DSWT All Mobile Veterinary Units Quarterly Report; April to June 2014

MOBILE VET UNITS TSAVO – MARA – MERU - AMBOSELI QUARTERLY REPORT APRIL TO JUNE 2014

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT APRIL 2014 Introduction The Tsavo region continued to receive some rains throughout the month of April, which has kept the ecosystem lush and green with plenty of water and forage. The rains are expected to subside soon paving the way for diminished forage and the drying up of temporary water holes.

The case load is still low compared to previous months yet some of the cases handled during the month of April by the Tsavo Mobile Veterinary Unit included an elephant in Chyulu area which had to be euthanized and another elephant case in Ithumba, which was treated for multiple arrow shots to the body who also succumbed a few days later. The Sky Vet team also did a great job while the unit was off duty.

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Immobilization and euthanasia of a sub-adult elephant cow in Chyulu Hills National Park, 11

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April

Case History The young elephant bull was reported to appear sickly and was seen moving slowly and in pain. The vet team travelled to the site the following day as the report came in late in the evening where they found the young elephant cow already recumbent and struggling to wake up. She was assisted to wake up and after close monitoring the elephant was darted with 15 mgs of etorphine in a dan inject dart system.

Examination Close examination revealed very poor body condition, scale of 2/5, signs of straining to defecate due to serious abdominal pain and emaciation. After thorough analysis it was deemed appropriate to euthanize her due to lack of external obvious injury and the possibility of poaching by a neighbouring community.

Conclusion After euthanasia, an autopsy revealed massive suppurative nephritis that had spread along the vertebral column.

The massive pockets of pus could rapture internally leading to severe fatal peritonitis.

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Treatment of an elephant bull with numerous arrow wounds in Ithumba, Tsavo East, 19

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Case History The elephant was spotted near the Ithumba-Kasala road walking with a lot of difficulty and with numerous arrow heads protruding from his body. The vet team was rushed in by air and easily found the heavily injured elephant hobbling about.

Imobilisation & Examination Immobilization was done using 18 mgs of etorphine and the elephant easily went down in few minutes. Several arrows were removed from the right side of the body before the wounds were cleaned with hydrogen peroxide, doused with tincture of iodine and covered with green clay.

A tractor was used to flip the elephant over so that the injuries on the left side could be accessed. The same procedure was also done on the left side. A large wound with pus near the left elbow joint was opened up, cleaned with water mixed in hydrogen peroxide, doused with tincture of iodine, sprayed with oxytetracycline spray and finally covered in green clay. Long acting antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were administered.

Reversal & Prognosis The elephant bull was successfully woken up but it was clear his wounds were going to be of much pain to him.

The vet unit treated him as well as was possible, but the prognosis of recovery for this elephant was given as poor due to the severity and number of his wounds. Sadly less than 10 days after this treatment the elephant succumbed to its wounds.

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Treatment of an elephant cow in Amakah Ranch, 22

April

Case History This report describes case intervention of a female elephant on Amakah Ranch bordering Tsavo. This elephant had sustained serious gunshot injuries and the case was attended by the Sky Vet initiative. A female elephant had survived brutal gunfire attack by poacher(s) but sustained serious injuries, unfortunately 3 members of the elephant herd/family had been fatally wounded and carcasses were one kilometre way.

Immobilization and Treatment Etorphine Hcl(0.98%) (M99速) (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Ltd) 18mg, in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart was prepared.

Vehicle darting was carried out. Using a Dan inject速 dart rifle (Dan-inject APS, Sellerup Skovvej, Denmark) the elephant was darted; she was immobilized after 9 minutes.

Examination of elephant showed loss of body condition, the animal had poor body condition and decubitus wounds several in number were encountered, as the elephant had spent days in recumbence position. Several penetrating gunshot wounds were also found around the neck area, and one particularly incapacitating the left hind leg. The hind leg was swollen and she was unable to bear any weight on that leg. The wounds were cleaned with copious amounts of water to remove mud and dirt, and then liberally cleaned with Tincture of iodine.

Oxytetracycline spray (Alamycin速 spray) (Norbrook Laboratories Ireland) was also applied. The elephant was doused with plenty of water and the eye covered with the pinna of the ear.

Reversal Using 60mg of diprenorphine Hcl (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Limited) given IV at the ear vein the animal was reversed from anesthesia, (a 村 of the dose was given i.m).

Prognosis Guarded.

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Treatment of an injured elephant cow in Mwalunganje Elephant Sanctuary, Shimba Hills Reserve, 28 April

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Case History This report describes a case intervention of one female elephant reported by the Shimba Hills National Reserve Management. This case was attended on Sky Vet initiative. A female elephant with no tusks, who is a matriarch in th a family of 13 elephants, had some wounds on the left hind leg. The team had attempted foot darting on the 26 April 2014 but failed due to bad terrain and dense forest. Helicopter support was requested from the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Air wing on the 27th April 2014.

Immobilisation & Examination On the 28th April 2014 a KWS helicopter supported the darting of this sick elephant. Etorphine Hcl (0.98%) (M99ÂŽ) (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Ltd) 17mg, in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart was prepared. Helicopter darting was carried out.

The elephant under anaesthesia went down and after a quick examination a decision was made to reverse the elephant from anaesthesia as the examination revealed that she had 2 wounds with no foreign bodies and the wounds were healing well without interference.

Reversal & Prognosis Using 60mg of diprenorphine Hcl (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Ltd) given IV at the ear vein the animal was reversed from anaesthesia, (a Âź of the dose was given i.m). Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and she walked away from the site and has been given a good prognosis of survival.

Other activities undertaken 5.

A lion collaring exercise as part of a KWS program was attempted in Kuku Ranch near the Chyulu Hills where three lions were to be collared, yet the exercise was unsuccessful. The exercise was undertaken at night as the lions were very shy and could not come near the darting vehicle despite broadcasting the calls of animal in distress.

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The elephant tuberculosis serological survey is ongoing of which 9 elephants have so far been tested with all returning negative results.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MAY 2014 Introduction In the month under review the Tsavo ecosystem did not experience a dramatic increase in the number of veterinary cases reported and this was attributed to heightened security and the good rains experienced early this year and late last year.

Cases attended include an injured elephant bull in the Dakota area, immobilization and euthanasia of two elephants shot in Amaka ranch, treatment of an injured bull in Ngulia sanctuary and collaring of lions in Kuku ranch. Cases of elephant injuries were caused by poaching attempts.

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Treatment of an injured elephant bull in the Dakota area of Tsavo East National Park, 4 May

Case History This old elephant bull was spotted by KWS rangers near the Dakota fence line with pronounced lameness on the right hind limb.

The elephant was shy and vanished briefly before he was located again and immobilized using 18 mgs of etorphine in a dan inject dart system. The tiny penetrating wound on the distal end of the leg was suggestive of a gunshot injury.

Treatment & Prognosis The wound was washed clean using water mixed with hydrogen peroxide in a ratio of 1:1, and pus drained out, before the wound was doused with iodine and covered with green clay.

Long acting antibiotics and dexamethasone were administered parenterally. After a thorough evaluation of the injury a good prognosis was given.

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Treatment of an elephant bull in Ngulia Valley, Tsavo West 8 May

Case History A huge bull was seen by the DSWT pilot near Ngulia Rhino sanctuary limping and moving with difficulty. Close observation revealed the bull had lameness of the front limb. Due to the heavy undergrowth helicopters darting was the most viable alternative. th

The chopper was secured early in the morning of 8 and a fixed wing plane was used to locate the injured bull. 18 mgs of etorphine was used to immobilize the elephant from a helicopter. The elephant went down in 7 minutes.

Vehicles had a difficult time reaching the area and the vet had to be dropped nearby to monitor the immobilized elephant before the rest of the team could reach the area.

Examination and treatment The left front limb was swollen, cold in the extremities and had an arrow like injury on the medial side near the armpit.

Wounds were cleaned with hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, splashed with tincture of iodine and oxytetracycline spray. A coat of green clay was used to cover the injury. Long acting antibiotics was administered to cover from bacterial infection and painkillers injected.

Due to the cold extremities, a sign of poor or interrupted blood supply to the limb, a poor prognosis of healing was given.

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Treatment of an injured Lion along Voi River, Tsavo East National Park, 12 May

Case History This male lion having difficulty in movement was seen by the Dakota patrol team while on their usual patrols along the Voi River. Upon closer examination a huge wound was seen on the medial aspect of the right thigh.

Immobilization and treatment The lion was immobilized using a mixture of 300 mgs Ketamine Hcl anesthetic drug mixed with 4mgs of meditomidine hcl in a dan inject dart gun. The lion moved about 50 meters and lay down slowly. On examination three huge gaping holes were seen on the medial aspect of the right hind limb suspected to have been inflicted by a buffalo attack. The young male must have tried to kill an oversized buffalo.

The wound was cleaned using normal saline, and all debris was removed. An antibiotic ointment was applied to the open wound and the skin was sutured using an interrupted pattern by using size 2-0 nylon suture. 15 cc of long acting amoxicillin and 10 cc dexamethasone were administered by intramuscular injection. After an operation that took nearly 1.5 hours the lion was reversed using Antisedan hcl at 5cc intramascular.

Prognosis given was guarded due to his inability to hunt prey yet the lion was spotted two weeks later walking by the roadside and appeared strong.

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Immobilization and euthanasia of a shot elephant cow in Amaka ranch, Tsavo 15 My

After a report of gun shots heard in Amaka ranch, the security teams rushed into the area to find some elephants already dead and another elephant cow limping nearby and in great pain after surviving this traumatic experience.

The vet unit was called in to assess the condition of the elephant and treat her.

Immobilization and treatment She was immobilized using 16 mgs of etorphine propelled in a dan inject dart system and the elephant fell down in 6 minutes.

Close examination of the injured limb revealed swelling and complete fracture of the left femoral bone. Complete femoral bone fractures in adult elephants and rhinos are usually untreatable especially when the animal has to forage and look for water in great distances in the wild.

The young female was euthanized to end her suffering and relieve the great pain she was undergoing. An autopsy confirmed the diagnosis of complete fracture of the left femoral bone from a direct bullet hit.

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Examination of a young elephant bull killed by a lorry near Manyani along the Nairobi-Mombasa road, 18th May

Case History th The young bull was hit by a lorry/trailer along the busy Mombasa-Nairobi road on the night of 18 May and died instantly. It is suspected to have been in a group of other family members. The tusks were removed and kept in safe custody and the autopsy revealed massive internal bleeding in the organs.

Cases of wildlife deaths killed by vehicles along the Mombasa- Nairobi highway continue to be a concern especially in big game.

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Immobilization and autopsy of a young elephant bull in Amaka ranch, 18 May

Case History The vet team was back in Amaka ranch barely three days from the last incident. Again gun shots were heard on the th evening of 17 May and on searching the next morning a young male bull was found carrying lameness a small distance from the previous case.

Treatment He was immobilized using 12 mgs of etorphine in a dan inject dart system. The leg was checked and movement and crackling sound heard from the mid right femur. With no X-ray equipment in the field, deep percussion was used to diagnose the fracture of the right femur.

After certainty of fracture was made a decision to euthanize him was the best way to end his suffering and pain.

The young bull was euthanized and an autopsy revealed complete and complex fracture of the femur with massive muscle tears.

There was fresh fracture, muscle shreds by broken bones and hemorrhage with recovery of a bullet head. It must have been very painful to the young bull.

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Autopsy of a poached elephant bull in Jipe area of Tsavo west national park, 19 May

Case History The huge elephant bull was spotted dead but fresh by KWS rangers and tusks hacked off but with no obvious injury in the body.

Autopsy Examination The vet team was called in to carry out an autopsy to ascertain the cause of death. The carcass was still fresh and aged between 14-24hours.

Autopsy revealed the following: • • • • •

good body condition no visible body marks apart from small old wounds at the base of the ear and a fresh penetrating wound on the ear flap no signs of struggle at the scene (means death was sudden) all the body organs appeared normal with no hemorrhages abdominal contents were normal in colour, texture and appearance

The tentative cause of death was a bullet shot into the head of which one bullet missed and went through the ear flap. No bullet head was recovered as there were no equipment to open the brain.

Cause of death Poaching

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Rescue of an abandoned elephant calf in Lualenyi ranch, 27 May

The male elephant calf was left behind by its family and located by the Taita hills rangers who reported it to the unit.

A DSWT de-snaring team, the Voi stockade team and the vet unit teamed helped to aid in the rescue. The calf was easily located and subdued, but on close examination a leg injury was noticed that may have made him unable to move.

The leg was treated and calf was moved to a nearby airstrip where he was loaded onto a plane and airlifted to the DSWT Nairobi Nursery.

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Lion collaring exercise at Kuku ranch, 28 -30 May

Introduction Kuku Ranch is a community wildlife conservation trust also known as the Maasai Wildlife Conservation Trust (MWCT) and forms a critical dispersal area for wildlife from Tsavo and Amboseli. Many local Maasai community members resent carnivores as they prey on their main economic livelihood, livestock.

Kuku ranch is rich in a diversity of wildlife species including elephants, zebras, buffaloes, eland and the conflict prone lions and hyenas. The conservancy started a collaring exercise in lions where specific members of a pride are attached with satellite-linked neck collars to monitor their movements and reduce conflict.

Preparation and darting Due to the rampant conflict between lions and humans in the area where at times lives have been lost, the Kuku lions are very shy and nocturnal (only move at night) making darting difficult and undertaken in darkness with the aid of calling stations.

Preparations were made early in the day and the teams moved into the areas before darkness fell. The three day operation managed to collar one lioness that was in a pride of 7 not far from Iltilal trading Centre.

Darting was by use of 300 mgs ketamine Hcl mixed with 4 mgs of meditomidine Hcl. After the being immobilized the lioness was fitted with the satellite linked collar around the neck, given supportive medication and revived 11/2 hours later. Follow up on the next day confirmed that she was doing well. Two other lions will be collared at a later date.

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10. Treatment of an injured problematic leopard in Komboyo, Tsavo west 29 May Case History Leopards are big cats involved in wildlife raiding especially when they are too old to hunt or crippled due to any physical injury. An adult leopard trapped in the triangle area of Tsavo East for killing goats, injured himself while trying to escape from the trap.

The sharp hook used to attach the bait meat inflicted several puncture and tear wounds on the hind limbs of the leopard.

Immobilization and treatment The leopard was immobilized using 120 mgs of Ketamine and 1 mg of meditomidine Hcl propelled in a dan inject dart system. Several stitches were enough to close the injuries after cleaning was done. Long acting antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were administered parenterally.

The leopard was returned back to the cage to recover and given 5 cc Antisedan to reverse the anesthetic drugs. He was finally released in Ngulia valley deep inside the Tsavo West.

Other cases handled during the month: A lion that strayed into Lamu Island from the mainland killing donkeys and spreading fear through the human population was attended to and despite all tactics used to capture him including tracking and using a calling station to attract the lion, he proved elusive. The KWS and Amu ranch teams were left to continue with the search.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JUNE 2014 Introduction The Tsavo ecosystem is fast drying up, which is greatly reducing the available watering points forcing most wildlife to travel long distances to the few remaining permanent or artificially provided watering areas and of course the rivers.

Cases handled during the month included treatment of an injured elephant bull in the Kiboko area of the Chyulu Hills, the de-snaring of elephants in Mkuki Ranch and Tsavo East National Park, rhino ear notching within Ngulia Sanctuary in Tsavo West and finally the collaring of lions in Kuku group ranch in the Chyulus.

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Treatment of an injured elephant bull in Kiboko area of Chyulu Hills National Park, 1 June 2014

This elephant was spotted near the Kiboko area along the Nairobi - Mombasa highway in a group of 4 other bulls foraging in nearby bush. The oldest bull had a big wound on the right front leg. These bulls were deep inside a community area and its thought a poaching attempt was the cause of the injury.

Immobilization and treatment Immobilization was done using 18 mgs of etorphine propelled in a dan inject dart system and the elephant went down after 5 minutes.

The elephant was treated for a small injury on the left front leg before being rolled over to allow for treatment of the bigger wound on the caudal side of the right front limb. Two vehicles came in handy. The large wound was thoroughly washed with water mixed with hydrogen peroxide in a ratio of 1:1, necrotic tissues and pus debris was removed leaving a raw wound.

Tincture of iodine was applied evenly and oxytetracycline spray administered. A layer of green clay was used to cover the wounded area to aid in healing. Long acting antibiotics (Betamox LA) and dexamethasone were injected parenterally.

Prognosis The elephant was given a good prognosis and was revived to join the rest of the herd.

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Translocation of a zebra from the DSWT Voi stockade to Sagala Lodge, 9 June 2014

This zebra was rescued as a foal after it was found by herders near a homestead in the Ndii area of Tsavo West National Park. He was raised until nearly adult hood after which he started being aggressive hence the need to reintegrate him back into the wild.

Physical capture was difficult so he was immobilized through darting using 4 mgs of etorphine and 40 mgs xylazine.

He was loaded into a truck under anaesthesia and transported to Sagala Ranch and offloaded before being revived.

Feeds and water were supplied and the new keeper was instructed to re-unite him with other resident zebras after a week.

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Treatment of a snared elephant in Mkuki Ranch, 14 June 2014

A case of an injured young elephant cow was reported by KWS rangers while patrolling the Mkuki Ranch, which is one of the many ranches hosting wildlife within the Tsavo ecosystem. The team responded fast and easily found the injured elephant not far from a water hole. She was darted using 16 mgs of etorphine using a dan inject dart system.

Treatment and recovery The front right leg had a tight and deep cutting wire snare that caused severe tissue damage and bleeding.

Infection had already set in luckily the distal part of the foot had good blood supply. The wire snare was cut loose and the wounded area was washed using hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, whilst dead tissue debris was removed and tincture of iodine was applied. Green clay was used to cover the wound to aid in healing and keep dirt away.

Long acting antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were injected intramuscularly and the elephant was given a guarded prognosis and revived. Close monitoring was advised.

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Treatment of a snared elephant cow inside Tsavo east national park, 16 June

This lone elephant cow was seen by the DSWT patrol aeroplane along the Galana River trying to spray water onto its wounded neck. She was easily spotted again the next morning foraging inside the park.

Immobilization and treatment She was darted using 16mgs of etorphine propelled in a dan inject dart system from a vehicle. She was immobilized in 6 minutes. A tight deeply cutting wire snare around the neck could have killed the elephant were it not for the ear flap that protected part of the neck. Luckily major blood vessels were not affected. Pus debris and necrotic tissues were cut off, wounds washed with hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, doused with tincture of iodine and sprayed with oxytetracycline spray.

Wetted green clay was used to cover the injury, whilst long acting antibiotics and dexamethasone Hcl were administered parenterally. Prognosis given was guarded.

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Ngulia Rhino ear notching exercise, 18 – 25 June 2014

Rhino ear notching is done every 2 years to enable proper identification of individuals that aid in census and monitoring. The last ear notching was undertaken in March 2012. This year a total of 12 Rhinos of different ages and sexes were ear notched in an operation that took 8 days. Helicopter darting was used to immobilize the rhinos as there was heavy bush and undergrowth.

Immobilisation and notching Adults were immobilized using 4.5 mgs etorphine and 80 mgs azaperone, 3 mgs of etorphine and 60 mgs azaperone and finally 2 mgs etorphine and 40 mgs azaperone for 3 year olds.

Tissue, parasitic and blood samples were taken and preserved. Respiratory complications were noted and dealt with via administration of Burtophanol and Narlophine plus Doxopram a respiratory stimulator.

The exercise will again be undertaken in about two years when the current calves will have attained a good age.

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Lion collaring exercise in Kuku Ranch, Chyulu Hills 28 – 30 June

Kuku Ranch is a community conservation area bordering Tsavo West National Park and Chyulu Hills National park.

Human-predator conflict is high in the pastoralist community that keep livestock as their economic activity.

Understanding the dynamics of predator activity especially lions is crucial in solving the rampant human-wildlife conflict in this area hence the need to deploy satellite linked collars that will give crucial information on lion movements. Collars were to be deployed on 3 lions but only one was successful.

Immobilization and collaring The lioness was immobilized using 300 mgs of ketamine and 3.5 mgs of meditomidine hcl at night by aid of night vision equipment after herbivores in distress sounds were played to attract them. The collars were fitted with enough space to allow the lioness to feed and move with ease.

The lioness was revived one hour later and monitored closely she moved away on her own. The remaining collars will be deployed at a later date.

Conclusion and acknowledgement The unit would like to appreciate the support of its sponsors ViER PFOTEN through the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT) for their continued support that enables us to save suffering wildlife at their time of need. We also thank the Kenya Wildlife Service through the Assistant Director of the Tsavo Conservation Area and the head, veterinary and capture services department for their contribution.

Reported by:Dr Jeremiah Poghon

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT APRIL 2014 The month of April was characterized by a drop in precipitation and reduced tourism activities within the greater Masai Mara ecosystem. Clinical cases handled were fewer compared to previous months, yet the unit still answered 8 reports including 2 elephant postmortems (one having been killed by a spear and the other with an unknown cause of death), 2 elephant treatments one for an arrow wound and one for a spear, the follow-up treatment of ‘Siena’ the lioness, as well as sampling of buffalos for trypanosomosis and collecting blood from an adult bull elephant. A sad incident was also investigated involving carnivore poisoning, where many predator carcasses were found having been intentionally poisoned.

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Post-mortem of an elephant, Naibosho Conservancy, 8 April 2014

Case History KWS security patrol team came across this elephant carcass near Naboisho airstrip while doing their routine patrol.

The elephant could have died the night proceeding the day of post-mortem. They requested veterinary services to ascertain cause of death. Both tusks were intact.

Examination The carcass was found lying on his left side with scavengers having ripped open the abdomen and part of the thorax. There was no evidence of struggle before death at the scene. The elephant appeared to have been in good body condition before death. Except for openings created by scavengers, no other wounds were visible externally.

Both tusks were retrieved and handed over to KWS security staff for safe custody.

Conclusion Owing to the state of the carcass the cause of death could not be grossly determined. The integrity of the carcass and its organs had been interfered with by the scavengers

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Sampling of buffalos for trypanosomosis, Masai Mara ecosystem, 8 – 17 April 2014

Case History In order to map the distribution of trypanosoma parasites and the Pan-African Tsetse a Trypanosomiasis Eradication campaign was embarked upon with the KWS and other stakeholders. This program included sampling susceptible species countrywide yet the Masai Mara ecosystem was identified as one of the target areas for sampling. The 10 day exercise saw 54 adult buffalos sampled. Among the samples collected were whole blood, ticks and tissue for DNA analysis. GPS locations for each of the individuals and their approximate ages by dentition was captured. Other morphometric measurements were also recorded.

Activities Immobilization was achieved by use of 5mg etorphine HCL and 50mg azaperone delivered through Dan inject darting system. Reversal was achieved through intravenous administration of 36mg diprenorphine HCL. The exercise was successful.

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Treatment of a male elephant at Mara Bush Tops lodge, 13 April 2014

Case History The management of Mara Bush Tops called to report an injured elephant amongst a resident herd. The mobile veterinary team responded immediately.

Immobilization and Treatment The elephant was in company of another older bull though he could not keep pace as he was limping on his right forelimb. The wound was discernible from a distance. Immobilization was achieved by use of 16mg etorphine HCL delivered through a 2ml Dan inject dart. A vehicle was used when darting. It took 8min for the elephant to be fully immobilized just at the edge of a thicket. Examination revealed a deep wound on the lateral surface of his right shoulder.

The wound was sharp edged most likely inflicted by a spear. It was about 4Inches in diameter and 8inches deep.

The wound could have been 1 week old. No foreign body was found in the wound when probed. The wound was copiously lavaged with clean water before being debrided with hydrogen peroxide and swabs. Lugols iodine was applied and green clay was used to cover the wound. In addition 15000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic was administered into different sites intramuscularly. 100mg Dexamethasone sodium was given intramuscularly as an antiinflammatory.

Reversal This was achieved by administration of48mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously via the ear vein.

Prognosis Good.

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Suspected Predator Poisoning Investigation, 13 April 2014

Case History The Masai Mara National Reserve Chief Park Warden called to report sudden deaths in hyenas and jackals within the Park close to the Talek area. He was advised to note the GPS location of each carcass, and then transfer all the carcasses to a central place. This was to ease post-mortem examination and guard against further scavenging as this appeared like a poisoning case.

Post-mortem Examination The post mortem carried out on one of the hyena carcasses was representative for the other carcasses which included two other female hyenas, a male and a female black backed jackal and a tawny eagle. All were collected dead within a radius of 500meters. The hyena carcass appeared to have been in perfect body condition before death with active mammaries suggesting she was nursing. General examination of the carcass revealed the following; • • • • • •

Blood tinged froth from both nostrils and mouth.

Rigor mortis was beginning to dissolve and the carcass was less than 24 hours old.

Pinkish powder was observed sticking to the hairs of her front limbs.

Both lungs were haemorrhagic. Extension of haemorrhage was evident in the entire respiratory tree including the bronchioles, bronchi, trachea and the nostrils.

Mucus membranes were severely darkened. The liver, kidneys and spleen appeared mottled, and could easily break on handling.

Both large and small intestines were congested with pasty chocolate coloured contents.

These stomach contents were collected as samples and have been sent to Government chemist for analysis to identify the chemical used for poisoning. Carbamates have been incriminated in various carnivore poisonings before and are among the substances requested to be tested in the samples.

Conclusion The pattern of deaths, post mortem picture and strange substances found in the stomach of this hyena suggest poisoning as the cause of death. All carcasses collected were dumped into a twenty feet deep pit and buried and contaminated areas burned by help of petrol. County staff were advised to comb the area and collect any other carcasses and treat them in a similar way to minimize exposure. The type of poison used will be known as soon as the samples are tested by Government Chemist where the samples have been submitted to.

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Retreatment of Siena, the lioness. (Governor’s camp) 14 April 2014

Case History Siena is a mature lioness aged 8 years. She is a mother of several members of the famous Marsh pride. She is a successful hunter and currently nursing three cubs who are four months old. She got a bad injury after being gored on her left flank by a buffalo while hunting with other members of the pride. First treatment was carried out on 4th April 2014 and second assessment which involved replacement of fallen sutures done on 10th April 2014. This time round the wound appeared wet and required cleaning and antibiotic application.

Immobilization and physical examination Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 3mg dexmedetomidine and 280mgs Ketamine delivered through a 3ml Dan inject dart. Lioness was fully anaesthetized after five minutes.

Examination revealed a discharging wound which required dressing but the sutures were still intact. Treatment involved cleaning the wound carefully with swabs and surgical spirit, application of iodine and cloxacillin antibiotic cream. Green clay was then applied.

Reversal This was achieved by administration of 18mgs atipamizole intramuscularly one hour after immobilization Prognosis Is fairly good although will require close and regular monitoring

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Treatment of an injured elephant at Mara North Conservancy, 15 April 2014

Case History This young elephant bull was spotted by Mara North Conservancy rangers isolated and moving with difficulty. He showed an obvious limp on his rear right limb.

Immobilisation and Treatment Immobilization was achieved by administration of 14mgs etorphine hydrochloride through a 2ml Dan inject dart by vehicle. The drugs took effect after 8minutes with the elephant falling on his left side. Examination revealed a suspected arrow wound on the medial surface of his right tarsus causing severe swelling of the joint. Other shallow wounds were seen on the lateral right hip and lateral surface of the right carpus. All the wounds were washed with clean water, debrided with hydrogen peroxide and lugols iodine applied. Green clay was also packed into the bigger wound. In addition 150000mgs amoxicillin was given intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis This was achieved by intravenous administration of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride into the ear vein.

Prognosis is good.

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Collection of blood from an elephant bull, 18 April 2014

Case History Serum from the blood will be extracted and used to boost immunity and defence of elephant orphans at elephant orphanages.

Immobilisation and blood collection A mature healthy bull was identified as a candidate. He was immobilized by use of 17mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through 2ml Dan inject dart by vehicle. The elephant was fully immobilized in eight minutes, upon which five pints of blood was collected from his ear vein. This was immediately sent for processing by competent laboratories.

Reversal Achieved by administration of 54mgs of diprenorphine hydrochloride through the ear vein.

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Post mortem of an elephant near Ngama Hills, Masai Mara National Reserve, 20 April 2014

Case History This elephant carcass was discovered by Masai Mara game rangers while on routine patrol. The Chief Park Warden informed the mobile veterinary unit of the carcass and requested for a post-mortem to be carried to ascertain cause of death.

General examination The carcass was found on sternal recumbency already putrefied and scavenged on. The 3rd stage of maggots was beginning to infest the carcass. The interior body parts were already dismembered by scavengers and predators including lions that were found on the site. A spear was retrieved about 20meters from the carcass most likely having fallen just before the elephant died. Both tusks were intact. The elephant appeared to have been in good body condition before death. The carcass was about five days old.

Significant findings Closer examination revealed a deep sharp edged wound about 2 inches in diameter on his right flank. This was a penetrating wound suspected to have been caused by spearing right into the peritoneum and the large intestines.

Fecal material was seeping through the opening.

Conclusion The postmortem picture shows this elephant died of complications occasioned by spearing. These injuries lead to septic peritonitis and eventual death. Recovery of the spear and wound pattern suggest involvement of human activity on the death of this elephant.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MAY 2014 Introduction The month experienced reduced precipitation with most of the days being hot and windy. Forage is fast becoming scarce for the grazers, however compared to the previous month few cases requiring veterinary interventions were reported all of which were attended to. The use of spears and poisoned arrows to injure and kill elephants is still rampant. Two elephants with such injuries were treated while one post mortem was carried out whose cause of death was confirmed to be due to poisoned arrow injuries - all were massive bulls.

Following are cases attended by the unit during the period under review;

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Elephant bull at Oldonyo Rinka, 15 May 2014

Case History The Mara Elephant project team through their tracking system saw a sudden fast and continuous movement of one of their collared elephant. The elephant had covered a long distance within a short time indicating that he was fleeing. The last GPS reading before the sudden burst of action was traced to a wheat farm. They got concerned that this elephant could have been injured at the farm. This elephant collared in June 2013 is christened Bobo.

Physical Examination By tracking this elephant he was found in a small thicket in Oldonyo Rinka with another bull. It was hard to access the point by vehicle or foot because of the thick bush. The services of a helicopter were sought and it was confirmed the elephant had several arrow inflicted injuries. The elephant was driven close to the edge of the thicket before darting him from a helicopter. 16mgs of etorphine was used delivered through 2ml Dan inject dart and it took eight minutes for the elephant to be fully immobilized. On examination, the elephant was found with three injuries, one on the right rump, a fresh one on the left thigh and a healing one on the left flank.

Treatment The injury on the right rump was slightly old with an abscess forming following closure of the wound. This was opened and pus completely drained before probing and lavaging it liberally with water. Hydrogen peroxide and swabs were used to remove dead tissues before clean water was used to rinse the wound. Amoxicillin ointment was packed into the wound after irrigating it with lugol’s iodine. Oxytetracycline spray was topically applied. About two liters of pus was drained from this abscess.

The other wounds were similarly managed though none had pus. Additional treatment included an intramuscular injection of 15000mgs Amoxycillin antibiotic into different sites, intramuscular administration of Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory and multivitamin injection. This was also an opportunity to untwist the collar which appeared be slightly twisted. The whole exercise took forty minutes.

Reversal This was achieved by administration of 48 mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride into the ear vein. The elephant woke up within two minutes and moved away to join his colleague.

Prognosis Good

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Release of Giraffes from trapped at Olerai Farms, Mara North

Case History KWS patrol rangers in collaboration with the Mara Elephant Project team came across these giraffes trapped in this farm, stressed due to lack of water supply. They also noted a limping giraffe in the group and duly sought our help.

Olerai farms have lately been turned into livestock ranches and crop farms. Initially it formed dispersal areas for wildlife in Masai Mara National Reserve and other conservancies. In securing the perimeter of these farms, an electric fence was constructed and a few animals were trapped in the enclosure. Among the animals were three giraffes, one young sub adult female and two adult males.

The enclosure has no water supply and the giraffes have been relying on rain water that collects by the roadsides.

Rains in that area has since stopped and the last recorded were over a month ago. These giraffes therefore had no future and were staring at their deaths from dehydration. After discussion with the management of the farms, we reached an agreement to find a way of releasing them to join others outside the enclosure.

The female giraffe appeared to be limping on her right leg which we later discovered was a healing wound from a snare that had since come off. To save the giraffes part of the fence was removed and the giraffes were driven out carefully. Though they tried to resist, we finally managed. They joined the rest of the herd that was outside the fence.

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Treatment of a lioness at Hammerkop area Masai Mara, 20 May 2014

Case History A Warden in the Masai Mara National Reserve from Talek gate called to report having seen this lioness limping on her left front limb. She had three cubs and appeared to have been injured while hunting.

Immobilization & Examination This lioness appeared to be in good health and nursing. At the time of darting, she was caressing a five month old cub. She appeared to be in pain while trying to move and this pain was emanating from her right front limb.

Immobilization was achieved using a combination of 3mgs medetomidine and 300mgs Ketamine Hydrochloride delivered in 3ml Daninject dart through Daninject darting riffle. This was done by vehicle. The lion was fully anaesthetized within eight minutes. Antibiotic eye ointment was applied to both eyes against desiccation and both eyes covered with face towel. The lioness was then moved to a shade and placed in an appropriate position for examination and treatment.

Closer examination revealed a deep narrow wound on the lateral surface of her right shoulder most likely sustained from a warthog’s tusks. The wound was about four inches deep and touched the scapular spine though not infected. Luckily there was no fracture.

Treatment The wound was probed for any foreign body which was negative. It was cleaned with the help of hydrogen peroxide and clean water. It was then cleaned with the help of sterile swabs before iodine being applied.

Amoxyicilin ointment was packed into the wound and oxytetracycline spray applied topically. In addition 3000mgs

amoxicillin antibiotic and 15mgs Dexamethasone sodium anti-inflammatory was given intramuscularly. The treatment process took thirty minutes.

Reversal It was achieved by intramuscular administration of 10mgs atipamizole Hydrochloride one hour after immobilization. The lioness woke up after ten minutes and joined her cub.

Reversal Good.

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Treatment of an elephant bull in Naboisho Conservancy, 23 May 2014

This massive elephant bull, about 40years old, was spotted by management team of Naboisho conservancy who described the bull as lethargic and in pain. They contacted the mobile veterinary unit on the ground for assistance.

General Examination This elephant appeared to be in a lot of pain exhibited by his disinclination to move and occasional shivering. On agitation to move, the elephant showed difficulties in moving the rear limbs. There was a small wound slightly posterior to his left flank and a bigger wound on his right flank.

Immobilisation and Treatment Immobilization was achieved by administration of 16mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Daninject dart. This was done by vehicle. After making few movements, the elephant stood for a while and fell down after ten minutes. He assumed right lateral recumbency position.

The wound on the left flank was examined. It was a shallow spear inflicted wound hardly two days old. Though not septic, the wound appeared to have been inflicted with poisoned spear. The wound was lavaged with copious amount of water, debrided with hydrogen peroxide and swabs. Lugol’s iodine was then applied with oxytetracycline spray being used topically. Green clay was finally packed.

The elephant had to be turned over so as to access and assess the wound on the right flank. Combined force of two vehicles was used to turn this elephant. This wound tough slightly deep, bore same properties including age with the first wound hence managed the same way.

In addition, this elephant was given 15000mgs Amoxycillin antibiotic and 1000mgs Dexamethasone sodium antiinflammatory intramuscularly. The management of the conservancy was advised to monitor this elephant as another treatment may be required later.

Reversal This was achieved by administration of 48mgs diprenorphine intravenously through the ear vein. The elephant woke up after three minutes and strode away.

Prognosis Favourable

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Post mortem of an elephant bull at Oldonyo Rinka, 23 May 2014

History KWS patrol rangers together with the Mara Elephant Project team came across this carcass at the edge of a forest in Oldonyo Rinka. Both tusks were intact but there were signs of attempted removal. They sought the services of the mobile veterinary unit to determine the cause of death.

Post Mortem Examination Carcass was found lying on left lateral recumbency position with both tusks retrieved by KWS and Mara Elephant Project Security team for safe custody. The following were general observations made; • • • • • • •

This elephant was in good body condition at the time of death with a body score of 4 in a scale of 1-5 where 5 is perfect and 1 poor.

There was no evidence of struggle before death at the scene of the incident.

Scavengers had already ripped some parts of the carcass opening up the abdomen.

The carcass was about 48 hours old and purification was beginning to occur.

Few first stage maggots and fly eggs were seen on the carcass.

A penetrating wound at the centre of the pinna on the right ear was observed Three other penetrating wounds, one on the right thorax, one on the left flank and another on the posterior left thigh was also observed. All the wounds were less than four days old.

Post Mortem picture On opening the carcass, the following was noted; 1.

Subcutaneous fat was gelatinous.

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There was an old wound possibly caused by spearing on the lumbar region dorsally on the midline. It had a lot of pus on opening.

Most of the subcutaneous space was occupied by serosanguineous fluid with hardly any blood clots seen.

On tracing the wounds observed, they were shallow, hardly eight inches deep.

The wound on the right thoracic area had a small metallic fragment embedded in the subcutaneous tissue. Closer examination of this fragment revealed it was a piece of an arrow head.

No other foreign body retrieved from other wounds.

All the organs appeared grossly normal.

Conclusion This elephant died of poisoning from poisoned arrows. The motive was poaching. Oldonyo Rinka has been identified as one area notorious for elephant poaching. This is the second big elephant in less than two months to be killed in this area, in similar circumstances and very close proximity.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JUNE 2014 Introduction The month of June witnessed the famous annual migration of wildebeests from the Serengeti to the Masai Mara. although it started earlier than expected with a corresponding inflow of tourists to the region. Rains have continued which is good for forage and wildlife. Report on samples taken from the poisoned hyenas from last month has been released by the government chemist which implicated carbamates which we had all along been suspecting. Though banned and no longer retailed in Kenya, this substance somehow still finds its way to the country. This issue was shared with the Masai Mara park management and hopefully strict measures will immediately be applied to stop future poisonings.

At the beginning of the month KWS Veterinary officer Dr Limo of the Amboseli Unit was on leave, so 6 cases were covered by the DSWT/KWS Sky Vet program. On return Dr Limo then handled a number of cases including elephants treated for various injuries, relocation of buffaloes and sampling of various wildlife species.

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Treatment of an injured lion at Musiara, 6 June 2014

Case History A male lion named “Hunter” was attacked by another male while fighting for a mate at the Bilashaka area near Musiara airstrip in the Masai Mara. The lion was bitten on the scrotum and one of the testicles popped out. The injured testicle was hanging outside with intense hemorrhage and had become necrotic after 2 days.

Anesthesia and treatment The lion was anaesthetized using 4 mgs medetomidine Hcl combined with 400mgs of xylazine Hcl and it took 10 minutes for the drug to take effect. The lion was examined and found with a necrotic spermatic cord on the right testicle. The left testicle was still intact and was not injured at all.

Surgical operation The injured testicle had to be excised and removed to avoid further infection and pain. 2 % lignocaine was used as a local anesthesia to control pain around the spermatic cord. The spermatic cord was ligated using chromic cat-gut number 3 to control any bleeding then it was cut off and the remaining stump sutured together with spermatic fascia. The skin was also held together and sutured using chromic cat-gut number 3. The surgical wound was further treated using opticlox® ointment, oxytetracycline spray and green clay. Further treatments using Betamox® and dexamethasone were administered intramuscularly. The lion was then revived from anaesthesia after 1 hour using atipamezole Hcl administered intramuscularly.

Prognosis was good after treatment and the lion was out of pain, the following day the lion was seen active and walking in the bushes without trouble.

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Treatment of an injured lion at Serena, 6 June 2014

History The lion was reported to be lame and unable to hunt, it was carrying lameness on the left front leg. It had been lying down under one tree for at least 3 days without much movement. It required some examination and veterinary intervention to save its life.

Anesthesia and treatment The lion was anaesthetized using 3.5 mgs medetomidine Hcl combined with 350mgs of xylazine Hcl and it took 15 minutes for the drug to take effect. The lion was examined and found with several deep penetrating wounds cutting through the interdigital space of the front left leg. It was suspected to be bite wounds out of territorial fights. The leg was intact with no fracture or dislocation.

Surgical operation The injured leg was then cleaned properly using 10% hydrogen peroxide and lugol’s iodine, then sutured using chromic cat-gut number 3. The surgical wound was then treated using opticlox® ointment, oxytetracycline spray and green clay. Further treatments using Pen-strep® and dexamethasone were administered intramuscularly. The lion was then revived from anaesthesia after 1 hour using atipamezole Hcl administered intramuscularly.

Prognosis was good after treatment and the lion was out of pain.

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Rescue of a zebra with an arrow on its back, Kawai, Mara, 6 June 2014

History Soon after treating the lion at Serena, the veterinary team was called to go and rescue a female zebra with an arrow sticking into its back near Kawai area over the Oloololo escarpment. The case was reported by the Mara conservancy rangers and community living in the area. The zebra was in great pain and was still bleeding.

Immobilization and treatment The zebra was darted from a vehicle using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs azaperone and the drug took effect after 5 minutes. The arrow head was excised carefully using a surgical blade while controlling hemorrhage using hemostatic forceps. The arrow-head had hooks which were cutting through blood vessels and muscles as it came off. This led to intense hemorrhage which took some time to control using several gauze swabs.

The wound was then treated using green clay, oxytetracycline spray and opticlox速 ointment. Further parenteral treatment using long-acting oxytetracycline and dexamthasone was administered.

The zebra was then revived from anaesthesia using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein.

Prognosis was good after treatment and the zebra took off feeling relieved.

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Treatment of a wounded black rhino in the Mara Conservancy, 6 June 2014

History The male black rhino was sighted with a very large circular wound on the right abdominal flank; the wound was infected and was being pecked by birds and full of flies and maggots. The rhino was in pain and dull preferring to lie down all the time. It had also started losing body condition and required urgent attention.

Chemical immobilization The rhino was sighted in a swampy area close to Mara River near Little Governors. It was darted from a vehicle using 4.5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone. It took off and ran for about 10 minutes then went recumbent. Respiration was stabilized using 10mgs of butorphanol administered through the ear-vein.

Examination and treatment The wound was cleaned using a lot of water and gauze swabs attached to forceps to clear mud and necrotic debris.

The wound was suspected to have been caused by filarial worms and later enhanced by pecking birds and flies. It was then treated by topical application of 10% hydrogen peroxide followed by lugol’s iodine, subcutaneous injections of ivermectin around the wound to clear all the burrowing worms. The wound was then covered with green clay and oxytetracycline spray. Further treatments using Pen-strepŽ and dexamethasone were administered intramuscularly.

It was then revived from anesthesia using 24mgs of etorphine Hcl administered through the ear-vein.

Prognosis; was good after treatment, the security rangers were advised to monitor the rhino and report the progress to the veterinary team.

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Postmortem of a giraffe at Oloolaimutiak, Masai Mara, 6 June 2014

History A female giraffe in a group of many other giraffes was sighted with an arrow-head on the stifle joint of the left hind leg, it had a young calf and it was already very weak almost collapsing. It died within a few hours after being sighted and the calf joined the rest of the herd.

Postmortem findings The giraffe had an arrow-head stuck on the stifle joint. The joint capsule and muscles were heavily necrotized; the giraffe had lost body condition by the time of death. It was suspected to have been hit by a poisoned arrow.

The arrow and tissues samples around the wound were collected and submitted to the Government chemist for toxicological analysis. The calf was followed and observed but was found to be strong enough to survive on its own, it was not in any danger of predation since it was in a company of a large herd.

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Attempted treatment of an elephant with an abscess on the abdomen

There was a report of an elephant with two large swellings on the abdominal wall in Siana conservancy. The swellings were suspected to have been caused by an arrow or bullet wounds. The elephant was darted but unfortunately the drug did not discharge and the elephant escaped into the thick forest, several attempts to redart it were not successful as it kept on running through inaccessible thickets until darkness set in. The security rangers continued to search for it the next day but they could not sight it. It was therefore left for the Mara resident vet to follow up and attend to it whenever it’s sighted.

Acknowledgement The Sky-vet initiative enabled us to attend to all these pressing wildlife cases within the shortest time possible. The Sky-vet initiative provided an aircraft to fly the veterinary team to the Masai Mara to attend to many cases within short notice. Many thanks to David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DWST) and Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) veterinary department for quick response and support to save these endangered wildlife species in the Masai Mara.

We also acknowledge the support offered to us by the Mara team including Governors Lodge, Mara Conservancy and Ann KentTaylor’s team, who were able to monitor and report these cases effectively and provided the ground transport for the veterinary team.

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Lioness injured by a buffalo at Keekorok, Masai Mara, 8 June 2014

History Masai Mara National Reserve management called the vet unit requesting help to assess a lioness seen that morning with a severe injury on her left flank. The lioness was in company of a mature male.

General examination The lioness was lying down beside her male companion, unable to stand or move. Her left flank was torn open with the intestines and other abdominal viscera exteriorized. The lioness appeared to be edging into state of shock with enlarged pupils and signs of anxiety.

The lioness was darted with a combination of 3mgs medetomidine and 240mgs Ketamine in a 3ml Daninject dart for closer examination. She did not move as expected and was fully anaesthetized after 5 minutes. The male companion was chased away with the help of vehicles to allow proper assessment of the lioness. A face towel was o applied to cover the eyes and immediate temperature readings were taken. The temperature was 33 c which was subnormal.

The wound on the left flank was extensive and deep with exteriorization of the intestines, omentum and part of the liver. Closer examination revealed perforation of small intestines with the ingesta contaminating the peritoneum. Other puncture wounds were observed on the right loin area and distally on the right forelimb. The injury could have been inflicted the night before. With the grave prognosis evident, a decision was made to put down this lioness in order to stop her from further suffering. Euthanasia was achieved by administration of 2000mgs of 20% non-sterile pentobarbitone sodium (euthatal) intracardially since the vessels had collapsed. The lioness died without struggle after one minute and the carcass was disposed of appropriately.

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Translocation of buffaloes, Oleria Masai Mara, 11 June 2014

History Management of Olerai/Seretoni farms called for help in the translocation of two male buffaloes trapped inside their fence. The farm is enclosed with an electric fence with livestock and crops. Outside this fence is a conservancy with buffaloes and other wildlife species. The buffaloes had gained entry into the farm through the gate which had been left open. They posed a danger to herders and other farm workers apart from destruction to crops.

Capture and relocation A good site for the release was identified prior to capture. This was about two kilometers outside the gate and in the conservancy where other wildlife species were. Loading and offloading was done with the manual assistance of the conservancy rangers.

The buffaloes were captured one at a time chemically by use of combination of 5mgs etorphine and 30mgs xylazine delivered through a Daninject darting system by vehicle. It took ten minutes for the buffaloes to get fully immobilized upon where they were loaded manually into a flat based tractor trailer on sternal recumbency to minimize bloat. They were carefully transported and released on the identified site.

Reversal Upon offloading, the buffaloes were reversed with administration of 5mgs atipamizole and 18mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the ear vein. The buffaloes woke up within three minutes after reversal.

Management was advised to constantly check the integrity of the fence and keep the gates to the farms closed all the time.

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Sampling of various ungulates in the Masai Mara, 12 – 15 June 2014

Case History The KWS is fulfilling its mandate of safeguarding and ascertaining the health status of their wildlife populations through continuous disease surveillance, which is of paramount importance. This exercise was to take samples and analyze whether we have circulating pathogenic haemoparasites within the Masai Mara ecosystem.

Ungulates that frequently come close to domestic animals were identified to see whether they share pathogens.

Blood and tick samples were collected from various species identified who were chemically immobilized before sampling.

All the sampled animals were herbivores hence the choice of drug for immobilization was etorphine and azaperone used in doses appropriate for each species. Reversal was achieved by use of diprenorphine with dosage based on the etorphine used.

A total of 34 animals were sampled which included wildebeests, topis, hartebeests, zebras and impalas. This was done in conjunction with a team from the KWS Veterinary Department in Nairobi who took the samples for analysis. The three day exercise went on successfully.

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10. Treatment of a young elephant bull at Motorogi conservancy, 16 June 2014 History This young bull, about 14years old, was spotted limping and unable to keep pace with the rest of the family members by the Masai Mara Elephant Project rangers. The project management then sought our help to treat the young bull.

General Examination This elephant was in the company of about ten others whom we believed were a family. He walked with obvious difficulty exhibited by lameness in his rare right limb. There was a small injury on the lateral surface of his right knee joint. His body condition was still good though. He was still able to feed.

Immobilization, examination and treatment For closer examination and treatment, this elephant was darted with 15mgs etorphine hydrochloride through Daninject darting system. This was done by vehicle. The elephant moved for about 400meters before the drugs took effect after eight minutes. He assumed left lateral recumbency position which gave us advantage given that the wound was on the right side. The terrain was also good.

Closer examination revealed a small wound lateral to the right knee joint with a lot of swelling. On probing we discovered an arrow head lodged in this wound. The arrow head was gently removed and the wound edges were slightly extended to facilitate effective debridement and flushing of the wound. There was no pus but tissue reaction had caused severe swelling. The arrowhead could have been in place for two to three days. Luckily the joint integrity was not interfered with by the arrow.

Wound management involved debridement with hydrogen peroxide and swabs, lavaging it with a copious amount of water, irrigating it with lugol’s iodine and topical application of oxytetracycline spray. A coat of green clay was then applied to absorb toxins and promote healing.

In addition, 12000mgs Amoxycillin antibiotic and 2000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory was given intramuscularly.

Reversal This was achieved by administration of 48mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride via the ear vein. The elephant woke up after two minutes and moved to join other family members.

Prognosis Good. We found this elephant a week later in the company of another three big bulls having moved about thirty kilometers from where we treated him and in much better condition, moving with ease and with swelling substantially reduced.

11. Lion at Naboisho conservancy, 19th June 2014 History The Warden of Naboisho conservancy called to ask for help after spotting this young adult lion isolated from the pride members. This lion was visibly in distress, isolated from other pride members and preferred to lie down with the head placed horizontally. The entire neck including the head was severely swollen and a very audible snore could be picked while breathing. He showed signs of respiratory distress. After a brief discussion, we decided to immobilize the lion in order to determine what the problem was and check whether there was any foreign body lodged somewhere.

Immobilization and examination Immobilization was achieved by administration of 3mgs medetomidine and 240mgs Ketamine in one 3mls Daninject dart. Darting was done by vehicle. After the lion was fully anaesthetized, he was placed in left lateral position and a more comfortable posture. However the snoring became more pronounced and there was evidence he was breathing with difficulty as shown by struggle to breathe through the mouth. We tried to pull the tongue out so as to give enough space for air to flow out but the lion still had difficulties in breathing. The nostrils were also blocked by the swelling and so was the entire upper respiratory system including the larynx. The oral mucosa was extensively swollen and cyanotic. This lion died while treatment was being instituted and a post mortem was immediately conducted.

Post mortem examination This lion appeared to have been in perfect condition before getting this problem as shown by the body score. It appears that this was a very acute problem. The neck upwards was severely swollen to the extent that both nostrils were substantially blocked. The head and the lips with the tongue were equally swollen with severe cyanosis.

On opening the carcass, the following observations were noted; • • • • • • •

The tongue and the lips were grossly swollen and severely cyanotic.

The head and neck were also grossly swollen with gelatinous fatty degeneration of fat around this region.

The tracheal lumen was compressed by the swelling to the extent that little air could pass through. This was the same case with the nostrils.

There was severe cellulitis from the lips that extended aborally to the base of the neck.

Laryngeal cartilages had collapsed due to pressure from the swelling.

There were prominent fang marks on the left side of the neck which were clear on the outside surface of skin and demarcated by pinpoint hemorrhages subcutaneously.

All other organs appeared grossly normal.

Conclusion This was a case of snake bite with cytotoxic envenomation. Most of the cytotoxic venoms are localized causing severe cellulitis around the area of the bite and eventual sloughing off of tissues. Among species of snakes with such venoms are the puff adders which are common in this region. With compression of airways due to swelling, there was functional respiratory failure and this lion could not withstand anesthesia.

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12. Treatment of an elephant at Siana conservancy Masai Mara, 22 June 2014 History The Siana conservancy management called to seek intervention on this massive elephant bull with wounds on his left elbow and left thigh. This big bull about forty five years old was in the company of two other mature bulls who were in sound health.

General examination This elephant was found close to a thicket in the company of two other bulls. He appeared calm while playing with his mates. He had a discharging wound on his left thigh and left elbow. He moved with a slight limp on his left hind leg. He had two other swellings on the lower side of his right abdomen which appeared like old healed scars.

Immobilization, examination and treatment To immobilize this elephant for closer examination, 17mgs etorphine was delivered through a 3ml Daninject dart by use of vehicle. It took twelve minutes for this bull to get fully immobilized falling on his right. As it was a hot day, he was doused with plenty of water to cool him and a thorough examination of the wounds was carried out.

The wound on the thigh appeared to have been caused by spearing, although no foreign body was found. An opening was created at the most ventral part of this wound for maximum drainage of pus. About four liters of pus was drained from this pouch. All debris was removed by probing, use of hydrogen peroxide and swabs. Finally lugols iodine was used for irrigation before green clay being packed.

The wound on the left elbow was open and already infested by maggots; It was shallow, but appeared to have been caused by spearing. The integrity of the joint was not affected. All maggots were removed before the wound was washed with copious amount of water and being debrided with hydrogen peroxide and swabs. Lugol’s iodine was used to disinfect and green clay was packed into the wound. As for the other swellings, careful aspiration yielded nothing as they appeared like old healed scars even on palpation. They were therefore left as they appeared inconsequential.

In addition, 15000mgs of Amoxycillin antibiotics and 2500mgs of Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory were given intramuscularly. To prevent further maggot infestation 500mgs of ivermectin was administered subcutaneously.

Reversal Achieved by administration of 48mgs diprenorphine intravenously through the ear vein. The elephant rose to join his colleagues two minutes after reversal Prognosis Good.

13. Giraffe with an arrow at Mara Triangle, 26

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History This giraffe was spotted by Mara Triangle rangers in a group that was browsing near Oloololo gate. She had an arrow on the left side of her neck although she was still in good body condition.

General examination We found this giraffe retreating to the forest with a group of ten giraffes and an arrow visible from a distance. She appeared pregnant and a lot of diligence was required when immobilizing her.

Immobilization and treatment With the help of Mara triangle rangers we were able to intercept this giraffe before going into the thickets.

Immobilization was achieved by administration of a combination of 12mgs etorphine and 40mgs azaperone delivered through a 3ml Daninject dart by a vehicle. The giraffe was fully immobilized after eight minutes whereupon the arrow was gently removed.

The resultant wound was washed with water and swabs before hydrogen peroxide being used to debride and lugol’s iodine being applied. Oxytetracycline spray was then used topically. In addition 6000mgs of 20% oxytetracycline antibiotic and 1000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory was administered intramuscularly.

Reversal Reversal was chieved by administration of 36mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride given through the jugular vein. The giraffe woke up with little assistance after ten minutes.

Prognosis Good.

Conclusion The Mara Mobile Veterinary Unit would like to thank all stakeholders who assisted in reporting the cases that required intervention during the period. Many thanks to Kenya Wildlife Service through the Veterinary Department for their continued support to the unit. Many thanks too to The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust for their facilitation to the unit which has led to quick and efficient response to wildlife emergency cases within the ecosystem.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT APRIL 2014 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru Mobile Veterinary Unit during April 2014. The reporting period was characterized by the onset of rains in the Meru and Laikipia/ Samburu conservation areas which consequently caused a dispersal of wildlife which moved to access lush pastures and browse in wet season grazing areas. In the Samburu National Reserve for instance, wildlife authorities report that elephants dispersed from the reserve into community land and conservancies in parts of Isiolo. Some of these wildlife dispersal areas are reported to be insecure, although there were few incidences of injured animals reported partly because of inadequate surveillance and a lack of access for patrol teams to some areas.

In Samburu National Reserve a female elephant which had been treated died on the 11th April from complications of colic, whilst the elephant’s 6 month old calf was rescued and flown to the DSWT orphanage in Nairobi for nurture. In Meru national park, a buffalo with a wire snare on its forelimb was reported on 14th April but we were not successful in tracking this animal for treatment. The unit veterinarian with financial assistance from the DSWT attended a scientific conference in Eldoret on 22nd to 27th April.

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Treatment of a female elephant for colic in Samburu National Reserve, 9 – 11 April 2014

Case History The Save the Elephants field research unit in Samburu National Reserve reported that a 30 year old female elephant showed progressive emaciation, dehydration and restlessness. The female elephant known as Cherry by the researchers, who had a 6 month old calf, was first observed by the veterinarian in charge of the Lewa nd th Veterinary Unit on the 2 April who advised intense monitoring. Subsequently on the 9 April when Cherry was referred to Meru MVU for further management she had developed typical signs of colic.

Monitoring At a distance monitoring of the elephant revealed: • • • •

Listlessness and emaciation. Body condition score 2 on a scale of 1 - 5 Anorexia, dehydration and no defecation was observed following several hours of tracking Distended abdomen Lying down frequently for prolonged periods in the river bank and rolling

This condition was diagnosed as acute obstructive colic which has poor prognosis in elephants. Cherry was also considered an anaesthetic risk hence we advised monitoring and rescue of the calf. Sadly Cherry died two days later from complications associated with colic. The 6 month old male calf was captured with the assistance of rangers from the reserve and Save the Elephants and was later flown to the DSWT orphanage in Nairobi.

Autopsy Examination An autopsy revealed congestion and haemorrhages on the visceral surfaces of the gut. Necrosis of the omentum and parts of the small and large intestines was observed. There was a rupture of the cecum and associated acute peritonitis. Extensive necrosis and haemorrhages on the gut mucosal surfaces. Dry blood stained digested matter was found in the small intestines due to prolonged transit time.

Cherry struggling to stand up and resting in the river bed

The calf was captured and flown to the DSWT Nairobi Nursery

Autopsy revealed hemorrhages and congestion on the visceral surfaces of the gut

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MAY 2014 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru mobile veterinary unit in May 2014. The unit responded to reports of injuries of two elephants in Meru National Park and Mwea National Reserve. A human anthrax epidemic associated with consumption of hippopotamus meat was also investigated in Embu County. Other cases attended are described in the report.

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Post-mortem examination of a white rhino carcass in Meru National Park, 14 May 2014

The warden in charge of the rhino sanctuary at Meru National Park reported a white rhino carcass identified as th Silvan (Male, identity number 70W44) on 14 May 2014. th

Both horns were intact. This rhino had been treated on 6 May 2014 by Dr. Mutinda for wounds on the flank inflicted during a territorial fight with another bull.

The decomposing carcass was estimated at 3 days old and viscera had been extensively eaten by scavengers. No major findings were recorded during a post mortem examination because of the decomposed state of the carcass.

Suspected cause of death was internal injuries sustained in a fight.

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Treatment of a sick elephant in Meru National Park, 18 May 2014

Case History th On the 18 May 2014 the Meru Veterinary Unit was alerted to an injured elephant by a research team on routine wildlife monitoring activities in Meru. The sub adult male elephant (12 years old) showed lameness on its right forelimb and was lagging behind the group.

The elephant was darted at 5.15pm after tracking the herd in the thickets. For immobilization Etorphine Hcl 10mg in a 1.5cc DanInject dart was used. The dart was placed into the gluteal muscles and the elephant was down in 5 minutes. A quick examination showed a swollen right forelimb with a deep penetrating wound (> 6 inches) into the carpal joint. Copious pus discharged from the wound. There were penetrating wounds at the base of the trunk and into the metatarsal of right hind limb. These injuries were caused by gunshot.

For treatment Chemical debridement of the wound using dilute hydrogen peroxide Lavage with Povidone Iodine 30% Oxytetracycline Hcl 200ml deep intramuscularly 0.1% Dexamethasone 50 ml intramuscularly After treatment the elephant was revived at 5.45 pm using Diprenophine Hcl 36 mg injected intravenously into superficial ear veins.

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Follow-Up: On 27 May he was immobilized for a review which showed little improvement. However, the elephant was still in good body condition as he was able to access browse and water. Debridement of the wounds and systemic antimicrobial were administered.

Prognosis remains guarded and we will review this case in the coming week.

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Treatment of an injured elephant in Mwea National Reserve, 28 May 2014

Case History th On 28 May 2014 the warden in charge of Mwea reported to Meru MVU an injured elephant which required veterinary attention. The bull was reported to have been lying down for prolonged periods and showing little activity during the day. Because it was late in the evening we planned to treat the elephant the following day. The elephant bull was easily located as he was showing lameness and had moved a short distance. Darting was done on foot with the dart containing Etorphine Hcl 16mg placed into the muscles of the rump. Darting to down time was 8 minutes.

Examination Examination revealed emaciation and a deformed right hind leg which caused lameness. There was a circular scar distal to the hock joint which may have been formed by a wire snare on the leg. This constriction caused a deformity on the leg and the snare later fell off. There was a healing wound on the middle part of the trunk.

For treatment Multivitamin injection 200ml administered intramuscularly Betamox LA 150mg/ml 200ml IM This elephant is expected to recover fully.

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Disease outbreak investigation in Embu County

In May 2014 the Meru MVU conducted a disease outbreak investigation in Mbeere South, Embu County. This followed media reports of human anthrax epidemic in which one person died and several others were hospitalized. th

The anthrax epidemic was traced back to a hippopotamus which died on 18 May on the banks of Sagana River and the carcass was consumed by the local community. We interviewed local community, the county administration, veterinary and public health officials. th

On 28 May the sub county Veterinary Officer and the KWS warden in charge of Embu County are reported to have visited the scene and found the skeleton of a hippo. The V.O advised that the remains of the carcass be buried deep to prevent further spread of the disease. This was done under supervision of the V.O who provided protective clothing to the handlers. No samples of diagnostic value were collected from the hippo carcass.

No other carcasses of hippo and sympatric wildlife or livestock were found along the river banks during the survey.

Sensitization of local community on prevention of anthrax and prophylactic antimicrobial treatment of people who were exposed was recommended. A detailed report was prepared for the KWS management.

Other clinical cases th

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Routine health check of 2 security dogs in Meru National Park on 16 May 2014.

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A male sub adult elephant carcass was examined in Meru National Park on 20 May 2014. No conclusive cause of death was recorded after post mortem examination of the carcass, however it was assumed to have died of natural causes. Both tusks were recovered.

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Warden in charge of Buffalo Springs reported on 21 May that a crocodile had strayed into the buffalo spring swimming pool from the Ewaso River. A search for the crocodile to relocate it was unsuccessful.

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MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JUNE 2014 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru MVU in June 2014. The unit attended to 3 cases of injured elephants in Meru National Park and Ol Jogi Ranch which are a result of human wildlife conflict. Three hand raised black rhinos in Lewa were injured by an adult black rhino which strayed into the stockade. The baby rhinos were treated and have since recovered. Other post mortem examinations are also described in the report.

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Treatment of an elephant with spear injuries at Ol Jogi Ranch, 6 June 2014 th

On the 5 June 2014 the Meru Veterinary Unit was alerted to an injured elephant calf at Ol Jogi ranch by a wildlife monitoring team at the ranch.

This was a 3 year old male elephant which had been carrying lameness and swelling on the right forelimb for the previous two weeks with difficulty keeping pace with the rest of the herd.

Immobilization and Treatment We darted the elephant calf on 6th June to investigate the cause of lameness. The calf which was located near a stream with its family close by was in fair body condition. Darting was conducted on foot using Etorphine Hcl 2mg in a 1.5cc DanInject dart syringe. Examination showed an abscess caused by a retained arrow head penetrating into the soft tissue around the elbow joint of the calf’s right forelimb. This injury may have occurred as a result of human wildlife conflict involving crop raiding elephant herds and rural farmers in Laikipia County The arrow head was carefully retrieved using a surgical forceps with minimum trauma Lancing and chemical debridement of the abscess using dilute hydrogen peroxide Lavage with Povidone Iodine Betamox trihydrate LA 40ml deep intramuscularly 5% Flunixin Meglumine 20 ml intramuscularly

Reversal The elephant was revived from anesthesia using Diprenophine Hcl 12mg intravenously into the superficial ear vein.

Prognosis for recovery remains guarded mainly because of the risk of intractable infection of the elbow joint; recovery may also lead to joint deformity. This calf was later reported to have reunited with its mother by a patrol team who were advised to monitor its movement. A review is planned at 4 weeks post treatment though a slight improvement was reported at 2 weeks post treatment.

Acknowledgements We would like to thank Dr. Steve, the veterinary surgeon in Ol Jogi who provided valuable support during the treatment procedure and has been monitoring the injured calf over the past 3 weeks.

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Injured black rhino calves in Lewa Conservancy, 6 June 2014

In Lewa Wildlife Conservancy three hand-reared black rhino male calves (Nicky, 2 years; Hope 1.5 years and Kilifi 9 th months old) were viciously attacked by a male black rhino that had found its way into the stockade on the 5 June. th

An evaluation on the 6 June showed superficial bruises and traumatic soft tissue injuries in the abdomen and chest. A three day course of anti-inflammatory drug 5% Flunixin meglumine were administered and topical Oxytetracycline spray was applied. The calves have since recovered fully.

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Treatment of an injured elephant in Meru National Park, 14 June

Case History th On the 14 June 2014 tour guides from Elsa’s Kopje reported to the unit a sub adult elephant in Meru National Park which had pus discharging from a wound on the trunk. This was a 5 year old male elephant in a herd of 15 individuals. The following day we tracked the herd to the Rojowero River and the elephant was darted at 3.25pm.

Immobilization and Treatment For immobilization Etorphine Hcl 4mg in a 1.5cc DanInject dart was used. The dart was placed into the gluteal muscles and the elephant was down in 5 minutes. A quick evaluation showed a penetrating wound at the base of the trunk and an abscess. On probing with forceps the wound was 4 inches deep and may have been a result of foreign body penetration.

Chemical debridement of the wound using dilute hydrogen peroxide Lavage with Povidone Iodine Betamox trihydrate LA 60ml deep intramuscularly After treatment the elephant was revived at 3.45p.m using Diprenophine Hcl 18 mg injected intravenously into superficial ear veins.

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Treatment of an elephant with a snare and spear wound in Meru national park, 27 June

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On 27 June Elsa’s Kopje tour guides reported that a sub adult female elephant in poor body condition had a tight wire snare around its trunk and had difficulty drinking water from the river.

Lameness was also observed on the right forelimb. We immobilized the elephant immediately after tracking the herd from Mulika River where it was seen.

Standard elephant immobilization procedure was followed using Etorphine Hcl 5mg in a 1.5cc dart. It was down in 8 minutes after which the rest of the herd was driven away with a vehicle.

An evaluation showed a septic wound caused by a retained spear 40cm long into the muscles of the scapula with extensive tissue necrosis. The spear which was attached to a small polythene sheet suspected to have been laced with poison causing severe tissue damage. The wire snare on the trunk caused soft tissue strangulation and a septic penetrating wound.

This elephant had difficulty accessing nutritious browse, in addition to septicemia from the wound infection hence poor body condition. The wounds were at least 3 weeks old also contributing to deteriorating body condition.

Without veterinary intervention this animal would have died.

Treatment The spear was carefully retrieved and the wire snare was removed using a wire cutter Chemical debridement of the wounds using hydrogen peroxide and iodine lavage Parenteral antimicrobial 30% Oxytetracycline 100ml intramuscularly to treat resulting septicemia 1% Dexamethasone 50ml intramuscularly Multivitamin injection 100ml Prognosis for this case remains guarded due to septicemia. However, we will continue to monitor this elephant and a review will be scheduled when necessary.

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Other clinical cases attended •

On the 18th June 2014 rangers on patrol found an elephant carcass in the Mutundu River. This was an adult bull more than 35 years old which had only one tusk. Inspection of the carcass showed no external injuries. The carcass which was decomposed was estimated at 3 days old. No significant findings were recorded during a post mortem examination and the cause of death was attributed to an internal disease condition. The tusk which was extracted is under custody of the company commander.

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The unit was alerted to an injured giraffe with a wire snare on its right forelimb in Bour Alghy giraffe sanctuary by the warden in charge of KWS station in Garissa. A three day search for the giraffe for rd th treatment on 3 to 5 June 2014 was not successful.

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On 4 June we responded to a call by local community in Cheridede about a hippopotamus which fell into a shallow well in a lugga along the banks of Tana River. The hippo which had been stuck for the past two days suffered severe dehydration and was in poor body condition. It was euthanized.

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On 24 June the platoon commander at Korbesa reported that 2 reticulated giraffes had died along the Murera River. He requested for an examination of the carcasses to determine if the cause of death was a result of a disease process. During a visit to the area we found a skeleton of the sub adult giraffes, the carcass had been consumed by scavengers. No significant findings were recorded but we will look out in future for reports of carcasses in the area.

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Report by Dr Bernard Rono The Meru Mobile Veterinary Unit wishes to thank all of the stakeholders who provided information on the animals that required veterinary intervention during these months whilst many thanks go to Mr Companc for so loyally funding this unit.

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AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MAY 2014 Introduction th

The new Amboseli Mobile Veterinary Unit was launched on the 30 April 2014 at the KWS headquarters in Nairobi.

The team comprises of KWS Field Veterinary Officer Dr Njoroge, two KWS rangers and a DSWT driver. The team left for Amboseli National Park where their new operational base is located and embarked on a sensitization program throughout the vast Southern Conservation Area, which the unit will be covering.

The program notified all KWS personnel as well as conservation and tourism stakeholders operating within the area, that the new DSWT/KWS Amboseli Unit has been officially deployed and can be contacted to attend to any wildlife cases in need of veterinary intervention. A radio message was also circulated to all KWS Southern Conservation Area offices with detailed information. This program was carried out hand in hand with immediate response clinical interventions including five cases.

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Injured elephant at Serena Lodge junction, 14 May

Case History An elephant which had been earlier treated was reported to be immobile. The veterinary team attended to the case and made a decision to dart the animal for closer observation.

Immobilisation The elephant was immobilized using 16 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 2cc dart topped up using water for injection. Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 7 minutes and he fell on lateral recumbence. The trunk was maintained patent by the help of a piece of stick which was placed across at the entrance. The ears were used as a blindfold.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the elephant had a penetrating wound on the left forelimb. The wound had pus and dead tissue. Proximal to the wound there was a scar that had been previously treated and healed by granulation. The wound was probed for any foreign body and there was none.

It was thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. The bull was injected with 100 ml oxytetracycline 20% and 50 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. Topical antibiotic ointment and green clay was then applied on the wound to facilitate healing. The operation lasted 10 minutes.

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Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (48mgs) was given into the ear vein. It took 10 minutes for the elephant to be fully awake from the anaesthesia.

Prognosis Prognosis is good. One week later, the elephant could use the four limbs well without much difficulty. Retreatment has been done again and great signs of improvement have been noted.

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Treatment of elephant with a tongue wound at Iremito Gate- Amboseli, 19 May

Case History A male elephant was reported to have been spotted off feed and reluctant to move. It had also experienced loss of body condition. A decision was made to immobilize the elephant after arrival and observing the elephant.

Imobilisation The elephant was immobilized using 16 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 2cc dart. Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 10 minutes and he fell on lateral recumbence.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the elephant had a penetrating wound on the tongue likely to have occurred while feeding. There was also pus and dead tissue. The wound was probed for any foreign body and there was none. It was thoroughly washed using clean water and Hydrogen Peroxide then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. The bull was injected with 100 ml oxytetracycline 20% and 50 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. Topical antibiotic ointment was then applied on the wound to facilitate healing. The operation lasted 25 minutes.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (48mgs) into the ear vein was used. It took 7minutes to be fully awake from the anaesthesia.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

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Post Mortem Report of an adult elephant at Kimana Sanctuary (Amboseli ecosystem), 16 May

Case History An elephant carcass was seen on the 15-04-2014 at around 6.00 pm by KWS and Kimana Sanctuary security personnel while on their normal daily routine patrol.

General post mortem findings i.

The elephant was on lateral recumbence position adjacent to a huge tree which had probably provided support and a shade prior to death. ii.

Large maggots were present and the carcass had decomposed. iii.

Both elephant tusks were present. iv.

The KWS security personnel removed the tusks with ease suggesting that the elephant had died 2-3 weeks prior to being sighted. v.

On physical examination, no physical injury was observed.

Procedure i.

The KWS security personnel removed the tusks and delivered them to Amboseli National park headquarters for safe custody. ii.

The tusks were weighed prior to storage and weighed 33 kg and 20kg.

Cause of death A) The period that the carcass was in the sanctuary and the tusks were intact.

B) No physical injury observed C) The age of the elephant.

D) The elephant could have died a natural death out of old age.

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Treatment of injured elephant at Ngulia, Tsavo West 20 May

Case History An elephant was reported by the DSWT aerial unit to have been immobile despite it having been treated 10 days earlier by the DSWT Tsavo vet. The veterinary team attended to the case in Ngulia and made a decision to dart the animal for closer observation and further treatment to increase chances of survival.

Immobilisation The elephant was immobilized using 17 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart topped up using water for injection. Foot darting Dan-inject system was deployed since the terrain could not allow easy manoeuvring of the vehicle. Full immobilization took place after 12 minutes and he fell on lateral recumbence.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the elephant had a penetrating wound on the left forelimb. The wound had pus and dead tissue. The wound was probed for any foreign body and there was none. About 500ml of pus gushed out of the wound. The wound was about 20 cm deep and could have been as a result of a gunshot. The entire limb was also swollen and the skin around the wound was necrotic. It was thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. The bull was injected with 200 ml oxytetracycline 20% and 100 ml Flunixine Meglumine at different sites intramuscularly. Topical antibiotic ointment and grey clay was then applied on the wound to facilitate healing. The operation lasted 30 minutes.

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Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (48mgs) into the ear vein was used. It took 8 minutes to be fully awake from the anaesthesia.

Prognosis st Prognosis is guarded. UPDATE: sadly on the 31 May this elephant succumbed to his wounds having collapsed.

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Post mortem of a giraffe at Osewan (Amboseli ecosystem), 26 May

Case History The giraffe was spotted dead by game scouts on the previous evening. Post mortem was done after about 18 hours.

Post Mortem findings The neck region, left fore and hind limbs had been severed by predators or humans after death of the giraffe.

The carcass was dehydrated and had a matted hind quarter. There were flank blood tints from the anus. On opening the carcass there was a lot of echmotic haemorrhage on the gut walls. The liver had a coked appearance and was swollen.

The entire G.I.T system had bloody fluid and very little faecal material. There was blood tinted ingesta in the abomasum and paintbrush haemorrhage in the rectum, colon and illume. There was haemorrhage and congested blood vessels in the serosa. The ilium and distal colon had flank blood.

Cause of death: Severe bacterial gastroenteritis, leading to hypovolemic shock due to excess fluid loss. Blood samples were collected to establish the type of infection and eliminate anthrax.

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AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT JUNE 2014 Introduction During the second month since the Amboseli Mobile Veterinary Unit was launched KWS Field Veterinarian Dr Njoroge and his team have been incredibly busy dealing with the high number of reports received within the southern conservation area whilst also attending to cases further afield when needed.

The unit treated 11 cases throughout June including several elephant post-mortems, a number of successful elephant treatments and the translocation of two problem elephants from Amboseli to Tsavo West. Other cases also included a wildebeeste, giraffe and zebra.

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Treatment of injured elephant at Amboseli, 5 June

History An elephant was reported by tourists to have been spotted with a swollen forelimb within the park. The veterinary team attended to the case and darted the male elephant for examination and treatment.

Immobilisation The elephant was immobilized using 16 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 2cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 8 minutes and he fell on lateral recumbence. The trunk was maintained patent by the help of a piece of stick which was placed across at their’ entrances. The ears were used as blindfold.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the elephant had an infected wound on the left forelimb. The injury could have been as a result of hippo bites. The dead tissue was debrided and the wound thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. The bull was injected with 100 ml oxytetracycline 20% and 50 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. Topical antibiotic ointment and green clay was then applied on the wound to facilitate healing. The operation lasted 15 minutes.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (48mgs) into the ear vein was used. It took 5 minutes to be fully awake from the anesthesia.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

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Postmortem report of an elephant IN Amboseli, 10 June

History A mysterious death of an elephant was reported within the park by the Amboseli Trust for Elephant during their normal routine program. This was a case of sudden death as the elephant had been feeding well.

General and Physical examination of the carcass On general examination, the animal was in a fair body condition and was on the left lateral side. No physical injury was observed on the carcass. There was blood oozing from the anus, genitalia and mouth. A decision was made not to open the carcass as the signs suggested anthrax.

Samples collected • Blood from the ear vein • Blood smears

Laboratory results The results were collected from the KWS veterinary laboratory and were free from bacillus rods and any bacterial infection.

Conclusion Further postmortem could not have been carried out as the elephant had been mauled by scavengers. The cause of death could have been a viral infection.

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Zebra case at Kimana Sanctuary

History A male zebra was spotted by rangers at the sanctuary which was reported to have been lame. The veterinary team immediately attended to the case and made a decision to immobilize and examine the zebra.

Immobilisation The elephant was immobilized using 7 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride and 60 mg azerperone in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 14minutes and she fell on lateral recumbence. The zebra was blind folded and opticlox applied to the eyes.

Examination On physical examination the zebra had suffered from an open compound and comminuted fracture. An incision into the fracture was made to expose the extent of the injury. Bone fragments were retrieved distal to the hock joint.

Prognosis The prognosis was poor and chances of recovery even with clinical intervention were nil. A decision to euthanize the zebra was made to alleviate suffering. Euthanasia was done using 30 ml euthanize.

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Postmortem report of a speared elephant at Intilali, 15 June

Case History th Herders made a report on the 15 June at about 3.00pm to the Kuku ranch management having spotted a dead elephant within the area. The management then reported to the veterinary team and also dispatched a team of their rangers to the scene. The team found the carcass intact and embarked on removal of tusks for safe custody.

The tusks which weighed 2.8 kg and 3.0 kg were then delivered to Tsavo West headquarters.

General and Physical examination of the carcass On general examination, the animal was in a fair body condition and was on the left lateral side. She had a penetrating wound on the abdominal region caudal to the umbilical region. The carcass was then placed on right lateral recumbency for further examination. A large penetrating wound (6 cm) was observed on the abdominal region. The wound was probed for any foreign objects but none was observed. On probing the wound, no object was retrieved. However the two wounds had a communicating channel indicating the entry and exit points of a spear.

Examination of the opened carcass On incising across the penetrating wound, there was a lot of black tarry blood which had not clotted. (Approx. 500 ml). The wounds were fairly fresh (about 36 hrs) and had also penetrated into the abdomen. The small intestines had been ruptured by the spear and were also damaged (necrotic). There was black tarry unclotted blood around the wound and from the abdomen.

Pathological diagnosis Hemorrhage and the blood that had not clotted showed that a foreign compound had gained entry via the penetrating wound causing the pathological observation.

Conclusion The tentative diagnosis was poisoning from a spear laced with lethal poison.

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Post mortem report carried out of a black rhino at Mukururo-Chyulu Hills National Park, 7 June

Brief history This rhino was among several black rhinos that are in the park. This particular rhino is said to have been nursing a one year old calf and was in good body condition until at about 2.00 pm on the 6th June 2014 when it was found dead. The previous evening at about 6.50 pm several gun shots had been heard within the park. The investigation team and rangers were deployed on foot patrol. They located the dead rhino and reportedly collected 5 spent cartridges from an AK 47 rifle. This was about 10 meters from the carcass.

General examination • The carcass was in excellent body condition with an approximate body score of 4 on a scale of 1-5, where 1 is poor and 5 is excellent.

• The carcass appeared fresh and approximately 2 days old.

• Both horns were missing having been crudely removed from the base in a manner that suggested that it was done hurriedly.

• The external genitalia, perineal area appeared to have been mauled by scavengers.

• Two (1cm diameter) deep penetrating wounds were observed at the thoracic region.

• One penetrating wound was also observed on the right abdominal area.

• The rhino also appeared to have been nursing.

On opening the carcass the following findings were noted: • There was an extensive penetrating wound which had traversed through the body from the right thoracic region.

• On opening the thoracic region about 10 litres of clotted blood flowed from the rib cage and abdominal cavity indicating that the rhino had lost plenty of blood via hemorrhage prior to its death.

• The suspected projectile had caused extensive damage to the heart and lungs causing internal hemorrhage. th • Adjacent to the 5 rib, there was also a penetrating wound.

• The projectile and its point of exit could not be identified.

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Conclusion This rhino died due to traumatic injuries caused by the projectile object. Of significance was the damage caused on the lungs and heart causing extensive hemorrhage.

The missing horns are a proof of human involvement on the death of this rhino suspected to have been killed using bullets from an AK47 rifle RHODIS samples were collected for forensic examination.

A joint operation between Kenya wildlife service, David Sheldrick wildlife Trust and Big life to rescue and treat the orphaned one year old calf is ongoing. The young rhino has been captured on camera and observed to have suffered from a bullet wound on the neck region.

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Wildebeest at Kitirua - Amboseli National Park, 11 June 2014

History A male wildebeest was spotted by KWS rangers lame and immobile within the Kitirua region. The veterinary unit attended to the case immediately.

Immobilisation and Examination Physical restraint was applied as the young wildebeest could not move. On physical examination the animal must have suffered from a fight with another animal yet no physical Injury could be observed.

Treatment The wildebeest’s hind limbs were massaged and 10 ml Dexamethasone Hcl administered i.m. The wildebeest was then released and seemed relieved from the pain as it ran towards a herd grazing nearby.

Prognosis Good

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Elephant Translocation report (Amboseli ecosystem to Tsavo West), 2 and the 6 June

Introduction This report describes a translocation exercise of two bull elephants described as problematic animals. These animals have been invading farms and destroying valuable crops including maize, beans, watermelons, tomatoes among others. These animals have posed a major security threat to people on a daily basis as they invade and crisscross crop farmland.

Case (A) Animal: African Elephant (Savannah elephant) Species: Loxodonta Africana africana Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Imbirikani – Mbakai area - Olkajiado County History and Management This elephant bull with no family attached was roaming freely in farmlands daily causing public panic and crop destruction. Kenya Wildlife Service management requested us to move away this problematic animal to Tsavo West National Park.

The elephant was off loaded from a truck at Tsavo West National Park using 72mg of diprenorphine Hcl (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Limited) given IV at the ear vein the animal was reversed from anesthesia, (a Âź of the dose was given i.m). An additional 150 mg of Naltrexone was given I.M to avert re-narcotization. Recovery from anesthesia was smooth. The elephant stood up and walked away.

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All MVU’s APRIL TO JUNE 2014 Case (B) Animal: African Elephant (Savannah elephant) Species: Loxodonta Africana africana Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Elerai Conservancy Satao camp – Olkajiado County History This elephant with no tail also known as Pintail, fearless and stubborn was leading other elephants. This elephant bull was roaming freely in farmlands daily causing public panic and crop destruction. Kenya Wildlife Service management requested us to move away this problematic animal.

Management ® The elephant was injected with the following, Amoxicillin Trihydrate BP 15000mg (Betamox LA Norbrook ® Laboratories Ireland) by intramuscular route Dexamethasone 80mg (Dexajet Dawa Ltd, Kenya) I.M

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All MVU’s APRIL TO JUNE 2014 8.

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Treatment of a snared giraffe at Kimana sanctuary, 29 June

History A giraffe was reported by rangers to have been spotted with a swollen forelimb within the sanctuary. The veterinary team attended to the case and darted the giraffe for treatment and removal of the snare.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the giraffe had an infected wound and a winch snare on the right fore limb. The snare was removed and dead tissue debrided. The wound was thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. The giraffe was injected with 100 ml oxytetracycline 20% and 100 ml flunixine meglumine at different sites intramuscularly. Topical antibiotic ointment and green clay was then applied on the wound to facilitate healing. The operation lasted 30 minutes.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (42mgs) into the jugular vein. The giraffe was then released to join the rest of the herd after treatment.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

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All MVU’s APRIL TO JUNE 2014

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All MVU’s APRIL TO JUNE 2014 9.

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Treatment of injured elephant at Ithumba, 29 June

History The DSWT pilot while on his normal aerial patrols spotted a nursing injured elephant in a herd of about 20 elephants in the Ithumba area. He made a report to the S.C .M.V.U based in Amboseli and immediately made plans to airlift the veterinary doctor to Ithumba. On arrival, the elephant was in a bush and it proved difficult to locate and dart her. However, while thinking of the next move, the elephant luckily moved to a watering point which was in open ground. The injury was accessed and a decision to immobilize the elephant for treatment was made.

Immobilisation The elephant was immobilized using 17 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 17 minutes and she fell into a dog sitting position. The vehicle could not get an access route to the elephant so with the help of rangers the elephant was pushed to lateral recumbence while the trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The ears were used as blindfold.

Examination and Treatment On physical examination the elephant had two infected wounds on the right flank region. There was lots of pus and necrotic tissue in the wound. An incision was made across the wounds so as to allow access and drainage of the wound. An arrow head was successfully removed from the wound which was aged about 1-2 weeks. The dead tissue was debrided and removed (weighed about 0.75 kg). The wound was then thoroughly cleaned using water and Hydrogen Peroxide. It was then lavaged using tincture of Iodine. Topical antibiotic cream and green clay was then applied onto the wound to facilitate healing and avoid infection. The elephant was then injected with 100 ml enrofloxacin 10% and 100 ml Dexamethasone at different sites intramuscularly. The entire operation lasted about 35 minutes.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

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10. Treatment of injured elephant at Jipe, 30 June History The Tsavo West rangers based at Lake Jipe while on their routine daily patrols spotted a lame and off-feed elephant in the area. They made a report and the veterinary team immediately made plans to attend to the case. On arrival, the elephant was in an open ground and the extent of immobility could be assessed with ease.

A decision to immobilize the elephant for examination and treatment was made.

Immobilisation The elephant was immobilized using 17 mgs Etorphine Hydrochloride in a 3cc dart toped up using water for injection. Darting from a vehicle was done using Dan-inject system. Full immobilization took place after 7 minutes and the elephant fell on lateral recumbency. The trunk was maintained patent using a piece of stick placed across the nostril entrances. The ears were used as blindfold.

Examination and Treatment The elephant was carefully examined and the left forelimb was extremely swollen around the femoral tibial joint. There were no external injuries visible. This led to the diagnosis of a femoral tibial joint laxation probably after a fall or fight with other bulls as this was the mating season. The elephant was administered with 100 ml Enrofloxacin 10%, 150ml Flunixine meglumine and 100 ml multivitamin injections at different sites.

Reversal of immobilization Diprenorphine Hydrochloride (54mgs) into the ear vein was used. It took about 6 minutes to be fully awake from the anesthesia and walk away from the site.

Prognosis Prognosis is good

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All MVU’s APRIL TO JUNE 2014 11. Surveillance (June2014) The Southern Conservation Area Mobile Veterinary Unit also conducted normal patrols and surveillance within the Amboseli ecosystem and the areas involved included: Cyhulu Hills National Park Amboseli National Park Tsavo West National Park-Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary Kimana Sanctuary Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust Mukururo Kajiado region Namanga region Lake Jipe region (Tsavo west) This was intended for follow up of cases attended to as well as attending to unreported cases. During the surveillance an elephant about 30 years old with a hernia was spotted. However, considering the age, weight, size and risk involved in the procedure for surgical correction, a decision was made to allow the elephant live with the hernia since it was not life threatening.

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The Southern Conservation Area Mobile Veterinary Unit is grateful to all individuals who played a role in assisting us towards achieving our goal. Many thanks to The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, The Samuel J and Ethel Lefrak Charitable Trust and the Kenya Wildlife Service for their continued support of this unit which aims at immediate response for clinical intervention, wildlife rescues and alleviating wildlife suffering.

Report by; Dr. Michael Njoroge.

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