DSWT/KWS QUARTERLY VET UNIT REPORT APRIL TO JUNE 2017

MOBILE VET UNITS TSAVO – MARA – MERU AMBOSELI REPORT APRIL, MAY & JUNE 2017

MOBILE VETERINARY UNITS OVERVIEW APRIL, MAY & JUNE 2017 During the April to June 2017 3-month reporting period, the DSWT in partnership with the Kenya Wildlife Service and their four dedicated KWS field veterinary officers, attended to 63 wildlife cases.

Of the 63 cases attended to 26 cases included elephants; 12 of these elephant cases were directly related to poaching activities with cases including 2 poisoned arrows, 7 spearings and 3 snarings, whilst there was also 1 elephant rescue and 3 human-wildlife conflict cases, 1 collaring, 6 cases treated for natural causes and 3 postmortems.

During this period 5 rhino cases were also attended to along with 10 lion cases. A number of other species including giraffe, cheetah, zebra, buffalo, hippo and plains game were also treated by the four veterinary units.

Below the chart shows all cases broken down by poaching injuries

The Tsavo Mobile Vet Unit attended to 17 cases, including 6 poaching and 3 HWC cases, 3 rescues and 2 collarings.

The Mara Mobile Vet Unit attended to 16 cases of which 6 of the cases involved elephants, and 6 involved predators (1 speared lion, 1 HWC Cheetah, 3 lions with fight wounds and 1 lion collaring) as well as 4 plains game with various injuries.

The Meru Mobile Vet Unit attended to 15 cases including 6 elephants, 5 rhinos, 4 plains game and a giraffe. All the rhinos were treated for natural causes (as well as one postmortem attributed to natural causes). Of the 6 elephants, 2 were snared, 2 were HWC Cases (one translocation back into the park after raiding a village), one natural cause, plus a postmortem which was attributed to natural causes.

The Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit attended to 15 cases, 6 of which were elephant cases with 4 caused by spearing and 1 snare plus 1 natural cause. 1 cheetah was also relocated as well as cases including plains game and one baboon.

TSAVO MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT APRIL, MAY & JUNE 2017

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT APRIL 2017 Introduction The month of April witnessed a slight increase in elephant bulls with injuries that were linked to attempted poaching incidences. Two elephant bulls were treated for arrow and spear wounds near Lugards falls, Tsavo East and Amboseli National Park respectively, an eland was euthanized after it sustained deep slash wounds in Rombo Group Ranch, a lion was treated for snare wounds in Kipini Ranch, Lamu and an elephant orphan was rescued near Aruba lodge after being spotted alone for several days.

1.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 11th April 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: About 30 years Place: Lugards falls, Tsavo east History An elephant bull frequenting the Chapeu camp near Luggards falls along Galana River was seen with a huge wound on the lateral aspect of the right thigh. The Vet Unit drove to the area and searched extensively with a vehicle but did not find the elephant. The following day the Unit requested the assistance of the DSWT airplane and the pilot easily spotted the injured bull along the banks of the river.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The vet immobilized the bull using 18 mgs of Etorphine in a dan-inject dart loaded into a dart gun, from a vehicle.

Drug effects took 7 minutes and he went down in left lateral recumbency.

There was a huge septic wound with pus oozing out on the lateral aspect of the right thigh. An arrow head was removed, the wound opened and big chunks of necrotic tissues mixed with pus removed, after which the wound was cleaned using water mixed with hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of iodine and Oxytetracycline spray were then applied, followed by a final cover of wetted green clay. An intravenous administration of 50 cc Dexamethasone Hcl was administered through the ear vein and 200 cc of long acting Amoxicillin injected intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl at three times the Etorphine dose. Prognosis is good.

2.

EXAMINATION OF AN ELAND

Date: 12th April 2017 Species: Eland Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Rombo Group Ranch, Tsavo History This eland was spotted in the morning struggling to walk and subsequently lying down in Rombo Group Ranch near the Tanzanian border. Close examination revealed deep cuts on the body and the Achilles tendon. The Achilles tendon had been severed by slashing with a sharp object in a bush meat poaching attempt.

Case Management Due to the cut Achilles tendon and impossibility of surgical suturing in a wild situation, euthanasia was the best possible option to reduce animal suffering.

3.

TREATMENT OF A SNARED LION

Date: 15th April 2017 Species: Lion Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Kipini Conservancy, Lamu History This mane-less lion was spotted by Kipini rangers with a right forelimb injury caused by a nylon rope near the ankle joint. The snare is suspected to have been set by bush meat hunters in the area due to plenty of wild game.

The lion was found in a shady area eating a fresh buffalo carcass.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The vet used a dart containing 300 mgs of Ketamine and 4 mgs of Meditomidine to sedate the lion. It took about 12 minutes for the lion to be fully immobilized. The eyes were covered with a towel then the tough nylon snare was cut loose and the wound cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen Peroxide. Tincture of iodine and Oxytetracycline spray was then applied followed by a coating of green clay.

20CC of long acting Amoxicillin and 10CC dexamethasone were administered parenterally.

Reversal and Prognosis The lion was revived using 2.5 mgs of Atipemazole. Further follow up indicated improvement.

4.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED ELEPHANT

Date: 17th April 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult (40 years) Location: Amboseli National Park History An elephant bull was spotted by Big Life Rangers manning the group ranches surrounding Amboseli National Park.

It had a wound to the lower abdomen that was oozing pus and blood. The vet unit rushed to the area and found the bull near Mashenani gate under some bushes.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The vet approached the elephant in a vehicle and darted him with 18 mgs of Etorphine. The drug took effect in 10 minutes and the elephant went down in right lateral recumbency.

There was a septic wound with pus oozing out on the mid abdominal area near the prepuce most likely caused by a spear. The wound was opened and disinfected with water mixed with Hydrogen Peroxide, tincture of Iodine and Oxytetracycline spray. Finally, a cover of green clay was applied followed by an intravenous administration of 50 cc Dexamethasone Hcl through the ear vein and 200 cc of long acting Amoxicillin intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed by administration of 1 cc Diprenorphine Hcl mixed with Naltrexone through the ear vein. Prognosis is good.

5.

RESCUE OF AN ELEPHANT CALF

Date: 17th April 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Infant (2 years) Location: Aruba, Tsavo East History and Rescue A report was made by tour operators regarding an elephant calf that was observed for several days near Aruba Lodge, Tsavo East, seemingly abandoned by the mother. The vet team together with the Voi Stockade Team rushed to the area to find the young elephant with a few other males.

Examination revealed he was weak and must have gone without milk for some time. The calf was rescued and taken to the Voi stockade for recovery and eventual release back into the wild. This elephant was named Pasaka and is doing well at the Voi stockades, joining the dependent elephants into the bush.

6.

MANAGEMENT OF AN INJURED ELEPHANT

Date: 25th April 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult (40 years) Location: Kalonzo ranch, Taita ranches Tsavo History This elephant cow was spotted near Matagesi dam in Kalonzo ranch by KWS rangers manning the Taita ranches surrounding Tsavo National Park. She was walking on three legs as the other appeared broken.

Immobilization and management The elephant was approached on foot and darted with 18 mgs of Etorphine in a dan inject dart from a Dan-inject dart gun. The drug took effect in 6 minutes and the elephant went down in left lateral recumbency.

The leg was examined closely by palpation and noted to be broken just below the right knee joint. A complete fracture of the right tibia and fibula was diagnosed and poor prognosis given. A decision to euthanize the elephant was reached to prevent further suffering as it was in an area where it would likely be poached. Autopsy confirmed the grave diagnosis. Tusks were removed and handed to KWS security personnel.

7.

RESCUE OF A LESSER KUDU

Date: 28th April 2017 Species: Lesser Kudu Sex: Female Age: Infant (1 week) Location: Miasenyi, Tsavo East History A report was made by community members in Miasenyi village near the park regarding a lesser Kudu kid that came back to a boma with goats that had gone foraging. The community members alerted the park management who later informed the vet team. The vet team rushed to the area to find the tiny kid in a Manyatta. The kid was rescued and taken to Voi stockade where it will be cared for.

Other activities undertaken • A KWS security dog stationed at Ithumba KWS station was treated for traumatic foot injuries and it recovered well •

An orphan hippo at DSWT field headquarters in Kaluku near Mtito Andei was treated for anorexia and weakness follow up indicated improvement.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MAY 2017 Introduction The month of May was unexpectedly calm in the Tsavo ecosystem with few cases reported. Generally, the expected May rains have failed and the drought effect will be more pronounced in the ecosystem before the start of the short rains expected later this year. The unit undertook an autopsy of a freshly dead elephant cow and a buffalo calf was rescued near Satao camp and taken to the Sheldrick Orphanage in Voi. Two problematic lions were fitted with collars in Kuku Ranch adjacent to Tsavo West National Park to reduce human wildlife conflict. Other activities included assisting the release of problematic lions captured in Ol Pejeta Conservancy into Tsavo West, release of Zebras and Impalas into the newly started Borabora farm in Diani and feed supplementation of 6-month-old lion cubs that were emaciated after their mother was killed in conflict with humans. The vet also travelled to Malindi law courts to give evidence.

1.

ELEPHANT CARCASS AUTOPSY

Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: About 35 years Location: Satao, Tsavo East History A report was made by KWS rangers of an elephant cow that was found dead by the roadside near Satao in Tsavo East National Park with no visible external injuries and the tusks still intact. It was in sternal recumbency.

Autopsy The carcass was lying down on sternal recumbency beside the road with a herd of elephants nearby. Extensive external examination revealed no external injuries.

An autopsy was undertaken by first removing the skin to observe any penetrating wound under it but there was none. Incisions were made to observe the internal organs where lungs, heart, small intestines appeared normal.

There was a distended and hardened part of the large colon that was initially confused with uterus. On opening, there was a huge mass of hardened desiccated ingester that had blocked any further movement of food through the bowels leading to death.

2.

RESCUE OF A BUFFALO CALF

Date: 16th May 2017 Species: African Buffalo Sex: Male Age: 1 week old Location: Satao, Tsavo East History and Rescue A report was made by Satao camp of one Buffalo calf that was observed near Satao lodge, Tsavo East and seems to have been abandoned by the mother. The vet team rushed to the area to find the tiny calf alone near a water point with no herd nearby.

Examination revealed he was weak and must have gone without feeding for some time. The calf was rescued and taken to Voi DSWT Elephant stockade where it will be cared for.

3.

LION COLLARING EXERCISE IN KUKU RANCH

Date: 23rd May 2017 Animal: Lion Sex: Male and Female Age: Adults Location: Kuku ranch History Kuku Ranch is a Community Conservation Area bordering Tsavo West National Park and Chyulu National Park.

Human predator conflict is high as the pastoralist community keep livestock as their main economic activity.

There is an increase in livestock predation by carnivores in the ranch creating hostilities with the community.

Discussion between the Park Warden, Community Representatives and the Vet Unit resolved to collar the problematic lions for easy monitoring to assist with conflict mitigation.

Immobilization and collaring The lions were immobilized using 300 mgs of Ketamine and 4 mgs of Meditomidine Hcl after responding to a calling station near one of the hotspots aided by night vision equipment. The collars were fitted with enough space to allow the lions to feed and move with ease. The lions were revived one and half hours later using 2.5 mgs Atipemazole Hcl and monitored until they moved away on their own. Further follow up reports indicate they are doing well with the satellite component sending signals.

4.

EXAMINATION OF ORPHANED LION CUBS

Date: 31st May 2017 Species: Lion Sex: Unknown Age: 6 years Place: Salt lick sanctuary, Tsavo History These 4 young lion cubs were spotted within the sanctuary appearing very emaciated and weak. Their mother had not been seen for several weeks and is thought to have been killed by herders in the neighbouring Lualenyi ranch. On examination the cubs looked emaciated, week and needed urgent rescue. Inquiries in Nairobi orphanage indicated that it was full with no additional space.

Efforts were made to supplement them with beef until they mature or are adopted by a related pride in the area.

DSWT has been supplementing the lions with beef on bone.

Other activities undertaken • The unit examined Elephant trophies brought in by KWS security personnel and produced an expert report on the same for prosecution purposes •

The Vet testified in Malindi court in a case where suspects were arrested in possession of wildlife trophies

•

The unit assisted in escorting the capture unit to transport Zebras and Impalas to the newly created Borabora wildlife sanctuary in Diani, south coast

•

The unit also assisted with the release of lions captured in Ol Pejeta and released in Southern Tsavo west

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JUNE 2017 The month of June continued to experience a dry spell as the expected May-June rains did not arrive. June cases included the euthanasia of a critically injured elephant calf and mother who were gravely injured, a problem lioness was fitted with a satellite collar for monitoring in Selenkei Community Conservancy in Amboseli and a hippo orphan at the DSWT headquarters in Kaluku which was treated for abdominal tympany/bloat but later succumbed and an autopsy was undertaken. Other cases included an autopsy on an elephant cow that succumbed before help arrived and an arrow head with massive thoracic infection was observed, a lion and hyena poisoning case was investigated near the Dakota park boundary and an elephant bull was treated for a huge penetrating wound on the shoulder in Kuranze ranch. In other areas the vet examined several wildlife parts confiscated from suspected poachers to aid in prosecution and security dogs were administered with prophylactic anti-Trypanosomiasis drugs.

1.

ELEPHANT CARCASS AUTOPSY

Date: 5th June 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Juvenile (3 Years) Location: Park hq, Tsavo east History A report was made by KWS rangers of an elephant cow that had broken outside of the park and entered the community area near Voi injuring a person. The KWS rangers who responded had to put the Elephant down after it injured another person and in the process shot the calf.

Immobilization and management The calf was spotted in a small bush and a dart containing 6 mgs of Etorphine was prepared, however the drug did not discharge and another dart was prepared with the same dosage. The second dart discharged successfully and the calf went down after 6 minutes. Close examination revealed multiple gunshot wounds to the neck, chest and leg. It was loaded onto a vehicle and taken into the park where after close evaluation of the injuries a decision was made to euthanize the calf as the prognosis was very poor.

2.

COLLARING OF A PROBLEMATIC LION

Date: 8th June Species: Lioness Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Selenkei group ranch, Amboseli History The Selenkei group ranch is a community conservation area bordering Amboseli National Park and an important dispersal area for many wildlife species. Human predator conflict is high in the predominantly pastoralist community that keep livestock as their main economic activity. There is an increase in livestock predation by carnivores in the ranch creating hostilities with the community. Permission was sought by lion guardians for collaring of one lioness with satellite collar for monitoring and conflict mitigation.

Immobilization and collaring The lioness was immobilized using 300 mgs of Ketamine and 4 mgs of Meditomidine Hcl after being tracked and found feeding on an elephant carcass. The collar was fitted with enough space to allow the lion to feed and move with ease. The lioness was revived one and half hours later using 2.5 mgs Atipemazole Hcl and monitored until she moved away on her own. Further follow up reports indicate she is doing well with the satellite component sending signals.

3.

LION AND HYENA POISONING NEAR DAKOTA

Date: 21st June 2017 Species: Lions and Hyena Age: Adults Location: Magram ranch Dakota, Tsavo East History A report was made of wildlife deaths in Magram ranch bordering Tsavo East National Park about 2 Kms from the park boundary. The area was visited and the cause of death was investigated.

General examination The carcasses were in an advanced state of decomposition and signs of predation evident. The two lion carcasses and one hyena carcass were lying not more than 50 metres apart with an old eaten Bovine carcass nearby. There was a cattle boma about 500 meters from the site of the deaths.

Autopsy exam Due to the sudden deaths of the predators and the bovine carcass observed poisoning was suspected. The carcasses could not yield much samples for testing (ingester, liver, Kidney) for poison identification due to advanced autolysis and predation. Some intestinal pieces scattered around the carcasses were recovered and preserved and will be submitted to the government chemist for analysis.

Tentative cause of death Poisoning by bovine carcass laced with poison

4.

ELEPHANT AUTOPSY

Date: 25th June 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult (about 25 years) Location: Galana Conservancy, Tsavo.

History A report was made by KWS rangers of an elephant cow that had fallen down along Galana River in Galana Conservancy adjacent to Tsavo East National Park. The team rushed to the area to find the cow already dead and an autopsy was undertaken to ascertain the cause of death.

Examination The carcass was lying on the right flank with no injuries on the left exposed side. However, ventral edema was seen on the lower abdomen and the carcass was in poor condition. The carcass was rolled over to expose the right flank and there was a penetrating wound to the right chest area with pus oozing out. The penetrating chest wound went deep into the right lung area with massive suppurative inflammation of the right lung. An arrow head was recovered among the dead pulmonary tissues. Cause of death was by arrow shot with accompanying infection.

5.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 29th June 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: About 35 years Location: Kuranze ranch, Tsavo Introduction This elephant bull was spotted in Kuranze ranch by KWS security teams with significant lameness of the front left limb but no obvious injuries. The Vet team rushed to attend to the case. After searching for about 10 minutes the elephant was spotted in small bush.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilised using 18 mgs of Etorphine in a Dan-Inject dart fired from a Dan-Inject dart gun.

The first dart did not discharge and after 20 minutes another dart was prepared with the same dosage. The second dart discharged and it took 7 minutes for him to go down on lateral recumbence.

Examination revealed a fresh deep penetrating wound caused by a large sharp object to the shoulder between the shoulder blades. The necrotic tissue was removed and the pus was drained from the wound. The wound was then cleaned using water mixed with Hydrogen Peroxide. Tincture of iodine and Oxytetracycline spray were applied before a final cover of green clay was used to cover the wound. An intravenous administration of 100 cc Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and 200 cc of long acting Amoxicillin injected intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed by administration of Naltrexone Hcl 50 mgs. He was assisted to his feet and he walked away calmly. Prognosis is guarded.

Other activities undertaken The unit examined Giraffe and Buffalo carcass parts from arrested bush meat poachers brought in by KWS security personnel and produced an expert report on the same to aid in prosecution of the offenders.

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT APRIL, MAY & JUNE 2017

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT APRIL 2017 This month the Masai Mara area has received sporadic rain fall and water and forage is relatively available for wildlife. Possibly due to the onset of the rains the area has been relatively calm and few cases have been reported.

The Vet Unit investigated an incident involving the mysterious loss of two young elephant bulls at the Ngurumans and conducted a post mortem. Samples were collected to help identify the cause of their deaths and the results of the analysis are being awaited.

The following are cases attended during the month;

1.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED LIONESS

Date: 8th April 2017 Age: Adult Species: African lion Sex: Female Location: Masai Mara National Reserve (Musiara area) History This lioness was seen with an injury to her right hind limb by Masai Mara National Reserve Rangers on patrol and the Governors Camp Guides who sought our help treat her. This lioness was found relaxing under tree with her two one year old female cubs. The injury was evident from a distance as she displayed a slight limp while moving.

They all appeared hungry.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 4.8mgs Medetomidine and 200mgs Ketamine in a 3ml dan-inject dart. The vet approached the lion in a vehicle to dart her and it took ten minutes for her to be completely anaesthetized with the cubs moving a short distance away.

Examination revealed a moderately deep injury most likely inflicted by a sharp object. Part of the muscle tissue was severed but luckily the wound was not infected.

The wound edges were debrided and deeper layers stitched together with absorbable suture whilst the skin layers were closed with nylon. Tincture of iodine and Cloxacillin ointment were infused into the wound to prevent infection and hasten healing.

Additional treatments included parenteral administration of 3000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and 80mgs Ivermectin parasiticide.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by intramuscular administration of 20mg Atepamezole hydrochloride one hour after immobilization. She got up after eight minutes to join her cubs. Prognosis is good.

2.

ELEPHANT POSTMORTEMS IN THE NGURUMANS

Date: 9th April 2017 Age: Sub Adult Species: Elephant X 2 Sex: Male Location: Masai Mara National Reserve (Musiara area) History On Sunday 9th April 2017, the Mara Mobile Veterinary Unit got a call from KWS officer in-charge of the Nguruman station requesting a post mortem of two young elephants found dead by a water pool on the morning of this date. The two elephants were reported to have been in a big herd. They died hardly 5 meters from each other and under similar circumstances, immediately after drinking water. It was reported there were new rains in the area with plenty of pasture sprouting.

General examination of the carcasses Both carcasses were intact with no visible injuries noted externally. They had been pulled some distance away from the pool to avoid pollution of the water as they deteriorated. From the appearance, they died under similar circumstances possibly soon after drinking water and were in good body condition just before death. Brief interview with first witnesses and the locals indicated there were no recent reported deaths in both domestic and wild species and these elephants were seen the previous day in good body condition. They could have died overnight since the carcasses appeared relatively fresh, less than eight hours old. An aerial and ground check on the other herd members nearby indicated they were fine. Post mortem was conducted on both carcasses in turns with the following picture.

Elephant 1 This elephant was the bigger of the two, approximately a 12-year-old bull and in perfect body condition. A body score of 4 in a scale of 1 -5, where 1 is poor with 5 good. There were no physical injuries seen, but severe bloating was evident. There was indication of severe cyanosis as evidenced by dark mucosal membranes with dark clotted blood on slicing. The tongue appeared swollen. Both tusks were removed by KWS personnel for custody and accounting. The carcasses being relatively fresh had not developed rigor.

On opening this carcass, the following picture was noted; • There was diffuse petechial haemorrhages that was evident all the way to the internal and external surfaces of gastrointestinal mucosa. Almost all internal organs had petechiations on their parietal surfaces • Except for petechiations and some degree of froth in lungs, the pleural organs, including the heart were in good condition • The liver appeared congested grossly otherwise with normal consistency • Spleen appeared normal in shape and size • Both kidneys appeared normal. Cortical and medullary consistency were normal • The entire gastrointestinal tract including large and small intestines were severely bloated, with a lot of distension by gas. This elephant had fed on fresh pasture with some wild fruits all found in the gastrointestinal tract. Much of the mucus lining the gastrointestinal tract had also been dissolved with petechiae evident • It died while the gastrointestinal functions were sound as the entire system had ingested materials on transit meaning active peristalsis. The rectum had faecal boli ready for excretion Samples collected from this carcass include• Impression smears for microscopy • Liver, kidney tissue samples for histopathology and toxicology • Stomach and intestinal contents with their linings for toxicology and histopathology.

• Grass samples from the area for analysis as the locals reported presence of a grass species known to cause occasional deaths in their livestock when lush.

Elephant 2 This was the smaller bull 4-5 years on estimation. He died under similar circumstances as the bigger male with all described findings noted on opening. He was in good body condition, but more bloated than his counterpart.

He was in good body condition with a body score of 4 Opening of the carcass revealed the following additional findings; • More severe bloating was noted with evident mucosal cyanosis and extreme swelling of the tongue • He had lung aspirations which included water with dirt assumed to have occurred at the point of death as the trunk was partially submerged in water upon discovery • There was evidence of rupture of abdominal aorta. This could have happened at the point of death or soon thereafter because bleeding was localised to the point of rupture meaning lack of active pumping.

Samples collected from the carcass include; • Liver, kidney tissues for histopathology and toxicology • Impression smears for microscopy • Gastrointestinal contents and mucosa for toxicology and histopathology Conclusion These elephants died mysteriously under similar circumstances. Drinking of water exacerbated the situation either dissolving the pre-ingested harmful substance for quick systemic availability or worsened a simple bloat by increasing intraabdominal pressure impacting negatively on lung expansion with resultant dyspnea, hypoxia.

The collected samples were submitted to the Government Chemist for analysis.

3.

TREATMENT OF A GIRAFFE IN RUMA NATIONAL PARK

Date: 21st April 2017 Species: Masai Giraffe Age: Adult Sex: Female Location: Ruma National Park History There were reports of giraffes displaying signs of chronic emaciation over the last two weeks within the park.

Three days prior to this intervention, one sub adult was reported to have died and there was urgent need to investigate and identify possible cause of this problem. Several herds of giraffes were observed in an attempt to identify one with similar signs for sampling and treatment but all appeared to be in good condition. One adult female was seen in a herd of about 30 giraffes with slight loss in condition and the team agreed she be treated and sampled.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 12mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs Azaperone delivered in a 3ml dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the giraffe going down on right lateral recumbence. The sedative was immediately reversed with 150mgs Naltrexone and the giraffe restrained manually for examination.

All the parameters were within range except slight anemia was noted. Given that there has been an upsurge of tsetse population in this park from the latest investigation and documentation, Trypanosomiasis was not ruled out and featured as a differential. This is especially considering the long drought experienced over the country for the last few months which could have caused stress and increased susceptibility influencing resistance. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared for microscopy and whole blood collected for DNA Diminazene acetuate was given intramuscularly for trypanosomiasis along with Oxytetracycline as anti-biotic as well as Anti-ricketsial. Additionally, she received an injection of a tonic and blood boosting drug.

Reversal and Prognosis The anaesthetic was reversed before examination and treatment and the giraffe remained restrained manually to avoid anaesthetic complications. Her prognosis is favourable.

4.

LION TREATMENT AND COLLARING

Date: 21st April 2017 Species: African lion Age: Sub adult Sex: Male Location: Mara north Conservancy History This lion in a coalition of three males was limping slightly on his front left leg. He was also a candidate earmarked for collaring by KWS and other partners for monitoring purposes.

This lion was lying under a tree a few meters from the other males. He had recently fed and was in good condition.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of 4.8mgs Medetomidine and 200mgs Ketamine in a 3ml dan-inject dart. The vet approached the lion with a vehicle for darting. It took twelve minutes for him to be fully anaesthetized upon which a blindfold was put in place and Cloxacillin ointment applied to both eyes.

Examination revealed a small wound to one of his left paws, which could have been caused whilst hunting, otherwise he was in perfect condition. This wound was cleaned and topical oxytetracycline spray applied.

Additionally, he received parenteral injection of Penicillin and Streptomycin combination antibiotic. When treatment was complete, a Satellite and GSM collar was deployed for monitoring.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by intramuscular administration of 20mgs Atepamezole hydrochloride one hour after immobilization. He will make a full recovery as he is a very healthy male.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MAY 2017 Introduction The month was characterised by a long dry spell, but with adequate forage and water for wildlife to utilise in most parts owing to some rains experienced the previous month. The majority of the wildlife has returned to the reserve with few cases requiring clinical interventions reported.

The following cases were handled during the period;

1.

INJURED BUFFALO

Date: 18th May 2017 Species: Cape buffalo Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olonana Conservancy History This lone male was reported to be injured and posing a threat to people fetching water at a community watering point in the Conservancy. This message was received by the Mara Triangle Warden at Oloololo gate who called the Vet Unit. The buffalo had been pushed deeper into the Conservancy, away from the watering point, by the Rangers to prevent any conflict with people. The Vet Unit found the buffalo within the Conservancy relaxing partly hidden in a thicket. The affected limb appeared swollen.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 7mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 60mgs Azaperone delivered through a 1.5ml dan-inject dart. Darting was done from a vehicle and it took ten minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this big bull assuming sternal recumbency. After stabilizing him, examination was conducted which revealed a deep spear wound to the proximal anterior right front limb. The spear had split the muscles and the wound was infected.

This wound was thoroughly cleaned with copious amount of water, debrided with Hydrogen peroxide and disinfected with tincture of Iodine after rinsing. Green clay was then packed to hasten healing. The buffalo was also given a parenteral administration of 6000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 1000mgs Flunixin meglumine antiinflammatory.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anesthetic was achieved by administration of 100mgs Naltrexone intravenously through one of the ear veins and prognosis for recovery is good.

2.

TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT CALF

Date: 20th May 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: 2-2.5 months Location: Mara Triangle Conservancy History This baby elephant was seen with his mother limping severely, by Mara Triangle Conservancy Rangers. They also noticed part of his tail was missing. They called the mobile veterinary unit for assessment.

The mother and her baby disappeared into the riverine thicket as soon after the rangers saw them and when the veterinary team arrived, everyone was mobilised to try and find their whereabouts. After a two-hour search, it was evident aerial support was necessary as it was becoming more difficult and risky to track them by foot. The Mara Elephant Project helicopter offered aerial assistance and it took approximately two hours of thorough searching before they were located deep in the forest along the river. They were gently pushed from the forest into the open and the baby elephant appeared to preserve his left hind leg while walking.

Restraint, examination and treatment After being pushed into the open, the helicopter separated the mother from the calf allowing the Veterinary Unit truck to drive in between them. The calf was manually restrained, put into the vehicle and taken approximately 100m from the mother where assessment and treatment was done safely in the vehicle. The calf had a deep bite wound on his left gluteal muscle and the tail had been bitten off leaving a small stump. The wounds appeared to have resulted from a lion attack and were relatively fresh.

All the wounds were cleaned with Hydrogen peroxide and rinsed copiously with water. Tinture of iodine was applied as a disinfectant with Cloxacillin antibiotic ointment being infused to counter any sepsis for the deeper wounds. Oxytetracycline spray was then applied topically. Additional treatments included parenteral administration of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 750mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatories.

Prognosis Following treatment, the calf was taken close to the mother for release. The mother was calm and rejoined her calf quickly before heading into the bushes. The rangers were advised to monitor the calf’s progress and report to the Veterinary Unit in case repeat treatment is required.

3.

TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 20th May 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: 15 – 20 years Location: Masai Mara National Reserve.

History This bull was seen with a limping gait around the Keekorok area in the Reserve by the Masai Mara Rhino warden.

He called the veterinary unit for assessment and possible intervention. The elephant was found alone along the road browsing and clearing favouring the right front leg. The limb appeared slightly swollen and flexed at the carpus.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 14mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 1.5ml Dan-inject dart from a vehicle. He was fully narcotized after eight minutes and fell on his left lateral side. Examination revealed a moderately swollen right carpal joint without any visible injury. Aspiration yielded nothing unusual. It was suspected he suffered a sprain of this joint and support treatment was provided to hasten healing.

He received 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 5000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory, all given intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 125mgs Naltrexone intravenously through a prominent ear vein. Prognosis is good.

4.

DE-COLLARING OF AN ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 25th May 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location; Serengeti National Park History This bull elephant, christened Mytene, was collared in 2013 in the Masai Mara National Reserve in a joint activity between KWS and Mara Elephant Project for monitoring purposes. Since then he has been moving between the Masai Mara National Reserve and Serengeti National Park. His tracking collar was expiring and there was a need to remove it while the signal could still be tracked otherwise locating him would prove a challenge. This activity was conducted by the KWS and Mara Elephant Project in collaboration with Serengeti National Reserve Management. Mytene was located within the park in a large herd of elephants.

Immobilization and de-collaring Immobilization was achieved by use of 17mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took 14 minutes for the full effects of the drug to be achieved with this bull assuming sternal recumbency posture. The Vet Team turned the bull onto the left lateral side for his comfort and safety. After making sure he was stable, the old collar was removed and another SAT/GSM collar was deployed for further monitoring. Morphometric measurements and samples were taken for research and disease surveillance.

A check to see whether he had any injuries was conducted and he was found to be in good condition.

Reversal The anaesthetic was reversed using 200mgs Naltrexone delivered through a prominent ear vein. He woke up in three minutes to join the rest of the herd.

5.

INJURED LION

Date: 27th May 2017 Species: African lion Sex: Male Age: Sub adult Location: Naboisho Conservancy History This young male was seen alone with difficulty walking by Naboisho Conservancy Rangers. His condition had deteriorated and they called the Veterinary Unit for assessment.

The Vet Unit found this lion hiding in a small thicket alone. His body condition indicated some deterioration and he remained lying down on approach. When agitated to move, he did so with a lot of difficulty and he dragged his left hind leg which had some septic wounds.

Immobilization, examination and management Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 4.8mgs Medetomidine and 200mgs Ketamine delivered through a 3ml dan-inject dart. The vet darted the lion from a vehicle and it took ten minutes for the lion to be fully anaesthetized upon which a blindfold was put in place.

Examination revealed severe injuries to his left hind leg with septic wounds most likely caused by a fight with other lions. The hip joint was damaged with sepsis already setting in and pus accumulating within the joint capsule. The Achilles tendon was severed which affected the movement of the leg. Worse still, it appeared the sciatic nerve was damaged as this lion was dragging the limb which was already paralysed. Due to the prolonged dragging, the limb developed severe abrasion wounds which were septic. Decubital sores had also developed on the perineal areas because this lion preferred sitting most of the time.

Prognosis After careful assessment, prognosis of this lion was considered grave, especially in the wild, and the suffering he was going through which was agonizing. The team decided to euthanize the lion to end his suffering and this was effectively done by intravenous administration of 20% Pentobarbitone sodium. Post mortem was immediately conducted and confirmed the extensive damage and sepsis on the affected limb were beyond remedy.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JUNE 2017 Introduction The ecosystem remained dry for the better part of the month with forage withering and slowly getting depleted.

Advance wildebeest teams have crossed from Serengeti to Mara for their annual migration. Few cases were however recorded but incidences involving human wildlife conflict featured with an elephant seriously injured by spearing and a male common zebra being treated for arrow wound.

The following cases were handled during the month;

1.

INJURED LION

Date: 7th June 2017 Species: African lion Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Lookout area (Masai Mara National Reserve) History This lion, christened Caesar, is son to the famous Notch who during his prime took over most lion prides in the Masai Mara. Caesar and his brother are the known remaining sons of Notch but are now advanced in age.

Caesar was seen limping by Matira camp guides who informed the Mara Reserve Management who called the Vet Unit for help. Caesar was found lying close to a small thicket with his brother close by. When agitated to move for further assessment, he did so but was severely limping on his right hind leg.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically via administration of 1.5mgs Dexmedetomidine and 240mgs Ketamine delivered in a 3ml dan-inject dart. The vet darted the animal from a vehicle and it took ten minutes for the drugs to take full effect. His brother was very protective and had to be kept away by two vehicles before and during treatment. As Caesar had moved slightly into a thicket, he was brought into an open but shaded place for examination and treatment. Careful examination revealed a swelling on his right inguinal area which appeared warm to the touch. Aspirates from this swelling confirmed this was an abscess.

This abscess was lanced at the most ventral point for maximum pus drainage. All the pus was drained and necrotic tissue debrided with the help of Hydrogen peroxide and gauze swabs. It was then rinsed with clean water before being flushed with tincture of iodine. Cloxacillin ointment was then infused as an antibiotic.

Other treatments include intramuscular injection of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 80mgs Ivermectin parasiticide.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by intramuscular administration of 15mgs Atepamezole hydrochloride one hour after immobilization. He woke up within two minutes of reversal and moved back to the thicket.

Prognosis for a fully recovery is good.

2.

SICK CHEETAH

Date: 9th June 2017 Species: Cheetah Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Sand River area (Masai Mara National Reserve) History This cheetah was seen at the banks of Sand River by the reserve rangers on patrol with a severe mange infestation.

He is thought to have come from the Serengeti and was trailing the wildebeests crossing from the Serengeti to the Masai Mara on their annual migration. They called the veterinary unit for intervention.

Examination and treatment This lone cheetah appeared severely affected by mange with evident alopecia on his belly and neck. He walked with an occasional limp because of painful cracks in between his toes thought to be caused by excessive drying as a result of mange.

This cheetah appeared hungry and weak so the team decided to deliver 30mgs Ivermectin parasiticide remotely through a 3ml Dan-inject dart. The animal was darted from a vehicle and the dart fell to the ground as soon as the drugs were delivered. The team felt this was the best way to avoid the stress caused of being anaesthetized.

The patrol team were advised to keep track of his movements and report to the Vet Unit any changes in condition.

A follow up treatment may be done after three weeks depending on response to the first treatment.

Prognosis Going by previous cases, good response is expected even with one treatment.

3.

SNARED ZEBRA

Date: 15th June 2017 Species: Common zebra Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Naboisho conservancy History This zebra was seen by the Conservancy Rangers with a wire snare around his neck. The Vet Unit were contacted and they found this zebra grazing with a small herd. The wire was relatively tight on the neck and he repeatedly stood on the loose part as he dragged it along which made him restless.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 5mgs Etorphine and 50mgs Azaperone delivered through a 1.5ml dan-inject dart from a vehicle. The zebra was fully anaesthetized after seven minutes. The plain wire was removed and further examination revealed no injury had been caused and this zebra was reversed.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed by administration of 18mgs Diprenorphine given intravenously through the jugular vein. He woke up two minutes after reversal to join the rest of the herd. Prognosis is good.

4.

INJURED YOUNG ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 16th June 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Sub-Adult (10 -12 Years) Location: Olare Motorogi Conservancy (Near Kempinski camp) History This elephant was seen partially submerged in a pool of water close to Kempinski camp and reported to the Vet Unit by Olare Motorogi Conservancy Manager.

General observation and management This elephant was found on left lateral recumbency with much of his left side submerged in water. He appeared to be in great pain and any attempt to agitate him to move was fruitless. He could only move his head, trunk and forelimbs but could not use his hindquarters. With the help of a tractor, he was pulled from the water for further examination. He had a fresh bleeding injury to the left side of his flank, just to the side of the spine, which appeared to have been caused by spearing. Several attempts to make him stand by repositioning and pulling him were also ineffective as both his hind legs appeared paralysed. After several hours, it was obvious he was not able to stand and to avoid further suffering, euthanasia was advised and effected. Post mortem revealed a deep penetrating wound caused by a spear which could have severed the nerve supply to the posterior part of the body including the hind limbs.

This elephant appeared not to have moved as soon as he was injured but fell down on the spot. This was a grave prognosis and there was no way this elephant could have survived with this.

5.

INJURED ZEBRA

Date: 18th June 2017 Species: Common zebra Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olarro conservancy History This zebra was seen by the Conservancy Manager limping severely on his right front leg with an arrow lodged in his shoulder. He sought the Vet Unit’s help to intervene. The Vet team found this zebra grazing with other zebras.

The arrow had since fallen but a discharging wound was evident on his right shoulder and he was limping.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 5mgs Etorphine and 50mgs Azaperone in a 1.5ml Dan-inject dart placed into the right gluteal muscles. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this zebra assuming right lateral recumbency. He was flipped over to lie on his left for better exposure of the injury.

Examination revealed a penetrating wound deep into shoulder muscles caused by an arrow. The arrow had fallen out and no foreign body was detected inside the wound. This wound appeared septic and had to be cleaned thoroughly with the help of Hydrogen peroxide, gauze swabs and clean water. Tincture of iodine was applied as a disinfectant and Cloxacillin ointment infused as an antibiotic. Oxytetracycline antibiotic spray was then applied topically. Additional treatments include parenteral administration of 4500mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 20mgs Dexamethasone sodium anti-inflammatory.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anesthetic was achieved by intravenous administration pf 18mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through the jugular vein. He woke up two minutes after reversal to join the other zebras. The prognosis is good.

6.

INJURED CHEETAH

Date: 19th June 2017 Species: Cheetah Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Double Cross (Masai Mara National Reserve) History This injured cheetah was reported to us by the Mara-Meru Cheetah Project Team together with the Masai Mara Reserve Management. She was reported to have collided with a tourist car whilst in pursuit of an impala. It was reported that she momentarily lost memory and went into shock for a few minutes after the impact before finally picking herself up and moving to a nearby shade.

General observation and treatment The Vet Unit found her in the open in a fair condition moving with an occasional slight limp of the left front leg.

No open wound could be seen and there was no evidence of fracture because she could place weight on the affected leg. The leg injury was thought to be a soft tissue injury and 6mgs of Dexamethasone sodium antiinflammatory was introduced remotely through a 3ml Dan-inject dart. The vet darted the cheetah from a vehicle and the dart fell out as soon as the drugs were discharged.

The patrol team were advised to monitor her over the next few days and report the progress to the veterinary team. The latest report indicates she has tremendously improved and on her way to full recovery. She has begun hunting which is a good sign.

7.

INJURED LION

Date: 25th June 2017 Species: African lion Age: Sub adult Sex: Male Location: Mara North Conservancy History This lion was seen with severe injuries by the Mara North Conservancy Manager. He had picked a fight with other lions in an attempt to acquire and protect a territory. The fight left him severely wounded and recumbent. The Vet Unit found this lion lying down and unable to move. He could only raise his head. When agitated to move he could stand, but with difficulty. He had an obvious injury to his spine at the lumbar region.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 1.5mgs Dexmedetomidine and 240mgs Ketamine delivered through a 3ml dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect and closer examination was conducted.

This lion had suffered severe injuries as a result of the fights. It appeared he had been attacked by several other lions with injuries inflicted on almost every part of his body and he had lost a lot of blood. The Injury of concern was a spinal injury at the lumbar region which rendered him almost immobile. Treatment involved debriding all the wounds of necrotic tissues, rinsing with clean water and disinfecting with tincture of iodine. Additional treatments included infusion with Cloxacillin ointment and topical Oxytetracycline spray application.

He received parenteral administration of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 16mgs Dexamethasone sodium antiinflammatory.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 15mgs Atepamezole hydrochloride one hour after immobilization. He woke up four minutes after reversal but did not make an attempt to move. His prognosis is guarded due to the severity of the injuries.

MERU MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT APRIL, MAY & JUNE 2017

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT APRIL 2017 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in Northern Kenya in April 2017. This month marked the onset of long rains in Samburu and Isiolo areas; however other areas such as Laikipia and Meru Conservation area received inadequate rainfall. There was insufficient pasture in these areas and livestock incursion into conservation areas continued throughout the month.

The Vet Unit attended to an investigation into the cause of death in the impala population in Samburu National Reserve, a white rhino showing lameness and a post mortem examination on an elephant which died of natural causes in Meru national park.

1.

LAMENESS IN A WHITE RHINO

Date: 11th April 2017 Species: White Rhino Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Meru national park History The rhino monitoring team in Meru National Park reported a white rhino which showed lameness on its left foreleg. Close observation showed this rhino was in good body condition and there were no visible injuries. No treatment was required.

2.

IMPALA MORTALITY IN SAMBURU NATIONAL RESERVE

Date: 18th April 2017 Species: Impala Location: Samburu National Reserve History The Meru Veterinary Unit responded to a call by the game warden in charge of Samburu National Reserve to investigate the cause of death in the impala population within the reserve. Three fresh impala carcasses were found on the 16/03/17, this number rose to six on 18/03/17. Only one breeding herd of impala was affected near the Larssen’s camp. Carcasses consisted of four (4) adult female, one (1) male and one (1) sub-adult male impala.

We conducted a post mortem examination on one carcass and collected samples for laboratory analysis.

General observations • The deaths coincided with the onset of the long rains in the Samburu area two weeks earlier. Hence vegetation in the reserve was rejuvenated with plenty of lush grass.

• The deaths occurred in only one breeding herd of impalas consisting of approximately 40 individuals, no other species was affected. One live female impala in the herd appeared weak although it was in good body condition The carcasses were generally in good body condition although they were bloated due to high ambient temperature and rapid putrefaction as a result. Some carcasses were partly scavenged and internal organs were missing while others were infested with various stages of maggots. Blood tinged bodily fluids oozed from orifices due to putrefaction.

Post mortem examination We conducted a post mortem examination on an apparently fresh but bloated male carcass: • The prescapular lymph nodes were enlarged.

• Gastrointestinal tract contained plenty of ingesta and undigested grass material.

• Spleen and liver were normal. The kidney was dark and autolysed.

Samples collected at post mortem were as follows: • Impression smears of the prescapular lymph nodes and muscle tissue and samples of lymph nodes preserved separately in 10% formalin and ethanol • Skeletal muscle tissue, liver and spleen preserved in 10% formalin and frozen for toxicological analysis Diagnosis and management Tentative diagnosis was clostridium enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens Type D also known as pulpy kidney. In addition, the to post mortem picture (autolysed kidney) and environmental conditions, smears revealed gram positive rods identified as Clostridium spp. Confirmatory diagnosis requires demonstration of toxins from intestinal filtrates and subsequent identification by neutralisation with specific antiserum.

C. perfringens form part of normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, in presence of certain factors these bacteria can cause disease. Predisposing factors for this disease include altered GIT environment for instance due to ingestion of vegetation which promote excessive growth of bacteria and production of toxins.

The toxins produced cause vascular damage particularly in the brain.

In wildlife under free range management the disease is considered self – limiting and coincides with the onset of the rains after a prolonged dry period. No further action was taken on the affected impala herd.

3.

POST MORTEM EXAMINATION OF ELEPHANT IN MERU NATIONAL PARK

Date: 21st April 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Meru National Park History The Wildlife Monitoring team in the Rhino Sanctuary reported an elephant carcass during routine patrol. Both tusks were intact and removed by the patrol team for safe keeping. The carcass was extensively autolysed and heavily infested with maggots. The Perineum was partly eaten by scavengers and internal examination of the carcass was not feasible because of its state of decay, however, death was attributed to natural causes.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MAY 2017 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru veterinary unit in northern Kenya in May 2017.

The Vet Unit attended to three snare removal cases, two elephants and one zebra, an elephant with a gunshot injury likely caused by the increased human wildlife conflict in the area as well as two rhino cases.

The Meru veterinary unit is supported by the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust to provide veterinary care in northern Kenya.

1.

SNARE REMOVAL ON AN ELEPHANT CALF

Date: 10th May 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: 18 months old Location: El Karama ranch History Wildlife scouts in El Karama Ranch reported an elephant calf in a herd of 15 elephants that had a snare attached to its leg causing severe wounds. The calf showed lameness of the right front leg.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The mother was darted so that the calf could safely be captured and the snare removed. The mother was immobilized using Etorphine hydrochloride delivered in a 1.5 cc Dan-Inject dart from a vehicle and the drug took effect after 6 minutes. An initial attempt to capture the calf with ropes failed so it was also darted using Etorphine hydrochloride.

Examination of the injured right leg showed severe swelling distal to the hock joint and septic wounds caused by a plain wire snare. The snare was cut using a wire cutter and gently removed while the wounds were washed and debrided with hydrogen peroxide. Povidone iodine and green clay were applied topically to the resulting wounds.

An antibiotic and corticosteroid was also given intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthesia for both mother and calf was reversed using Naltrexone hydrochloride. Although we were unable to immediately reunite the mother and calf, the calf was reported to have joined the rest of the herd later that evening. We are confident that this calf will recover from these injuries.

2.

SNARE REMOVAL ON A GREVYS ZEBRA

Date: 11th May 2017 Species: Grevys zebra Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Loisaba Conservancy History Wildlife scouts from Samburu Trust reported that a Grevys zebra had suffered serious wounds caused by a wire snare attached to its left hind leg.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using a combination of Etorphine hydrochloride and Azaperone tartate from a vehicle using a Dan-Inject dart placed into the gluteal muscles. Down time was 6 minutes.

The snare was cut using a wire cutter and removed. Examination showed septic wounds affecting the soft tissue of the metatarsal and fetlock joint. Treatment was by debridement of necrotic tissue using hydrogen peroxide and application of tincture of iodine. Antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs were injected intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthesia was completely reversed by intravenous injection of Naltrexone hydrochloride. The zebra was reported to have shown progressive improvement one week after this treatment and was on its way to full recovery.

3.

GUNSHOT INJURY IN AN ELEPHANT

Date: 11th May 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: 12 years Location: Samburu National reserve (SNR) History On 11/05/17 researchers from Save the Elephants reported that an elephant in SNR had a swollen right fore limb caused by suspected gunshot injury. In the recent past the area has recorded an increase in gunshot injuries particularly in elephants. This is as a result of human wildlife conflict and livestock incursion into the reserve (SNR).

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using Etorphine hydrochloride in a 1.5ml Dan-Inject dart from a vehicle. After 6 minutes, the elephant fell onto right lateral recumbence. To examine its leg, the Vet Team rolled the elephant onto the left side using ropes.

Examination of the leg showed a penetrating wound to the elbow joint caused by a bullet. The elbow joint was swollen; however no fracture was felt when the leg was manipulated.

The septic wounds were washed with water, flushed with hydrogen peroxide and infused with povidone iodine.

Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were given intramuscularly to prevent septicemia.

Reversal The anesthetic was reversed by giving Diprenophine hydrochloride intravenously through the ear veins. The elephant was in standing position within two minutes.

Prognosis for recovery is guarded as there is considerable risk of the infection spreading into the elbow joint and bone.

4.

OVERGROWN HOOVES IN A BONGO

Date: 12th May 2017 Species: Mountain bongo Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya game ranch (MKGR) Treatment A bongo in Mount Kenya Game ranch was darted to trim overgrown hooves. Immobilization was achieved using a combination of Etorphine hydrochloride and Azaperone. After the procedure anesthesia was reversed using Naltrexone hydrochloride.

5.

A CASE OF A RHINO ATTACKED BY LIONS AT OL PEJETA CONSERVANCY

Date: 16th May 2017 Species: Black rhino Age: 5 years Sex: Male Location: Ol Pejeta conservancy History This young male rhino was reported to have been attacked by four lions in the early hours of Tuesday the 16th May. After locating the rhino the following was observed. â—?

There were fresh wounds on the back and hind quarters. â—?

The rhino had an open fresh wound close to the hock joint which caused weight shifting lameness.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was deemed necessary to get a closer examination to establish the extent of the damage.

The rhino was darted at 0809 hrs. using a cocktail of Etorphine 5mg and Azaperone 80mg and went down on lateral recumbency after two minutes. The rhino was put on sternal recumbency and 10 mg of Butorphanol tartarate were administered to improve the quality of anesthesia.

There was a large fresh avulsion wound on the dorsal midline over the lumbo- sacral area and the coccygeal vertebrae were fractured midway through the tail. The wound depth was assessed to be at the level of the transverse processes with no injury to the spine. In addition to the lacerations on the back and hind quarters, the right hind limb was slightly swollen at the level of the hock joint with a penetrating wound medial to the joint. On manipulation of the hock joint no involvement or damage was established.

The wounds were cleaned and flushed with hydrogen peroxide and povidone iodine. The dead space in the wounds on the dorsum and right hind limb were filled with green clay and opticlox to reduce chances of infection.

The tail was amputated at the level of the fracture. Additionally, the rhino was given, 22,500 mg of long acting Amoxicillin Trihydrate and 100mg of Dexamethasone intramuscularly and 300 mg ivermectin subcutaneously Reversal and Prognosis The anesthesia was smooth with no complications and the vital parameters remained within the normal range.

The anesthesia was reversed at 0830 using Diprenophine hydrochloride 15mg administered intravenously through the ear vein and the rhino was up 3 minutes later.

Prognosis is good- if the infection in the wounds on the right hind limb and dorsum does not spread to the hock joint and spine respectively.

6.

SNARE REMOVAL IN AN ELEPHANT IN OL JOGI RANCH

Date: 16/05/17 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Ol Jogi ranch History Wildlife scouts from the neighbouring El Karama Ranch reported that an elephant with a loose snare on its leg had crossed the fence into Ol Jogi ranch. The Vet Unit located the elephant which was in a herd of 12 elephants with the help of rangers and immobilized it to remove the snare.

Case Management The elephant was darted at 5pm using Etorphine hydrochloride. It was down in nine minutes and surrounded by its herd mates which were driven away by a vehicle. This elephant had fallen into a ditch and an attempt to pull it out using ropes and a vehicle was not successful. Anesthesia was immediately reversed and the elephant pulled itself out of the ditch. This case will be revisited when the elephant is located.

7.

BILATERAL BLINDNESS IN A BLACK RHINO

Date: 22/05/17 Species: Black rhino Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Ol Pejeta conservancy (OPC) History The rhino monitoring team in OPC requested for a veterinary assessment of a male black rhino which was suspected to be blind. On observation this animal walked into bushes/ trees and showed a high stepping gait and was reluctant to move when approached.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved using a combination of Etorphine 5mg and Azaperone 80mg in a 1.5ml dart. The first dart failed to discharge, while the second dart was effective after 8 minutes. Butorphanol 10mg was injected intravenously when the rhino was recumbent.

A general examination showed lacerations to the face and neck suspected to have been caused by a fight.

Examination of the right eye showed swollen eyelids, hemorrhages on the conjunctiva and a ruptured globe. The left eye showed opacity of the lens caused by cataract. Bilateral blindness was diagnosed.

The right eye was washed with water to remove foreign body debris. A sub-conjuctival injection of Betamox/Dexamethasone and intramuscular injection of Betamox trihydrate was administered.

Prognosis This black rhino was subsequently relocated to an enclosure within the conservancy for its safety and to enable closer monitoring.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JUNE 2017 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit operating in Northern Kenya in June 2017. Rainfall patterns in northern Kenya were erratic with little or no rainfall recorded in some parts.

During this month, we attended to bone fractures in a giraffe and an elephant. An elephant which strayed into community land in Machakos county was captured and relocated to Mwea National Reserve.

In Lewa Conservancy a white rhino was treated for lameness caused by a fight and in Ol Pejeta Conservancy a post mortem examination was carried out on a black rhino carcass to determine the cause of death.

1.

FRACTURE IN A GIRAFFE

Date: 4th June 2017 Species: Reticulated giraffe Sex: Male Age: 6 months Location: Loisaba conservancy History and Management This young male had an open complete fracture of the right metatarsal bones midway between the hock joint and fetlock joint. The foot was attached by a piece of skin and was dragging as the animal walked causing a lot of pain. The only option for this animal was euthanasia to relieve it of further suffering.

Autopsy findings • The carcass was in good nutritional condition with a smooth shiny hair coat.

• The soft tissue around the fracture site was decomposed and the foot was decomposed with the hoof loosely attached. There was an area of congestion on the subcutis of the right flank over the 7th and 8th rib possibly following a heavy fall at the time of the fracture.

• All internal organs were normal and there were no signs that the infection on the fracture site had spread systemically.

2.

POST MORTEM EXAMINATION ON A BLACK RHINO CARCASS

Date: 5th June 2017 Species: Black Rhino Sex: Male Age: 5 years Location: Ol Pejeta conservancy History This rhino was initially treated on May 16, 2017 for injuries to the back muscles and left hock joint sustained following an attack by lions. Despite the treatment it was reported that its body condition continued to deteriorate and there were signs of infection in the wounds. On June 6, it was found dead in a river with the front and rear horns intact.

A post mortem examination of the carcass was carried out to record the cause of death. Observation showed rupture of the left calcaneal (achilles) tendon, ligament tear and instability of the bones of the hock joint. There was a septic bite wound to the vertebral muscles dorsal to the sacrum, this extended deep into the sacral bone.

On opening the carcass there was froth and ingesta on the trachea and the bronchi, this indicated aspiration prior to death. The lungs were normal and floated freely when immersed in water. There were no other significant findings in the internal organs. These findings are consistent with asphyxiation due to drowning.

3.

TREATMENT OF WOUNDS IN A WHITE RHINO

Date: 07/06/17 Species: White rhino Sex: Male Age: 8 years Location: Lewa Wildlife conservancy History The white rhino had fight wounds spread generally across the whole body with the most significant one being on the left forelimb close to the middle toe. The foot was swollen and as a result the rhino presented with weight shifting lameness.

The rhino was immobilized using 6mg of Etorphine hydrochloride and 50mg of Azaperone combined in one intramuscular dart. After the rhino went down, a blind fold and ear plugs were applied and anesthesia stabilized using 10mg Butorphanol tartarate administered intravenously at the ear vein. Ventilation was aided using a mechanical ventilator and vital parameters monitored after 5 minute intervals. Body temperature was kept down by pouring cold water on the animal.

The wounds were all cleaned and disinfected using Povidone Iodine soaked swabs and Hydogen peroxide. The rhino was treated with 2500mg Flunixine meglumine, 15000mg Amoxicillin trihydate and 100mg of Cyanocobalamine. The wounds were then sprayed with Oxytetracycline aerosol.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthesia was reversed by administration of 100mg of Naltrexone hydrochloride, (50mg I.V and 50mg I.M).

The rhino is expected to make a complete recovery in the coming days.

4.

RELOCATION OF A STRAY ELEPHANT

Date: 11th June 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: 30 years Capture site: Matangi, Machakos Release site: Mwea national reserve History On the 10th June, the KWS warden in Mutomo, Kitui County reported that an elephant had strayed from Mwea National Reserve and had been wandering in villages on the boundary of Kitui and Machakos County for the past week. Residents reported crop damage and risk of human and livestock injury or loss of life. Teams from Mwea, Mutomo and Ol Donyo Sabuk stations had attempted to drive the animal back but were not successful.

This elephant was captured, transported by road and released in Mwea National Reserve on 11/06/17.

The elephant was located in a thicket which was not accessible by road. The vet darted the problem elephant from a helicopter using 20mg Etorphine hydrochloride 20mg in a 3ml dart. After darting it was driven to open ground before the drugs took effect four minutes later. The trunk was straightened to ensure a patent airway during loading while its ear flap was used to cover its eyes. To keep the temperature within normal limit the animal was doused with water regularly during loading and transportation.

Physical examination showed superficial wounds inflicted by a sharp object on its trunk and shoulder. The wounds were washed and infused with Povidone iodine. An antibiotic and Catosal, a multivitamin were given intramuscularly. The elephant was hoisted onto a flat-bed truck by a crane and restrained using ropes on lateral recumbence. The truck and escort team departed for Mwea NR at 1553 hours.

Transportation and release This elephant was transported under deep sedation which was maintained using additional doses of Etorphine hydrochloride administered intravenously through the superficial ear vein. Respiration and reflexes of the ear flaps were monitored during transportation for signs of recovery. Etorphine, 5 mg, was given two hours after the initial dart and subsequent maintenance doses at an hourly rate of 5mg until release. In total 35mg Etorphine dose was administered for induction (20mg) and maintenance (15mg). The distance covered by road was 120 kilometers and total travel time was 3 hours and fifteen minutes from capture site to release site. A suitable site in the middle of the park was selected for release not far from water point.

Reversal The anesthetic was reversed using 30mg Diprenophine hydrochloride. Three minutes later the elephant was fully reversed and in standing position. Initially the elephant showed a staggering gait due to numbness of the hind legs but it slowly recovered and walked away.

5.

LAMENESS IN AN ELEPHANT

Date: 14th June 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Lesiamo, Ndoto ranges History Wildlife scouts from the Milgis Trust reported that an elephant in the Ndoto mountains showed lameness and dragging of it front leg for the past ten days. They requested veterinary examination to determine the cause of lameness. This elephant was tracked down and darted on 14/06/17.

Immobilization, examination and management The vet immobilized the animal from foot using Etorphine hydrochloride delivered in a 3.0 ml dart. The dart was placed in the neck muscles and the elephant was sedated after 4 minutes on sternal recumbence. For physical examination, the elephant was tipped to left lateral recumbence.

The left forelimb was swollen distal to the elbow joint. It had an open wound which was discharging pus. There was a complete open fracture of the ulna bone with bone fragments protruding from the open wound. The cause of the fracture could not be established immediately. Although this elephant was in good body condition, this fracture compromised its health and wellbeing. Fractures in large herbivores are difficult to repair due to its weight and inability to fix the affected bones and restrict movement. The fracture site was also septic and there were chances of infection spread to other parts of the body.

Prognosis This elephant was euthanized to relieve it of pain and suffering attributed to the fracture.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT APRIL, MAY & JUNE 2017

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT APRIL 2017 Introduction For the better part of the month, the Southern Conservancy Area Mobile Veterinary Unit was on annual leave hence the lower number of cases recorded during the month.

The cases attended to include an elephant and zebra treatment, zebra postmortem and giraffe de-snaring The following are veterinary activities attended to during the month;

1.

TREATMENT OF ELEPHANT

Date: 2nd April 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Dakota; Tsavo East National Park History This elephant was reported by the Kaluku Operations Center as being lame and in need of treatment. The Vet was picked by a DSWT Super Cub from Amboseli National Park Airstrip and flown to the Dakota airstrip where the Tsavo Trust ground team based at Dakota directed the vet to the elephant’s location.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The candidate was darted using 15mgs Etorphine in a 1.5cc dart and took 21 minutes to go down on right lateral recumbence. It depicted a light level of anesthesia and thus an additional 2mgs Etorphine was injected through the ear vein. He was blindfolded using the left ear and the trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the distal nares. Water was dowsed on the ears to help cool the animal through the treatment.

The team attempted to flip the elephant onto the left side using straps and a vehicle. Despite several attempts it was not possible hence examination and treatment had to be done on a partially obstructed wound. The dart was also not easy to recover since it had been obscured by the body. The wound was an open wound caused by a superficial spear or an arrow which didn’t penetrate the muscles underneath. The wound was approximately 15cm in diameter and was estimated to be over two weeks old.

The pus was removed from the wound using swabs. The wound was then cleaned with Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine, followed by infiltration of two tubes of Cloxacillin antibiotic cream into the subcutaneous pus drained pocket. Topically the wound was covered with wetted green clay. Another little wound with creamy pus was discovered near the spine. This was also cleaned and covered with clay. Systemically, the elephant was covered with 6000mgs Amoxicillin intramuscularly and 30mgs Dexamethasone into ear vein.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anesthetic was achieved using 60mgs Naltrexone mixed with 12mgs Diprenorphine in one single syringe and administered into ear vein. It was up after three minutes and walked away slowly flapping its ears.

The dart fell out as the elephant got to its feet and was recovered shortly after the animal strolled away.

Prognosis is favourable.

2.

TREATMENT OF ZEBRA

Date: 3rd April 2017 Species: Zebra Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Jakta, Amboseli National Park History This zebra was reported by the Amboseli Investigation Officer in-charge after he was informed by Big Life Foundation rangers. The zebra was said to have a whole spear lodged in its head. The vet was not able to attend on the same day because he was attending a treatment in Dakota. It was revisited the following day and was found in the same location in the company of others but always trailing behind or under the shade.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The zebra was darted using 5mgs Etorphine and 60mgs Azaperone in a 1.5cc dart. It was approached slowly using a vehicle and darted in the left shoulder. It was completely on sternal recumbence in four minutes.

The spear hit the head from the right side caudal to right eye and penetrated through emerging at the left eye rostrally. Surprisingly the animal was spotted grazing, chewing and able to swallow but with a lot of caution. The resultant wound had begun to have foul smell indicating it was at least three days old. Both nostrils depicted reddish mucopurulent discharge. The spear had to be retrieved carefully so as not to cause any trauma. Pulling the spear out was the only option. Two men pulled the spear as two others held the head tightly. It was successfully retrieved.

The resultant wound was cleaned with Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine thoroughly from both sides. There was intercommunication and then three tube of Cloxacillin antibiotic cream were in filtrated into the cavity. Discharge could be seen through both nostrils. A heavy bleeder was experienced from the right entrance. It was first controlled by pressure using swabs but it continued to bleed. Eventually wet green clay was introduced into the cavity and the packing of the wound stopped any further bleeding. Topically the wounds were sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray. Systemically the zebra was covered with 2000mgs Tetracycline intramuscularly, 20mgs Dexamethasone into the jugular vein and 8mgs Ivermectin under the neck muscles. The dart wound was infiltrated with a tube of Cloxacillin cream to counter abscess development.

Reversal and Prognosis It was revived from narcosis using 12mgs Diprenorphine into the jugular vein. It was up on all fours in three minutes and started walking after three minutes later. Considering the unseen and undetermined injuries through the head and susceptibility of the species to tetanus it was granted guarded prognosis which will be revised after five days following the review of the case.

3.

POSTMORTEM OF A ZEBRA

Date of death: Unknown Date of Postmortem: 05/04/2017 Species: Zebra Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Isineti near Kimana Sanctuary History While on patrol along the Loitoktok - Emali road the Vet Unit spotted this dead carcass by the side of the tarmac road. We stopped by road side and embarked on observation.

General Observation The zebra was lying on left lateral recumbence. The carcass was barely over 48 hours old. There was no discharge from the orifices and several cows were grazing within the locality. It was about ten meters from the edge of tarmac road. The carcass had good muscle cover.

Postmortem Findings As the carcass was flipped over there was an open complete fracture on the left metacarpus proximally, there was also alopecic bruised areas on the brisket and on left scapular laterally. Its footprints were traced and it was possible that it was hit by a vehicle as it crossed the tarmac.

Conclusion This animal died as a result of severe blunt injury to the left side caused by a speeding vehicle. The request to erect bumps and road signage to that effect was presented at nearby police station.

4.

DESNARING OF A GIRAFFE

Date: 6th April 2017 Species: Maasai Giraffe Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Chyulu National Park History It was reported by Big Life Foundation (BLF) operation center as having a tight neck snare. The vet responded immediately and was accompanied by a leading scout picked at BLF Head office. On the site we found area KWS officers together with BLF rangers who were keeping the candidate on sight.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This giraffe was found alone walking slowly due to strangulation of the neck caused by a tight snare. The vet immobilized the animal using 15mgs Etorphine and 50mgs Azaperone. The snare was tight and the vet was concerned that it could compromise the anesthesia process. Once the drugs began to take effect the giraffe was roped down to right lateral recumbence and was quickly pinned down, blindfolded and the anesthetic reversed.

The plain double snare was immediately loosened to avoid negative impact on anesthesia. There was no resultant traumatic wound and the snare was dislodged. A thorough examination was performed and nothing of importance was noted.

To ease the slight edema observed at the snare location together with anticipated exhaustion, the giraffe was given 100mgs Dexamethasone intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed immediately following successful roping with 40mgs Naltrexone mixed with 12mgs Diprenorphine into the jugular vein. Breathing immediately improved and the foreseen breathing difficulties/complications were no longer cause of worry.

Prognosis is favorable.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MAY 2017 Introduction The prevalent threat to Amboseli is in fragmentation which eventually causes the collapse of migratory herds of zebras, wildebeests and elephants. The fall of rains in late April and early May marks the seasonal migrations and movements of wildlife through the habitats of the Amboseli Ecosystem giving the National Park’s deprived vegetation ample time to rejuvenate as very scanty populations are in habitation.

Surprisingly, during May, a stray male cheetah caused panic within Loitoktok town residential area for two days before it was successfully captured and translocated to Amboseli National Park. Clinically one female elephant was treated for a spear wound and a Maasai giraffe had dystocia. Hopefully similar injuries will not be experienced in months to come as the ecosystem rainy season culminates.

1.

CAPTURE OF STRAY CHEETAH

Date: 20th – 21st May 2017 Species: Cheetah Sex: Male Age: Sub-adult Location: Loitoktok Town Residential Area History This cheetah was reported by the KWS Loitoktok Station Warden as it had strayed into the densely built and populated residential area. Residents were aware of the animal presence thus causing fear and panic. The Vet Team was on standby until there was confirmation that the animal was found. The Vet Team remained on standby from 8am till 5pm when the vet team was assured that the animal had been identified and spotted by the problematic control team.

The residential compound where the animal was found had little human farming activity and no one resided there thus the animal was at peace hidden in a small thicket. A huge crowd had gathered making the situation more dangerous. The Team managed to keep the crowd quiet as the vet unit attempted to dart the animal. The Vet Unit combed the area cautiously for more than an hour but it seemed like the animal had slipped away unnoticed.

Vehicles were brought in to wade through the small thicket and illuminate the area as night had already begun The following day at about 8am the cheetah was spotted in a maize field in the next residential compound neighbouring the previous one. A search ensued for three hours all in vain. The crowd cleared slowly and the Vet Unit made plans for the next course of action. At 17:30hrs the vet received a call from one of the residents that the animal was in her compound only 20 minutes away. The team walked carefully into the compound and the search ensued again. The animal kept dodging us as it went into and out of fenced compounds changing streets.

Noise from residents and their livestock/domestic animals frightened the cheetah even more and it continued to evade us. Eventually the cheetah was cornered in one of the compounds and successfully darted from foot after a cautious approach.

Immobilization and translocation The cheetah was darted with 50mgs Ketamine and 1mgs Medetomidine. Immediately after dart impact it ran away, scaling a five-meter-high stone wall and entered the Kilimanjaro Girls’ Secondary School sending pupils into a panic running into dormitories and classrooms. It wandered a little and was finally immobilized under a thorny live fence after five minutes. It was taken out of the school compound on a stretcher and loaded onto a waiting pick up. The captured cheetah was released into the Amboseli National Park. The administration confirmed the release site suitable for the candidate and the release was done.

Reversal After a quiet off-load, the candidate was reversed with 25mgs Atipamezole injected intramuscularly. It took 17 minutes to awaken and shake off the narcosis completely before vanishing into the nearby palm forested area.

Monitoring will ensue to establish its adaptation to the new habitat.

2.

EMACIATED WATERBUCK

Date: 24th May 2017 Species: Waterbuck Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History While on patrol within Amboseli National Park the Vet Team spotted a seemingly emaciated and ill adult female waterbuck.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The animals was immobilised using 5mgs Etorphine and 50mgs Xylazine. It was not easy approaching it as it kept wandering into and out of thickets which formed the vegetation of habitation. After several approaches using the vehicle it was darted and eventually assumed sternal recumbence after four minutes. It was approached from behind and blindfolded then placed on left lateral recumbence.

It was established that she was in advanced pregnancy and her dentition was not in good condition. Her teeth were heavily worn out almost to the gum line, depicting old age. She was sampled for whole blood from which blood chemistry and hemoparasite examination could be done. Faecal samples were also taken for faecal egg count and ticks for identification.

The vet administered 20ml Catosal as a metabolic stimulant, 5mgs Ivermectin for parasites and 4500mgs Tetracycline as a broad spectrum antibiotic cover. The dart wound was infiltrated with 5gms of Cloxacilin antibiotic cream to prevent abscessiation. Both eyes were infiltrated with another cream tube to prevent corneal damage.

Reversal and Prognosis It was reversed 17 minutes post darting with a mixture of 31.25mgs Yohimbine and 12mgs Diprenorphine administered into jugular vein. It was up in three minutes and disappeared into the nearby bush. Good following plenty of browse after the rains.

3.

ELEPHANT TREATMENT

Date: 28th May 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History The Amboseli Elephant Research trust while on their patrol within Amboseli National Park spotted an emaciated female elephant foraging in one of the marshy areas. It was a well-known candidate about 17 years old and had never been in such poor condition. They established an injury that was oozing pus on the dorsal part of the rump.

Immediately they called the vet team who responded instantaneously to offer an intervention.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was forced out of the marshy area and darting using 11mgs Etorphine and 1500IU Hylase in 1.5cc dart propelled by Dan Inject system. The elephant panicked and ran away only to be fully immobilized in five minutes assuming left lateral recumbence. The right ear was used as blind fold and the trunk was kept patent by use of a stick placed across the distal opening. She was dowsed with plenty of water on the ears to avoid hyperthermia. She had lost condition considerably; body condition rating at 2.5 on a scale of 1 - 5. The injury to the rump was caused by a spear and the pus was thick creamy meaning the injury was more than two weeks old.

The wound was enlarged using a surgical blade to allow maximal access and drainage of the wound. It was probed using long forceps to determine its depth and also to detect any foreign body. It was about 20cm deep and had no foreign body. It was cleaned thrice by infiltrating 200mls Hydrogen peroxide followed by draining after which half a litre Tincture of Iodine was used to rinse the pouch. The pouch was infiltrated with 15000mgs Amoxicillin followed by wet green clay. Superficially it was sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray to repel flies. Systemically it was covered with 50ml Catosal as a metabolic stimulant and 15000mgs Amoxicillin as a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Because of the swelling at the wound periphery, 50mgs Dexamethasone was injected intramuscular to minimize inflammation.

Reversal and Prognosis Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 80mgs Naltrexone into the superficial ear vein.

Complete reversal was attained after three minutes and she vanished in the nearby acacia trees. Another treatment will be done after 10-15 days if spotted. Prognosis is guarded because it was not possible to determine whether the spear was poisoned or not.

4.

GIRAFFE WITH DYSTOCIA

Date: 31/05/2017 Species: Maasai Giraffe Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History This giraffe had been spotted about five days earlier within Kitirua Community Conservancy by one of the herders who saw two limbs protruding from the vulva. After three days the same giraffe was seen at night fall by the Kitirua Community Conservancy manager. The following day an extensive search was mounted only for the giraffe to be located at the border of Community Conservancy and the Amboseli National Park. The Vet Unit was immediately informed by the KWS Kitirua Base and an intervention was launched.

Immobilization, examination and treatment It was immobilized using 13mgs Etorphine and 50mgs Azaperone from a vehicle and it was not startled by the approach. The dart was placed on the right humerus proximal region and it wandered little after darting and started a high stepping gait after five minutes. It was approached as it left stony area and tripped using a rope upon depicting star gazing stance. The two limbs of the calf were still hanging out of vulva to the level of carpus.

The only option was to manipulate the foetus followed by manual traction to effect delivery. One of the foreseen challenges was the enormous swelling of the dead foetus leaving virtually no room for movement. A caesarian section was considered but ruled out due to complications pre, during and post operation. It was eminent that the giraffe health had to be considered so the treatment was postponed with the aim of revisiting the giraffe in a few days. The fetal remnants were pushed back into uterus to allow free drainage from the uterus.

The giraffe was given a strong antibiotic to battle against infection from the foetus. It was covered with 100ml Multivitamin as metabolic stimulant, 3000mgs Tetracycline intramuscular as broad-spectrum antibiotic and 100mgs Dexamethasone all intramuscularly at different muscle sites. Intra uterine 10 boluses of 5mg Sulphadimidine were inserted and left in place.

Reversal and Prognosis Manual restrain was removed and by the time the last man was off the head she sprung up energetically at the second kick and trotted away only to stop 20 meters away. Review is scheduled after seven to ten days when uterine drainage and lavage will be done extensively. Prognosis is guarded until after review when it will be considered afresh.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JUNE 2017 Introduction Amboseli ecosystem is quickly drying up having received relatively low rainfall during the April-May period. Strong winds are prevalent which compromises visibility due to raising dust. Towards the month end the day’s sunshine has been replaced with clouds and cold as winter sets in.

The Unit also received two students from Indiana US Purdue University Vet School who were on an international attachment program through the KWS Training Office.

The following are veterinary activities attended to during the month;

1.

ELEPHANT TREATMENT

Date: 2nd June 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Oltukai, Amboseli National Park History The injured matriarch of 53 years was spotted with a spear wound oozing pus to the right rump by the Amboseli Elephant Research Trust who immediately informed the Vet Unit. The Vet Unit responded immediately to offer treatment Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was at the edge of the swamp with nine other elephants. One vehicle was strategically placed to block the herd from entering the swamp. After confirmation of the injury a dart was prepared comprising of 10mgs Etorphine and 1500 I.U Hyaluronidase to shorten the knock down time considering the marshy terrain nearby. The dart was placed in the left gluteal area and the matriarch was fully immobilized in seven minutes assuming left lateral recumbence. The family members were startled to see the matriarch down and ran to her side. They were forced away by the use of the two vehicles then one vehicle kept the members at bay while the vet vehicle attended the injured female. She was blindfolded using the right ear and the trunk was kept patent by use of a piece of stick. She was constantly dowsed with water to prevent hyperthermia.

Her body condition was still good but the injury was exuding gray pus. The injury was probed using long forceps to establish the depth and also to detect any foreign body. There was no foreign body and it was about 15cm deep. The pus-filled pouch was infiltrated with Hydrogen peroxide and Tincture of Iodine, then drained manually three times. This ensured thorough cleaning of organic debris from the pouch. It was then infused with 10 grams of Cloxacillin antibiotic cream after which wet green clay was packed into the wound. Superficially it was sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray to repel flies from feeding from the site. Finally, 50ml Catosal as a metabolic stimulant, 30000mgs Tetracycline broad spectrum antibiotic and 100mgs Dexamethasone anti-inflammatory were administered at different intramuscular sites.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed by administration of 20mgs Naltrexone mixed with 24mgs Diprenorphine into the superficial ear vein. Complete reversal was attained after two minutes and she ambulated away to join the family members who were about 50m away.

The prognosis for this elephant is good because the injury was spotted early followed by timely intervention.

Monitoring will continue and review will be done if need be in two weeks’ time.

2.

BABOON INTERNSHIP EXERCISE

Date: 13/06/2017 Species: Baboon Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History After more than three months of exposure to wildlife medicine an exercise was organized for the intern to show her skills so far attained concerning darting, anesthesia, risks plus emergencies encountered and surgery. The Intern was tasked to dart a male baboon and carry out a vasectomy. She briefed the vet team on the day of exercise and tasked the team members as she set out for the exercise.

Immobilization A dart for a male baboon of approximately 30kg was prepared prior to the search for the candidate. This constituted of 750mgs Ketamine in 3cl topped up with water. The troop was located near the park headquarters’ airstrip. The intern darted the baboon from the vehicle and directed the driver on how to approach. It was fully immobilized in five minutes and taken under an acacia shade on a stretcher where the procedure could be carried out safely. A thorough and quick examination confirmed this was a healthy candidate for the procedure.

Procedure The candidate was placed on right recumbence and the tongue was pulled out of the mouth cavity to allow drainage of any exudate from the mouth. It was blindfolded using a towel and the operation site was exposed by holding the hind limbs apart by one of the assistants. The surgeon (Intern) cleaned the operation site and conducted the vasectomy. Anesthesia was monitored throughout the exercise by recording breathing rate and depth, temperature, heart rate and hand/limb reflexes.

Halfway through the operation the candidate exhibited pain reflex by trying to take the left forelimb to the inguinal area. This necessitated an additional 200mgs Ketamine into the neck muscles after forty minutes post darting and the procedure continued smoothly. A subcuticular stitch of chromic cut gut was used to suture the skin closed.

Post-operative Treatment/Sampling Both suture lines were infiltrated with 5gms Cloxacillin antibiotic and sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray liberally. Systemically the candidate was covered with 450mgs Ampicillin mixed with 5mgs Dexamethasone administered intramuscularly. The eyes were infiltrated with Cloxacillin eye ointment to prevent damage.

Whole blood and tissue samples were collected for further study. No ectoparasites were found for examination but a fecal sample was collected from the rectum and placed in a fecal bottle for egg count and parasitology. An ear notch on the left ear was made for post release monitoring. The notch was sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray topically while bleeding was controlled by preplacing the clamps before cutting the ear tissue.

Reversal The baboon was checked for any immediate post-operative complications such as bleeding and scrotal swelling then left in a shaded area and monitored as the anesthetic wore off.

3.

ELEPHANT CASE REVIEW

Date: 14th June 2016 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History This female elephant was treated on the 28/5/2017 for a spear injury. It had emaciated substantially before treatment and had been given a guarded prognosis which was subject to review upon case review.

Review Examination The animal was seen on 13/6/2017 by KWS rangers on patrol and then by a KWS research officer on 14/6/2017 who quickly reached for the Vet attention. The Vet Unit attended to the location with the Amboseli Elephant Research Trust to carry out a review. It was observed that the animal had a full tummy and was ambulating well.

It was noticeable that the muscle cover had improved since the last treatment two weeks previous. She was urged to ambulate and there was very little discharge from the injury site. It was decided to review her again after ten days and if there is any discharge from the wound she will be immobilized to further drain the wound.

Prognosis This was revised from guarded to fair. It is subject to another revision after carrying out the next review.

4.

IMPALA INTERNSHIP EXERCISE

Date: 14/06/2017 Species: Impala Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History Following the successful demonstration of a baboon vasectomy, the intern was tasked to carry out the same procedure on a different species; an impala. The intern was tasked to lecture the supervisor on the procedure concerning pre-darting considerations, darting equipment and drug choices available, drugs of choice, species narcosis process and risk considerations, surgery procedure, post-surgery treatment/sampling. A go ahead was given by the supervisor and she assembled the vet team, briefed them accordingly and then set out for the exercise.

Immobilization Narcosis was to be achieved by using 2mgs Etorphine and 30mgs Azaperone. To counter respiration risk, 10mgs Butorphanol was pre-drawn using a 2cc syringe. A candidate was identified and successfully darted. It took eight minutes to be fully immobilized after wobbling up and down for last 2 minutes of sedation. An examination was carried out prior to surgery and after the animal was found to be in good health, the operation commenced.

Procedure The candidate was placed on right lateral recumbence so that occurrence of bloating could be noted and acted upon accordingly. The intern then began the procedure, beginning with cleaning of the scrotum. Anesthesia was monitored throughout the exercise by recording breathing rate and depth, Temperature, heart rate and any pain reflex. The procedure took 50 minutes post darting and no adverse effect of narcosis was noted.

Post-operative Treatment/Sampling Superficially the incision lines were sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray generously. The candidate was covered with 2100mgs Tetracycline and 10mgs Dexamethasone administered intramuscularly at different sites.

The eyes were infiltrated with Cloxacillin eye ointment to prevent corneal damage.Whole blood was sampled from the jugular vein and a tissue sample collected for genetic study. An ear notch on the left ear was made for post release monitoring. The notch was sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray topically while bleeding was controlled by preplacing the clamps before cutting. Ticks were collected from different locations on the animal and placed in tick bottles with preservative. A fecal sample was collected from the rectum and placed in a fecal bottle for egg count and parasitology.

Reversal The anesthetic was reversed using 6mgs Diprenorphine into the jugular vein. The animal assumed sternal recumbence after one minute and was up in all four shortly after. Monitoring will continue for any noticeable complication after surgery and intervention will be done when needed.

5.

ELEPHANT TREATMENT

Date: 17/06/2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Kilaguni, Tsavo West National Park History This male elephant had a severe trunk injury and was reported at the Kilaguni waterhole by the Lodge security personnel. The Vet Unit travelled from Amboseli National Park to Tsavo West National Park Kilaguni Lodge and met the lodge manager regarding the injured male elephant. It had been spotted last evening retreating into the nearby bush together with four other males. After an hour search the elephant was discovered 2kms away in the company of several males, females and calves.

Immobilization and examination The vet darted the elephant from a vehicle with 15mgs Etorphine and 500 I.U. Hyalase. The candidate was sandwiched in a herd of seven making darting tricky, but when an opportunity presented itself the vet was successfully able to dart the elephant which sent the whole herd into fright. The darted individual was difficult to track as members of the herd scattered throughout dense bush. After following several trails the candidate was found deep in narcosis on left lateral recumbence 18 minutes posts darting. A quick examination was conducted on the seemingly injured trunk. It was established that the injury had healed completely and what was appearing pinkish was the inner mucosa of the exposed trunk. The 2/5 distal portion of the trunk was loosely attached to the upper portion, though this was still functional. There was no need to amputate and suturing trunks has been proven to be ineffective due to muscular contractions and elasticity. The animal had to be revived quickly in order to avoid any complications of narcosis.

The severing of the trunk was most likely caused by a snare and the wound had healed with contracture resulting in abnormal anatomy of the trunk. The animal was covered with 100mgs Dexamethasone and the right eye and dart wound were infiltrated with Cloxacillin antibiotic cream to avoid corneal drying and abscess formation.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed using 30mgs Diprenorphine mixed with 20mgs Naltrexone into the ear vein. It was on all fours after four minutes and ambulated away slowly and calmly. Prognosis is good.

6.

ELEPHANT TREATMENT

Date: 24th June 2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Manyani, Tsavo East National Park History This elephant was reported to the Amboseli Mobile vet Unit by the DSWT Kaluku HQ after being spotted at the Manyani Gate waterhole exhibiting lameness of the left forelimb by a KWS customer care officer. The Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit set out for Manyani and after four hours drive the elephant was found browsing in company of another male.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The lame elephant was immobilized using 13mgs Etorphine and 500 I.U. Hyaluronidase from a vehicle. The right ear was used to cover the right eye to shield it from direct sunlight. A piece of dry stick was used to keep the trunk patent across the end of distal open nares. Examination on the medial side of the front left limb yielded no injury.

The bull was turned onto the right lateral recumbence using straps pulled by the vehicle to allow examination of the lateral side of the fore left limb. The left forelimb appeared swollen from the carpal joint downwards. The swollen limb was palpated for crepitation or lumps and none were noted. An 18 gauge needle was inserted at two different locations on the anterior and posterior side of the limb to aspirate and there was no exudate. This seemed to be soft tissue injury possibly caused by a sprain of the limb.

The animal was covered with 100mgs Dexamethasone intravenous and 15000mgs Amoxicillin intramuscular.

Cloxacillin antibiotic cream was infiltrated into the left eye and into the dart site to avoid injury and abscessiation respectively.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed using 80mgs of Naltrexone injected into the superficial ear vein and the animal was completely up in three minutes. It limped away in fear into the thickets. Prognosis is good.

7.

ZEBRA TREATMENT

Date: 25/06/2017 Species: Zebra Sex: Male Age: Sub-adult Location; Amboseli National Park History This male zebra was spotted by the Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit on the late evening of 29/06/2017 during normal patrols within the park. The zebra was seen limping severely on the right hind limb as a result of a huge swelling at the lateral side of the thigh. As it was already late in the day, intervention was planned for the following morning. The next day the zebra was found lying down and further enlargement of the swelling was noted. It was suspected to be an abscess due to internal bleeding caused by blunt object trauma on thigh lateral surface.

Immobilization, examination and treatment It was immobilized using 2mgs Etorphine and 35mgs Azaperone in 1.5cc dart topped up with water for injection.

A vehicle was used to approach the animal which was among other zebras grazing on the expansive Park savannah. The other zebras were not startled by the vehicle approach or post darting. As the zebra begun to exhibit sedation signs, it separated itself from the group and assumed right recumbence after five minutes.

The discharging wound was possibly due to an unsuccessful hyena attack. The injury was more than two weeks old and had no maggot infestation. Due to shearing of the muscles the dead space was about fifteen centimeters deep though there was no muscle tear. Systemically it was injected with 9000mgs Tetracycline and 10ml BComplex into different muscle sites. 15grams of Cloxacillin antibiotic cream was infiltrated into the dead space of the wound, eyes and into the dart site to cater for any sepsis.

Reversal and Prognosis Revival from narcosis was achieved using 20mgs of Naltrexone which was injected into the jugular vein. The zebra was up in one minute because it had already begun to be come around prior to the revival drug and it called for the rest of group members. Prognosis is good.

8.

ABSCESSED WILDEBEEST CALF

Date: 30/06/2017 Species: Wildebeest Sex: Male Age: Juvenile Location; Amboseli National Park History This sub adult wildebeest was noted to have a discharging wound at the right medial perineal area causing alopecia on the medial side of the right limb distally. There was no resultant lameness but the wound was a nuisance as the animal was listless due to flies’ irritation. The zebra was spotted on routine patrol by the Vet Unit and was a perfect demonstration of immobilization and intervention procedure to the interns visiting from Purdue University Students based in Indiana, US. Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 2mgs Etorphine and 10mgs Xylazine in a 1.5cc dart topped up with water for injection. It was difficult approaching the herd of about 20 wildebeest using vehicle as it was weary and avoided the vehicle. The first dart did not discharge completely and after ten minutes a second dart was used and the calf assumed left lateral recumbence in four minutes. The rest of the herd members kept close but moved away when the vehicle approached. The swelling was palpated and the softest area located. It was hot to the touch and appeared to be under pressure due to a buildup of fluid inside. An 18 gauge needle was inserted and straw coloured transudate was expressed. The calf was noted to be very anemic depicted by pale mucus membranes and delayed capillary refill time. The operation lasted for an hour and a half but half way through the patient developed shallow respiration which necessitated the administration of 60mgs Doxapram to improve respiration. This stimulation was enough to allow the operation to go on smoothly thereafter.

Reversal and Prognosis The anesthetic was reversed by administration of 18.75mgs Yohimbine into the jugular vein followed by 8mgs Naltrexone shortly after. The wildebeest was on sternal recumbence after two minutes post reversal administration. It was released facing the direction of where the herd was resting. It oriented itself and saw the herd and started bleating. The dam and herd and came running to meet the calf. Prognosis is guarded because of the vulnerability to the predators