgs) into the ear vein. It took 7 minutes to get up and walk away from the site.

Prognosis Good

6.

Post-mortem of an elephant, Amboseli, 19th November 2015

History A dead elephant was reported to have been spotted within the park. A post-mortem was carried out and the following was observed.

General and Physical examination of the carcass On general examination, the animal was in poor body condition and was on the left lateral side. No external injury was visible and both tusks were present.

Examination of the opened carcass On opening the carcass, all body organs looked normal suggesting the condition was not chronic.

The G.I.T system had very little ingesta showing that the elephant had been off feed for a considerable period.

The gut had plenty of bile suggesting starvation.

Samples collected -Blood from the ear vein -Blood smear -Feacal sample from the g.i.t Differential diagnosis Bacterial/viral infection and malnutrition

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT DECEMBER 2015 Introduction The Amboseli ecosystem experienced heavy rains which turned the area green with many temporary water holes filling up. Plenty of food and water led to less human wildlife conflict and poaching attempts as many people turned to their farms to grow their crops.

However, during this month we experienced two cases of human wildlife conflict, a situation where two lions were killed amid other cases which we handled.

1.

Treatment of an elephant with a bullet wound, Ithumba, Tsavo East, 3rd December 2015

History The DSWT pilot at Ithumba reported to have spotted a male elephant with a suspected arrow head injury in the right fore limb. The veterinary team had to locate and assess the elephant from the helicopter since the vegetation was thick. Plans were made on how to immobilize and treat the elephant. The elephant was in a thick bush but relatively easy to dart using the helicopter. The elephant was pushed to open ground for darting.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was immobilised using 18mg Etorphine Hcl topped up with water for injection in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart from a helicopter. The elephant went down in a dog sitting position after 10 minutes. He was placed into lateral recumbency with the help of a landcruiser. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The temperature was high hence plenty of water was doused on the elephant to keep the body temperatures low. The ears were used as blindfold.

On physical examination the elephant had an approximately 5-inch-deep wound (1-2 weeks old) on the right fore limb. The wound was septic and had necrotic tissue and most likely caused by a bullet. The dead tissue was debrided and removed and the wound thoroughly cleaned using clean water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine before topical antibiotic cream and green clay were applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Betamox L.A, 1200 mg Clindamycin (Dalacin C) and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 30 minutes.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using 60mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride into the ear vein was used. It took about 6 minutes to be fully awake from anaesthesia.

Prognosis Good

`

2.

Attending to a Trapped Giraffe, Lemongo area, Amboseli ecosystem, 9th December 2015

History A giraffe was reported to have been spotted trapped in a 60-acre electric fenced plot in Lemongo area of Amboseli ecosystem.

The giraffe could not jump over the fence and it was evident he had succumbed from the effects of electrocution from the powered fence.

3.

Rescue of eland at Amboseli, 11th December 2015

History A young eland was reported abandoned in Amboseli by rangers. Efforts to reunite the young eland with the mother were not viable. A decision was made to relocate him to the DSWT elephant stockades in Voi. Restraint and Rescue Physical restraint was used due to the age of the eland. Using a landcruiser the eland was relocated to the stockades for further nurturing and care.

The eland is in good health and chances of survival high.

4.

Post mortem report of a lion, Amboseli National Park, 18th December 2015

History A report was given to the KWS Amboseli National Park headquarters of a speared male lion after attacking people and livestock.

General examination The lion had severe spear injuries to the lumbarsacral region and to the thoracic region. Seven spear penetrations were clearly visible and it was evident that the lion had succumbed from the fatal spear penetrations into the thoracic cavity.

5.

Post mortem report of a young lion, Amboseli National Park, 19th December 2015

History A report was done to the Amboseli National Park headquarters of a speared male lion.

General examination The lion had severe spear injuries in the abdominal and thoracic region. Several spear penetrations were clearly visible and it was evident that the lion had succumbed from the fatal spear penetrations into the vital organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavity. The lungs, gut and heart had been severely punctured.