DSWT/KWS Quarterly Veterinary Report January to March 2016

MOBILE VET UNITS TSAVO – MARA – MERU AMBOSELI REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2016

MOBILE VETERINARY UNITS OVERVIEW JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2016 During the January to March 2016, 3-month reporting period, the DSWT in partnership with the Kenya Wildlife Service and their four dedicated KWS field veterinary officers, attended to 71 wildlife cases.

Within these cases there were two separate operations where 8 elephants were collared and a total of 25 black rhinos were ear notched. Research was also conducted on 5 zebras and 7 antelopes (including waterbuck and bushbuck). Within this data there was also 10 individuals, including 1 lion, a jackal, various eagles and vultures which were killed after eating a poisoned cow carcass. Overall within the 71 cases responded to, 121 individual animals were attended to.

43 cases were elephant cases, 6 of which were treated for poisoned arrow wounds, 4 for spear wounds, 3 for bullet wounds and 3 for snare injuries. Other elephant cases included postmortems, elephant calf rescues, elephant collaring exercises as well as cases involving human-wildlife conflict and natural causes.

The majority of the medical cases treated by the teams was elephants at 60% followed by predators, rhinos and plains game.

The Mara Unit conducted 9 postmortems, which occurred between 1st February and 6th February with a total of 6 elephants dying within a radius of 8km within one week, with 3 elephant carcasses found in other areas. It is assumed that these 9 deaths were as a result of poisoning but further analysis and testing is being done to define the cause of death.

The Meru Unit attended to 17 cases during this 3-month period the majority of which included natural causes like filariasis in rhinos, research studies and translocations. In total the Meru Unit attended to 6 elephants as well as zebra, leopard and conducted research on bushbucks and waterbucks.

The Amboseli Unit worked 2 months out of the 3-month period as they were on annual leave in March. In total during these 2 months the unit treated 10 cases of which 3 were elephants and 4 were lions, other species included plains game and a hippo. Of the 4 lions attended to, 2 lions were injured due to human-wildlife conflict.

The Tsavo Unit worked on 23 cases, which included 19 elephant cases of which 13 cases were directly related to poaching activities. The remaining cases included poisoning incidences and several elephant calf rescues.

Out of all of these emergency operations 39% of the treatments had a successful outcome. This month there was a high percentage of cases which included post-mortems where many animals had died before the vets reached the scene. Other losses experienced included poisoning and some cases which been sadly reached too late to save. Those 4% of cases given a poor prognosis have been monitored by all parties involved in the operation, with the DSWT's Aerial Unit and one of the Mobile Veterinary Units close at hand should a follow up treatment be needed.

In total during this reporting period there were 5 baby elephant rescues where 4 were taken to the Nairobi orphanage, whilst one was reunited with its mother.

TSAVO MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2016

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JANUARY 2016 Introduction The Tsavo ecosystem remained lush green due to the rains in January that were associated with the el Ni単o weather pattern.

Incidences of injuries in wildlife remained low during the month under review. The cases handled in the region included treatment of an injured elephant bull in Dakota plains of Tsavo East, autopsy of elephant carcasses in Rukinga Ranch and a Trypanosomiasis and Tsetse survey of wildlife in Shimba Hills National Reserve.

1.

Treatment an elephant with an arrow injury, Dakota, Tsavo East, 19th January 2016,

Case History The elephant bull was seen by KWS rangers patrolling the area and alerted the vet team. The team rushed to the site and found the huge lone bull foraging in swampy grassland near the Voi River. There was a wound on his right inquinal area.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was immobilized using 18 mgs Etorphine in a dan-inject dart from a vehicle. He moved away slowly with the team in trail, until he fell on the left flank exposing the wound.

There was an arrow injury filled with pus near the right inguinal area. The infected wound was opened, pus drained out and cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of iodine and Oxytetracycline spray were applied before the wound was covered with wetted green clay.

Reversal Drug reversal was achieved by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl at three times the Etorphine dose. He struggled briefly but later woke up on his own and walked away slowly.

Prognosis Prognosis is very good

2.

Autopsy of elephant carcasses, Wildlife works, Rukinga, 24th – 25th January 2015

Case History The Wildlife Works Rukinga Rangers reported the discovery of three elephant carcasses in the Conservancy.

The female elephant carcass was discovered in Taita Ranch while the two male carcasses were discovered in Rukinga Ranch.

The carcasses were at an advanced stage of decomposition and few details could be ascertained from the autopsy examination.

On external examination an arrow head was recovered from the flank of one of the male carcasses, an indication of death through arrow shot. Tusks were recovered by KWS security teams for custody.

3.

Shimba Hills Trypanosomiasis and Tsetse Survey, Shimba Hills National Park, 25th January -2nd February 2016

Case History Shimba Hills National Reserve located in Kwale County hosts a variety of wildlife among them the endangered Sable antelope. The population of Sable’s and other wildlife translocated to the reserve has not been doing well.

One of the reasons given is the high numbers of Tsetse flies and Trypanosomiasis prevalence in the ecosystem.

The coastal development program funded a Trypanosomiasis survey of the area that brought together researchers from KWS, KALRO and KENTEC. Immobilization and sample taking A total of 20 animals made up of 11 buffaloes, 7 warthogs, an Impala and Hartebeest were sampled.

Immobilization procedures used were as per KWS protocols for each species that included chemical and physical capture methods. Preliminary test results indicated one positive buffalo sample and further tests will be carried out in the laboratories.

Other activities undertaken during the month The Vet testified in Voi law courts after undertaking an autopsy in a case where several suspects are in custody for poaching offences in Tsavo conservation area.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2016 Introduction Despite Tsavo ecosystem remaining fairly wet due to the El Nino weather phenomenon, there was a slight increase in veterinary cases, mainly elephant cases, compared to those observed in January. This was attributed mainly to poaching attempts and human wildlife conflict.

Cases handled included autopsy examination of elephant carcasses in Manyani, Rukinga and north of Galana River and treatment of injured elephants in Kiboko, Aruba, Kilaguni and Amboseli National park.

The unit also rescued an abandoned elephant calf along the standard gauge railway (SGR) works near Kenani, Tsavo east.

1.

Elephant autopsy, Manyani, Tsavo west National park, 15th February 2016

Case History The carcass was spotted by an aerial patrol undertaken by DSWT aircraft with its tusks intact and at an advanced level of decomposition.

Autopsy The carcass was decomposing and the tusks were easily pulled out. The surrounding ground indicated signs of struggle before death. The trunk and the facial soft tissues were eaten off by carnivores.

The intestinal organs were all eaten away hence no vital organs were accessible for autopsy. There were bruise marks around the perineal area indicating blunt object hit.

Diagnosis: - possibly hit by a vehicle or train

2.

Treatment of an Injured Elephant Bull, Kiboko, Chyulu National Park, 16th February 2016

History This elephant bull was spotted near Olepolos village near Masimba Township, Kiboko. Helicopter assistance was requested as the elephant was in thick bush. The bull was with another herd of 18 but later separated and remained with only one bull. The bull had been treated previously for the same wound.

The elephant was immobilised using 18 mgs of Etorphine in a dan-inject dart and loaded into a dart gun, the helicopter was used to separate the two bulls and drive the injured one to an open area. He was darted in the rump and kept in the grassland by the helicopter. He went down after 14 minutes.

Immobilisation, examination and treatment The bull had a wound on the caudal aspect of the right front limb just below the elbow joint suspected to have been caused by an old snare. The necrotic tissues were cut away, the pus drained and the wound cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of Iodine and Oxytetracycline spray were applied before the wound was covered with wetted green clay.

An intravenous administration of 50cc Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and 200cc of long acting Amoxicillin injected intramuscularly.

Reversal Anesthetic reversal was achieved by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl at three times the Etorphine dose. The bull woke up and moved away slowly.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

3.

Rescue of an Elephant Calf Along SGR railway, Kenani Tsavo east, 18th February 2016

History A report was received from the KWS security officers of a stranded elephant calf along the standard gauge railway (SGR) construction works near the Kenani station inside Tsavo east National Park. The mother was nowhere to be seen. The calf was trapped in a drainage used to drain water away from the rail line and could not climb out.

Rescue The calf appeared weak, dehydrated and in shock. He was splashed with water then transported to Voi stockade for further examination. After he was offloaded from the vehicle, he could not get up so he was administered with 20cc of 50% Dextrose I.V and 20cc Dexamethasone Hcl I.V stat and kept in the shade and cooled with water.

Following treatment, he was up in 10 minutes. An airplane was sent from Nairobi to airlift him to the Nairobi orphanage for further care.

4.

Treatment of an Elephant Bull, 20th February 2016, Kilaguni, Tsavo West National Park

History A report was made of a limping elephant bull that frequently drank water at the Kilaguni Serena water hole.

Previous attempts to locate him were not successful but he was finally spotted near the lodge on the 20th February in so much pain he was lying down which is a rare occurrence for an adult elephant.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised using 18mgs Etorphine Hcl in a 1.5 ml Dan - inject dart from a vehicle using a Dan inject dart rifle. The elephant was immobilized in 9 minutes and went down lying on sternal recumbency then pushed to lateral recumbency by the vet team. A deep penetrating wound was observed to the sole of the right foot. After probing and some surgery, a sharp hard wood was removed from the deep wound. The blood was drained and the wound cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of iodine was sprayed on the wound and wetted green clay applied. Dexamethasone Hcl and long acting Amoxicillin were administered intravenously and intramuscularly respectively.

Reversal Anaesthetic reversal was achieved by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl intravenously through the ear vein at three times the Etorphine dose. The elephant easily woke up and walked away.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

5.

Postmortem Report of 2 Elephant Carcasses, Tsavo East, north of Galana River, 21st February 2016

History A report was received from the KWS security officers of two dead Elephant carcasses spotted north of Galana River. KWS requested for an autopsy to be undertaken to ascertain the cause of death.

1.

General examination (Male Carcass)

Carcass condition – good The carcass was in early stages of putrefaction and aged at about 2 days since time of death. The skin was intact apart from the chopped off face area. There were no signs of struggle and the carcass was lying on the left flank on a dried up stream facing the Galana River direction from the Yatta plateau. The preputial skin and the anal opening had carnivore bite marks.

Close examination There was a blood stain at the lumbar area of the pelvic region. The skin was removed and a penetrating wound was seen from the skin heading down to the lumbar vertebrae. Massive hemorrhage and oedema was observed.

The muscle tissues were cut to expose the vertebrae and a hole to the attachment of the transverse process of the vertebrae the size of an index finger was discovered. The hole was probed and confirmed it went through the intervertebral discs towards the lower abdomen. Fluids were bubbling up through the penetrating wound. No other significant findings were observed.

Diagnosis- Death caused by high velocity projectile 2.

General examination (Female Carcass)

Carcass condition- good The carcass was found about 200 meters from the Galana River on the northern side of the River. The tusks were removed at the time of autopsy.

Putrefaction had already settled in so the carcass was aged at about 4 days since time of death. There was massive carnivore activity with tens of vultures and a lion spotted. The lower abdominal wall was open and most internal organs eaten out.

Close examination The skin was removed to observe any injuries under the skin. One wound was seen on the right side of the flank was but could not be traced further due to carnivore activity that emptied the abdominal contents. The limbs and were all normal.

Cause of death- No cause of death ascertained due to carnivore activity on the carcass and advanced decomposition.

6.

Treatment of an Elephant Bull, Aruba, Tsavo east National Park, 23rd February 2016

History An aerial patrol by the DSWT airplane spotted a lone elephant bull with a huge pus filled wound to the abdominal wall possibly caused by an arrow. Due to the thick bush and long distance from the road assistance of the helicopter was sought.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised using 18mgs Etorphine Hcl in a 1.5 ml Dan - inject dart from the helicopter using a Dan-inject dart rifle. The elephant was guided by the DSWT helicopter to an open area and was immobilized after 12 minutes. The bull went down on the injured flank and a rope and a vehicle were used to flip him over to access the injured side. A penetrating arrow wound was observed to the left abdominal wall with an accumulation of pus below it. An incision was made at the lowest point of the wound so the pus could be drained and the dead flesh cut out. The wound was cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide then sprayed with tincture of Iodine before wetted green clay was applied.

An intravenous administration of Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and long acting Amoxicillin administered by intramuscular injection.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

7.

Postmortem of an Elephant Bull, Rukinga ranch, 24th February 2016

History An aerial patrol by a KWS airplane spotted an elephant carcass at the Rukinga ranch that was about 10 days old.

A team of security personnel secured the tusks and requested for an autopsy to determine the cause of death.

Post mortem examination The male carcass was lying on the right flank and was in an advanced stage of decomposition; aged at about 3 weeks since the time of death. Not much could be deduced from the carcass but signs of a snare were visible.

Tissue samples were taken for the genetic bank.

Diagnosis - cause of death was tentatively put as snare wound.

8.

Postmortem of an elephant, Ngutuni, Tsavo east National Park, 28th February 2016

History Rangers from the Ngutuni sanctuary reported a dead young bull that was spotted near the Standard Gauge Railway that is currently under construction near Voi town. He was freshly dead and the neighboring community were already dividing the meat among themselves. Low hanging live high voltage power lines was evidence enough of the cause of death.

Diagnosis - Death was by electrocution by high voltage main power lines.

9.

Treatment of a speared elephant bull, Amboseli National Park, 28th February 2016

History A team from the Big Life Foundation spotted a young elephant bull aged about 15 years old that looked sickly, had lost weight and could not move much. The vet was airlifted in the helicopter to the area for quicker response and the elephant was spotted in a thick bush nearby.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised using 16mgs Etorphine Hcl in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart from a vehicle using a Dan inject dart. The first dart unfortunately hit the ear and discharged the drug so a second dart was prepared which was placed into the rump. He was immobilized after 5 minutes and went down lying on the injured flank. Ropes and a vehicle were used to roll him over to access the injured side. A penetrating spear wound with pus was observed to the left chest wall near the cardiac area and another to the skull. An incision was made to enlarge the wound so the pus could be drained and the dead flesh removed. The wound was cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide, and then tincture of Iodine was sprayed on the wound before wetted green clay was applied.

An intravenous administration of Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and long acting Amoxicillin administered by intramuscular injections.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was attained by intravenous administration of Diprenorphine hcl at 3 times the Etorphine dose. He struggled to get up so a vehicle was called in and ropes were used to assist the elephant onto his feet.

Other activities handled by the unit Elephant trophies recovered from suspects were examined for authenticity and an expert report produced to assist in the prosecution of the offenders.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2016 Introduction Cases handled by the unit in the Tsavo ecosystem during the month under review were varied with different species involved and ailments.

The cases included treatment of an injured elephant calf near Maungu, Tsavo East, rescue and treatment of another calf near Rhino area, Tsavo East, treatment of an injured elephant cow and a bull in Irima and Dakota areas respectively, all with arrow wounds. A lioness was also treated for a paw injury and another examined for poisoning together with other predators.

1.

Treatment of an elephant calf, Maungu, Tsavo East National Park, 8th March 2016

History The carcass was spotted by an aerial patrol undertaken by DSWT aircraft with her mother limping badly and trailing back. Due to sun setting in, the operation was scheduled for the next day. Despite intensive aerial patrols she was not spotted. She was finally found on 8th March having separated from the mother.

4 mgs of etorphine in a dan inject dart was prepared and loaded into a dart gun, the vehicle was used approach and darted at the rump, the elephant kept in grassland by the vehicle. He went down after 5 minutes.

Treatment There was swelling and penetrating wound that went through the right knee joint with pus oozing from the wound. The elephant could hardly place weight on the leg. The cause of injury is either lion attack or arrow wound. Necrotic tissues were cut off; pus washed out by lavaging with normal saline mixed with antiseptics.

Tincture of iodine was applied and Oxytetracycline spray administered. Final cover of wetted green clay was applied.

An intravenous administration of 20 cc Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and 40 cc of long acting Amoxicillin injected intramuscularly. Drug reversal was done by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl at three times the etorphine dose. The calf woke up and moved away slowly. The calf was later rescued due to deteriorating condition and taken to Voi stockade but sadly succumbed a week later.

Prognosis is guarded due to joint destruction.

2.

Examination of a Giraffe carcass, Maungu, Tsavo East National Park, 8th March 2016

History and examination After the treatment of the injured calf a report of a Giraffe carcass spotted nearby by the pilot was reported. The team went to confirm the cause of death on the fresh Giraffe carcass.

Autopsy revealed killing and extraction of the flesh while the skin, skeletal tissue and intestinal contents were left.

Cause of death – poaching

3.

Treatment of an elephant calf, Sobo, Tsavo East National Park, 9th March 2016

History The calf was spotted by KWS rangers alone lying in a dry river bed without the family. Close examination revealed the calf was dehydrated, injured on the leg and in shock. He was loaded into the vet vehicle and transported to Voi stockade.

Treatment There was swelling and penetrating wound that went through the left knee with pus oozing from the wound. The cause of injury is thought to be a lion attack. Necrotic tissues were cut off; pus washed out by lavaging with normal saline mixed with antiseptics. Tincture of iodine was applied and Oxytetracycline spray administered. Final cover of wetted green clay applied.

An intravenous administration of 40 cc 50% Dextrose was given through the ear vein and he regained his energy nearly immediately. 20 cc of Dexamethasone and 40 cc of long acting Amoxicillin injected intramuscularly. The calf recovered but collapsed two days later and died.

Prognosis is guarded due to joint destruction.

4.

Treatment of an injured elephant cow, Irima, Tsavo East National Park, 10th March 2016

History The report was made of a limping elephant cow by tourists visiting the area. Two attempts to locate her were not successful but she was finally spotted near the oil pipeline with an aid of DSWT aeroplane.

Immobilization and treatment Etorphine Hcl(0.98%) (M99速) (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Ltd) 16 mgs xylazine in a 1.5 ml Dan - inject dart was prepared. Vehicle darting was carried out. Using a Dan inject速 dart rifle (Dan-inject APS, Sellerup Skovvej, Denmark) the Elephant was darted and was immobilized in 7 minutes and went down lying on lateral recumbency.

A deep penetrating arrow wound was observed on the lateral aspect of the right knee joint. Pus was drained; necrotic tissues cut off and wound cleaned using water mixed with hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of iodine was sprayed on the wound and wetted green clay applied. Dexamethasone Hcl and long acting Amoxicillin were administered intravenously and intramuscularly respectively.

Anaesthetic reversal was done by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl intravenously through the ear vein at three times the etorphine dose. The elephant easily woke up and walked away.

5.

Rescue of an Elephant calf, Along Voi river, Tsavo east, 11th March 2016

History and rescue Report was received from tourists in the park of a stranded elephant calf along Voi river near Voi airstrip, Tsavo east National Park. The mother was nowhere to be seen.

He was monitored and neither the mother nor another family were seen close to it. The orphans at Voi stockade were driven towards him and he joined them, foraged together and followed the orphans in the evening to the stockade enclosures. He has been doing well since then.

6.

Treatment of an injured Elephant bull, Dakota, Tsavo East National Park, 11th March 2016

History The elephant bull was spotted near a watering point in Dakota area by KWS rangers from the Dakota platoon with wounds on the flank and pus oozing from them. They notified the vet team who immediately rushed to the area to find the injured bull near the water hole.

Immobilization 18 mgs of etorphine in a dan inject dart was prepared and loaded into a dart gun, vehicle was used to trail the bull which had moved away after seeing the vet vehicles. He was darted at the rump and kept in grassland by the vehicle. He went down after 11 minutes.

Treatment There were two arrow wounds one on each side of the body near the ramp. Necrotic tissues were cut off; pus removed and the wound cleaned using water mixed with hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of iodine was applied and Oxytetracycline spray administered. Final cover of wetted green clay applied. Two landcruisers were used to roll the elephant over to access the other side of the flank. The above treatment process was repeated.

An intravenous administration of 50 cc Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and 200 cc of long acting Amoxicillin injected intramuscularly.

Drug reversal was done by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl at three times the etorphine dose. The bull woke up and moved away slowly.

Prognosis is good

7.

Treatment of an injured lioness, Sentrim, Tsavo East National Park, 18th March 2016

History A report of a lame lioness was made by KWS inspection team after noticing a lion pride being in one area for long.

On close examination the pride female was seen limping on the left front leg.

Immobilization and treatment A Dan inject dart was prepared using 300 mgs of Ketamine and 4 mgs of meditomidine and the lioness approached slowly by vehicle and darted on ramp. She moved away slowly and lay down under a tree shade. Her fully grown cubs were chased away using a car.

After immobilization she was carried using a stretcher to a nearby shade.

Examination revealed a puncture wound on the left front paw of unknown cause. The wound was cleaned with antiseptics and splashed with iodine. 15 cc of long acting antibiotics and 10 cc of Dexamethsone were administered intramuscularly. The alpha 2 was reversed using Atipemazole Hcl after one a half hours and guarded to full recovery and let to join her pride.

8.

Predator poisoning in Jipe, Tsavo West, 22nd March 2016

History and cause of poisoning A report of predator poisoning was received by the vet unit with one lion, several vultures, hawks and a jackal being among the casualties. A cow carcass thought to have been used in the poisoning incident lay nearby. There was rapid decomposition due to high temperatures and no meaningful autopsy could be done on the jackal and lioness carcass.

The vultures and eagle remains were collected and frozen for preservation and submission to the laboratory. The bovine carcass remains were destroyed by burning. The cause of poisoning is thought to be revenge for the cow killed by the lion after straying in to the park.

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2016

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JANUARY 2016 The month was characterized by moderate to no precipitation with good vegetation for grazers and browsers.

Many elephants have been seen in the reserve while smaller herbivores have moved out to conservancies where grass cover is low and is not an impediment to their security.

There were few cases reported requiring clinical intervention which could be attributed to reduced conflict between wildlife, humans and domestic animals due to abundance of water and pasture.

The following cases and activities were handled during the month.

1.

Sick lioness, Look out (MMNR), 23rd January 2016

Case History This lioness is a member of Notch pride and was reported to the Vet Unit by MMNR rangers. A tour guide had seen this lioness recumbent and informed the patrol rangers who confirmed and reported to us.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This lioness was found by the road on right lateral recumbency hardly able to raise her head. Her body condition was good suggesting that her problem was acute. She had meleanic diarrhea and appeared to be drifting into shock. Hemorrhagic enteritis was suspected with possible intestinal mucosal erosion and perforation.

The lioness was given 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics and 20mgs Dexamethasone Sodium anti-inflammatory parenterally. Atropine sulphate was also administered intramuscularly. All these injections were done by hand as this lioness was inactive and could hardly move.

She was pulled and turned to lie on the other side in the shade. County government rangers were tasked to monitor her throughout the night but she died before dawn and the carcass was extensively scavenged by hyenas so no meaningful post mortem could be carried out. The rest of the pride members were in good condition.

2.

Reported Injured Elephant, Siana Conservancy, 24th January 2016

History The KWS security team doing patrols at Siana conservancy saw a herd of elephants in a thicket below a hill in Siana conservancy. One of them appeared to be harboring a wound on her rump. They called the veterinary unit for assessment and possible treatment.

Since the area was inaccessible owing to poor terrain and thick vegetation, assessment was done by use of a helicopter. After a thorough search, the herd was spotted up in the hill in a very thick vegetation. This was a group of ten elephants in good health. The one thought to be injured had a healed scar on her right rump and intervention was not required as the wound had long healed.

3.

Elephant Collaring Exercise

History This exercise is on-going and targets ten mature candidates of either sex for monitoring and research. Elephants within MMNR, surrounding conservancies and community areas are being targeted for this. In total ten elephants are to be collared with five so far already collared. This is a collaboration between KWS, WWF and Narok county government. The Mara Mobile Veterinary Team is doing this in conjunction with the capture team from KWS headquarters. So far the activity is going on well.

Other activities during the month During the month, The Mara vet was also called as an expert witness to provide evidence in a case involving the poisoning of the marsh pride lions in MMNR. The hearing was held in a Narok court. The poisoning led to the loss of some members of the famous marsh pride lions.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2016 Introduction The month was characterized by sporadic showers which later gave way to dry and hot conditions. There is still plenty of food including water for most animals to access.

Elephant collaring which started the previous month continued with an additional three elephants collared during the month. Other activities took place, including ear notching and fitting of transmitters to the rhino population in the Mara among others.

The following are activities that were undertaken by the unit during the month;

1.

Elephant Collaring Exercise, Masai Mara, 1st – 3rd February 2016

Case History In total ten elephants have been earmarked to be collared in the Masai Mara Ecosystem. Five were collared in January and a further three collared in February. This exercise is a collaborative effort between KWS, WWF and Narok County Government, where elephant candidates within the ecosystem were identified and fitted with GSM collars for both research and monitoring for security.

All individuals collared were adults; with female matriarchs, second in command females or mature bulls identified as candidates. These were considered to represent respective herds hence their movements represent the movement of the entire herd and can be easily tracked. In addition to collaring morphometric measurements of candidates were taken, blood for hematology and tissue for DNA were also collected. Soundness of elephants were also confirmed and any injuries treated.

The exercise came to a close on 3rd Feb 2016 without any incident.

2.

Elephant Deaths in MMNR Surrounding Conservancies, 1st Feb and 6th Feb 2016

History These mysterious deaths occurred between 1st Feb and 6th Feb with a total of 6 elephants dying as follows; •

On 1st Feb one naturally tusk-less female died in Naboisho.

•

On 3rd Feb a big male was found dead in Mara North Conservancy, tusks were intact.

•

On 4th Feb, two carcasses of a male and a female respectively were found in Naboisho conservancy.

Tusks were intact

•

On 6th Feb, a decomposed carcass of a male elephant was found in Olare Orok with tusks intact

•

On 6th Feb 2016 a severely sick elephant bull at Mara North Conservancy was examined. As he was recumbent and unable to respond to several stimuli, he was euthanized and sampled. Tusks were recovered and handed to KWS security team that was present.

All these elephants died within a radius of 8km and in a period of one week. Except for the last case which was euthanized, none of the others were seen or reported sick.

General examination revealed they were all in good body condition prior to death and gross post mortem examination did not reveal any unusual findings in their systems.

This was considered an acute or per acute condition and highly notifiable diseases like anthrax had to be ruled out as this is also zoonotic and risk to humans. Samples collected from the initial carcasses and sent to Government Veterinary Investigation Laboratory in Nakuru as a matter of urgency turned negative for anthrax.

Stomach contents and blood were collected from the other carcasses for toxicological analysis. These were sent to the Government chemist for analysis. The results are still being awaited. Meanwhile no more similar deaths have been reported so far.

3.

Post Mortem of a Poached Rhino, MMNR, 7th Feb 2016

History In the midst of the ear notching process, a carcass of a black rhino was seen close to Kenya/Tanzania border which appeared relatively fresh and had both horns missing. A post mortem to establish cause of death was then conducted.

General observation This rhino was found lying on his left position with part of his ears chopped off. He appeared to have been in good body condition before death.

Both horns had been removed by crude hacking and cranial part of his lower jaw hacked off.

On flipping the rhino carcass over, a piercing wound was seen to his left flank which accessed the gastro intestinal tract with ingesta seeping out There were signs of stumbling and slight struggle before death at the scene. Spear head was recovered from the wound having damaged internal organs. On opening the carcass, the damage by the spear was evident and involved the gastro intestinal system. The spear head was recovered and handed over to the investigating team.

Cause of Death This rhino died as a result of fatal injuries inflicted by spearing with a clear motive of poaching.

4.

Rescue of an Elephant Calf, MMNR, 7th Feb 2016

History This young calf was seen hanging around Simba Lodge in MMNR alone. An attempt to trace her mother was fruitless as all elephant herds passing by showed no interest in her. She kept wandering around on her own and a day before being rescued she disappeared only to be found the next day alone in the reserve.

Rescue She was in fairly good condition and had to be chemically restrained with 50mgs Azaperone before being physically captured.

Examination after capture showed she had not sustained any injuries as was in good health. She was roped and placed on a pickup truck en-route to Keekorok airstrip where she was flown to DSWT elephant orphanage in Nairobi for fostering and better care.

5.

Black rhino ear-notching and transmitter fitting exercise, 3rd February 2016 - 17th February 2016

History This exercise was carried out by KWS in conjunction with WWF and Narok County Government. This was done with capture team from KWS headquarters and took place between 3rd February 2016 and 17th February 2016.

The aim of the exercise was to ear-notch all clean rhinos and enhance notches for those already notched while transmitters and transponders were being fitted.

All these activities are meant to assist in monitoring of this endangered species. A good number of candidates were found between the Kenya and Tanzania border.

Fitting of transponders also help in positive identification of rhino carcasses as was applied in the carcass found during the exercise. Scanning revealed the identity of this rhino.

A total of 25 black rhinos were worked on during the exercise and 41 individuals seen in total. Blood was collected for haematology and tissue samples were taken for DNA analysis and banking.

The exercise went on successfully.

6.

Post Mortem of a Young Elephant Bull, Musiara (MMNR), 19th Feb 2016

History This young elephant bull was found dead at a marsh in the Musiara sector of Masai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) on the morning of 19th February 2016. The same information was relayed to the Vet Unit by both The Senior Warden Narok station and the Chief Park Warden MMNR. Having lost a few elephants in the recent past whose causes of death are still under investigation, it was imperative that a thorough post mortem be conducted to confirm if this could be another death from a related condition. We found the carcass pulled out of the marsh where apparently it had submerged upon death. The tusks were already recovered by MMNR security team for accounting and safe custody.

Some information provided indicated that this bull had been seen the previous day around 6.30PM severely emaciated, lethargic and struggling to bathe in the mud. However, he died at night before any reports for attention had been made.

General Examination This carcass had been badly scavenged upon by hyenas and vultures to the extent that no meaningful post mortem could be performed. However, the head and the limbs were partly intact with clear indication that this elephant was emaciated and dehydrated before death. An indication that he suffered a chronic debilitating condition to which he succumbed. The mucus membranes were very pale with the tongue almost white a clear indication that he was anaemic. Getting blood smears was even difficult because of severe anaemia.

Gastro intestinal system had been ripped open and scavenged on by vultures hence nothing recoverable from the system was possible.

There was evidence of multiple joint swellings of the limbs suggestive of polyarthritis. Opening of these joints confirmed this as purulent stuff was found in the joints. Combined with history, this elephant had suffered a slow debilitating condition whose presentations included anaemia and poly arthritis which was grossly discernible Cause of Death From the findings and location, the cause of death for this particular case is different from the previously reported cases. This was a long standing debilitating condition and this should be treated as an isolated case For the past eight days, no new cases of unexplained sudden elephant deaths within Mara have been reported Polyarthritis; this condition could as well have caused damage to blood producing organs or could have caused great blood cell destruction to result in severe anaemia. It is unfortunate the internal organs; viscera could not be recovered for examination but chances are there could have been polyserositis as this in most cases accompany polyarthritis. There could have been damage to other internal organs especially viscera as well.

Nevertheless, impression smears were collected and submitted to our diagnostic lab for microscopic examination.

Results from our laboratory and from Government’s Central Veterinary Laboratory were negative for anthrax bacilli.

7.

Treatment of a young elephant bull, KWS research station, 23rd February 2016

History This young bull, in the company of an older bull, was seen near the research station limping on his left hind leg.

After drinking water in a nearby stream, he spent time under a shady tree. He moved with a lot of difficulty and there was evidence of pain on the affected limb. No wound could be seen from a distance but there was evidence of pain when he attempted to move.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 5mg Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan-inject dart from foot. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this young elephant going down on his right side.

Examination revealed no external wound but slight swelling of the left tarsal joint. This could have resulted from a dislocation. Treatment involved use of 100mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory and 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic all given by intramuscular route.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 18mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through a superficial ear vein. He rose up in four minutes to join the older bull.

Prognosis Good.

8.

Postmortem of two dead black rhinos in Masai Mara, MMNR (Sand River), 26th February 2016

History Reports were made to the Mobile Veterinary Unit by the Chief Park Warden MMNR that a carcass of a female rhino and that of her calf were found near Sand River being fed on by a pride of lions. Initial thoughts were that the pride had killed the two. The Vet Unit responded to carry out a post mortem and establish the cause of their deaths.

General examination Both carcasses were in close proximity less than five meters from one another. Maggots had begun infesting on the adult female rhino carcass which appeared older than that of the calf with putrefaction setting in. The mother could have died three days ago with the calf dying twenty-four hours later.

• • • • • •

• • • • • • •

The calf appeared fresh and bite marks from a lion were evident on the lateral surfaces of her nostrils and neck. Her only rostral horn was intact.

Both appeared to have been in good condition prior to death For the mother, she appeared to have struggled up a bushy steep bank before dying. Both her horns were intact Both the mother and the calf had no ear notches No external injuries were evident on both carcasses except those caused by predators The calf was considered to have been killed by lions hours after the death of her mother whilst she loitered around her dead mother. The bite marks close to her nostrils and neck was a clear indication she was suffocated by the predators. Her abdomen had been punctured and internal organs fed on by lions.

On opening the adult female, the following findings were noted; The liver, lungs, spleen and the kidneys were beginning to autolyse The heart appeared flaccid though with sound architecture Both small and large intestines were filled with gas, ballooning and retro placed The terminal colon was displaced anteriorly with scanty faecal matter evident There was also evidence of intestinal torsion with intestinal haemorrhages noted No other abnormality was detected in the carcass

Cause of Death The mother rhino could have died due to complications associated with intestinal torsion. The calf was killed by lions after the death of her mother. All horns were retrieved and handed over to MMNR security team for accounting and safe custody.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2016 Introduction The month was characterised by hot conditions during the day with very little to no precipitation. The mysterious deaths of elephants that occurred the previous month were not encountered during the month with results from the Government chemist indicating carbamate pesticides being detected in the stomach contents of the samples that were collected. There is still plenty of forage and water for the wildlife to utilize.

Following are activities carried out by the unit during the month.

1.

Report on two dead elephants, MMNR, 6th March 2016

History Reports were made to the mobile veterinary unit by MMNR that two elephant carcasses had been seen the morning of 6th March 2016 at Olkiombo within MMNR. It was therefore necessary to confirm and determine the cause of their deaths.

Elephant 1 This elephant carcass at Olkeju Ronkai area in MMNR was found in a lugga estimated to have been more than ten days old. This was an approximately ten-year-old elephant whose sex could not be determined owing to the state of degradation. Part of the bony skeleton could only be seen. Both tusks were intact and recovered by MMNR security team for accounting and custody. The cause of death for this elephant could not be determined grossly owing to the state of the carcass and no meaningful samples to assist investigate its cause could be collected from the carcass.

Elephant 2 The carcass of this elephant was found the same day near Olkiombo airstrip about fifteen kilometers from the initial carcass. This was estimated to be 3 to 4 days old carcass of a young elephant whose sex could not be determined because the carcass had been extensively devoured by scavengers. Only the skull could be seen and a portion of hind limb which was partly submerged in a muddy pool. Hyenas and other scavengers had completely dismembered and stripped off the carcass. As such no meaningful samples could be collected from it. Both tusks were intact and were recovered by MMNR for accounting and safe custody. Its cause of death could therefore not be determined grossly.

Conclusion Owing to the state of the two carcasses, their cause of death could not grossly be determined. No viable samples could either be collected to assist investigate cause of their deaths.

2.

Re-treatment of a bull elephant, Mara Triangle Conservancy, 7th March 2016

History This bull had been treated May 2015 for a severe wound created by a cable wire snare on his left foot. The snare was removed and subsequent wound treated. Several tendons had completely been severed. Despite all these, this bull went on to recover though the whole limb remained swollen. Earlier this year, this bull was treated through sky vet initiative for a wound on his left foot pad. There was poor improvement that necessitated another treatment.

General observation This bull was seen alone limping on his left front leg though in fair body condition. The distal half of his leg was severely swollen.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 16mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan inject dart.

Darting was done from a vehicle. The drugs took full effect after eight minutes with the elephant assuming right lateral recumbency. Examination revealed purulent discharge from sinuses around the carpal joint of his left leg with ulceration of the posterior part of his sole. All the wounds were debrided with hydrogen peroxide to remove necrotic tissue and rinsed with clean water. Tincture of iodine was used to disinfect before green clay being packed. Additionally, this elephant was given 30000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic intramuscularly and 5000mgs flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory same route.

Reversal Achieved by administration of 48mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through prominent ear vein.

Prognosis Remains guarded

3.

Euthanasia of a Female Giraffe, Siana conservancy, 10th March 2016

History This giraffe was seen by the Siana Elephant Aware and their management informed the vet unit. She was said to be in an area that had been fenced off by the landowner and the left forelimb appeared fractured. This giraffe was found alone in an open area lying down and in distress.

She could not bear her weight on three limbs since the right forelimb had a compound fracture of the radio-ulnar bone. This was a compound fracture with the bones exposed. With the prognosis considered grave and to end further suffering of this giraffe, euthanasia was advised and effected immediately.

4.

Treatment of female elephant, Olare Motorogi Conservancy, 13th March 2016

History This elephant was seen the morning of this day near Richard’s camp in Olare Motorogi Conservancy with her approximately three-year-old calf walking with difficulty. She was in a rocky valley near a water stream. The terrain was not good for immobilization and had to be driven by use of helicopter to a safer terrain before darting.

General observation She appeared to be in great pain while walking putting her hind limbs apart with occasional straining and dripping of urine. Her external genitalia including posterior abdomen and perineal area were swollen. She also appeared restless.

Immobilization, examination and treatment She was immobilized by use of 15mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered in a 3ml dainject dart.Darting was done from a vehicle. It took ten minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the elephant assuming left lateral recumbency. The calf was scared away to give room for the mother to be attended to. Examination revealed lacerations on the internal surface on the right side of her vulva. It is not known what caused the lacerations but could be accidental pricking by tree stumps or any sharp object after tripping. This resulted in severe inflammation with swelling that partially occluded urethral opening and interfered with micturition.

Treatment involved cleaning the wounds with clean water and disinfecting with tincture of iodine.Cloxacillin ointment was liberally applied to the wounds. Additionally, 22500mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and 100mgs dexamethasone sodium anti-inflammatory was given parenterally. Urethral opening was also massaged gently to release as much accumulated urine as was possible.

Reversal Achieved by administration of 48mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride through a superficial ear vein. She stood up with some assistance to join her calf.

Prognosis It was considered guarded and she died 24hrs later due to suspected uremia after prolonged urine retention.

The calf joined another herd and his progress is being closely monitored.

5.

Injured lioness, Mara North Conservancy (MNC), 13th March 2016

History This lioness was seen by the MNC rangers isolated from other members of the pride with multiple fight wounds.

They called the mobile veterinary unit for help. It is reported she recently lost her three cubs after being confronted by buffaloes and her only surviving cub predated upon by a leopard.

General observation She was found alone lying in a small thicket and appeared to be in a lot of pain. When agitated to move, she did so with difficulty. Both her hind quarters bore bite wounds at the level of the thighs.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 5mgs medetomidine and 300mgs ketamine hydrochloride delivered in a 3ml Dan inject dart.Darting was done from a vehicle.

It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect. This lioness was lifted out of the small thicket into an open shade for treatment. She had multiple bite wounds from other lions. All the injuries were soft tissue injuries.

All the wounds were debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide, rinsed with clean water and wiped dry with gauze swab. They were then disinfected with tincture of iodine and cloxacillin ointment infused.

She received 1200mgs clindamycin antibiotic injection and 20mgs dexamethasone sodium anti-inflammatory, all parenterally.

Reversal Achieved by intramuscular administration of 15mgs atepamezole hydrochloride given one hour after immobilization. She got up seven minutes after reversal and took cover in a small thicket.

Prognosis Good

MERU MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2016

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JANUARY 2016 Introduction This report describes activities of the DWST/KWS Meru veterinary unit in January 2016. The team resumed duties as of the 18th of January following their December leave. Northern Kenya received adequate rainfall in December, therefore vegetation and water sources were available in plenty.

We attended to injured elephants in Meru National Park and Meibae Conservancy in Samburu. A Grevy zebra foal suffered a fracture in Wamba and in Laikipia 5 zebras were reported to have died from an unknown disease.

1.

Injured Elephant in Meru National Park, Meru National park (MNP), 28th January 2016

Case History The wildlife monitoring team in MNP reported that this elephant bull had shown severe lameness and a swollen right hind leg. This animal was aggressive when approached.

On 25/1/2016 an initial attempt by the KWS/DSWT Meru Mobile Veterinary Unit to dart and examine the elephant by vehicle was futile after it ran into a thicket.

Subsequent assessment by a helicopter on 28/1/2016 showed that this elephant had improved. There were no visible wounds and the swelling had reduced. Therefore, no further intervention was required.

2.

Zebra Disease Investigation, Ol Malo Ranch, Laikipia, 29th January 2016

Case History On 28/1/2016, the Meru Mobile Veterinary Unit was alerted to a disease affecting common zebras in Sugumai area west of Ol Malo ranch. Five zebras were reported to have died from this disease while two were sick. Cattle and goats were also reported to have been affected by this condition which the local community referred to as ndis, (liver disease). Scouts from Samburu Trust reported that affected zebras showed alopecia around the mouth and terminal hemorrhage from the nose and mouth.

We visited Ol Malo area on 29 - 30/1/2016. All the carcasses had been cleared by scavengers. Neither could we trace any of the sick animals to collect samples for disease diagnosis. Scouts were advised to report sick animals promptly to assist in diagnosis.

No images available

3.

Euthanasia of a Speared Elephant, Lpus, near Meibae conservancy, 31st January 2016

Case History On the 31/1/2016 rangers from Meibae conservancy reported that a female elephant had suffered debilitating lameness in Lpus community land. It had been left behind by the rest of the herd two days earlier and was unable to reach a water point. The conservancy requested veterinary assessment.

Immobilization, examination and management Immobilization was achieved using M99速 12mg in a single 3cc Dan-inject dart from foot with the dart placed at the gluteal muscles. Down time was 8 minutes with the elephant lying on left lateral recumbency.

Examination showed a bone fracture of the ulna with fragments protruding from the skin. Tissue necrosis and purulent bone infection was noted. Stab wounds caused by spear on the ear pinna were also seen.

Due to the severe fracture and bone infection this animal was euthanized to relieve pain and suffering.

4.

Euthanasia of a Grevy Zebra Foal, Wamba, 31st January 2016

Case History This foal was found on 30/1/2016 during the Grevy’s zebra census in Northern Kenya. Participants reported that it was snared on the left forelimb, although they were unable to examine at a close distance due to rough terrain.

Immobilization, examination and management On 31/1/2016, the herd was found on an open plain with the help of scouts from the Grevys Zebra Trust. The calf was sedated with Azaperone 20mg delivered in a 1.5 cc Dan-Inject dart. Examination showed a comminuted fracture of the metacarpal bones.

Sadly, due to the severe injuries this foal was euthanized by intravenous injection of euthatal.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2016 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in February 2016.

Northern Kenya received little rainfall this month although there was plenty of vegetation and water in many conservation areas following prolonged rains in December/ January.

1.

Abscesses in elephants, Meru National Park, 2nd February 2016

History Tour guides from Elsa’s Kopje lodge in Meru National Park reported that several elephants showed swelling especially in the abdominal area. This followed a period of prolonged rainfall in December/ January hence many elephants had congregated in the park.

Examination On the 2nd February, we conducted a routine patrol to examine these elephants. Two animals showed cutaneous swellings on the abdominal flank and dorsal to the gluteus. The swellings were benign and diagnosed as abscesses. This condition required no treatment.

2.

Canine trypanosomiasis in a tracker dog, Meru National Park, 3rd February 2016

History On 3rd February, a KWS security dog was reported to have shown reduced appetite and lethargy. Physical examination showed fever and conjunctivae pallor indicative of anemia. A tentative diagnosis of canine urolithiasis was made and treatment commenced with oral Doxycyline. After 5 days the dog’s condition deteriorated and it was referred to the small animal clinic at the University of Nairobi for further investigation.

On admission the dog is reported to have shown anorexia, staggering gait and intermittent fever. Later the dog showed muscle tremors, a seizure and finally succumbed. Blood smears showed characteristic trypanosome parasites.

Trypanosomes are transmitted by the tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) which are widely distributed in Kenya. Preferred host for tsetse flies include wild herbivores, although domestic animals including cattle and dogs are occasional hosts. Infected tsetse flies inoculate metacyclic trypanosomes into the skin of animals.

In the dog, control of Trypanosomiasis is primarily through use of prophylactic drugs such as Quinapyramine sulfate. Use of Pyrethrine insecticide wash on the animals is also recommended.

No images available

3.

Leopard released in Meru National Park, Lower Imenti forest, 6th February 2016

This leopard was reported to have been causing conflict by preying on livestock in lower Imenti forest.

A cage trap was set up to capture this animal and it was moved to Meru National Park where it was successfully released.

4.

Post mortem examination of an elephant carcass, Lower Imenti forest, 17th February 2016

History The warden in charge of Meru station reported that an elephant was recumbent in a farm in lower Imenti. A group of elephants were reported to have raided the maize farm at night and this sub-adult elephant was found recumbent in the morning.

When the Vet Unit visited the farm the team found the elephant had already died and a post mortem examination was carried out to determine the cause of death.

General Examination Burn marks were seen on the skin which was suspected to have been caused by electrocution. The carcass was significantly bloated and the colon was greatly distended from gas caused by prolonged recumbence. No other significant finding was recorded.

Cause of Death Cause of death was suspected to be gas colic secondary to an electric shock.

5.

Injured elephant in Namunyak conservancy, 24th February 2016

History Rangers from the Namunyak Conservancy reported that this elephant had shown severe lameness and a swollen left forelimb. It also had infected wounds which oozed pus.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using 20mg M99速 in a single 3cc Dan-Inject dart from a vehicle. The dart was placed into the gluteal muscles and he went down in 8 minutes. The elephant was then positioned on right lateral recumbency for examination.

Examination showed a stab wound >30 cm deep to the thorax caudal and ventral to the left scapula. These stab wounds were contaminated with maggots and appeared to have been as a result of a fight. The wounds were cleaned with dilute Hydrogen peroxide to remove necrotic tissue and then iodine was applied. Betamox trihydrate, an antibiotic, and Flunixin meglumine, an anti-inflammatory, were administered intramuscularly.

Reversal For reversal of the anesthetic Diprenophine Hcl was injected intravenously through the superficial ear veins.

Prognosis Prognosis for this case remains guarded if this animal has internal thoracic injuries.

6.

Injured Common Zebra in Lewa Conservancy, 25th February 2016

History Rangers on patrol in Lewa conservancy reported a common zebra which had expansive wounds to the left gluteus from a lion predation attempt.

Case Management Observation showed a degloving wound to the left gluteus, severe lameness and listlessness. Due to the extent of these injuries the vet team advised euthanasia.

7.

Treatment of an Injured Lion in Lewa Conservancy, 29th February 2016

History The Lion Monitoring Team in Lewa Conservancy reported that this lion showed lameness and had wounds on the right hind limb.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using a combination of Ketamine 300mg and Medetomidine 12mg in a 3cc DanInject dart from a vehicle. The lion went down time in 10 minutes and animal vomited during induction to anesthesia.

Examination showed bruises distal to the hock. Manipulation showed instability of the hock joint which could be as result of injured joint ligaments. This animal was in good body condition and the injuries were most likely caused during a hunt for prey. The wound was debrided and iodine applied to disinfect the area. Betamox trihydrate 20ml and Dexamethasone injection 20l was injected intramuscularly.

Reversal The lion was reversed from anesthesia by an intramuscular injection of Antisedan after allowing the ketamine to wear out.

Prognosis This animal is expected to recover in the next few days.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2016 Introduction This report describes activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in March 2016. In Meru National Park two white rhinos were treated for filarial wounds while in Solio Ranch a white rhino was treated for soft tissue injuries.

Disease surveillance was also carried out in Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy and a male Hartebeest was relocated to join a group of females in Ol Pejeta conservancy for breeding.

1.

Treatment of a white rhino in Solio Ranch, 5th March 2016

History This white rhino was reported to have shown a staggering gait and reluctance to move even when approached on foot or by vehicle. It had also separated from its 2-year-old calf. The warden in charge requested for a veterinary evaluation of the rhino to determine the cause of its ill health.

Chemical immobilization and examination This rhino was darted by vehicle as it was calm on approach. For immobilization we used a combination of M99ÂŽ 5mg with Xylazine Hcl 60mg in a single 1.5cc DanInject dart syringe with a 2.2 Ă— 60mm needle. The dart was injected into the lateral muscles of the right thigh. Induction time was 8 minutes.

Examination showed lacerations on its external genitalia and hind quarters suggestive of fight wounds. These wounds may have been inflicted during attempted mating and consequent calf separation. Because of soft tissue trauma the rhino was reluctant to move.

Treatment and prognosis 1.

5% Flunixin meglumine intramuscular 2.

20% Alamycin LA by intramuscular route 3.

Lugols iodine applied on lacerations This rhino was reported to have recovered following treatment for minor injuries.

2.

Cutaneous filariasis in rhinos in Meru National Park, 14th – 19th March 2016

History Two white rhinos were treated in Meru national park for cutaneous filarial wounds following reports from the rhino monitoring team. Affected rhinos showed extensive wounds on the skin. Treatment was required to prevent wound expansion and infection.

These new cases followed a period of prolonged rainfall in December/ January. Both rhinos were darted and treated on various dates in March. i.

White rhino #1 Date: 14/3/2016 Species: White rhino Name: Gakuya Sex: Male Age: 29 years Location: Meru NP, Rhino sanctuary

ii.

White rhino #2 Date: 19/3/2016 Species: White rhino Name: Ernest Sex: Male Age: 19 years Location: Meru NP, Rhino sanctuary

Chemical immobilization and examination Darting was done from a helicopter. For immobilization we used a combination of M99® 5mg and azaperone 60mg in 1.5cc DanInject dart syringe with a 2.2 × 60mm needle. Darting site was the left gluteal muscle and induction time was 6 and 8 minutes.

Rhino #2 was agitated prior to darting and ran some distance before going down, therefore to manage risk of hyperthermia it was doused with plenty of water. A blind fold was applied to reduce visual stress. It was then roped to right lateral recumbency for examination and treatment. Examination showed ulcerative cutaneous wounds with serrated edges undermined by pockets of pus. Wounds emitted a foul smell due to tissue necrosis caused by bacterial infection. These wounds are characteristic of cutaneous filariasis.

Treatment and prognosis i.

Thorough wash with water, dilute hydrogen peroxide and debridement of necrotic tissue. Tincture of Iodine soaked in gauze swabs was the applied ii.

1% Ivermectin 300mg administered subcutaneously iii.

20% Oxytetracycline administered intramuscularly Anesthesia effects were reversed within 3 minutes of intravenous injection of Naltrexone Hcl 150mg.

Filarial wounds respond to ivermectin and antibiotic treatment, therefore these rhinos are expected to make a speedy recovery. The rhino monitoring team will observe and report on their progress.

3.

Disease surveillance in Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy, 16th to 20th March 2016

History Mount Kenya wildlife conservancy is home to a captive breeding population of endangered mountain bongo. The conservancy aims to rehabilitate this species for future reintroduction into the wild. A disease risk assessment was carried out in sympatric bush bucks and bovine in the area to inform decisions on species reintroduction.

This activity was carried out on.

Four bushbucks were captured using the net capture method while three waterbucks were darted using a combination of M99速 and Domitor速. Cattle were restrained using ropes and a crush.

Samples collected include whole blood and serum aliquoted into cryotubes and preserved in liquid nitrogen.

Blood smears were also prepared and fixed using methanol and stained for microscopy. Fecal samples were collected from rectum and preserved in ethanol. Ticks on the skin were collected for parasitological studies while hair samples for genetic studies were also collected.

Results from analysis of these samples will provide information on microbial and parasitic disease situation in the area prior to species reintroduction.

4.

Relocation of a Hartebeest in Ol Pejeta Conservancy, 27th March 2016

History This relocation aimed to introduce a breeding male hartebeest into a group of 14 females in the conservancy and to establish a viable breeding population. These females resided in a fenced off area within OPC which is free from predators.

Capture site was in the main conservancy while the release site was a boma within the conservancy.

Immobilization was achieved using a combination of M99® 5mg and Stressnil® 60mg delivered in a DanInject syringe with a 1.5 × 38mm needle. Induction time was 6 minutes. The hartebeest was blindfolded and loaded onto a truck. The floor of the truck was padded with dry wheat straws to prevent injury and enhance tissue blood perfusion during transport. Transport time was 35 minutes.

Skin lacerations were noted and treated appropriately using povidone iodine. Parenteral 20% Oxytetracycline was given to prevent opportunistic infection caused by transportation stress. This male was successfully released and joined with the females.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2016

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JANUARY 2016 Introduction The Amboseli ecosystem experienced heavy rains during early January. This led to fewer cases, especially those caused by human wildlife conflict especially in elephants.

However, during the month we experienced a few cases of different species. The team also participated in collection of elephant biopsy samples for the forensic laboratory. This saw collection of 60 samples from elephants in Amboseli for DNA analysis.

1.

Treating Injured Zebra in Amboseli National Park, 8th January 2016

History A male injured zebra was spotted injured by the veterinary team while on routine patrol. The veterinary team immediately made a decision to immobilize, examine and the zebra.

Immobilization The zebra was immobilized using 7 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride and 60 mg azerperone in a 2cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 6 minutes and fell on lateral recumbence. The zebra was blind folded and opticlox applied to the eyes to avoid damage.

Examination On physical examination the zebra had a swelling, a septic injury distal to the left hock joint and tail which could have been caused by an attack from a predator.

Treatment The wounds were thoroughly cleaned using clean water, hydrogen peroxide and normal saline for rinsing. The dead tissue was debrided and removed. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied onto the wounds to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The zebra was then injected with 30 ml Betamox L.A and 20 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 min.

Reversal Reversal of immobilization was done using 18 mg diprenorphine HCL and took about 4 minutes for complete reversal.

Prognosis The prognosis is good.

2.

Treatment of Injured Elephant in Amboseli National Park, 12th January 2016

History The adult female elephant was spotted within the park by the Amboseli rangers whilst on patrol. The vet team attended to the case and a decision was made to immobilize and treat the elephant though she had been previously treated. Darting was achieved relatively easily from a land cruiser.

Immobilization The elephant was immobilized using 17 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting was done using Dan-inject system from the land cruiser. Full immobilization took place after 6 minutes and she fell on lateral recumbency. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The ears were used as blindfold. Plenty of water was doused on the ears (pinnae) and the entire body to help cool the elephant during the operation.

Examination and Treatment On examination, the elephant had a septic wound was on the spinal region but about 5 cm from the spine. The wound was deep (approx. 30 cm), with a clean cut. It is likely to have been caused by a spear thrown from a platform. Signs of good healing were obvious as the wound had greatly improved since the previous treatment.

The wound was thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream, spray and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 200 ml Amoxcycillin L.A 20% and 100 ml Dexamethasone HCL at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 minutes.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (54mgs) into the ear vein was used.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

3.

Post Mortem Report of an Adult Lion, 12th January 2016

History A report was made to the Amboseli National Park headquarters of a speared male lion. The lion was carried from the scene to the park HQ for post mortem.

General examination The lion had severe spear injuries to the head, abdominal and thoracic region. Several spear penetrations were clearly visible and it was evident that the lion had succumbed from the fatal spear penetrations into the vital organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavity.

Observation The head had a severe spear injury leading to skull fracture. The lungs, gut and heart had been severely punctured.

The spear injuries had penetrated into the abdomen and lungs.

4.

Treatment of an Injured Elephant in Amboseli National Park, 16th January 2016

History The adult male elephant was spotted within the park by the veterinary team while collecting biopsy samples. The vet team decided to immobilize the elephant for examination and treatment of a wound on the head. Darting was relatively easy from a land cruiser.

Immobilization The elephant was immobilized using 18 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting was done using Dan-inject system from the land cruiser. Full immobilization took place after 8 minutes and he fell on lateral recumbence. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The ears were used as blindfold. Plenty of water was doused on the ears (pinnae) and the entire body to help cool the elephant during the operation.

Examination and Treatment On examination, the elephant had a septic wound was on the head region. The cause of the wound was not well established. The wound was thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream, spray and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Amoxcycillin L.A 20% and 100 ml Dexamethasone HCL at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 30 minutes. Samples for DNA analysis were collected for development of the forensic laboratory data.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (54mgs) into the ear vein was used.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

5.

Treating an Injured Hippopotamus in Amboseli, 22nd January 2016

History A male hippo was spotted by the veterinary team at Amboseli National Park while on routine patrol.

Examination On physical examination from the land cruiser, it was clearly visible that the hippo had sustained a severe injury on the left flank region. The injury was possibly from a serious bite of another hippo possibly while fighting. The ribs were also fractured and the wound was seriously septic.

Treatment It was evident that the hippo was undergoing a lot of suffering and pain. The prognosis was nil and therefore a decision was made to euthanize the hippo. It was retrieved from the swamp and disposed accordingly within the park.

6.

Treating an Emaciated Lion in Amboseli, 24th January 2016

History A male lion was spotted by rangers at Amboseli and reported to have been lame and emaciated. The veterinary team immediately attended to the case and made a decision to immobilize and examine the lion.

Immobilization The lion was immobilized using 4.0 mgs medetomidine and 295 mg ketamine in a 3cc dart. Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 7 minutes and he fell on lateral recumbence. The lion was blind folded and opticlox applied to the eyes.

Examination On physical examination the lion had no injuries but was highly emaciated and anemic.

Treatment The lion was injected with 20 ml Betamox and 30 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. 4.5 ml Imizol (imidocarb dipropionate) and 10ml catasol was also administered. 7.5 ml Ivomec was also administered to take care of the external and internal parasites. The operation lasted 1 hour and 30 minutes.

Revival The lion was then revived using 12 mg atipamizole and was fully recovered after 30 min. The young lion was fed on some goat meat for two days as he could not hunt.

3 days later, the lion attacked a young buffalo but was seriously injured in the fight. He suffered from punctured lungs and G.I.T hence had to be euthanized to alleviate the pain.

The lion was seen to have an enlarged gall bladder, seriously anemic and emaciated. He was later traced to have been born to a lioness with poor mothering ability.

7.

Treatment of an Injured Ostrich at Ilbissil-Kajiado, 27th January 2016

History The female ostrich was reported lame in Ilbissil area at a ranch. The vet team attended to the case for treatment.

On observation, the ostrich had a swollen left limb.

Immobilization The ostrich was fairly domesticated and hence was physically restrained using nets and ropes. Mild sedation was administered using 1 mg etorphine HCL and 2 mg medetomidine for easy examination and treatment.

Examination and Treatment On examination, there was no physical injury but the left limb was extremely swollen. The ostrich was injected with 30 ml Amoxcycillin L.A 20% and 20 ml Flunixine meglumine at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 minutes.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (3mgs) and 6mg atipamizole i.v. was used for reversal. It took about 5 minutes to recover and walk away from the site.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

8.

Rescue of an Elephant Calf in Amboseli, 30th January 2016

History A young female elephant (1 month old) was reported abandoned at a swamp in Amboseli ecosystem by rangers.

The veterinary team attended to the case for rescue.

Rescue The calf had been stuck in the swamp for some time and the mother was at a distance. The mother was kept away from the calf by the use of a landcruiser as efforts were made to retrieve the baby from the swamp.

Success was finally achieved after about 25 minutes. The mother and calf were reunited and pushed to an area further from the swamp where the baby was safe.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2016 Introduction The Amboseli ecosystem has had a long dry spell leading to malnutrition and death of wildlife in the region. A series of wildlife deaths have been reported but this has gradually reduced towards the end of the month owing to the rains which have turned the area very green with plenty of vegetation for wildlife. Few cases of humanwildlife conflict have been reported after the rains began.

1.

Postmortem of a lion, Risa Village, Amboseli Ecosystem, 6th February 2016

Case History This lion was found dead next to a wildebeest carcass near Risa village. The cause of death was unknown, but a spear injury or poison was suspected. A necropsy was preformed and the following were found.

General examination On examination of the carcass, the following was noted; • The carcass was in fair body condition with an approximate score of 2.5 in a scale of 1-5, where 1 is poor and 5 is excellent.

• The carcass was fairly fresh and approximately 36hrs post mortem.

• There was an approximately 2 cm x 2cm hole in the right chest wall between the 5th rib spaces. The hole went completely through the chest wall.

• There was a 15cm x 7cm wound extending down into the muscle in the left axilla region. This wound didn’t communicate with the chest cavity.

• Both ears had been severed using a sharp object.

Internal Examination • Heart: base of the heart had a puncture and contusions surrounding the laceration • Lungs: The right lung lobes were punctured, hemorrhagic and atelectic • Stomach: contained remnants of a supposedly wildebeest carcass Cause of death Spear wound directly to the heart. Traumatic injury of the heart and lungs.

2.

Lion Rescue, Voi, Tsavo East, 7th February 2016

History This lion was found in a 10ft deep hole near the railway construction site in Voi. Immobilization, examination and treatment The lion was immobilized using 4mgs of Medetomidine and 296mg of Ketamine in a 3cc dart using a Dan-Inject dart gun. Full immobilization took place after 10 minutes and a blank dart was shot at him to confirm the lion was fully immobilized before entering the hole. The lion was lifted out with a sling and ropes. The lion was taken back into the bush approximately 1 km from the road and placed under a shady tree. His eyes were lubed with OptiClox but he had not sustained any injuries.

Reversal After 45 minutes 12mg of Antisedan (Antidote) was administered and he was fully awake after 1 hour.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

3.

Treatment of an Injured Elephant at Manyani, 7th February 2016

History This adult male elephant was spotted near Manyani Training Department by the DSWT Aerial Unit on the evening of the 6th February 2016. The vet team attended to the case the following day. The male elephant was thought to have a wound to the right flank region and possibly the left shoulder. A decision was made to immobilize and treat the elephant via helicopter due to the terrain.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using 19mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart using Dan-inject system from a helicopter. Full immobilization took place after 4 minutes and he fell into left lateral recumbency. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The ears were used as blindfold.

Plenty of water was doused on the ears (pinnae) and the entire body to help cool the elephant during the operation.

On examination, the elephant had a septic wound to the right flank region. The wound wasn’t deep (aprox. 4 cm) and was walled off via granulation and fibrous tissue. There was a small amount of pus in the wound which is likely an older spear wound that never punctured completely through the abdomen. There were two wounds on the underside of the trunk (6cm x3cm and 8cm x 2cm). Both wounds contained pus but were surrounded by granulation tissue. All wounds were lavaged with water, hydrogen peroxide, and a tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream, Alum-spray, and green clay were then applied into and around the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. All three wounds were healing well as they were closing up via granulation tissue. The elephant was then injected with 200ml Amoxcycillin and 100 ml Dexamethasone HCL at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 40 minutes.

Reversal Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (60mgs) into the ear vein was used.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2016 ANNUAL LEAVE The Amboseli Mobile Veterinary Unit was on leave for the month of March 2016. The Tsavo Mobile Veterinary Unit and Sky Vets were on hand to assist with any cases reported during the month.