DSWT/KWS QUARTERLY MOBILE VET UNITS REPORT 2015

MOBILE VET UNITS TSAVO – MARA – MERU AMBOSELI REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2015

MOBILE VETERINARY UNITS OVERVIEW JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2015 During the January to March 2015 3-month reporting period the DSWT in partnership with the Kenya Wildlife Service and their four dedicated KWS field veterinary officers, attended to 103 wildlife cases and 117 animals.

The majority of these cases treated by the Tsavo, Mara, Meru and Amboseli Veterinary Units included elephants and plains game.

Out of 63 elephants treated overall, 14 were treated for poisoned arrow wounds, 11 for spear wounds, 9 for bullet wounds and 9 for snare injuries, whilst other cases included rescues, post-mortems, natural causes and non-medical cases. Other wildlife cases included zebras, lions, rhino, and a number of other species

Out of all of these emergency operations 67% of the treatments had a successful outcome, whilst 17% of the cases were sadly reached too late to save. Those 6% of cases given a poor prognosis have been monitored by all parties involved in the operation, with one of the Mobile Veterinary Units close at hand should a follow up treatment be needed.

TSAVO MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2015

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JANUARY 2015 Introduction The unit resumed duty in mid-January after being away on annual leave since December 2014. Being midway through the month not many cases were attended to as the region remained relatively calm.

Cases which were attended included an autopsy of a suspected poached elephant in Rukinga ranch, treatment of an elephant bull with an arrow wound in Emusaya, Tsavo East National Park and a problematic leopard captured near Kilaguni Serena lodge.

1.

Rukinga Elephant Autopsy Report, 17th January 2015

Case History Gun shots were heard in the area around Rukinga ranch on the evening of Friday 16th and a search was conducted in the vicinity by KWS rangers where the elephant bull carcass was located with its tusks intact. Decomposition was setting in and the carcass was already emitting a strong foul smell.

General examination The carcass was swelling due to decomposition, the stomach was distended and a foul smell was evident. He was age at around 40 years and lay on the left side. The right side was examined with no external injury and the carcass turned to expose the left flank. The left side had two penetrating wounds near the rump and to the left shoulder. Period from death put at 2 days.

The left penetrating wound on the shoulder was opened and muscle tearing was observed, the wound was larger than ones caused by arrows or a bullet. The torn shoulder muscles were stained dark by suspected poison substance. The injury was about 15 cms deep and didn’t reach the scapula bone just below it.

The penetrating wound on the left side of the ramp was also about 15 cms deep and about 3 cms in diameter.

There was massive muscle tearing with darkish staining substance in the area. No object was recovered from the wound.

Conclusion Spearing by use of poisoned spear with estimated date of death being 15th January 2015

2.

Treatment of an injured zebra, Manyani gate, Tsavo east, 17th January 2015

Case History Immediately after the autopsy was complete, the unit received a call regarding a zebra that was limping from a nail injury to the leg. The nail injury to the hoof prevented the zebra from putting weight on the affected foot and she was walking on three limbs.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The zebra was darted using 7 mgs of Etorphine mixed with 60 mgs of Xylazine and went down in 5 minutes. The roofing nail stuck in the hoof was pulled out, the wound cleaned and sprayed with tincture of iodine. Long acting Amoxicillin and dexamethasone were administered by intramuscular injections.

Recovery The anesthesia was finally reversed by administration of 24 mgs of diprenorphine Hcl and Atipemazole Hcl intravenously.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

3.

Treatment of an elephant bull, Emusaya, Tsavo East, 21st January 2015

Case History A huge elephant bull was spotted by the DSWT patrol aircraft with a wound to his flank while patrolling the Emusaya area of Tsavo East north of Galana River. The huge Tusker was alone and was monitored for a day, but didn’t move.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The team headed to the area which is about 80 Kms from the park headquarters and easily found the huge bull near a mud hole. He was darted using 18gms of Etorphine propelled in a dan inject dart system and he moved away calmly before going down 100 metres away.

The swollen wound was caused by an arrow and was already septic. The wound was cut open, pus drained out, cleaned using a mixture of water and Hydrogen Peroxide in a ratio of 1:1 then doused with tincture of Iodine and finally covered in green clay. Dexamethasone Hcl was then administered intravenously.

Recovery After about a 30 minute operation the anesthesia was reversed by intravenous administration of 60 mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl into the ear vein. He was unable to wake up on his own and ropes were used to pull him onto his feet. He walked away calmly.

Prognosis This bull has been given a postive prognosis but will be monitored by the aerial unit and ground teams

4.

Examination Of A Problematic Captured Leopard, Serena Kilaguni, Tsavo West, 31st January 2015

Case History This leopard was captured after he became a threat to the visitors at Serena Kilaguni lodge in Tsavo West National Park.

The leopard was trapped and brought to the Tsavo vet unit for examination and management. The leopard was examined and found to be very thin, infested with numerous blood sucking external parasites and the upper canines were worn out which is an indication of advanced age.

A decision was made to euthanize the leopard as releasing him back in to the wild was not viable. He was euthanized by administration of Euthanize (Pentobarbitone sodium 20%) rapid intravenous.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2015 Introduction Cases of injured elephants especially big bulls increased drastically in the month under review with many cases attributed to unsuccessful poaching attempts.

Cases increased around the Komboyo area of Tsavo West where several elephant bulls were treated for arrow wounds.

Other cases were examination and euthanasia of a sickly leopard, treatment of a Zebra and de-snaring of an elephant calf injured on the leg near Taita salt lick sanctuary.

1.

Treatment Of An Elephant With Arrow Injury, Komboyo, Tsavo West, 3rd February 2015

History Reports were received that several elephant bulls were injured around Komboyo area of Tsavo west with pus oozing from septic wounds. The team rushed in assisted by the DSWT aircraft and easily located the injured bulls.

Preparations were made to start the treatment operations.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted with 18mg Etorphine Hcl 18mg, in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart using a rifle from a vehicle.

The elephant was near a water hole and was immobilized after 10 minutes.

There was a swelling on the left thoracic wall with an upper opening and accumulation of pus below thought to have been caused by an arrow. The swelling was lanced open, pus drained, necrotic tissue removed and cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen Peroxide. The wounds were sprayed with Tincture of Iodine and covered with green clay. Long acting antibiotics and anti-inflammatories were administered by injection.

Reversal Reversal was attained by administration of 60 mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl intravenously into the ear vein.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

2.

Treatment Of An Elephant With An Arrow Injury, Komboyo, Tsavo West, 3rd February 2015

History Reports were received that several elephant bulls were injured around Komboyo area of Tsavo west with pus oozing from septic wounds. The team rushed in assisted by the DSWT aircraft and easily located the injured bulls.

Preparations were made to start the treatment operations.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted with 18mg Etorphine Hcl 18mg, in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart using a rifle from a vehicle.

The elephant was near a water hole and was immobilized after 15 minutes. The aircraft tracked the elephant so as to not lose the elephant in the thick bush. The elephant fell on sternal recumbency, a position that compromises respiration and had to be pushed over to lateral recumbency.

There was a swelling on the right thoracic wall with necrotic flesh visible in the wound. The swelling was lanced open, pus drained and an arrow head retrieved from the wound. The necrotic tissue was then removed and the wound cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. The wounds were sprayed with tincture of iodine and covered with green clay. Long acting antibiotics and anti-inflammatories were administered by injection and Water was splashed on the ears to keep the elephant cool as the day was hot.

Reversal Reversal was attained by administration of 60 mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl intravenously.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

3.

Treatment Of An Elephant With An Arrow Injury, Komboyo, Tsavo West, 3rd February 2015

History Reports were received that several elephant bulls were injured around Komboyo area of Tsavo west with pus oozing from septic wounds. The team rushed in assisted by the DSWT aircraft and easily located the injured bulls.

Preparations were made to start the treatment operations.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted with 18mg Etorphine Hcl 18mg, in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart using a rifle from a vehicle.

The elephant was near a water hole and was immobilized after 8 minutes. The aircraft tracked the elephant so as to not lose the elephant in the thick bush. The elephant fell on the injured side and it took the team nearly an hour to flip him over in order to access the wounded side.

There was a swelling on the left abdominal wall near the hind leg with necrotic flesh visible in the wound. The swelling was lanced open, necrotic tissue removed and wound cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. The wounds were sprayed with tincture of iodine and covered with green clay. Long acting antibiotics and anti-inflammatories were administered by injection. Water was splashed on the ears to keep the elephant cool as the day was hot.

Reversal Reversal was attained by administration of 60 mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl intravenously.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

4.

Rescue Of An Elephant Calf From A Water Hole, Near Voi safari lodge, Tsavo east, 7th February 2015

History During the dry seasons like the one Tsavo is currently experiencing, elephants search for water in all possible areas including water leaks from the Mzima pipeline that transports water to Mombasa.

The deep hole made by digging elephants is too steep for juvenile elephants to climb out of hence they need rescue. About 5 elephant calves have died in the water hole in the last four months.

One of the calves that fell was rescued from the water hole and reunited with his mother.

5.

Euthanasia of a zebra injured by a truck, Manyani gate, Tsavo east, 11th February 2015

History A Zebra was reported hit by a trailer along Nairobi-Mombasa road near Manyani Trading Centre where one was killed and another sustained injury.

Immobilization and examination As the Zebra was recumbent, no anaesthesia was required. Examination revealed blunt object trauma and internal bleeding that was extensive. Due to the complexity of the injury and the non-feasibility of healing (poor prognosis) euthanasia was the best option to end suffering. The zebra was euthanized by administration of euthanize (Pentobarbitone sodium 20%) rapid intravenous.

6.

Elephant Collaring Exercise, Rukinga and Taita ranches, 12-13th February 2015

History Due to the ever increasing cases of human wildlife conflict especially involving elephants, many techniques have been tried to stem the problem. For a technique to work a good understanding of elephant movement dynamics is important. This is only possible with the fitting of individual elephants with satellite linked GPS enabled collars that give real time data on elephant movement dynamics. For collaring to take place, elephants have to be immobilized by the vet team.

Immobilization and collaring The operation was scheduled in the cool hours of the morning and late afternoon in order to minimize complications caused by high temperatures that currently prevail in the Tsavo region. 3 cc darts filled with 17 mgs of Etorphine and 18 mgs and 1000 i.u of Hyalase were used to immobilize cows and bulls respectively. The darts were propelled by a gas operated dan-inject dart gun from the safety of a Helicopter. The Helicopter was also used to herd the darted elephant close to the roads and away from thick bushes and bad terrain in addition to provision of security to the ground team.

After the elephant went down it was immediately secured in a good position by the ground team which composed of a vet and the capture staff. Various physiological parameters were monitored and appropriate treatment instituted. Collaring was done quickly and took between 9-25 minutes depending on specific challenges. Blood and parasitic samples were taken for lab analysis.

Reversal Revival was done using an Opiod Antagonist Diprenorphine at three times the Etorphine dose. Close monitoring was done at a distance until the Elephant was on its feet and walking before the team left the area.

7.

Treatment Of An Injured Elephant Calf, Taita salt lick sanctuary, 14th February 2015

History This elephant was reported with an injury to the leg by Taita hills sanctuary rangers and then reported to the vet team. On arrival in the area the calf was easily spotted with his mother and other family members. Due to the protectiveness of the family members the herd was pushed to an open area using vehicles for easier immobilization.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The mother was immobilized using 16 mgs of Etorphine propelled by a Dan inject and went down after 10 minutes while the one year old calf was restrained manually after which he was also injected with 2 mgs of Etorphine intravenously to calm him down. A tight cutting wire snare on the left front limb was cut loose, the deep wound cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide, then doused with iodine and covered with green clay.

Long acting antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were administered intramuscularly. The two were cooled by pouring water on their ears.

Reversal Reversal was done using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose, they both woke up and move away slowly to join the herd that was waiting nearby.

Prognosis The prognosis was guarded and after a month the young elephant was struggling to keep up with the herd and the mother was falling behind. Due to the vulnerability of the calf and the severity of the injury which was not healing as quickly as hoped the elephant was rescued and taken to the Sheldrick Nursery in Nairobi. He has since been named Mwashoti.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2015

Introduction In the month under review cases of injuries in elephant bulls especially those inflicted with arrow wounds remained the same within areas of Tsavo West around Komboyo still experiencing arrow incidents.

Other cases were a rescue of the Taita salt lick elephant calf, rescue and treatment of a Zebra calf within Mwatate sisal estate and treatment of two elephant bulls with arrow and bullet wounds near Satao tented camp water hole.

The area is expecting some showers which will greatly reduce the conflict inflicted injuries by availing water and forage for the wildlife.

1.

Immobilization and Rescue of an Elephant, Sarova Taita Hills Sanctuary, 9th March 2015

History The calf was first treated on 14th February 2015 but one month later there was no improvement. After being monitored for the period, the herd moved away and left the mother and the calf who could not keep up. These exposed the sickly calf to predation from lions as the bigger protective family was gone hence a decision was made to rescue and save the calf and let the mother rejoin her herd.

Immobilization, treatment and relocation The mother elephant was immobilised with 16mg Etorphine Hcl, in a 1.5 ml Dan - inject dart administered from a vehicle using a dart gun. After the she went down the calf ran off but was easily captured and immobilized using 2 mgs of Etorphine administered by hand.

The left front limb had a severe deep cutting wound near the ankle joint caused by a wire snare that was removed in a previous intervention. The wound was not healing as expected. The calf was treated and loaded into a truck then transported to the Sarova Saltlick airstrip while the mother was revived using 48 mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl and left to join the rest of the herd. An aircraft arrived some minutes past 6pm and airlifted the calf to the Nairobi DSWT orphanage.

Prognosis Good; the wound is now healing well with daily care and the elephant has integrated with the other elephants. It is hoped the wound will heal fully and though he may have a limp he should be able to live a normal life.

2.

Rescue and treatment of an injured zebra foal, Teita Sisal Estate, Mwatate, 11th March 2015

History The young Zebra was found by the Teita sisal estate in Mwatate by rangers lying beside the road and with bleeding wounds to the body. He was lying down with a makeshift shadow covering him. The wounds were suspected to have been inflicted by a male Zebra through biting and kicking.

Immobilization, treatment and relocation This infant was rescued and brought to Voi clinic where he was given Dextrose solution orally to give him strength.

His wounds were washed using Hydrogen peroxide then sprayed with Oxyteracycline spray. Long acting antibiotics and Dexamethsone were administered parenterally.

3.

Treatment of an elephant with a bullet wound, Satao, Tsavo East, 11th March 2015

History This huge bull was spotted at the Satao water hole struggling to walk into the water and took a lot of time at the water hole before slowly limping away in pain. He was struggling to lift the right hind foot.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was immobilised using 18mg Etorphine in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart from a vehicle using a Dan inject dart rifle. The elephant was darted near a water hole and was immobilized after 8 minutes. He fell on the lateral side and the team went into action with the rangers pouring water on the ears while the vet undertook the examination.

There was a penetrating wound to the right hind foot thought to have been caused by a bullet with pus oozing out. The wound was cleaned using Hydrogen peroxide mixed with water and doused with tincture of Iodine. Long acting Amoxicillin and Dexamethasone were administered parenterally.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose.

Prognosis Prognosis is guarded

4.

Treatment of an elephant with an arrow wound, Satao, Tsavo East, 12th March 2015

History Another elephant bull was reported with a wound on the left abdominal side with pus oozing from it. He was easily spotted in a group of other bulls foraging nearby.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was immobilised using 18mg Etorphine in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart from a vehicle using a Dan inject dart rifle. The elephant was darted near Voi River and was immobilized after 8 minutes. The elephant fell on the lateral side with the wound on the upper side and the team went into action.

There was a wound to the left flank thought to have been caused by an arrow with pus oozing out. The wound was cleaned using Hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, pus. Necrotic tissues were removed and the wound doused with tincture of Iodine. Long acting Amoxicillin and Dexamethasone were administered parenterally.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

5.

Treatment of an elephant bull with an arrow wound, Komboyo, Tsavo West, 13th March 2015

History Reports of several elephant bull were reported injured around Komboyo area of Tsavo west with pus oozing from the septic wounds. This specific big tusker was previously treated on 3rd February where an arrow wound was retrieved from the abdominal wall. This time it had an arrow wound to the left thigh which was oozing pus.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was immobilised using 18mg Etorphine in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart from a vehicle using a Dan inject dart rifle. The elephant was darted near a water hole and was immobilized after 10 minutes. Aircraft support was requested as the elephant briefly vanished into thick bush in the area. The elephant was spotted and fell on lateral recumbency.

There was a swelling on the right thigh with necrotic flesh visible in the wound. The swelling was lanced open, pus drained, necrotic tissue removed and wound cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. The wounds were sprayed with tincture of Iodine and covered with green clay. Long acting antibiotics and anti-inflammatories were administered by injection.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was attained by administration of 60 mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl intravenously Prognosis Prognosis is good.

6.

Desnaring and treatment of an elephant, Arabuko Sokoke Forest, 18th March 2015

History A report of an injured elephant was reported in Arabuko Sokoke forest near Malindi along the Kenyan coast. The forest is the only remaining indigenous coastal rain forest that teams with many wildlife species including the elephant. Due to the dry season there is no water point and animals have to be supplemented with provision of water. After searching for this elephant for two days, he was finally spotted near the fence line.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was immobilised using 18mg Etorphine in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart from a vehicle using a Dan inject dart rifle. The elephant was immobilized after 7 minutes.and fell on lateral recumbency. There was a tight deep cutting wire snare to the right front leg that caused a severe wound and swelling of the limb. The wire was cut loose using a wire cutter and necrotic tissues removed. The wound was cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide, then sprayed with tincture of Iodine and covered with green clay. Long acting antibiotics and antiinflammatories were administered by injection. Water was splashed on the ears to keep the elephant cool as the day was hot.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was attained by administration of 60 mgs Diprenorphine Hcl intravenously.

Prognosis Prognosis is guarded.

7.

Treatment of an injured elephant, Komboyo, Tsavo West, 28th March 2015

History Reports of several elephant bulls were reported injured around Komboyo area of Tsavo west with pus oozing from the septic wounds. The team rushed in and assisted by the DSWT aircraft easily located the injured bull.

Preparations were made to start the operations.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was immobilised using 18mg Etorphine in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart from foot using a Dan inject dart rifle. The elephant was darted near a water hole and was immobilized after 7 minutes, falling on lateral recumbency. The aircraft kept watch due to the thick bush in the area so that the elephant could not be lost and easily spotted.

There was a swelling to the right abdominal wall with necrotic flesh visible in the wound. The swelling was lanced open, pus drained; necrotic tissue removed and wound cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide. The wounds were sprayed with tincture of Iodine and covered with green clay. Long acting antibiotics and antiinflammatories were administered by injection.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was attained by administration of 60 mgs Diprenorphine Hcl intravenously.

Prognosis Prognosis good

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2015

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JANUARY 2015 The month was characterized by a continuing drop in tourism activities. However pasture and forage is flourishing well and most grazers and browsers are doing well. Cases requiring veterinary intervention were low with many herds of elephants seen trooping back to the reserve although of the cases attended spearing featured prominently across species attended to during the period.

Following are veterinary interventions carried out during the period under review.

1.

Treatment of A Speared Elephant, Mara North Conservancy, 18th January 2015

History This young elephant was spotted with a limp on his right hind limb by Mara North Conservancy rangers on patrol.

He was still in good body condition. They called the veterinary unit on the ground for examination and treatment.

General observation This elephant was in a group of about thirty others comprising of several families who had conglomerated. He showed obvious limp on his right hind limb with noticeable suppurating wound lateral to the tarsal joint. Body condition was good though.

Immobilisation, examination and treatment He was chemically immobilized with 13mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan Inject dart.

Darting was done from a vehicle. The young bull remained calm after being darted, but remained close to his herd and family group.

The drugs took full effect after eight minutes with the elephant going down on his left lateral. The protective family members were scared away by use of vehicles in order to give room for this elephant to be attended to.

Due to the high ambient temperature, a lot of water was used to douse the elephant. His eyes were infused with Cloxacillin eye ointment to prevent corneal desiccation and his right ear was used as blindfold. His airways were kept open throughout the procedure by use of a small stick to keep the nostrils dilated.

Examination revealed a suppurating wound to the lateral surface of tarsal joint with a ventro-oblique course. The depth of the wound was about seven inches, but the joint integrity was not affected. The cause of the wound appeared to have been spearing. The wound was probed for any foreign body; none was found, and was then debrided using Hydrogen Peroxide. Dead debris was removed from the wound using a guaze swab and then wound was rinsed with water. The wound was disinfected by applying tincture of Iodine and was infused with Cloxacillin ointment. Oxytetracycline spray was used topically before the wound was packed with green clay. In

addition 15000mgs of Amoxicillin antibiotic and 100mg Dexamethasone Sodium anti- inflammatory was given intramuscularly. .

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administration of 36mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride through superficial ear vein. He woke up after three minutes and joined the rest of the herd.

Prognosis Good

2.

Treatment of an Elephant with Snare Wound, Mara Triangle, 20th January 2015

History This young elephant was spotted among hundreds of elephants with a limp on his left hind limb by Mara Triangle Conservancy rangers and the case was reported to the Vet Unit.

General observation The young bull appeared to be protecting the limb while walking. He was in a group of about a hundred elephants scattered across the plains of the Mara Conservancy and was sticking close to his mother, who had a younger calf and who was very protective of him.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was done by use of 13mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride delivered remotely through a 3ml Dan Inject dart. Darting was done from vehicle. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this elephant assuming sternal recumbence. Once he was down, the mother would not initially let us approach him, but with help of more than two vehicles, she was eventually convinced to give the Vet Unit access to her calf.

After making sure the elephant was stable, quick examination of the affected limb revealed an old snare wound at the heel. The snare had since fallen off leaving a raw wound, which appeared relatively clean. A sterile gauze soaked in dilute Hydrogen Peroxide was used to swab the wound to remove necrotic debris. Clean water was then used to rinse the wound before tincture of Iodine being applied as disinfectant. Oxytetracycline wound spray was then used topically before a coat of green clay being applied to promote healing.

Additionally this elephant was given 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 4500mgs Flunixin Meglumine antiinflammatory, which were all administered intramuscularly.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by use of 36mgs Diprenorphine given intravenously through superficial ear vein. He woke up after three minutes and joined members of his family who had remained close by.

Prognosis Good

3.

Treatment Of Speared Elephant, Masai Mara National Reserve, 21st January 2015

History This lone bull was spotted on the morning of 21st January on the roadside by the Narok County Security Team during their morning patrols. The elephant was said to be lethargic and discharge was seen coming from the left side of his thoracic area. The Vet Unit was called to examine and help.

General observation The elephant had moved a short distance from where he was seen last. He was heading to a small thicket and appeared nervous of sight of people. From a distance, there appeared to be a bloody tinged discharge coming from on the left side of his withers. His body condition was still good though he appeared to be in pain.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved chemically by use of 17mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride delivered remotely through a 3ml Dan Inject dart using a vehicle. Upon darting, this elephant ran for a few minutes towards a small bush but was overwhelmed by the drugs in seven minutes. He went down on his right lateral affording us a good chance to examine the wounds.

Upon examination, it was revealed that he had two wounds that were clearly caused by spearing. The first and bigger of the wounds were to his left upper thoracic region off the withers. This wound was about eight inches deep and four inches wide with maggots beginning to infest. The second wound was to his nape and about five inches deep. Both wounds appeared to have been inflicted at the same time, probably three days before intervention.

The wounds were probed for any foreign body remnants; none was found, before all maggots were manually removed and the wounds were debrided using Hydrogen Peroxide and gauze swabs. After rinsing with clean water, the wounds were disinfected with tincture of Iodine and Oxytetracycline spray was applied. Finally the wounds were packed with green clay to promote quick healing. Finally, 15000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and 100mgs Dexamethasone Sodium anti-inflammatory were administered intramuscularly.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by intravenous administration of 48mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride through superficial ear vein. An additional intramuscular administration of 150mgs Naltrexone was also given. The elephant woke up within two minutes and headed straight into a bush.

Prognosis Good

4.

Treatment Of Speared Lion, Mara North Conservancy, 23rd January 2015

History This young male was seen with an obvious injury on his right upper thoracic region by Mara North Conservancy rangers. He was in a pride of about nine members that was alleged to have feasted on a cow a few days before.

The rangers called the Vet Unit to seek assistance to treat this lion.

General observation This lion was seen close to the other members of his pride but spent most of the time lying down. He appeared weak with a visible wound to his upper right thoracic region. He appeared to be having difficulty breathing.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This lion was immobilized with a combination of 3.6mgs Medetomidine and 200mgs Ketamine delivered using a 3ml Dan Inject dart fired from a vehicle. It took eight minutes for the lion to be fully anaesthetized, at which point a blind fold was applied and the lion taken to a shade. Cloxacillin ointment was applied to both eyes.

Examination revealed a deep sharp edged penetrating wound measuring seven inches wide and deep enough to access the pleural cavity between two ribs. The wound was most likely caused by spearing. The lion was breathing with difficulty and some air was escaping from the pleural cavity through the wound opening causing rapid, shallow breathing. A big blood clot was found on the edge of the wound margin and more blood clots were suspected to be within the pleural cavity. This, combined with the leakage of air through the wound could have led to limited lung movement and the rapid shallow breathing. Treatment was done quickly in order to stabilize the animal and prevent further deterioration.

Most of the blood clots were removed and the wound was immediately closed using a No. 8 metric chromic catgut suture and an additional subcutaneous suture pattern was applied to prevent any further air leakage. Finally, the skin was closed using a No. 6 metric Nylon. Though the air leakage was stopped, damage caused by clots in the cavity and the prolonged exposure of the pleural cavity to a contaminated environment proved a challenge.

Suture lines were infused with Cloxacillin ointment and tincture of Iodine before green clay was applied. In addition 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics and 20mgs Dexamethasone Sodium anti-inflammatory was given intramuscularly.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by intramuscular administration of 15mgs Atepamezole one and half hours after immobilization. The lion woke up after eight minutes to join other members of the pride.

Prognosis Guarded. Puncture into the pleural cavity is considered a serious injury and the pneumothorax which can result from this can be fatal. Lungs can easily collapse leading to dyspnea and progression to complete apnea. In such situations, respiration is highly supported with the patient being prevented from any slight exertion while treatment is being executed. The team on the ground was informed of possible scenarios and instructed to let the lion rest with minimum disturbance.

5.

Wildebeest Relocation, Olkinyei (PCEA Acacia Missionaries’ Compound), 23rd January 2015

History This wildebeest was rescued a few years ago after his mother was allegedly killed by locals. He grew up within the missionaries’ compound enjoying the security and company of the residents. Though other wildebeests are seen nearby and he has been known to join them on occasion, he always returns to the compound due to his habituation. At three years old, this wildebeest had started to become aggressive and dangerous. As a result, KWS management, in consultation with the county administration, decided it should be relocated to the wild, far from the compound to any conservancy with a population of wildebeests.

Capture and release The wildebeest was immobilized by use of a combination of 5mgs Etorphine and 50mgs Azaperone in a 3ml Dan Inject dart, which was done from foot. The drugs took effect after five minutes after which the wildebeest was blindfolded, put in the back of a pickup truck and made to lie on his sternum. He was transported some seventy kilometers away and released successfully into Olkinyei Conservancy.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administrating 18mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride through the jugular vein and additional intramuscular administration of 75mgs Naltrexone. He woke up after three minutes and joined other wildebeests nearby.

No images available

6.

Treatment of a Giraffe With An Arrow Wound, Siana Conservancy, Maasai Mara, 24th January 2015

History This young adult was seen limping and in company of a resident herd in Siana Conservancy. The conservancy management called the Vet Unit for assistance.

General observation This giraffe appeared to limp while walking though he kept pace with the rest of the herd. His left carpus appeared slightly swollen.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This giraffe was immobilized using a combination of 11mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride and 50mgs Azaperone in a 3ml dart. Darting was done from a vehicle. The drugs took effect after eight minutes and the giraffe was pulled down and restrained with the help of ropes.

Examination revealed an arrow head lodged in the lateral surface of his left carpus. It was estimated that the arrow head had been in place for the about two days. The arrow head was gently pulled out and resulting wound was relatively fresh. The wound was cleaned with water, before being debrided using Hydrogen Peroxide and rinsing again with clean water .The wound was then wiped dry with a sterile gauze swab. The wound was disinfected using tincture of Iodine and Cloxacillin ointment was applied. The wound and surrounding area was sprayed with Oxytetracycline before 4500mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 40mgs Dexamethasone Sodium antiinflammatory were administered intramuscularly.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administration of 30mgs Diprenorphine intravenously through the jugular vein. The giraffe woke up in one minute and galloped off to rejoin the rest of the herd.

Prognosis Good

7.

Treatment of Elephant Calf With Snare Wound, Mara Triangle, 28th January 2015

History This elephant calf had been sighted three weeks previously by the Mara Conservancy rangers, but he disappeared as soon as the Vet Unit arrived at the location and despite a frantic search for the next two days he remained lost.

However, he resurfaced on the morning of the 28th January with his mother and the Mara Conservancy rangers immediately called for assistance and followed the pair until the Vet Unit arrived.

General observation The mother elephant and her injured calf were out in the open some distance away from other elephants. The calf was walking with some difficulty and was limping with his left forelimb. Closer observation showed a wound around his left carpus.

Immobilization examination and treatment The calf was immobilized using 3.5mg Etorphine Hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan Inject dart shot from a vehicle. The drugs took 8 minutes to take effect. His mother refused to abandon her calf and she stayed close until after he was overwhelmed by the anaesthetics at which point attempts were made to scare her away using vehicles. She resisted for a while, but eventually resigned herself and moved away to watch the action from a safe distance. Examination revealed a septic wound round his left carpal joint that had been caused by a snare.

The snare had since fallen off, but it had left behind a big wound and had caused partial damage to some ligaments. The wound was thoroughly probed for any snare remnants, but nothing was found. The wound was cleaned with Hydrogen Peroxide and copious amount of water.

Gauze swabs were used to wipe it dry and necrotic tissues removed. The wound was disinfected using tincture of Iodine before Oxytetracycline spray was applied. Green clay was packed into the wound to promote healing.

Lastly the elephant calf received intramuscular injection of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 30mgs Dexamethasone Sodium anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administration of 12mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride intravenously through the superficial ear vein. The elephant calf woke up after three minutes and was herded towards his waiting mother.

The mother and the baby were reunited.

Prognosis Good

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2015 Introduction February was characterized by a gradual increase in precipitation at the beginning of the month which reduced and finally stopped towards the end. Many elephants were seen in the reserve. A few cases of human inflicted injuries on animals were however recorded and attended to.

1.

Collaring an Aardvark for Research Purposes, Talek Area, 7th Feb 2015

History Though prevalent in most conservation and pastoral areas little is known about this nocturnal mammal. Aardvark activities have not been recorded in these areas of late possibly because of a change in land use. Little research has been carried out on this species.

KWS in collaboration with other researchers sponsored by Bridge Earth Limited Japan carried out the collaring of one aardvark in Masai Mara.

Aims: • • • •

Study effects of human activity on aardvark activity Get baseline information on aardvark social structuring, habitat use and ranging patterns Promote an understanding of aardvark conservation among international and local stakeholders Produce a documentary on aardvark

Capture and collaring After several unsuccessful attempts to capture this animal using strategically placed capture nets, the capture team decided to actively search for these animals at night using good lights and dart them. A combination of 2mgs Medetomidine and 160mgs Ketamine in a 3ml daninject dart was used to immobilize a female spotted at 3am in the morning. She was prevented from accessing any burrow by people and vehicles before the drugs took full effect. The drugs took full effect after eight minutes as she tried to dig a new burrow.

After making sure she was stable, a light satellite collar was deployed and tissue and hair samples were collected.

The animal was given intramuscularly 1500mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics and 14mgs Dexamethasone Sodium antiinflammatory to prevent shock.

Reversal The aardvark was revived by intramuscular administration of 9mgs Atepamezole one hour after immobilization.

She woke up after four minutes and tried to pull off the collar before calming down and moving on. A team is monitoring her and her signals are being received at night when she comes out.

2.

Treatment of a Lame Elephant Bull, Naboisho conservancy, 9th Feb 2015

History This massive bull was seen by Naboisho conservancy rangers showing lameness on one of his forelimbs. He was in a herd of about twenty elephants but kept lagging behind.

The elephant was in a rocky valley making it difficult to access and immobilize in such a terrain. The other members of the herd moved out when they felt the team’s presence but he remained. The carpal joint was swollen and he could hardly place weight on this limb. He finally left the rocky valley and entered an open area suitable for darting.

Immobilization examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by darting him with 16mgs Etorphine delivered through a 3ml Daninject dart from a vehicle. The drugs took effect after seven minutes with the elephant going down on his left side. Examination revealed a swollen right carpal joint with no visible wound. Aspiration of the swelling yielded dark blood. The joint and the bones around this area appeared intact and the swelling was suspected to have been caused by a sprain to the joint.

This elephant was given 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics and 3000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory intramuscularly. The joint was also massaged for ten minutes to try and improve circulation.

Reversal The elephant was revived by administration of 48mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through the ear vein. The elephant woke up to join other members of the herd after three minutes.

Prognosis Good. This elephant was seen two weeks after treatment having walked a distance of about 40km in much better state. He will still be monitored and treated again when necessary.

3.

Examination Of Two Bull Elephants In Siana Conservancy, 9th and 11th Feb 2015

History These two bull elephants in Siana conservancy were reported with injuries by Siana Conservancy management.

According to the report, rangers had seen one bull limping with a swelling on one of his forelimbs and the other with a wound to the right side of his withers.

Examination On the 9th Feb 2015 a search for the elephants was fruitless. They were said to be in an inaccessible thicket as only their tracks could be seen and the search was called off after dark.

On the 11th Feb 2015 the two bulls were spotted close to the border of Siana and Olarro Conservancies and management contacted the vet team for assistance. The elephants were found in a small thicket and appeared elusive. One was seen as he emerged and then he dashed back into the thicket. He appeared to walk with ease and no injury was noted. The second elephant was observed from all sides and no injury was seen. The management will keep monitoring the area and will broaden their search as it is likely these were not the two reported injured elephants.

4.

Replacement Of An Elephant’s Satellite Collar, Naboisho conservancy, 12th Feb 2015

History This female adult named Caroline was collared in 2011 and the lifespan of the GSM-Satellite collar that had been deployed was coming to an end. The collar has been used to monitor this elephant and its herd’s movements which helped advise management on the conservation and protection of these animals. There was therefore need to replace this collar before its signal completely disappeared and this was done together with the Mara Elephant Project and Save the Elephant teams. Caroline was found with other members of her family; a four year old calf, a sub-adult bull and an adult female. She appeared agitated on approach possibly due to prior experience of immobilization.

Immobilization and collaring Caroline was immobilized by use of 16mg Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml dan inject dart from a vehicle. The drugs took full effect after seven minutes by which time she had moved about a 100 meters with the other family members and she went down on her right lateral.

The other family members were protective of her but were scared away by vehicles to give room for the collaring procedure. After making sure she was stable, the old collar was removed and the new one fitted. Soundness of the collar was confirmed before the elephant was revived. This immobilization also afforded the team a chance to examine Caroline for any health issues. She appeared to be in good condition, except for few scratches and abrasions common with elephants in the wild. She was given 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics and injectable multivitamins intramuscularly.

Reversal Caroline was revived by administration of 48mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through the superficial ear vein.

She woke up in three minutes and joined the rest of the family waiting nearby.

5.

Treatment Of An Injured Lion, Mara Triangle, 13th Feb 2015

History This young male was seen by Mara Triangle rangers limping on his left forelimb. The team found him under a tree near the road with other members of the pride as well as three young cubs. He stood as the vehicle approached allowing the vet to examine the injury. The left forelimb at the carpal joint was severely swollen and was not weight bearing.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by a combination of 2.5mgs Medetomidine and 160mgs Ketamine delivered through a 3ml daninject dart from a vehicle. The drugs took effect after eight minutes and a blindfold was applied and the lion placed in comfortable position. Cloxacillin ointment was applied to both eyes to prevent desiccation.

Closer examination of the affected limb revealed a deep wound to the lateral surface of his left carpus caused by a bite, most likely from another lion. The wound was becoming septic and was cleaned with Hydrogen peroxide and swabs. Copious amount of water was used to rinse before tincture of iodine was used to disinfect the wound.

Oxytetracycline spray was applied topically and then 1500mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 12mgs Dexamethasone Sodium anti-inflammatory were administered intramuscularly.

Reversal The lion was revived by intramuscular administration of 10mgs Atepamezole hydrochloride one hour after immobilization. He woke up after eight minutes and called for other pride members who came to join him.

Prognosis Good

6.

Treatment Of An Elephant With An Arrow Wound, Olarro conservancy, 14th Feb 2015

History This young elephant was seen isolated in a bush by the Olarro conservancy rangers. The vet team found him in a thicket close to a watering point, elusive and agitated. His left forelimb was swollen at the carpus and he moved with difficulty.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 8mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 1.5ml Dan inject dart from foot. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the elephant assuming left lateral recumbency.

Examination revealed a moderately swollen left carpus with a small penetrating wound to the medial surface of the joint, most likely caused by an arrow. Further probing of the wound yielded no foreign body but the wound was becoming septic. However, the joint integrity was not affected. The wound was washed with copious amount of water, Hydrogen peroxide and tincture of iodine to clean and disinfect. Green clay was then packed into the wound to promote faster healind. Finally, 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotics and 1500mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory, were given intramuscularly.

Reversal The elephant was revived by administration of 18mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through the superficial ear vein. He woke up in three minutes and briefly tried to charge at the attending team before retreating deeper into the bush.

Prognosis This elephant is expected to make a full recovery.

7.

Post Mortem Of A Cheetah, Olare Orok conservancy, 19th Feb 2015

History This cheetah’s brother had been found dead on the 18th Feb 2015 and there were concerns over his health as well. He was found dead in the afternoon after frantic efforts to search and treat him.

The cheetahs were seen with teary red eyes and nasal discharge by tour guides who reported the incident to The Mara cheetah project team. Their cheeks also appeared swollen and they were having difficulty breathing. Two other cheetahs, a mother and daughter, had been seen a month earlier with similar symptoms, 20km from the two latest cases. However, they were constantly monitored and the swellings subsided and they made a full recovery.

Another case of an adult female had also been reported two months ago by the Meru Mara cheetah project team.

However, the swelling resolved in a week and the cheetah also made a full recovery. The two latest cases unfortunately succumbed. Both carcasses were brought together and a representative post mortem was done on the fresher of the two carcasses.

General observation • On estimation, the carcass was less than twelve hours old • The carcass appeared to have been in good body condition before death • No physical injuries were evident on the body • The head appeared swollen down to the midneck • Eyes were swollen with greenish discharge and the eyelids appeared glued together • There was some colourless discharge from the nostrils • Rigor mortis was present • Oral mucocutaneous junctions appeared ulcerated

On opening the carcass, the following findings were noted: • • • • • • • • • •

•

The neck was severely swollen with signs of gelatinous fatty degeneration of tissues around the neck and surrounding areas. This degeneration was also evident to some extent in other areas of the body The lymph nodes around the head and neck were swollen, especially the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and parotids There were petechial haemorrhages which were more intense on tissues around the thorax cranially towards the head. There was less petechiation on more caudal tissues Lymphadenopathy appeared localized with degree of abcessation forming near the retropharyngeal lymph nodes Pericardial sac had slightly viscous fluid otherwise the heart appeared normal with slight petechiae There were signs of pleurisy with more than expected fluid seen in the pleural cavity Spleen appeared normal in size and consistency. It was flaccid The liver and both kidneys appeared congested and slightly darkened Though they appeared normal in size, the lungs had whitish dots, diffusely distributed thought to be complex deposition on its parenchyma. Some mucous were also found at lower levels of respiratory tree The stomach and the entire lower gastro intestinal tract were virtually empty suggesting that this cheetah had not fed for a couple of days. Tapeworms were found stagnating in the lumen of the larger intestines All other organs appeared normal

Blood smear for microscopy, skin tissue samples for DNA and lung, liver and kidney tissues for histopathology were collected.

Conclusion Based on history, clinical and post mortem picture, the signs are consistent with those of cat flu viral infection with its associated complications. Cheetahs with good immunity can make a full recovery. Other factors including genetics and immunity status could have compromised ability of these cheetahs to fight this infection. Samples collected will be used to confirm the diagnosis.

8.

De-Snaring a Giraffe, Mara triangle, 20th Feb 2015

History This snared giraffe was reported by the Mara Triangle Conservancy rangers. She was seen coming from the escarpment bordering the conservancy with a snare on the neck and dragging a tree stump along.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by administration of a combination of 12mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs Azaperone delivered through a 3ml daninject dart. The drugs took effect after eight minutes with the giraffe falling down and assuming right lateral recumbency. The braided winch wire snare was cut loose and pulled out.

Though there were no injuries seen, the giraffe was given prophylactic antibiotic treatment of 6000mgs Oxytetracycline and 40mgs dexamethasone anti-inflammatory intramuscularly.

Reversal The giraffe was revived by administration of 24mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the jugular vein. The giraffe rose almost immediately and walked away maintaining a left lateral kink of the neck posture. This was caused by prolonged dragging of the tree stump along with the snare. She was manually restrained with ropes and the neck massaged in an attempt to straighten it. The neck straightened for a few minutes but upon release soon resumed to its kink posture.

Prognosis Guarded to fair. The kinked neck might interfere with ease of movement making this giraffe an easier target for predators. However the neck is expected to straighten with time. Mara conservancy rangers were advised to keep watch on this giraffe and report the development.

9.

Post Mortem Of A Speared Elephant, Naibosho conservancy, 24th Feb 2015

History This elephant carcass was seen by the Naibosho conservancy rangers, Mara elephant project rangers and KWS rangers on patrol. The tusks were intact.

General examination of the carcass • Carcass was relatively fresh, about three days old • The elephant appeared to have been in good health before death with a score of 4 out of 5 • There was no evidence of struggle before death • Scavengers had begun eating parts of the body.

• There was a penetrating wound to the left flank whose margins had been extended by scavengers clearly caused by sharp object most likely spear On further examination, the penetrating wound was deep enough and involved the peritoneum. The object had punctured the stomach and large intestines causing peritoneal contamination.

Conclusion This elephant succumbed to acute peritonitis sequel to trauma. Spearing was the most likely cause of trauma.

Both tusks were retrieved and handed over to security officers for accounting and safe custody.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2015 Introduction For the third month running the Masai Mara ecosystem has remained dry. However the herbivores still have something for sustenance, except the hippos, who find it hard to cope with the decreased water levels, excessive heat and unpalatable pasture. There were however signs of impending rain towards the end of the month which hopefully will lead to pasture regeneration.

This month there was an increase in cases across the species compared to the previous month. This included the rescue of a baby elephant and a nasty incident involving a potentially fatal spearing of an elephant which required a procedure to secure intestinal organs from popping out.

1.

Treatment And Collaring An Elephant With A Spear Wound, Mara Triangle Conservancy, 4th March 2015

History For ease of monitoring elephants and subsequently advising management on their movements, The Save the Elephant and Mara Elephant Project teams partnered with KWS to collar a few elephants within this ecosystem.

This male was identified and chosen because he is said to move occasionally up the escarpment and into agricultural farms. He also had a suppurating wound to the right hand side of his rump which required intervention. It was therefore sensible to immobilize him and perform both procedures.

Immobilization, examination, treatment and collaring This elephant was immobilized by use of 16mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Daninject dart from a vehicle. The drugs fully discharged but the elephant would not go down. He showed partial narcotization and after 25minutes of waiting, a top up dart with 5ml Etorphine was prepared and the elephant was darted a second time. The drugs took effect after four minutes with the elephant assuming right lateral recumbency position. This became a disvantage because the wound was on the right side and became hard to access.

Meanwhile; the collaring team was advised to continue fitting the GSM/Satellite collar before the elephant was turned over to clean the wound. The elephant was flipped over by use of ropes and a vehicle to pull.

Examination of the injury revealed a suppurating old wound about to heal that appeared to have been caused by a spear. The wound was cleaned by use of Hydrogen peroxide and copious amount of water after ensuring all the pus was drained out. Tincture of iodine was then used to disinfect and Oxytetracycline spray was applied topically.

This elephant was given 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic intramuscularly.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by intravenous administration of 60mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through the ear vein. After making five attempts to wake up, the elephant was assisted with ropes and pulling by a vehicle and eventually he rose and dashed to a nearby bush.

2.

Treatment of a cheetah, Masai Mara Game Reserve Near Fig Tree, 6th March 2015

History This cheetah and his brother were seen by the Meru Mara cheetah project team who reported to the Mara Vet Unit. On arrival the vet team found him resting under a tree with his brother. He had a slightly swollen left cheek with moderately drooping left lower jaw.

Compared with the brother, he appeared dull although he reportedly killed and feasted on a young wildebeest.

His frequent yawning afforded the team an opportunity to examine the oral cavity from a reasonable distance with good binoculars. The two premolars on the left lower jaw were missing and the gum around this area appeared inflamed. Physically, no other abnormality was evident with this cheetah.

Treatment The team decided to remotely deliver antibiotics to prevent sepsis and a 3ml Daninject dart containing 300mgs Clindamycin antibiotic was prepared. The drugs were delivered remotely intramuscularly to the gluteal muscles and the dart fell off as soon as the drugs were discharged. The cheetah was monitored for half an hour after treatment and when the team was satisfied he was comfortable; he was left to relax with his brother.

Prognosis Good; it was reported the swelling finally subsided.

3.

Retreatment of an Elephant Bull, Olkinyei conservancy, 7th March 2015

History This massive bull was treated one month before for a suspected sprain of the right forelimb. He had since shown marked improvement and walked with ease but it was felt necessary to give him additional treatment to quicken the healing process. Olkinyei and Naboisho Conservancy Rangers had been monitoring this elephant and it was easy to find for the second and hopefully final treatment.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This bull was in company of an equally big elephant bull. The bull to be treated was darted with 16mgs Etorphine hydrochloride in a 3ml Daninject dart from a vehicle.

The drugs took full effect after eight minutes with the elephant going down on his left lateral. Examination of the affected limb revealed substantial reduction in swelling and more mobility of the carpal joint compared to earlier state. He was given an intramuscular injection of 15000mgs amoxicillin antibiotics and 4000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Achieved by administration of48mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through superficial ear vein. He rose up three minutes after reversal to join his waiting colleague.

Prognosis Good

4.

De-snaring a Giraffe, Masai Mara Game Reserve (Musiara), 8th March 2015

History Masai Mara Game Reserve rangers came across this big bull with a snare while on their normal patrols. They called us to help remove the snare. We found this giraffe in a herd with a loose snare round his neck.

Immobilization and de-snaring

This giraffe was immobilized by use of a combination of 12mgs etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs azaperone delivered through a 3ml daninject dart. Darting was done from a vehicle. The drugs took effect after ten minutes and the giraffe was pulled down with the help of ropes. He was blind folded and cloxacillin ointment applied to both eyes. The wire was cut and released from the neck .It was a plain wire which had not caused any injury.

Reversal He was reversed immediately after removal of the snare by use of 36mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride administered intravenously through the jugular. He rose immediately to join the rest of the herd waiting nearby.

Prognosis Good

5.

Desnaring a Female Zebra, Mara North Conservancy, 9th March 2015

History This case was reported to us by Mara North Conservancy management. We responded and found the zebra grazing with others. Her right hind leg had a tight snare which had eaten into the tissues around the fetlock joint.

The zebra kept on lifting this leg and could hardly place weight on it.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 5mgs etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs azaperone delivered in a 3ml daninject dart. Darting was done from a vehicle. She became fully anaesthetized after eight minutes upon where a blindfold and cloxacillin eye ointment was applied to the eyes.

Examination revealed a tight snare round her fetlock joint. This was a winch wire that had eaten into joint tissues partially damaging some joint ligaments. The wire was cut loose and released leaving a raw wound. The wound was thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with tincture of iodine. Oxytetracycline wound spray was then applied In addition, this zebra was given an intramuscular injection of 3000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic to counter sepsis.

Reversal Achieved by intravenous administration of 18mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride through the jugular vein. The zebra woke up two minutes after revival to join the rest nearby.

Prognosis Good.

6.

Treatment of an Injured Lion, Musiara, near Governor’s camp, 10th March 2015

History This young male, a member of the marsh pride of lions was said to have been seen on the morning of this date with swollen left cheek. His left eye also appeared sore. His colleagues were seen feeding on a kill earlier on but he appeared disinterested. Governor’s camp management sought our help to save this lion.

General observation This lion was found with other members of the pride under a tree. He appeared to be in pain with the left side of his cheek swollen. His left eye was also swollen. His body condition was still good.

Immobilization, examination and treatment He was chemically restrained by use of a combination of 2mgs medetomidine and 200mgs ketamine in a 3ml daninject dart. Darting was done from a vehicle. He remained calm after darting before being fully anaesthetized after eight minutes upon where blindfold was applied. Examination revealed injury to the left side of his head likely caused by a blow. The upper and lower canines on this side of the face were broken with bleeding gums.

The tissues around the eye were swollen.

The eye appeared red with partial prolapse of the third eyelid due to swelling. The injuries appeared to have been inflicted by a kick either from a buffalo or a zebra. The damage was restricted to the teeth and soft tissues.

Examination revealed the jaw was not dislocated. It opened and closed with ease with normal limited lateral movement. The swollen gums were massaged gently and blood clots wiped out. Clean water was used to rinse the oral cavity in order to check on any lacerations. The affected eye was rinsed with clean water and subconjuctival injection of a combination of dexamethasone sodium anti-inflammatory and amoxicillin antibiotic given. Cloxacillin eye ointment was also applied to both eyes to prevent desiccation. Additional parenteral administration of 16mgs dexamethasone sodium and 2250mgs amoxicillin was given intramuscularly.

Reversal Achieved by intramuscular administration of 10mgs atepamezole hydrochloride one hour after immobilization.

He rose up after twenty minutes to join other pride members.

Prognosis Good

7.

Treatment of an elephant with bullet wounds, Mara Bush Tops, 12th March 2015

History This elephant cow was seen by management of Mara Bush Tops camp on the morning of this date isolated and limping on both of her front limbs. They called the vet unit for help.

This elephant was in a small thicket having moved to about 300meters from where she was originally spotted.

Though still feeding, she appeared to be in pain while moving. An injury was obvious on mid of her left limb.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of 15mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a3ml daninject dart. Darting was done from a vehicle at the edge of a small bush. The drugs took effect after 9minutes with the elephant assuming right lateral recumbency. She had not moved after darting but remained calm on the spot until the drugs took full effect.

Examination revealed injuries on both front limbs. There was a small penetrating wound on the lateral surface of the left arm which continued to exit on the inner surface tearing muscles and leaving a big gaping wound. The right carpal joint had shallow crease on its inner surface. The joint integrity was not affected. All damages were on soft tissues with no fractures detected. The injuries were most likely caused by a blow from high velocity projectile which exited and could not be retrieved. All the wounds were cleaned with copious amount of water, necrotic tissues removed with help of hydrogen peroxide and gauze swabs and disinfection with tincture of iodine. Oxytetracycline spray was applied topically before green clay being packed.Additinal treatments involved intramuscular administration of 15000mgs amoxicillin antibiotics and 3500mgs Flunixin meglumine antiinflammatory.

Reversal Achieved by intravenous administration of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride through the ear vein. The elephant woke up in three minutes and dashed back to the thicket.

Prognosis Good. Given that damage was restricted to soft tissues alone, there are high chances the elephant will recover. A follow up treatment is to be carried out after 3 weeks. Meanwhile the Mara Bush Tops rangers are monitoring this elephant with regular updates on her condition.

8.

Euthanasia of a Young Elephant Bull, Trans Mara, 13th March 2015

History This elephant was seen by herders recumbent on the bed of a sharp rocky valley. They informed The Mara north conservancy rangers who sought our help.

Examination and case management This elephant had fallen from an 80 feet cliff into a rocky valley. He appeared to have fractured his spine with both hind legs immobile. He could hardly raise his head and trunk.

Examination showed that this elephant could have in that position for at least five days with the bed sores developing on the laid upon areas. There was also evidence of rhabdomyolysis as a result of pressure on muscles and long stay in that position.

After thorough clinical assessment of this animal, his prognosis was considered grave and euthanasia was advised to end his suffering. This was effected by stunning with single bullet shot to his head. Both tusks were taken by KWS security team for accountability and safe custody.

9.

Treatment of an Elephant Bull With Spear Wound, Olkinyei conservancy, 16th March 2015

History This massive elephant was seen injured and reported to us by Olkinyei conservancy management. They said he was among a group of elephants who came to the conservancy morning of that day.

General observation This elephant was found in a group of fifteen elephants near a small valley. He appeared in pain and walked behind the rest of the elephants. His left abdomen had been punctured and was bleeding with part of the omentum hanging out.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 17mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml daninject dart.

Darting was done from a vehicle. It took ten minutes for the elephant to be fully narcotized falling down to assume right lateral recumbency. Pinna of the ear was used as blindfold and plenty of water used to douse him.

Examination revealed a penetrating wound likely caused by spearing with omentum popping through the opening. The wound was less than 24hours old and was still bleeding.

Area around the wound was thoroughly cleaned and exposed areas of omentum trimmed. All bleeders were ligated using No 2USP chromic catgut and clean omentum pushed back into the abdomen. Once in its right position, the peritoneum was closed with No 2 USP chromic catgut using simple interrupted suture pattern.

Muscle layers were also opposed using same suture and pattern. Skin was closed using No 2 USP braided polyglactine suture applied in a simple interrupted pattern.

A small opening was left ventrally for purposes of drainage. The wound was then infused with cloxacillin ointment before green clay being packed. In addition, this elephant received 15000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic to counter sepsis.

Reversal Achieved by administration of 36mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the ear vein. He woke up after four minutes and moved towards where the other herd members were.

Prognosis Good. This elephant was seen one week later in good state.

10. Elephant Calf Rescue, Near Mara Bridge, 17th March 2015 History This baby elephant was seen by visiting tourists who in turn informed the Mara Triangle Conservancy rangers.

The Mara Triangle management requested our assistance in rescuing this calf.

Capture This baby was found wandering alone in plains close to Mara Bridge. Closer examination revealed her tail had been bitten off by hyenas. Part of her external genitalia also had injuries from hyena attack. Despite all these, overall her condition was good. She was manually captured and restrained by use of ropes before loading her into a truck en-route to Serena Airstrip.

At the airstrip, she was given an intramuscular injection of 3000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic to counter sepsis. A plane sent from Nairobi picked her up and took her to David Sheldrick Orphanage for fostering. Further management of the wounds will be carried out at the orphanage.

11. Collection Of Blood From An Elephant, 20th March 2015 To boost immunity and for protection of young elephant orphans raised by hand, serum extracted from adult individuals are usually given to them. Mature healthy bulls are normally good candidates for this. A healthy bull of about 35years was immobilized for this exercise within the Masai Mara Reserve.

Immobilization and blood collection.

Immobilization was achieved by use of 17mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml daninject dart.

Darting was done from a vehicle. It took nine minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the elephant going down on his lateral side. Blood collection sites were disinfected before blood being collected. This was done from the left superficial ear veins. A total of ten pints of whole blood was collected and immediately sent to competent laboratories for processing. This elephant received 15000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic for prophylaxis.

Reversal Achieved by administration of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the ear vein. He woke up after three minutes to join other members of the herd.

12. Treatment Of A Lioness Gored By Buffalo, Mara North Conservancy, 27th March 2015 History Mara North Conservancy rangers together with Management of Cheetah camp saw this injured lioness on the afternoon of this date isolated from the rest of the pride which was feeding on a young buffalo kill. She had a puncture on her ventral abdomen with intestines hanging out and seemingly in a lot of pain. They called the Vet unit for help.

General examination This lioness was found lying on a rocky area seemingly in pain. The rest of the pride comprising of her mother and two brothers were nearby. When agitated to stand, she did so with pain and difficulty. At this point, loops of intestines with omentum were seen dangling. Decision to immobilize and carry out closer examination was arrived at.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of combination of 4mgs medetomidine and 200mgs ketamine delivered in a 3ml daninject dart.

Darting was carried out from a vehicle. She got fully anaesthetized after seven minutes. Blindfold and cloxacillin ointment was applied to the both eyes. After making sure she was stable, examination of injury was carried out.

This lioness appeared to have received a nasty gore from a buffalo which punctured her ventral abdomen resulting exteriorization of abdominal organs. Apart from the small and large intestines, uterus and ovaries were also dangling. The opening was small and had caused considerable strangulation to these organs. Though there was no puncture detected on these organs, their long exposure to dry and windy environment had resulted in some degree of desiccation.

The exposed intestines were thoroughly washed with clean water and contaminated areas of ometum trimmed out. The puncture wound was enlarged for ease of retropulsion of exteriorized organs. Wound margins were shaved clean and disinfected with tincture of iodine. Once pushed back into the abdomen, 1500mgs of amoxicillin antibiotic was infused into peritoneal cavity through the opening. Peritoneum was secured by No 2 USP chromic catgut suture using purse string suture pattern. Muscle layers were also opposed with No 2 USP chromic cat gut suture using simple interrupted pattern. Subcuties was also secured by use of No2 USP chromic catgut and

subcutaneous suture pattern. At this point, all the sutured layers were infused with cloxacillin ointment. Skin was closed using No 1 USP polyglactine suture. Oxytetracycline spray was then applied topically. Additional treatment included intramuscular injection of 3000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and subcutaneous administration of 70mgs ivermectin parasiticide.

Reversal Achieved by intramuscular administration of 15mgs atepamezole hydrochloride one hour after immobilization.

The lioness woke up after 20 minutes but stayed for some time on that spot. The rest of the pride members closed in to provide protection.

Prognosis Guarded. Prolonged exposure and strangulation of the intestines could result to desiccation and ischaemia. This despite the intervention could lead to intestinal complications and death. Future viability of the exposed parts of the intestines is not guaranteed.

13. Treatment of elephant cow, Naboisho Conservancy, 28th March 2015 History This elephant nursing a three year old calf was seen with a wound on her left flank by Naboisho conservancy rangers. They informed their manager who in turn called us for help.

General observation This elephant was in a group of about a hundred elephants who had recently moved to Naboisho conservancy.

She had a calf about three years old. She had a discharging wound on the upper side of her left flank with noticeable swelling ventral to the wound. The swelling appeared to be caused by accumulation of pus.Overally she appeared healthy and feeding normally.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of 16mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered in a 3ml daninject dart.

Darting was done from a vehicle. The drugs took full effect after ten minutes with the elephant assuming sterna recumbency. She was immediately pushed over to lie on her right side for safety and easier handling of the wound. The pinna of the ear was used as blindfold with both eyes getting cloxacillin eye ointment against desiccation.

Examination revealed a spear inflicted septic wound on the upper portion of her left flank. The spear had since fallen with the wound discharging purulent stuff. The wound was ventro-medially directed with more pus accumulating ventrally without ventral outlet. This was like a pouch. After aspiration to confirm it was indeed pus that had caused ventral swelling; an opening was created ventrally to facilitate drainage. All necrotic tissues were removed and pus drained out. Copious amount of water was used for cleaning the wound applying through and through lavage technique. Water was introduced through the more proximal opening and drained through the ventral opening. Hydrogen peroxide for debridement and iodine for disinfection was also introduced the same way. After making sure the wound was clean, oxytetracycline wound spray was applied topically and green clay packed .She was also given intramuscular injection of 15000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and 4000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Achieved by intravenous administration of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride through superficial ear vein. The elephant woke up after four minutes and walked to join the rest of the group.

Prognosis Good.

14. Treatment Of A Giraffe With Spear Wound, Olare Orok conservancy, 30th March 2015 History This giraffe was seen with a spear sticking out on his upper left flank by Olare Orok Conservancy rangers. They informed the management who called us for assistance.

General observation This giraffe was alone in a sparsely wooded area .No other giraffes were seen nearby and he appeared in great pain. The spear was deeply embedded with ruminal contents seeping from the entry.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by administration of a combination of 12mgs etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs azaperone in a 3ml daninject dart. Darting was done using a vehicle. The drugs took effect after eight minutes and the giraffe brought down with the help of ropes. He was blindfolded and made to lie on his right side for ease of examination. He was reversed immediately with 36mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride delivered intravenously through the jugular vein.

The spear was gently removed. Up to one meter of the spear had entered right into the abdomen with potential damage to vital abdominal organs. It was unfortunate; this giraffe succumbed soon after the spear was removed due to vital organ damage.

MERU MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2015

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JANUARY 2015 Introduction The unit attended to various clinical cases in Meru, Samburu and Laikipia in January 2015 after a short break in December. Species affected included elephants, Grevys’ zebra and white rhinos. Details of these cases are described below.

1.

White Rhino Health Assessment, Solio Ranch, 9th January 2015

History This rhino was reported to have shown dullness, lethargy and showed little movement for the previous five days.

The warden in charge of rhino in Solio ranch requested a health assessment and treatment.

Examination This rhino was found with its mother wallowing in a mud pool near the eastern boundary of the ranch. General examination showed good body condition score. No other external injuries were seen.

No treatment was required and we advised close monitoring of this juvenile rhinos for any changes.

No images available

2.

Treatment Of A Grevys’ Zebra, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, 14th January 2015

History Three free ranging subadult Grevys’ zebra in Ol Pejeta conservancy (OPC) showed progressive loss of body condition and rough hair coat. Wildlife monitoring team in OPC suspected severe helminth infestation and/or tick borne disease infection and recommended immobilization for sample collection and analysis for diagnosis.

Immobilization, examination and treatment One Grevys zebra was darted to collect samples for confirmatory diagnosis and Etorphine Hydrochloride 3mg with Xylazine hydrochloride 40mg in a single 1.5cc DanInject dart was used.

On physical examination, pale mucous membranes, dehydration and emaciation were evident.

Samples collected and analysis A complete cell (CBC) count of EDTA blood showed severe anemia. The fecal sample for helminth egg analysis could not be processed as it had not preserved properly. The zebra was given 7ml 1% Ivermectin subcutaneously and 15ml 20% Oxytetracycline intramuscularly.

Recommendation Further collection of samples and analysis is advised for confirmation of the causative agent and treatment.

3.

Treatment Of An Injured Elephant, Sarara Lodge, Namunyak Conservancy, 20th January 2015

History This elephant was reported sick by tour guides in Sarara lodge who saw it during a routine game drive. It had a dull demeanor and swollen genitalia. It was immobilized for examination and treatment on January 20th.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using Etorphine hydrochloride 20mg in a 3cc DanInject dart with a 2.0 Ă— 60mm needle. He was darted from foot with the dart placed into the left gluteal muscles. Induction time was 15 minutes with the elephant falling onto left lateral recumbency.

Genital examination showed a swollen penis and inflammation of the prepuce. No pus was found on aspiration.

An infected penetrating bullet wound through the hard palate and the dorsal part of the trunk was observed.

The wound was cleaned with water and topical antimicrobial opticlox was applied before administering 20% Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 200ml intramuscularly.

Recovery Diprenophine hydrochloride 60mg was injected into superficial veins in the ear to reverse the effect of anesthetic drug.

Prognosis This elephant has a good prognosis for recovery.

4.

Euthanisia Of An Injured Elephant, IL Ngwesi Conservancy, 21st January 2015

History This elephant was reported to have sustained gunshot injuries to the left forelimb on 20th January. The elephant was in a herd of 10 elephants which had raided a maize farm in Il Ngwesi. Community rangers who responded attempted to drive away the herd but she charged at them prompting them to shoot in self-defense.

The senior warden Isiolo requested veterinary assessment of the elephant which was done on 21st January.

Immobilization, examination and euthanasia The elephant was immobilized with 10mg Etorphine hydrochloride in a 3cc DanInject dart with a 2.0 Ă— 60mm needle. She was darted from foot with the dart placed into the right gluteal muscles. Induction time was 5 minutes with the elephant falling onto left lateral recumbency. She was rolled onto right lateral recumbency for examination.

Manipulation of the left forelimb showed fracture of the humerus with crepitus felt on palpation. Fracture in elephants has a poor prognosis for recovery due to their enormous weight and an inability to fix affected bones.

This elephant was euthanized by a single bullet into the cranium to prevent prolonged suffering. A post mortem showed a comminuted fracture of the humerus and the head of the scapula.

No images available

5.

Treatment Of An Injured Elephant, Lombala ranch, Rumuruti, 24th January 2015

History This injured elephant was reported by Space for Giants (SfG) scouts in Laikipia through the KWS warden in Rumuruti who requested for its treatment as it showed severe lameness and swelling on the right forelimb.

The elephant was immobilized for examination and treatment on 24th January 2015.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using Etorphine hydrochloride 20mg in a 3cc DanInject dart with a 2.0 Ă— 60mm needle. He was darted from foot with the dart placed into the gluteal muscles. Induction time was 9 minutes with the elephant falling onto right lateral recumbency.

Examination showed infected penetrating wounds distal to the left carpal joint with crepitus felt on probing with a forceps suggesting a fracture in the bones of the carpal joint. The right forelimb was swollen distal to the carpal joint with a single penetrating wound. Injuries to this elephant were caused by gunshot.

The wounds were debrided using hydrogen peroxide and application of iodine. 20% Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 300ml was administered intramuscularly. Corticosteroids were given to reduce inflammation.

Recovery Diprenophine hydrochloride 60mg was injected into superficial veins in the ear to reverse the effect of anesthetic drug and the elephant was back on his feet after 2 minutes.

Prognosis Prognosis for recovery is guarded however; the SfG scout will monitor this animal and report back.

6.

Injured Grevys’ Zebra, Lewa wildlife conservancy, 24th January 2015

History An adult male Grevys’ zebra in Lewa wildlife conservancy (LWC) sustained injuries on its rump and hind quarters when it was attacked by a lion. It was seen by tourists during a game drive who requested for its treatment through the LWC wildlife monitoring team.

Immobilization, examination and treatment A combination of Etorphine hydrochloride 7mg and Medetomidine hydrochloride 10mg in a single 1.5cc Daninject dart was used to immobilize the elephant. Darting was acheived from a vehicle with the dart placed into the gluteal muscles. After 3 minutes he fell onto sternal recumbency.

Examination showed deep puncture wounds into the dorsal lumbar muscles. There were also lacerations (upto 30cm in length) both left and right gluteus with loss of skin in some areas. These injuries are consistent with attempted predation.

The wounds were thoroughly scrubbed with clean water to remove foreign bodies and povidone iodine applied.

Redundant tissue was debrided using a scapel blade. Lacerations were sutured using Nylon number 3 simple interrupted pattern. An antibiotic, Betamox trihydrate 4500mg, was injected and an analgesic drug Flunixin Meglumine 1000mg was injected deep intramuscular.

Recovery Anesthesia was reversed after 45 minutes using Naltrexone hydrochloride 150mg and Atipamezole hydrochloride 15mg given intravenously through the jugular vein. Recovery was smooth, however, because of prolonged recumbency the hind legs were numb.

Prognosis Prognosis for recovery is good. A review of this case is recommended after 2 weeks to remove the sutures and clean the wounds.

7.

Treatment Of An Injured White Rhino, Meru national park, rhino sanctuary, 26th January 2015

History The rhino monitoring team in Meru national park reported that this rhino was in a fight with another bull two days earlier. It manifested wounds on various parts of the body and loss of its front horn which was later recovered by rangers on patrol. This rhino was immobilized to assess the extent of injuries and treatment on 26th January.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Darting was done from a helicopter provided by KWS. A combination of Etorphine hydrochloride 6mg and Xylazine hydrochloride 60mg in a single 1.5cc danInject dart was used. The dart was placed into the dorsal lumbar muscles and went down after 6 minutes.

Butorphanol tartate 40mg was also injected intravenously through the ear vein to stabilize the immobilized rhino.

Examination showed lacerations to the carpal joint of the left forelimb and an infected puncture wound on the left ventral flank. There were bruises on the ventral neck area. The rhino’s front horn was amputated from the base causing a benign wound which showed signs of healing.

The wounds were thoroughly washed with water and an antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide was used to remove dead tissue debris and Povidone iodine was applied to disinfect the wounds. Parenteral antimicrobial 20% Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 100ml was injected deep intramuscular as was an anti-inflammatory drug, 5% Flunixin Meglumine 50ml. Green clay was applied to the wounds to aid healing.

Recovery To reverse the effects of anesthesia Naltrexone Hcl 150mg and Atipamezole Hcl 10mg was injected intravenously through superficial ear veins.

Prognosis This animal is expected to make a full recovery although he may be pushed out of his territory by other males due to a lack of horn for self-defense.

No images available

8.

Cutaneous Filiarisis In A White Rhino In Meru National Park, Meru national park, rhino sanctuary, 26th January 2015

History Rangers on patrol in the rhino sanctuary at MNP reported on the 24th January that this White rhino (Bahati) had wounds on the abdominal flank which required treatment. He had been treated 18 months earlier for ulcerative cutaneous filariasis which had recurred.

Immobilization and physical examination Darting was done from a helicopter provided by KWS. A combination of Etorphine hydrochloride 6mg and Xylazine hydrochloride 60mg in a single 1.5cc danInject dart was used. The first dart did not discharge and the 2nd dart was given after 20 minutes. The rhino went down 5 minutes after the 2nd dart.

Butorphanol tartate 40mg was also injected intravenously through the ear vein to stabilize the immobilized rhino.

Examination showed an expansive circular wound 10cm in diameter on the left ventral abdominal flank. Scar tissue formation was seen, lesion seemed to be healing. The dead tissue was debrided by washing with hydrogen peroxide and scrubbing followed by topical application of Iodine. Ivermectin 150mg was then injected subcutaneously as was 20% Alamycin LA 100ml intramuscularly.

Recovery To reverse the effects of anesthesia Naltrexone Hcl 150mg and Atipamezole Hcl 10mg was injected intravenously through superficial ear veins. This animal is expected to make a full recovery within 2 weeks of ivermectin treatment as observed previously in similar cases.

.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2015 Introduction This report describes veterinary interventions carried out by the Meru Mobile Veterinary Unit in February 2015.

Northern Kenya is currently experiencing a drought. Water and pasture resources are scarce.

Therefore, in unprotected areas wildlife and livestock congregate in the few dry season grazing areas where they compete for resources. As a result we have cases involving elephants with human inflicted injuries.

1.

Treatment Of A Zebra Attacked By Predators, Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, 5th February 2015

History This pregnant female grevys’ zebra was reported to have suffered injuries following a lion attack on 26/1/2015.

The research team in LWC requested treatment of its infected wounds. The animal was immobilized for treatment on 5/2/2015.

Immobilization, examination and treatment A combination of 7mg Etorphine hydrochloride and 10mg Medetomidine hydrochloride in a single 1.5cc Daninject dart from a vehicle was used to immobilize the zebra. The dart was placed into the gluteal muscles and after 3 minutes she fell onto sternal recumbency.

Examination showed deep puncture wounds into the dorsal lumbar muscles. There were also lacerations (up to 30cm in length) on both the left and right gluteus with loss of skin in some areas. These injuries are consistent with attempted predation.

The wounds were thoroughly scrubbed with clean water to remove foreign bodies and Povidone iodine applied.

Redundant tissue was debrided using a scalpel blade. An antibiotic, 4500mg Betamox Trihydrate, and an analgesic drug, 100mg Flunixin Meglumine, were injected intramuscularly.

Reversal To reverse the effect of the anesthetic a combination of 12mg Diprenophine Hydrochloride and 40mg Atipamezole Hydrochloride were injected intravenously through the jugular vein. Recovery from anesthesia was smooth.

Prognosis This grevys’ zebra is expected to make a complete recovery in the coming days.

2.

Treatment Of An Injured Elephant, Samburu National Reserve, 6th February 2015

History This elephant in SNR was reported to have a swollen left hind leg and lameness by the Save the Elephants (STE) research team. They requested an examination of the elephant to determine the cause of lameness.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized with 16mg Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc Dan Inject dart with from a vehicle.

The dart was placed into the left gluteal muscles and within 6 minutes the elephant fell onto right lateral recumbency.

Examination showed a swollen hock joint but no other external injuries were seen. The most likely diagnosis is that the lameness was caused by straining of joint ligaments due to trauma.

For treatment an anti-inflammatory drug, 100ml 5% Flunixin meglumine and the antibiotic, 200ml Betamox Trihydrate were administered.

Reversal To reverse the effect of anesthesia 48mg Diprenophine Hydrochloride was injected intravenously through superficial veins on the ear pinna. Recovery was smooth and she was reunited with the rest of the herd.

Prognosis Injuries were not severe therefore this animal is expected to recover completely in a few days.

No images available

3.

Treatment Of A Snared Elephant Calf, Ngorare ranch, Rumuruti, 8th February 2015

History This snared elephant was reported by the Ngorare ranch manager who requested for its treatment through the KWS warden at Eland Downs.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This snared elephant was in a herd of 30 elephants who seemed agitated when approached by the vehicle due to the presence of many calves. Its mother was first darted after a brief chase so the calf could be manually restrained with ropes for treatment. Its right forelimb had a tight wire snare which had cut through the skin causing a deep wound. The foot was swollen and wound severely infected.

The snare was manually removed and the wounds were thoroughly cleaned and Hydrogen Peroxide applied to remove necrotic tissue. Iodine wash and green clay were applied before antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were administered by intramuscular injection.

Reversal The mother elephant was then revived but they did not rejoin immediately. The baby was restrained again and placed in a pick-up van and reunited with the mother and the rest of the herd.

Prognosis We are hopeful that this baby will recover fully.

4.

Treatment of a White Rhino with Chronic Illness, Solio Ranch, 14th February 2015

History The rhino was first reported and examined on 9th January. The warden in charge of rhino at Solio ranch reported that the rhino showed progressive emaciation, lethargy and had shown no improvement in the past month.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The rhino was immobilized using a combination of 1mg Etorphine Hydrochloride and 20mg Xylazine Hydrochloride in a single 1.5cc Dan-Inject dart from a vehicle. The dart was inserted into the gluteal muscles and the rhino was recumbent after 4 minutes with its mother guarding close by. The mother was pushed away using a vehicle and the calf quickly given 40mg Butorphanol Tartate intravenously to improve respiration.

Examination showed a stiff gait, deteriorating body condition and pale mucous membranes. There were no visible external injuries. The young rhino was given 30ml 20% Oxytetracycline intramuscularly and 10ml 1% Ivermectin subcutaneously. The dart wounds were treated with opticlox ointment.

Reversal To reverse the effects of anesthesia 50mg Naltrexone with 5mg Antisedan were administered intravenously. This rhino was soon reunited with its mother.

Prognosis Prognosis for recovery is guarded due to the chronic nature of this illness. Infection with a tick borne disease was suspected, however, internal organ injury due to trauma may also present similar signs of disease.

Images not available

5.

Collar Adjustment On A Lioness, Lewa Wildlife Conservancy (LWC), 16th February 2015

History This lioness was seen in a pride of eight individuals consisting of two adult females and two sub-adults with four cubs. LWC scientists reported that this lioness had a tight fitting collar which required adjustment. The collar though active and transmitting data was fitted two years earlier when she was smaller and now needed adjustment to prevent strangling this animal.

Immobilization, examination and readjustment The lioness was immobilized with a combination of 400mg 10% Ketamine Hydrochloride and 10mg 4% Medetomidine hydrochloride delivered in a 3cc Dan-Inject dart to the gluteal muscles. The lioness went down within 5 minutes and the rest of the pride were moved away by a vehicle. They only moved a short distance and watched keenly while the veterinary team fitted the collar.

Examination showed hyperemia around the neck caused by a tight fitting collar. The collar was removed and fitted with a longer strap. The collar is expected to provide useful information for monitoring the pride’s movement to mitigate human wildlife conflict around the Conservancy.

Reversal The effect of Medetomidine Hydrochloride was reversed by injecting 40mg Antisedan intramuscularly after 1 hour from the time of darting. This was required to allow the effect of the Ketamine Hcl to wear out. The lioness was up standing after 30 minutes.

6.

Postmortem Of An Elephant, Lewa Wildlife Conservancy (LWC), 18th February 2015

History This elephant was reported to have been recumbent for the previous 24 hours in a village in Nadungoru along Ngare Ndare forest. It was reported to have been euthanized to relieve prolonged suffering but an autopsy was required to rule out human inflicted injuries.

When the team arrived at the scene on the 18th February the carcass had been cut by members of the local community who carried away chunks of meat. The right hind leg and viscera were missing.

An examination of other organs did not reveal the cause of recumbency.

Images not available

7.

Desnaring a Hyena, Meru National Park, Rhino Sanctuary (MNP), 20th February 2015

History This emaciated hyena was found by MNP rangers on patrol with a strangling snare around the neck. The rangers requested emergency veterinary intervention because the hyena was recumbent and showed difficulty breathing.

Despite immediate response from the Veterinary Team the hyena died a few minutes later. It had a tight wire snare around the neck which had cut through skin and was embedded in the skeletal muscle tissue causing deep wounds, esophageal and tracheal stenosis with subsequent dysphagia and asphyxiation.

Ongoing efforts by DSWT/KWS anti-poaching teams to remove snares in wildlife habitats within Meru conservation area is expected to reduce such cases of injuries caused by snares in wildlife.

Images not available

8.

Elephant autopsy, Bisinadi National Reserve, 24th February 2015

History This elephant carcass was reported by KWS rangers on patrol, through their company commander in Meru NP, who requested for a post mortem to determine the cause of death.

An autopsy was done at the scene following standard pathological procedures.

General Examination This elephant had a rudimentary left tusk; the right tusk was retrieved for safe keeping by the company commander.

Carcass was found on right lateral recumbency with little evidence of struggle at the scene. Carcass inspection revealed old scars on the skin dorsally along the thoracic vertebrae. No other injuries were seen.

On flaying the carcass there were subcutaneous bruises on dorsal and ventral abdomen which may have been self-inflicted. There were areas of severe congestion on the muscles of ventral abdomen. In the abdominal cavity, there were parts of the small intestines which were adherent to the omentum and the abdominal wall.

Congestion was observed on the peritoneal blood vessels with hemorrhages on visceral surfaces of the gut.

Conclusion Peritonitis secondary to abdominal trauma Images not available

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2015 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in March 2015. Drought experienced in the northern Kenya region has caused serious water and pasture resource scarcity.

Many cases reported here is a result of human elephant conflict associated with livestock movement into wildlife conservation areas. We also report about ear notching of a white rhino conservancy to enhance rhino monitoring in Lewa and a disease investigation carried out in Grevys’ zebra at Ol Pejeta conservancy.

1.

Treatment of an elephant with a bullet wound, Suyian Conservancy, 12th March 2015

History Wildlife scouts from a lodge in Suyian Conservancy reported that this female elephant had shown severe lameness in the previous 4 days. The right forelimb was swollen with a wound to the lower extremity.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was located alone near a stream in Suyian and was immobilized using 16mg Etorphine hydrochloride in a 3cc Dan-Inject dart from foot. The elephant went down in 9 minutes. An assessment showed a penetrating wound laterally into the right carpal joint caused by a bullet. The wound was severely infected spreading into the joint causing arthritis.

The wound was lavaged with Hydrogen peroxide and infusion of iodine and antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug injection given.

Prognosis Prognosis for recovery is guarded due to spread of infection to the joint.

2.

Treatment of two grevy’s zebra, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, 13th March 2015

History Two Grevys zebra in Ol Pejeta conservancy (OPC) showed progressive loss of body condition and rough hair coat.

The Conservancy recorded mortalities in GZ in January where predominant findings at postmortem included pale mucus membranes, gelatinous fat, complete lack of subcutaneous fat, full stomach and intestines and worms, predominantly Cyathostomes, large Strongyles and tapeworms (Acanthocephala sp).

Animal 1: Immobilization, examination and treatment The male, approximately 24 months ol,d was anesthetized using a combination of Etorphine and Medetomidine.

The drug took a long time to take effect and the zebra had to be re-darted after observing that the first dart may have not discharged. The male zebra had a heavy tick infestation, a rough hair coat and slightly sunken eyes.

He was given Ivermectin subcutaneous injection and Oxytetracycline intramuscularly. Whole blood and serum blood samples were collected and submitted to the laboratory for analysis.

Reversal The anesthesia was reversed using a combination of Diprenorphine and Atipamazole. However, the zebra could not stand on his feet. He was given lactated ringer’s solution intravenously but later succumbed at night.

Postmortem Findings • Slightly pale mucus membrane, tick infestation and the animal had a full stomach.

• There were many small and large strongyles and tapeworms.

• The animal had gelatinous fat and the heart lacked the epicardial fat deposit.

Animal 2: Immobilization, examination and treatment The adult female was anesthetized using a combination of Etorphine and Xylazine Hcl, This zebra had a moderate tick infestation. She was in the first trimester of pregnancy with a fair body condition but a rough hair coat. She was given Ivermectin subcutaneous injection.

Complete blood analysis showed abnormal leukocyte distribution with atypical lymphocytosis, anisocytosis, microcytosis and anemia.

Reversal The anesthesia was reversed using a combination of Diprenorphine and Atipamazole. She could not get up and stand despite several attempted efforts and later succumbed after hitting her head on the ground.

Postmortem Findings • • • • • •

Tick infestation on the neck, ears and perineum.

Pale mucus membranes and presence of gelatinous fat in various parts; the animal had petechial streaks on the surface of the heart.

There was some foam at the bronchial bifurcation with an increased amount of exudation from the lungs.

The lung tissue was bloody.

The animal had a 2-3 months old fetus.

There were strongyles in the stomach lumen.

Conclusion Both animals had significant tick infestation and a heavy gastrointestinal parasitism. These factors combined with the current lack of quality pasture in the enclosure exacerbate the demand on the animal body.

Capture is a stressor and may have contributed disproportionately to the animals’ lack of energy after reversal of anesthesia and subsequent inability to regain a standing position. The hematology results in both animals point to normocytic anemia. It must be noted that anisocytosis may be deficiency induced, as is microcytosis which is normally associated with iron deficiency. The combination of low albumin and high alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transferase may be due to dehydration or disease and should be investigated further.

Images unavailable

3.

Treatment and euthanasia of an elephant, Ol Donyo Nyiro, 16th March 2015

History This young elephant was reported to have shown severe lameness affecting the left hind limb. Scouts from the Samburu Trust saw the elephant on 15th March and requested for Veterinary assessment through the KWS outpost in Oldonyo Nyiro. It was in a herd of 26 elephants and its mother had a 1 month old baby.

Immobilization and examination This elephant was immobilized with 3mg Etorphine hydrochloride in a 1.5cc Dan-Inject dart from a helicopter provided by the Samburu Trust.

An assessment showed swollen thigh muscles of the left hind leg. Manipulation of the femur revealed crepitus and a fracture line. Fractures in elephants have a poor prognosis for recovery, therefore, euthanasia was recommended to relieve pain suffering by this young elephant.

Images unavailable

4.

Treatment of an elephant with a spear wound, Leparua Conservancy, 17th March 2015

History Community scouts reported that this elephant had shown little movement in the previous three days. It had a wound which discharged pus on the shoulder and had been left behind by its herd. The scouts requested urgent veterinary treatment.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was immobilized using 16mg Etorphine hydrochloride in a 3cc Dan-Inject dart from a vehicle. The dart was placed into the left gluteal muscles and induction time was 5 minutes with the elephant falling onto right lateral recumbency.

Examination showed a spear wound posterior to the right shoulder bone. Probing showed copious amount of pus in the wound. The wound was thorough washed with Hydrogen peroxide and Povidone iodine applied. Betamox trihydrate 200ml was injected deep intramuscularly and green clay applied to the wound to hasten healing.

Reversal To reverse the effect of anesthesia 48mg Diprenophine hydrochloride was injected intravenously through superficial veins on the ear pinna. Recovery was smooth and she was reunited with the rest of the herd.

Prognosis This animal is expected to make a complete recovery in the coming days.

5.

Ear notching of white rhino, Lewa Wildlife Conservancy (LWC), 24th March 2015

History Ear notching is one of the key tools in rhino monitoring which aids positive identification of individual rhinos by all observers. On 24th March, Mobile Veterinary units in Meru and Lewa collaborated to ear notch one white rhino in LWC.

Immobilization and ear notching The white rhino candidate was identified by the rhino monitoring unit in LWC in an open plain which enabled the team to dart the animal from foot. The animal went down in 5 minutes, after which it was blind folded, positioned on sternal recumbency and vital parameters such as rate of respiration recorded.

An appropriate pattern was drawn on each of the two ears and excised using surgical blades. Hemorrhage was controlled using hemostatic forceps and by applying pressure using gauze swabs. Ear notch wounds were liberally sprayed with Oxytetracycline Hcl. Reversal Anesthesia was reversed by intravenous administration of 150mg 5% Naltrexone Hcl. Recovery was smooth and this rhino soon joined its companions.

6.

Treatment of an elephant with a spear wound, Lekuruki conservancy, 25th March 2015

History Rangers from NRT in Lekuruki conservancy reported an elephant which showed lethargy, severe emaciation and an infected wound on its abdominal flank. This female elephant which had an 18 month old male calf was in a herd of 20 elephants near Tassia lodge.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This elephant was darted with 16mg Etorphine hydrochloride 16mg in a 3cc Dan-Inject dart from foot. She was down after 6 minutes after which the calf was chased away.

Examination showed a spear wound on the right flank penetrating into abdominal cavity which on probing with a forceps showed a pus sinus. The wound was thoroughly washed with water, antiseptic and povidone iodine.

Betamox trihydrate 200ml was injected intramuscularly and multivitamin injection was also administered.

Reversal To reverse the effect of anesthesia 48mg Diprenophine hydrochloride was injected intravenously through superficial veins on the ear pinna. Recovery was smooth and she was reunited with the rest of the herd.

Prognosis This case has a poor prognosis due to its chronic course and severe emaciation.

Additional cases attended by the Meru Mobile Veterinary Unit during March 2015 include the following:

1.

INJURED GIRAFFE, 9th March, Meru National Park A giraffe showing lameness and a swollen limb in Meru NP was reported. A search for it for treatment was unsuccessful

2.

INJURED ELEPHANT, 10th March, Sosian The vet unit attended to an injured elephant in Sosian ranch

3.

WHITE RHINO AUTOPSIES, 14th March, Ol Jogi: Necropsy examination of two white rhino carcasses was carried out in Ol Jogi ranch

4.

COLOBUS MONKEY RESCUE, 15th March, Ngaya Forest A colobus monkey was rescued from trouble from a village near Ngaya forest

5.

PREDATOR RELOCATION, 16th March, Meru NP A wild carnivore was reported to be causing livestock depredation in the community bordering the park and was captured using traps and relocated to the park

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2014

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JANUARY 2015 Introduction The month of January remained generally calm with few cases requiring clinical attention. The unit also covered the Tsavo west region during this month since the TCA-MVU was away for some period.

However the Southern Conservation Mobile Veterinary Unit-Amboseli remained vigilant on monitoring, surveillance, disease investigation and promptly attended to the cases that required clinical intervention. Follow up of previously treated cases was also done and it was evident that success had been achieved.

1.

Treatment of injured elephant at Masimba (Chyulu National Park) , 12TH January 2015

History The KWS pilot reported a case of an injured elephant to the S.C.M.V.U based at Amboseli. The veterinary team attended to the case. On arrival, the elephant was in a bush but relatively easy to dart using the helicopter.

Immobilization The elephant was immobilized using 18 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting was done using the Dan Inject system and was done from a helicopter. The elephant went down on lateral recumbence after 16 minutes. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The temperature was high hence plenty of water was doused on the elephant to keep the body temperatures low. The ears were used as blindfold.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the elephant had a penetrating wound on the left forelimb. The wound was septic, had maggots and lots of necrotic tissue. The wound had been caused by an arrow head that had fallen off. The wound was then thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide.

It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Betamox L.A, 2 vials Dalacin and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 30 minutes.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (54mgs) into the ear vein was used. It took about 5 minutes to be fully awake from anaesthesia.

2.

Treatment of injured elephant at Ithumba, 13th January 2015

History The DSWT pilot at Ithumba reported to have spotted a male elephant with a snare on the right fore limb. The veterinary team had to locate and assess the elephant from the helicopter and a light wing aircraft since the vegetation was thick. Plans were made on how to immobilize and de-snare the elephant. The elephant was in a thick bush thicket but relatively easy to dart using the helicopter. The elephant was pushed to a relatively open ground for darting.

Immobilization Etorphine Hcl (0.98%) (M99速) (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Ltd) 18mg topped up with water for injection in a 3 ml dan - inject dart was prepared. Darting was carried out using the Dan Inject system and was relatively easy from a helicopter despite the thick vegetation. The elephant went down on lateral recumbence after 10 minutes. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The temperature was high hence plenty of water was doused on the elephant to keep the body temperatures low. The ears were used as blindfold.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the elephant had a snare on the right fore limb. Using a wire cutter, the approx. 1 week old winch (snare) was cut and removed. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Betamox L.A, 1200 mg and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 10 minutes.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (60mgs) into the ear vein was used. It took about 5 minutes to be fully awake from anaesthesia.

Prognosis Good

3.

Treatment of injured elephant at Komboyo (Tsavo West National Park), 17th January 2015

History The DSWT pilot reported a case of an injured elephants to the S.C.M.V.U based at the Amboseli. Plans had been made earlier to have the DSWT helicopter on sight for easy sighting and darting. On arrival, the elephant was in a bush but relatively easy to dart using the helicopter after sighting from a light aircraft.

Immobilization The elephant was immobilized using 18 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting was done using the Dan Inject system and was done from a helicopter. The elephant went down on lateral recumbence after 24 minutes. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The temperature was high hence plenty of water was doused on the elephant to keep the body temperatures low. The ears were used as blindfold.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the elephant had an approximately 5 cm long wound (1 month old) on the left lower flank region. The wound was septic and had necrotic tissue. An incision was made distal to the wound where there was a pus pocket to allow access and drainage of pus from the wound. The wound had been caused by an arrow head. The arrow head was removed and about 0.8 kg of necrotic tissue was debrided. The wound was then thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Betamox L.A and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 40 minutes.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (54mgs) into the ear vein was used. It took about 8 minutes to be fully awake from anaesthesia.

4.

Animal Control, 15th January 2015

History This month the southern conservation area showed a marked increase in human-animal conflict. This could be attributed to the decreased precipitation within the ecosystem. The problem animal control was done in Chyulu (Masimba area) and Amboseli ecosystem (Kimana area.)

The animal control was done by use of helicopter, siren and Land cruisers to push away the elephants from the homesteads. The elephants were pushed about 10 km away from the various areas of concern.

5.

Zebra cases at Amboseli National park, 27th January 2015

History Two male injured zebras were spotted by the veterinary team while on routine patrol. The veterinary team immediately made a decision to immobilize, examine and the zebras.

Immobilization The zebras were immobilized using 7 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride and 60 mg azerperone in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection.

Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 5 and 12 minutes respectively and fell on lateral recumbence. The darting and treatment was done each at a time. The zebras was blind folded and opticlox applied to the eyes to avoid damage.

Examination Zebra 1.

On physical examination the zebra had a deep and long cut on the left forelimb around the hock region which could have been caused by an attack by a predator.

The wound was septic, about 15 cm long and had gaped.

Zebra 2.

The male also had a injury on the right fore limb.

Both zebras had a high degree of lameness all suspected to have been predator associated injuries.

Treatment The wounds were thoroughly cleaned using clean water, hydrogen peroxide and normal saline for rinsing. The dead tissue was debrided and removed. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied onto the wounds to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The zebras were then injected with 50 ml Betamox L.A and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 and 35 minutes respectively.

Reversal; Reversal of immobilization was done using 18 mg diprenorphine HCL and took about 3 and 4 minutes respectively for complete reversal.

Prognosis The prognosis is good.

6.

Treatment of injured elephant at Satao (Amboseli ecosystem), 28th January 2015

History Biglife rangers reported a case of a lame elephant in Satao area. The veterinary team attended to the case and made a decision to dart, examine and treat the elephant.

Immobilization The elephant was immobilized using 18 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting was done using the Dan Inject system and on foot darting. The first dart failed o discharge the narcotic and hence a second dart had to be loaded. The elephant went down on lateral recumbence after 8 minutes on using the second dart. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The temperature was high hence plenty of water was doused on the elephant to keep the body temperatures low. The ears were used as blindfold.

Examination, treatment and retreatment On physical examination the elephant had an approximately 4 cm long wound (1-2 weeks old) on the hind left limb. It was a penetrating wound from the outer to the inner thigh. The wound was septic and had necrotic tissue.

The wound is likely to have been caused by a spear which had come off with time. The dead tissue was debrided and removed.

The wound was then thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Betamox L.A, 2 vials Dalacin and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 45 minutes.

Retreatment: The elephant was kept under monitoring and retreatment was done after 2 weeks. Treatment was done as had been prior using drugs and dosage as in the previous time.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (54mgs) into the ear vein was used. It took about 10 minutes to be fully awake from anaesthesia.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2015 Introduction During the month of February, the Southern Conservation Area Mobile Veterinary Unit performed normal routine patrols for monitoring and surveillance. During the exercise, the team embarked on: •

Distribution of wildlife within the ecosystem

•

Check for injured/sick animal within the ecosystem.

•

Check for any unnoticed carcasses within the park and its surrounding ecosystem

•

Check for any unusual incidents or activities within the park and ecosystem.

•

Monitoring of previously treated animals.

1.

Rescue of an elephant from a waterhole, Makindu (Chyulu Hills), 7th February 2015

History News reached the Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit of a male elephant that had been reportedly stuck in a water hole in Makindu area for 8 hours. The veterinary team attended to the case and on assessing made a decision not to dart the elephant before the rescue due to the depth of the water hole.

A construction digger was made available thanks to a nearby Chinese construction company, which was used to dig an access path out of the waterhole for the elephant. The whole operation took about four hours and when the path was made, the elephant walked out of the water hole, tired and relieved, and returned to the bushes.

Prognosis Good

2.

Wildlife Mortality Investigation, Kimana Sanctuary (Amboseli Ecosystem), 13th February 2015

History The Mobile Vet Unit responded to a case of unusual wildlife mortality, where 2 Egyptian Geese and a Plains Zebra had died in the same area.

Investigation and Sample Collection The three mortalities had occurred within the period of one week. The carcasses indicated that animals were in good body condition (4 out of 5) prior to death, but showed signs of heavy poisoning. Samples were collected from nearby water sources and were also taken from the kidneys, liver and intestinal tract. The samples have been set to the laboratory for further analysis.

3.

Treatment of an injured bull elephant, Oldare (Amboseli), 16th February 2015

History KWS rangers spotted a lame elephant within the Amboseli ecosystem and reported the case to the Mobile Vet Unit. The team attended to the case and decided to immobilize the elephant for examination and further treatment.

Immobilization Examination and Treatment The elephant was immobilized using 18mg Etorphine Hydrochloride using a 3 ml Dan Inject dart, which was administered from foot. The first dart failed to discharge, so a second dart was used and the elephant went down on its side after 45 minutes. Due to the high ambient temperature, the elephant was doused with water to keep him cool. The elephant’s trunk was kept open by use of a stick placed across his nostril entrances and his ears were used as a blindfold.

On physical examination the elephant was found to have a penetrating wound (1-2 weeks old) to his left hind limb. The wound was septic and contained necrotic tissue. The wound was likely to have been caused by a spear, which had fallen out over time.

The dead tissue was debrided and removed. The wound was thoroughly cleaned using clean water and Hydrogen Peroxide and then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. Finally, the elephant was injected with 100 ml Amoxicillan, 1200 mg Clindamycin and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 25 minutes.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administering 60 mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride into the ear vein. It took about 8 minutes to be fully awake from anaesthesia.

Prognosis The elephant was retreated after 2 weeks using the same procedure, by which point he had moved to Satao. He exhibiting signs of improvement and looked to be on his way to recovery. However, his prognosis is still guarded.

4.

Treatment of an injured bull elephant, Tsavo West National Park, Tsavo River, 17th February 2015

History An elephant with a swollen right forelimb was spotted in the vicinity of the Tsavo River by the DSWT pilot and reported the case of the Mobile Vet Unit. The team attended to the elephant and decided to dart him for examination and treatment.

Immobilization Examination and Treatment The elephant was immobilized using 17 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 2 ml Dan Inject dart which was administered from a helicopter. Full immobilization took place after 8 minutes and he fell on his side. The elephant’s trunk was open using a piece of stick which was placed across the nostril entrances and his ears were used as blindfold.

Water was doused on the elephant to cool him down due to the high ambient temperature. On physical examination the elephant was found to have an infected wound on the right forelimb. The injury could have been as a result of a gunshot wound. On palpation no crepitation could be felt so the team decided to go ahead and treat the elephant and confirmation the diagnosis in a few days. The dead tissue was debrided and the wound thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. The bull was injected with 100 ml Oxytetracycline, 3 vials Clindamycin and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. Finally, topical antibiotic ointment and grey clay was then applied on the wound to facilitate healing. The operation lasted 30 minutes.

Reversal Reversal was achieved using 54 mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride, which was injected into the ear vein. The elephant was awake after 6 minutes.

Prognosis The elephant was retreated one week after his initial treatment. During this time, the male elephant had grown extremely weak, had shown no signs of improvement, and had barely moved 100 meters from the point of last treatment. A decision to euthanize the elephant was made, but before it could be done and due to his poor physical condition the elephant died while under anesthesia. The tusks were removed and handed over to KWS for safe custody.

5.

Rescue of a Zebra Foal, Amboseli, 21st February 2015

History A young zebra was reported to be abandoned in Amboseli by the KWS Rangers. The mother had died as a result of a suspected poisoning. A decision was made to capture him and relocate him to the KWS Nairobi animal orphanage.

Immobilization Examination and Treatment Due to the age of the foal, the decision was made to physically restrain the animal rather than dart him. The foal was loaded onto a Land Cruiser and relocated to the KWS Nairobi animal orphanage.

Prognosis The zebra is in good health and chances of survival are high.

6.

Rescue of a zebra foal, Amboseli, 22nd February 2015

History A second zebra in as many days was reported abandoned by Amboseli rangers. Efforts were made to reunite it with its mother, but these proved futile. The decision was made to capture the animal Immobilization Examination and Treatment Due to the age of the foal, it was decided that the foal should be physically restrained rather than darted. Once captured, the foal was relocated, using a Land Cruiser, to the DSWT Voi Stockade to be cared for.

Prognosis The zebra has a good chance of survival.

7.

Treatment of a Bull Elephant, Satao, Tsavo East, 23rd February 2015

History While on their routine patrol of the Satao area, the Tsavo East rangers spotted an injured elephant. The reported the incident to the Mobile Vet Unit and the team immediately responded to the case. DSWT provided aerial support to locate the elephant. On arrival, the elephant was found in open ground and was darted from a vehicle for closer examination and treatment.

Immobilization Examination and Treatment The elephant was immobilized using 18 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart topped up using water for injection. Darting was done from a vehicle was using the Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 14 minutes and he fell on his left side. However, in order to access the wound, he had to be flipped with the help of two Land Cruisers. His trunk was kept open using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances and his ears were used as blindfold.

Upon examination the elephant had a penetrating wound to his left flank region. The wound was septic, contained pus and had plenty of necrotic tissue. The wound is likely to have been caused by an arrow, which had fallen out over time. The dead tissue was debrided and removed. The wound was then thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide before being lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Lastly, topical antibiotic cream and green clay was applied into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml Amoxicillin and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 30 minutes.

Reversal Reversal was achieved using 54 mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride administered into the ear vein. It took about 7 minutes for the elephant to wake fully from the anesthesia.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

8.

Treatment of an injured buffalo, Ngulia, Tsavo West, 24th February 2015

History An adult female buffalo that was exhibiting obvious lameness was spotted by KWS rangers. The mobile veterinary unit attended to the case and decided to immobilize the buffalo for examination, though no physical injury could be observed.

Immobilization Examination and Treatment The buffalo was immobilization was achieved from a vehicle using 12 mgs Etophorine Hydrochloride and 30 mgs Azerperone in a 3ml Dan Inject dart. Immobilization took 14 minutes.

On physical examination the buffalo was found to have a swollen left for limb, but no other physical injury could be observed, leading to a suggestion that she could have suffered from a predator attack. The buffalo was injected with 50 ml Amoxicillin and 50 ml Flunixin Meglumine at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 20 minutes.

Reversal The buffalo was revived using 36 mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride given both intravenously and intramuscularly.

Recovery from anesthesia was quick and the buffalo stood up and walked away after about 5 minutes.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2015 Introduction This month the Southern Conservation Area showed a marked increase in the number of cases being reported to the Mobile Veterinary Unit. This has been attributed to the dry weather in the region, which has resulted in more interaction between wildlife, livestock and humans and an escalation in conflict.

During the month, a combined team of the Kenya Wildlife Service Veterinary and Capture Unit and the Mobile Veterinary Unit undertook the translocation of 8 bull elephants from Engaronij area in Kajiado County to the Aberdare National Park and Amboseli National Park. These translocations were carried out in order to mitigate and reduce incidents of human-wildlife conflict.

1.

Snared elephant, Taita Ranch Salt Lick, 3rd March 2015

History The DSWT/KWS anti-poaching team reported an elephant near Taita Hills Lodge with a snare around its neck. The DSWT helicopter picked up Dr Njoroge and took him and his assistant to Sarova Taita Hills Game Lodge airstrip to meet up with the DSWT team, which was monitoring the elephant.

Treatment Dr Njoroge quickly prepared a dart and all the rest of the equipment was loaded into the vehicles. The elephant was in a group of about 15 elephants which were very nervous of the helicopter and wanted to stay under the big trees in the valley below the lodge. Dr Njoroge darted the elephant with a well-aimed shot. A lion dashed out of the undergrowth right in front of the vehicles, this was followed shortly afterward by a startled leopard. As the elephant herd headed in a line out onto the plains, one reached up with its trunk and removed the dart from the young elephant ahead of it.

Fortunately this happened after the dart had discharged the drug, and the snared elephant fell 5 minutes later.

It was necessary for both the helicopter and the DSWT vehicle to force the mother to leave the darted elephant, which had fallen with its leg on top of its trunk. Once the mother was clear the teams quickly used the vet's wire cutters to remove the snare. The helicopter then quickly dropped the vet at the site before lifting up again to keep the mother away.

Prognosis Once the operation was complete and the young elephant was on its feet again it re-joined its mother and the herd with a full chance of recovery Images unavailable

2.

Rescue of zebra foal, Oloile (Amboseli), 5th March 2015

History A female zebra foal was reported abandoned in Oloile, Amboseli ecosystem by rangers. Efforts were made to reunite with its mother but after 2 days these efforts proved futile and the decision was taken to rescue the foal.

Immobilisation and capture Due to the age of the foal, the decision was made to restrain the foal physically rather than immobilizing her by darting. Once captured the foal was relocated to the DSWT stockade at Voi for further nurturing and care.

3.

Euthanasia of an Injured elephant, Savora Lodge, Taita Ranch, 7th March 2015

History This bull elephant was attended with the assistance of the DSWT aerial unit who located him near Taita Salt Lick.

The DSWT Super Cub was dispatched to Amboseli to pick up the KWS/DSWT vet working for the KWS/DSWT Amboseli Mobile Veterinary Unit Dr. Njoroge.

In the meantime a DSWT/KWS anti-poaching team monitored the elephant on the ground. Once the bull had been darted, closer inspection revealed a severe fracture, caused by a bullet to the front, left leg. KWS Veterinary Officer Dr. Njoroge estimated that the injury occurred two days prior. Unfortunately, due to the severity of the wound, Dr. Njoroge made the decision to euthanize the bull.

Images unavailable

4.

Another rescue of a zebra, Namelok (Amboseli), 18th March 2015

History A young female zebra was reported to be stuck in a dried well in Namelok area. The young zebra had been stuck for about 6 hours down the deep hole. The Mobile Vet Unit was alerted and attended the scene.

Immobilisation and rescue After assessing the situation, the Mobile Vet Unit decided not to dart the zebra for retrieval due to the depth of the hole. Instead ropes were lowered down into the empty hole and placed securely around the foal’s flank and she was raised out of the water hole. After being assessed by the Vet Unit for any injuries she was released back into the bush.

5.

Treatment of injured elephant, Chyulu Hills, 19th March 2015

History Big life rangers patrolling in the Chyulu Hills spotted a bull elephant with a suspected arrow injury to the top of his trunk. The rangers reported the case to the Mobile Veterinary Team who attended the case. Due to the thickness of the vegetation in the area where the bull had first been spotted, the Vet Team had to use a helicopter to locate and assess the elephant. Once located, plans were made to immobilize, examine and treat the elephant.

Despite the thick bush, the elephant was relatively easy to dart from the helicopter after being pushed to slightly more open ground.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The bull elephant was immobilized using 18mg Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3ml Dan Inject dart administered from a helicopter. The elephant went down on his side after about 15 minutes. The trunk was kept open using a piece of stick placed across the nostrils and the ears were used as blindfolds. Due to the high ambient temperature, the bull was doused with water to keep him cool.

Upon closer examination, the elephant was found to have an approximately 1-2 week old 14 inch deep wound to his trunk, which was believed to have been caused by a bullet and not an arrow as originally reported. The wound was septic and contained necrotic tissue. The dead tissue was debrided and removed and the wound was thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. The wound was then lavaged using Tincture of Iodine.

Topical antibiotic cream and green clay were applied into the wound to facilitate healing and to avoid infection.

The elephant was injected with 100ml Amoxicillan, 1200mg Clindamycin and 100ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 30 minutes.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administering 60mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride into the ear vein. It took about 6 minutes for the elephant to come round fully from the anaesthetic.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

6.

Treatment of injured elephant, Komboyo (Tsavo West National Park), 21st March 2015

History While on a routine patrol, the DSWT pilot spotted an injured elephant. They reported the incident to the Mobile Veterinary Unit who immediately made plans to attend to the case. The elephant was located in thick bush and the terrain was rocky, so darting from a helicopter was considered the best option. The DSWT provided a helicopter for the exercise.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using 18mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3ml dart. Darting was done using the Dan Inject system from a helicopter. Full immobilization took place after 15 minutes and the elephant fell on his side. His trunk was kept open using a stick placed across the nostril entrances and his ears were used as blindfolds.

Due to the high temperatures in Tsavo, water was doused onto his head and ears to keep him cool.

Upon physical examination, the elephant was found to have a penetrating wound to his right flank. The wound was septic and contained pus. The wound was thought to have been caused by an arrow. The dead tissue was debrided, the wound was drained of about 3 litres of pus and an arrow head was removed from the wound. The wound was then thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide and lavaged using Tincture of Iodine.

Topical antibiotic cream and green clay were packed into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection.

Finally the elephant was injected with 200ml Oxytetracycline and 100ml Flunixine Meglumine at different sites intramuscularly. The operation lasted about 40 minutes.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administration of 54mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride into the ear vein. It took about 6 minutes for the elephant to awaken fully from the anaesthetic and walk away from the site Prognosis Prognosis is good

7.

Treatment of an injured zebra, Amboseli National Park, 22nd March 2015

History A young zebra with an obvious injury was spotted by the Mobile Veterinary Team while on routine patrol. The Vet Team immediately made the decision to immobilize and examine the zebra.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The zebra was immobilized using 3 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride and 20 mgs Azerperone in a 2ml dart. Darting was done from a vehicle using the Dan Inject system. Full immobilization took place after 5 minutes and he fell on his side. The zebra was blindfolded and opticlox was applied to the eyes to avoid damage.

Upon physical examination, the zebra was found to have a swelling and a septic injury to the left humeral joint, which could have been caused by an attack from a predator.

The wounds were thoroughly cleaned during clean water and Hydrogen Peroxide, and rinsed using saline solution.

Dead tissue was debrided and the wounds were lavaged using Tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay were applied onto the wounds to facilitate healing and to avoid infection. Finally, the zebra was injected with 20ml Amoxicillan and 20ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted 20 minutes.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administering 12mg Diprenorphine Hydrogenchloride intravenously and took about 4 minutes.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

8.

Treatment of injured zebra, Sidai Oleng (Amboseli Ecosystem), 23rd March 2015

History An injured male zebra was spotted by the KWS Intelligence team while on routine patrol. The Mobile Veterinary Team attended to the case and decided to immobilize, examine and treat the zebra.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The zebra was immobilized using 7 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride and 60 mgs Azerperone in a 3ml dart. Darting was done from a vehicle using the Dan Inject system. Full immobilization took place after 6 minutes and he fell on his side. The zebra was blindfolded and opticlox was applied to the eyes to avoid damage.

The zebra was observed to be lame as a result of an old, but healing injury. The limb was swollen at the hock joint, but no external injuries were visible. The zebra was injected with 50ml Amoxicillin and 50ml Flunixine Meglumin at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted 15 minutes.

Reversal Immobilisation was reversed by administering 21mgs Diprenorphine Hydrogenchloride and took about 4 minutes.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

9.

Treatment of injured zebra, Amboseli National Park, 24th March 2015

History A young zebra was spotted within the park by Amboseli Trust for Elephants with a swollen right forelimb. The Mobile Veterinary Unit attend the case and darted the male zebra for examination and treatment.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The zebra was immobilized using 3mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride and 20mgs Azerperone in a 2ml dart. Darting was done from a vehicle using a Dan Inject system. Full immobilization took place within 4 minutes and he fell on his side.

Upon physical examination the zebra was found to have an infected wound to his right forelimb. The young zebra had suffered a compound open fracture, probably as a result of a fall. A decision was made to euthanize the zebra using 10 ml.

10. Treatment of injured elephant, Satao (Tsavo East), 21st March 2015 History The Big Life Rangers based in the Satao region spotted an injured elephant in the area while on their routine daily patrols. They made a report to the Mobile Veterinary Unit in Amboseli and the Vet Team immediately made plans to attend to the case. On arrival, the elephant was found in thick bushy terrain and therefore darting from foot was the only option.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using 18mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3ml dart. Darting was done using the Dan Inject system from foot. Full immobilization took place after 12 minutes and the elephant fell on his side. His trunk was kept open using a stick placed across the nostril entrances and his ears were used as blindfolds.

Upon physical examination, the elephant was found to have a penetrating wound to his left flank. The wound was septic and contained pus. The wound was thought to have been caused by a spear that had since fallen out.

The dead tissue was debrided and thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide and lavaged using Tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay were packed into the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. Finally the elephant was injected with 100ml Oxytetracycline and 100ml Flunixine Meglumine at different sites intramuscularly. The operation lasted about 30 minutes.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administration of 54mgs Diprenorphine Hydrochloride into the ear vein. It took about 8 minutes for the elephant to awaken fully from the anaesthetic and walk away from the site Prognosis Prognosis is good