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ORDET ER DIT
Pernille Hargbøl Madsen FOKUS
Indhold
Forord
TAL OG LYT 6
Det kan du lære 6
Uden luft – ingen tale 6
Brug din stemme 10
Luk munden op 12
Sig det med kroppen 14
Slå ørerne ud 16
Hvad har du lært? 19
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LIVSFORTÆLLING 20
Det kan du lære 20
Hvad er en livsfortælling? 20
Husk med dine sanser 22
En sand fortælling 25
Livsfortællingens genretræk 28
Fortæl med rekvisitter 31
Hvad har du lært? 34
OPLÆSNING 35
Det kan du lære 35
Den gode oplæsning 35
Svære ord og svær udtale 40
Vigtige pauser 42
Oplæsningsmanuskript 43
Giv personerne stemme og krop 46
Hvad har du lært? 50
SAMTALE OG DEBAT 51
Det kan du lære 51
At tale med eller til andre 51
Hvad er en samtale? 52
At tage eller få ordet 54
De mange ”sprog” 56
Overbevis andre 58
At argumentere 59
Man har en holdning, til man får en ny 63
Hvad har du lært? 67
FREMLÆGGELSE 68
Det kan du lære 68
Kunsten at tale 68
Fem vigtige elementer 70
Fremlæggelsens fem faser 72
FASE 1. INVENTIO – AT FINDE EMNET 72
FASE 2. DISPOSITIO – AT PLANLÆGGE 75
FASE 3. ELOCUTIO – AT VÆLGE SIT SPROG 78
FASE 4. MEMORIA – AT ØVE SIG 80
FASE 5. ACTIO – AT FREMLÆGGE 81
Hvad har du lært? 82
Alt i alt 83
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Forord
Denne bog handler om det mundtlige sprog. Det mundtlige sprog er fx samtaler, diskussioner, fortællinger, oplæsninger, foredrag og fremlæggelser.
I arbejdet med bogen kan du lære en masse om dig selv, og du kan blive bedre til at læse op, fortælle, debattere og fremlægge. Meget af det, du lærer, kan du bruge i dine andre fag, og du kan også bruge det uden for skolen.
Bogen har fem kapitler. Det første kapitel handler om at tale og lytte. De næste fire kapitler handler om hvert sit mundtlige emne.
I hvert kapitel skal du
• lytte til og tale om det mundtlige sprog
• undersøge mundtlige tekster
• fremstille egne mundtlige tekster
• arbejde med respons
• tale om og tænke over, hvad du har lært.
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DU VIL MØDE DISSE IKONER
arbejdslyst!
Tal og lyt
DET KAN DU LÆRE
I dette kapitel skal du arbejde med at bruge din stemme og dit kropssprog og med at lytte til andre. Du skal øve dig i
l at bruge din vejrtrækning, når du taler
l at bruge din stemme på forskellige måder
l at bruge dit kropssprog
l at lytte aktivt
l at aflæse andres kropssprog.
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Uden luft – ingen tale
Du har brug for luft for at kunne få lyd på din stemme.
Når du kender dit åndedræt godt og er god til at kontrollere det, kan du bedre styre og bruge din stemme.
Når du synger, har du måske prøvet ikke at have nok luft.
Jo bedre man kan styre sine mavemuskler, jo mere luft kan man gemme på, og jo længere tid kan man synge uden at have brug for at trække vejret ind.
Der findes mange øvelser, man kan bruge, når man vil lære sin vejrtrækning at kende.
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a. Læs højt
Læs først hele teksten højt. Træk så vejret godt ind, og læs uden at trække ny luft ind. Læs med din almindelige stemme i dit normale tempo. Hjælp hinanden med at holde øje med, hvornår luften slipper op, og hvor langt I når i teksten.
GODDAG MAND – ØKSESKAFT
Der var engang en færgemand, som var meget tunghør. En dag var han kravlet op i et træ uden for sit hus og skulle hugge en gren af. Da ser han et stykke borte to mænd komme ned mod færgestedet. Nu var det sådan, at han ikke brød sig om, at fremmede skulle lægge mærke til, at han var døv. Derfor tænkte han ved sig selv: Egentlig kan jeg jo nok vide, hvad de vil sige, når de kommer herhen. Først vil de spørge mig, hvad det skal bruges til, som jeg her hugger. Så svarer jeg: økseskaft. Så spørger de nok, hvor langt et stykke gren jeg skal bruge. Dertil svarer jeg: op til denne her knast. Derefter kommer de nok frem med deres ærinde og beder om at måtte låne min båd for at ro over vandet, så de slipper for den lange omvej. Til det svarer jeg: Hun er læk. Når de ikke kan få båden, vil de sikkert låne mine heste, og så svarer jeg: De er med føl begge to. Når de altså heller ikke kan få dem, så vil de nok
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spørge om, hvor vejen går ind til byen. Dertil svarer jeg: oppe mellem de to piletræer.
Nu var de to mænd et par unge karle, der havde hørt, at færgemanden havde sådan et par kønne døtre, og det var dem, de var kommet for at besøge.
»Goddag mand«, sagde de.
»Økseskaft«, sagde manden.
»Gid, det sad i din hals«, sagde den ene af karlene.
»Op til denne her knast«, svarede manden.
»Er din kone hjemme?« spurgte den anden.
»Nej, hun er læk«, sagde manden.
»Hvordan har dine døtre det?« råbte de så.
»De er med føl begge to«, svarede manden.
»Åh, gid du var hængt«, råbte de to karle.
»Oppe mellem de to piletræer«, sagde færgemanden og pegede.
Og så gav han sig igen til at hugge løs.
b. Styr på luften
Mærk, hvordan du bruger dine mavemuskler, når du puster luft ud. Du skal stå op.
1. Træk luft ind, og pust den hurtigt ud igen. Det er lettest, hvis du hoster luften ud.
2. Pust luften ud så langsomt, du kan. Forestil dig, at du puster til flammen på et stearinlys. Du skal puste luften ud i en jævn strøm, men aldrig så kraftigt, at lyset går ud. Vær så lang tid som muligt om at tømme dine lunger for luft.
T o og to
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c. Træk vejret dybt
I skal lytte til en instruktion. Sæt jer først godt til rette på jeres stol. Hav god plads omkring jer.
Lyt til instruktionen
T o og to
d. Løft med luft
I skal skiftes til at ligge på gulvet med ca. tre tykke bøger på maven. Mærk, hvordan I med jeres vejrtrækning løfter bøgerne. Træk vejret helt ned i maven, og få bøgerne til at bevæge sig mest muligt. Tal om, hvordan det føles.
T o og to
ark
2
e. To stjerner og et ønske
To stjerner og et ønske er en måde at give respons på. De to stjerner gives for noget, som man var god til, og ønsket handler om noget, man vil gøre bedre næste gang. Giv hinanden respons på jeres vejrtrækning. Husk at begrunde.
Du er god til at puste luften meget hurtigt ud. Du er god til at rette ryggen og strække nakken.
Jeg tror, du kan blive bedre til at løfte bøgerne med din vejtrækning.
Brug din stemme
Når du taler eller læser en tekst op, kan du bruge din stemme på mange forskellige måder. Du kan fx tale højt eller lavt, tale hurtigt eller langsomt, tale med mørk eller lys stemme, tale varieret eller ensformigt.
Jeg har et ord
i munden
Nu sprang det ud. Det gemmer sig i en bog Hjælp mig med at finde det.
Nu eller aldrig!
af Laus Strandby Nielsen
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Igruppe r
a. Læs digtet på forskellige måder
Læs først digtet højt på skift i gruppen. Prøv så at læse digtet, men sig hjælp og aldrig, som når du puster til flammen, og nu som et host.
Læs nu digtet på skift, men hvor I læser på forskellige
måder, fx
• råbende
• hviskende
• i et lyst toneleje
• i et mørkt toneleje.
Find selv på flere måder. Prøv også at kombinere, så I hvisker noget af digtet og så råber en linje eller et af ordene.
Udvælg den oplæsning, I bedst kan lide.
b. Tal om oplæsningerne af digtet
Iklassen
Hver gruppe læser digtet op for klassen.
• Hvordan fungerede de forskelige måder at læse op på?
• Hvilken oplæsning passede bedst til digtet? Begrund.
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ORDET ER DIT
Fokus på mundtlighed i 5.-6. klasse
Af Pernille Hargbøl Madsen
© Forfatteren og Dansklærerforeningens Forlag 2016
1. udgave, 2. oplag 2022
1. udgave, 1. oplag 2016
Forlagsredaktion: Lisa Marie Henderson
Illustrationer: Pernille Mühlbach
Grafisk tilrettelæggelse: andresen design
Kopiering fra denne bog må kun finde sted på institutioner eller virksomheder, der har indgået aftale med Copydan Tekst & Node, og kun inden for de rammer, der er nævnt i aftalen.
Trykt hos Tarm Bogtryk A/S
Printed in Denmark 2022
ISBN: 978 87 7996 802 8 dansklf.dk
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ORDET ER DIT
FOKUS PÅ MUNDTLIGHED I 5.-6. KLASSE
LÆR OM monolog og dialog livsfortælling oplæsning samtale og debat fremlæggelse.
LÆR AT bruge din stemme og dit kropssprog variereret tale om mundtlige tekster og deres genretræk planlægge og producere mundtlige tekster argumentere for din holdning lytte aktivt til andre og forstå deres holdning give og modtage respons sætte ord på, hvad du har lært.
