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Produced by the Mangroves for the Future (MFF) India B-88 Neeti Bagh, New Delhi 110049 with financial support of Norad, Sida and Danida

© 2014 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Citation: D’Souza N. and Ishwar N. M. Coastal Resilience: Learnings from MFF (India) projects Phase II, IUCN India Country Office, New Delhi. 36pp All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the IUCN and MFF. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources or The Mangroves for the Future (MFF) Initiative concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or the MFF Initiative, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement.

Available from: IUCN India Country Office

Cover Photo: Nisha D’Souza, IUCN Editorial design: DamageControl Printed at XYZ Print, New Delhi

COASTAL RESILIENCE

MANGROVES FOR THE FUTURE SINCE 2006 member countries Bangladesh • Cambodia • India • Indonesia • Maldives • Seychelles • Sri Lanka • Thailand • Pakistan • Viet Nam outreach countries Myanmar • Timor-Leste

1

2

n. M. Ishwar, IUCN

The Story so far

A

unique partnership-led initiative Mangroves for the Future (MFF) promotes investment in the conservation of coastal ecosystems and their sustainable development. Chaired by IUCN and UNDP, MFF is implemented across 11 countries in Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. MFF has been working in India since 2007 and is in its third phase.

The programme is guided by the National Coordination Body, Chaired by the Additional Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. MFF works through its grant facilities to build healthy and well managed coastal ecosystems that contribute to strengthening human resilience to change. Although the initiative’s core focus is on mangroves, it works across all coastal ecosystems including coral reefs, estuaries, lagoons, sandy beaches, seagrass meadows and wetlands.

There are three core grant facilities comprising small, medium/large and regional grants.

Since 2007, thirty small grant projects, one large grant with the Government of West Bengal and one regional grant with Sri Lanka have been implemented. MFF is also engaging closely with the private sector towards ecosystem-based approaches to meet challenges arising in the conservation of coastal areas.

Resilience depends on the interdependence of healthy ecological and socio economic systems in coastal communities. Recognising that coastal communities rely on a well-functioning ecosystem, MFF developed a Resilience Analysis Framework which guided its interventions during cycles three and four. The MFF Resilience Analysis Framework is based on a four step protocol. Firstly, a thorough investigation of the ecological and socio economic history of the projects site is done. This is followed by an assessment of the current social and ecological systems. The findings are systematically validated by local residents and technical experts. In the third step, predictions are made of future scenarios, and the fourth step formulates strategies for resilience building. The process helps etch a ‘resilience map’ which can help formulate effective strategies for the creation of sustainable coastal ecosystems.

MFF’s National Coordinating Body identified the Mahanadi Delta region in Odisha on the eastern coast of the country as the geographical focus for the next cycle of the Small Grant Facility (SGF) projects. The Resilience Analysis Protocol was conducted in four villages of the Kendrapara district, and the resilience map of the region will help MFF strategically guide the projects of cycle 5.

The objective of the selected projects in cycles three and four was to strengthen the resilience of coastal communities through an ecosystem-based approach, against hazards, especially cyclones and storms.

3

CRISIS on THE COAST

Salinity

Climate Change Urbanisation Threat to Marine Ecology and Coastal Communities

4

Industrialisation

Phase 1: 9 Small Grant Projects

Research Ecology

intervention

Effects on

Action Livelihood

Local Phase 2: 7 Small Grant Projects

Research

Actions of

Precaution Response

Knowledge

Policy

Regional Fisheries Symposium, Kerala, India

1 Large Grant Project

Ecosystem

1 Regional Project

Transboundary

5

6

Foreword

India’s coastal and marine areas hold rich and diverse life forms. With over 200 diatom species, 90 dinoflagellates, 844 marine algae, 560 species of coral, 39 mangrove species, more than 10,000 invertebrate species and 2500 vertebrate species this diversity is unique. It also provides livelihood to about 25% of our population.. This biodiversity underpins ecosystem functions and services that are invaluable to humanity, and thus, forms the support system for growth and development of the country. For instance, India is the third largest producer of fish in the world, contributing almost 5% to global fish production; the annual fish catch from India is valued at over INR 190 billion (2015).

However, numerous direct and indirect pressures arising from natural and anthropogenic activities are threatening this fragile system.

Mangroves for the Future (MFF) is a unique initiative to build resilience of coastal communities in promoting sustainable livelihood though wise use of coastal and marine resources. It provides a platform for collaboration among the different agencies, sectors and countries to address challenges to coastal ecosystem and livelihood issues.. MFF is presently operating in eleven countries- Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Seychelles, Thailand, Viet Nam, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. India has been part of the MFF since 2006. Implemented by IUCN in India in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, MFF encourages investment in coastal ecosystems and strives toward a healthier, more prosperous and secure future for coastal communities in India.

It is heartening to note that, MFF has implemented over 30 action and research based projects across India delivering outcomes that has the potential for replication at a larger scale. It is therefore necessary to capture the essential elements of these pilot projects for dissemination among various stake holders for uptake. Towards this end, MFF brings out lessons learnt document periodically.

This document covers learnings from ten small grant projects implementing in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Odisha and Tamil Nadu. These projects seek to strengthen sustainable livelihoods, researching coastal and marine biodiversity, and raising awareness. These projects have demonstrated effective models of collaboration between government bodies, international organisations, local agencies and private enterprises towards wise use of coastal and marine resources..

I congratulate all those involved in bringing out this publication.

Mr. AJAY NARAYAN JHA Secretary MoEF&CC 7

India’s Marine Biodiversity/resources

I

ndia is home to some of the world’s most diverse and rich marine ecosystems. Connectivity between them is vital for fishery resources, nutrient balance, and mitigation of climate change [1]. They boast immense biodiversity, which is seriously threatened by environmental degradation.

Despite this, marine ecosystem research remains underfunded and poorly understood.

Coastal and marine ecosystems are among the most biologically and economically productive ecosystems in the world, providing a range of ecological services that are critical to the daily wellbeing of millions of people. India’s marine ecosystems include: a vast coastline, harboring a wealth of biodiversity; wetlands, which occupy 18.4% of the country [2]; mangrove forests, including the Sundarbans, the world’s largest mangrove forest [3]; and coral reefs, which are utilized extensively by iconic endangered species, such as marine turtles and dugongs [4].

Among the Asian countries, India is perhaps the only one that has a long record of inventory of coastal and marine diversity that dates back two centuries, presently standing at 15,042 species [4].

Analyzed data from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) puts estimates of endemism at 2,372 species, 16% of India’s total known marine biodiversity [4]. Information of India’s marine biodiversity however, is highly fragmentary.

Biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction and EEZ Within Indian jurisdiction, there are approximately 117 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) along India’s coastline [5]. Approximately 3% of India’s coastal area is protected through a combination of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, in addition to 3 Marine Biosphere Reserves. India has jurisdiction over marine resources within 200 miles of its shore within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) [6]. Within the EEZ, India is taking steps to strengthen the legal framework for conservation of marine biodiversity beyond waters under Indian jurisdiction.

8

Marine Protected Areas Listed below are all 131 Indian Marine Protected Areas7: Number

Name

State

Category

1

Coringa

Andhra Pradesh

Sanctuary

2

Krishna

Andhra Pradesh

Sanctuary

3

Pulicat Lake

Andhra Pradesh

Sanctuary

4

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

Sanctuary

5

Fudam

Daman & Diu

Sanctuary

6

Chorao Island

Goa

Sanctuary

7

Marine (Gulf of Kachch)

Gujarat

National Park

8

Khijadia

Gujarat

Sanctuary

9

Marine (Gulf of Kachch)

Gujarat

Sanctuary

10

Kabalundi Vallikkunnu

Kerala

Community Reserve

11

Malvan Marine

Maharashtra

Sanctuary

12

Thane Creek Flamingo

Maharashtra

Sanctuary

13

Bhitarkanika

Odisha

National Park

14

Bhitarkanika

Odisha

Sanctuary

15

Chika (Nalaban)

Odisha

Sanctuary

16

Gahirmatha

Odisha

Sanctuary

17

Balukhand Konark

Odisha

Sanctuary

18

Gulf of Mannar Marine

Tamil Nadu

National Park

19

Point Calimere

Tamil Nadu

Sanctuary

20

Pulicant Lake

Tamil Nadu

Sanctuary

21

Sundarbans

West Bengal

National Park

22

West Sundarbans

West Bengal

Sanctuary

23

Haliday Island

West Bengal

Sanctuary

24

Sajnakhali

West Bengal

Sanctuary

25

Lothian Island

West Bengal

Sanctuary

26

Arial Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

27

Bamboo Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

28

Barren Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

29

Battimalv Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

30

Belle Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary 9

Number

Name

State

Category

31

Bennett Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

32

Bingham Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

33

Blister Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

34

Bluff Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

35

Blondoville Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

36

Brush Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

37

Buchanan Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

38

Campbell

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

39

Chanel Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

40

Cinque Islands

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

41

Clyde Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

42

Cone Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

43

Curlew (B.P.) Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

44

Curfew Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

45

Defence Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

46

Dot Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

47

Dottrell Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

48

Duncan Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

49

East Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

50

East of Inglis Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

51

Egg Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

52

Elat Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

53

Entrance Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

54

Galathea

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

55

Gander Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

56

Girjan Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

57

Goose Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

58

Hump Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

59

Interview Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

60

James Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

61

Jungle Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

62

Kyd Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

63

Landfall Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

64

Latouche Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

65

Lohabarrack

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

10

Number

Name

State

Category

66

Mahatma Gandhi Marine

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

67

Mangrove Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

68

Mask Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

69

Mayo Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

70

Megapode Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

71

Middle Button Island

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

72

Montgomery Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

73

Mount Harriett

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

74

Narcondam Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

75

North Brother Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

76

North Button Island

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

77

North Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

78

North Reef Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

79

Oliver Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

80

Orchid Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

81

Ox Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

82

Oyster Island-I

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

83

Oyster Island- II

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

84

Paget Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

85

Parkinson Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

86

Passage Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

87

Patric Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

88

Peacock Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

89

Pitman Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

90

Point Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

91

Potanma Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

92

Ranger Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

93

Rani Jhansi

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

94

Reef Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

95

Roper Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

96

Ross Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

97

Rowe Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

98

Saddle Peak

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

99

Sandy Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

100

Sea Serpent Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary 11

Number

Name

State

Category

101

Shark Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

102

Shearme Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

103

Sir Hugh Rose Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

104

Sisters Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

105

Snake Island- I

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

106

Snake Island- II

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

107

South Brother Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

108

South Button Island

Andaman & Nicobar

National Park

109

South Reef Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

110

South Sentinel Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

111

Spike Island-I

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

112

Spike Island-II

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

113

Stoat Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

114

Surat Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

115

Swamp Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

116

Table (Delgarno) Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

117

Table (Excelsior) Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

118

Talabaicha Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

119

Temple Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

120

Tillongchang Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

121

Tree Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

122

Trilby Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

123

Tuft Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

124

Turtle Islands

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

125

Krangtun Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

126

West Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

127

Wharf Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

128

White Cliff Island

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

129

Galathea Bay

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

130

Cuthbert Bay

Andaman & Nicobar

Sanctuary

131

Pitti

Lakshadweep

Sanctuary

12

Marine Pollution Threats Various types of pollution pose a grave threat to marine biodiversity. Among these are oil, which comes as runoff from cities and factories, fertilizer, which runs off from lawns and farms, sewage, which often flows untreated into wetlands and oceans, and garbage, including plastic [8]. Plastic pollution is often considered to be one of the most dangerous forms of marine pollution. It decomposes slower than other forms of waste and is often confused for food by marine animals. High concentrations of plastic material are frequently found blocking the breathing passages and stomachs of sea animals, including dolphins, turtles, and whales. Furthermore, plastic waste washes back up onto coasts and beaches, further polluting coastal habitats. Protecting marine ecosystems from pollution is crucial for maintaining their biodiversity. A recent IUCN report (Primary Micro-plastics in the Ocean, 2016) found that invisible microplastic particles constitute between 15 and 31% of the estimated 9.5 million tonnes of plastic released into the oceans each year. It is widely theorized that by 2025 there will be more plastic in the oceans than fish.

Development Plans India’s rapid economic growth is placing further strain on marine ecosystems. India is undergoing a massive construction and infrastructure overhaul. Over the next five years, India will spend 31 trillion Rupees ($454 billion) on infrastructure projects, in addition to increased urban development and construction [9]. Waste runoff from these new infrastructure projects will lead to marine and air pollution. Particularly threatening, though, is the development of new Indian ports. India currently has 12 Major Ports and 200 Non-Major Ports, with a total port capacity of 1500 MPTA. Port traffic is increasing 7% a year, however, and by 2025, India will require port capacity of 2500 MPTA. Accordingly, India has announced the development of 5 new Major Ports at Vadhavan (Maharashtra), Sagar Island (West Bengal), Paradip Satellite Port (Odhisha), Cuddalore/Sirkazhi (Tamil Nadu) and Machilipatnam/Vodarevu (India Maritime Plus [10]. The construction and use of ports will generate further pollution and environmental degradation, which poses a grave threat to the Indian maritime environment.

13

Agreements that India is signatory to India is a signatory to over 20 major Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA’s), many of which pertain to the protection of marine biodiversity11

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTC) United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Global Tiger Forum (GTF) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent for certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Montreal Protocol (on Ozone Depleting Substances) International Whaling Commission (IWC)

14

15

Small Grant

01

Education for coastal and marine biodiversity conservation through schools

APOWA

Centre for Environment Education Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Education - Gujarat, Goa and Tamil Nadu

16

I

Gujarat

Goa Tamilnadu

Co-Financing Y Sustainable Y Replicable Y Policy Advocacy N Livelihoods N Socio-Ecological Resilience N

n India knowledge and information on coastal and marine biodiversity is missing from school curriculums. This prevents students from engaging in practical ways to address issues of local coastal biodiversity and sustainability.

Young students are influential citizens and can catalyse public participation towards conservation activities. With this line of thought, the Centre for Environment Education (CEE) introduced a module on coastal and marine biodiversity conservation education in nine schools in the states of Gujarat, Goa and Tamil Nadu. Schools in Tamil Nadu were selected through the state coordinators of the National Green Corps (NGC) while the State Council for Educational Research and Training (SCERT) helped select schools in Goa. The project enabled participating schools to explore their nearest coastal stretches, identify and address local coastal biodiversity conservation and sustainability issues. They engaged with the local community to understand their perspectives. CEE mentors made individual visits to the schools and conducted trainings for students and teachers on how to effectively implement the module.

CEE developed a programme framework called the ‘7 Step Learning Journey’ that encourages hands-on, project-based, region-focused learning for school students. It meets the objective of fostering global citizenship, a priority action area as per the ‘Global Education First Initiative of the United Nations Secretary General,’ and falls under the umbrella of CEE’s ‘Global Citizenship for Sustainability (GCS) - Marine’ programme. CEE continues to support the programme running in the schools and has also established a GCS Secretariat in Ahmadabad to develop the programme further.

However, language is a shortcoming as the programme is offered primarily in English. Thus, schools that teach in local languages find it difficult to use the web-platform. Furthermore, the programme’s reach is limited as it has been largely designed for schools in coastal districts, excluding inlands schools for implementing it.

OUTPUTs n The establishment of GCS Committees in participant schools comprising of students and teachers for project implementation n The programme was extended to nine more schools in Tamil Nadu, selected through the NGC. The Director, Dept. of Environment, State Dept. of Forests (Tamil Nadu), is exploring possibilities of extending the programme to NGC schools in all coastal districts in the state, with assistance from the MFF programme. Similarly the SCERT in Goa helped identify 8 more schools to implement the programme. The programme was successfully initiated with school managements agreeing to continue the projects beyond the CEE/MFF engagement. n An MoU on GCS was signed with the Gujarat Pollution Control Board, UNESCO, the Convention on Biological Diversity, MFF and Adani Enterprises during the ‘Vibrant Gujarat’ conference in 2015. The aim was to exchange ideas with a larger international audience, and work towards developing GCS further, with a special emphasis on marine conservation. n A GCS website was developed with educational multimedia content. It offers the programme to any school in India along the coast and creates opportunities to network with international schools, thus opening the programme to a wider audience. The website can be accessed at www. ceegcs.org 17

Small Grant

02

Developing a practicable model through corporate-community participation for successful Mangrove restoration activities in Kutch, Gujarat

Swapna Prabhu, BNHS

Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology Developing Corporate - Community Partnerships - Coastal Kutch, Gujarat

18

Kachchh

T

he coast of Kutch in Gujarat harbours the largest mangrove formations on the western coast of India. With a total extent of 789 sq.kms it constitutes 71.5% of Gujarat’s mangroves. However, a limited scientific understanding of plantation activities, little involvement of local communities and no post – plantation monitoring have affected current plantation efforts.

Considering these facts, this project aimed to develop strong linkages between a community that is entirely dependent on mangroves and a local coastal industry to work together towards mangrove conservation. The industry funded the plantation while the community created and tended to it in a sustainable manner.

Coastal Gujarat Power Ltd., (CGPL-a Unit of TATA Power) was identified as the partnering industry due to their willingness to fund mangrove plantation without any ministerial mandate. They worked with the community in Modhva village of the Mandvi Taluka where most villagers are fishers who fish in the open waters and creeks of Mandvi.

Through a village level community based organisations (CBOs), a local workforce was trained on site selection, seed collection, seed treatment and other mangrove - growing techniques. 15 awareness programs were conducted at Modhva and in nearby Tragadi village on the technical aspects of mangrove plantation, post plantation care, climate change and carbon economics potential of mangroves. The presentations were conducted in the local language and were supplemented by documentary screenings prepared by Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC), IUCN and other agencies.

They were well attended by villagers and industry members. Besides this four major workshops were conducted by academics and specialists in Bhuj, Mandvi and Jamnagar for coastal industries and village based CBOs to discuss the role of industries in conservation activities.

A direct impact was an increased mobilization of coastal industries and their willingness to partner with the community. Getting permission to use the coastal land in Tragadi for the project and coastal industries putting aside their initial reluctance to work with local communities made for unique case points.

Being mindful of gender equality it was insisted that women office bearers of the CBO be active participants at meetings. Similarly, all awareness and training programs targeted womenfolk of the village.

Co-Financing Y Sustainable Y Replicable Y Policy Advocacy N Livelihoods Y Socio-Ecological Resilience Y

OUTPUTS n Ten hectares of mangrove plantations created by the village community were supported by industries. n ‘Mangrove Manual for Gulf of Kutch,’ was made ready publication. To make it widely accessible a Gujarati version will also be published. n Awareness workshops were organised highlighting the benefits of mangrove conservation and the role of industries in this regard.

19

Small Grant

03

Strengthened capacity of children, communities and local government by better preparedness and mitigation of climate change and disaster risks in Kendrapara District, Odisha

Nisha D’Souza, ICUN

Save the Children, India Mangrove - Based Sustainable Livelihoods - Kendrapara, Odisha

20

O

Kendrapada

Co-Financing N Sustainable Y Replicable Y Policy Advocacy N Livelihoods Y Socio-Ecological Resilience Y

disha’s coast has the most diverse mangrove vegetation in India. The state’s subtropical district of Kendrapara district is situated at sea level on the eastern coastline. The densely populated coastal plains are fertile yet highly erosive; in the last four to five decades river banks have been eroded by both, rivers and the sea, causing partial and full submergence of some villages and subsequent mass displacement of inhabitants. The coastline in Satavaya and Pentha has shifted inland by three to five kilometres, making coastal settlements extremely vulnerable, particularly the gram panchayats or village - level governments of Chandibaunsamula and Kandira in Rajanagar block.

The objective of the project is to sustain community stewardship in the conservation, restoration and management of mangroves in this vulnerable region, create sustainable livelihoods and conserve ecologically significant natural resources. Keeping with the spirit of the organisation, all activities were aimed at children; the project reached nearly 300 children through activities in 11 villages of Rajanagar block, Kendrapara.

The Forest Department supported the project, making regular visits and offering support in profiling plantation sites for better monitoring and evaluation. They also expressed the need for external support in regeneration efforts in the Bhitarkanika Sanctuary.

The most significant impact was seen when forest officials and community members came together. The two groups have been at loggerheads over forest produce for decades. The project has eased tensions and established channels of communication between the two. The success story of the community offering revenue land i.e. agricultural land, for mangrove plantation consequently motivated the neighbouring Balarampur village to provide five acres of land for mangrove plantations.

A major challenge was getting seeds on time for the seedling nursery, which has a capacity to grow 6000 plants. A second impediment was the immense need for expert advice. Experts, however, were too hard pressed for time and could not be available for guidance. The need for better budgeting was also noted as input costs were high.

Overall though, the real impact will manifest only in a decade or more, but a vision has been developed among the community members.

OUTPUTS n Replantation of 25,000 mangrove seedlings, which include 26 species, in six hectares of land provided by the community. n A mangroves nursery with a capacity of 60,000 saplings was developed by local Women Self Help Groups. n Plans for systematic community based Disaster Risk and Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) response plans were drawn up with the protection and regeneration of mangroves as action points. n The local partner, Nature’s Club, which is partly supported by MFF, was felicitated with the ‘Prakruti Mitra’ award by the Government of Odisha, a sub-district level award given by Ministry of Environment And Forest, Government of Odisha to institutions that contribute to local afforestation and protection.

21

Small Grant

04

Rehabilitation of degraded seagrass area in Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu, to support long term conservation of seagrass habitats

SDMRI

Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute Seagrass Rehabilitation - Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu

22

S

Gulf of Mannar

Co-Financing N Sustainable Y Replicable Y Policy Advocacy Y Livelihoods N Socio-Ecological Resilience Y

eagrass meadows serve multiple purposes. They support biodiversity, stabilize sediments and improve the water quality for dependent coral reef communities by trapping nutrient runoff.

They provide habitats for infaunal organisms and serve as nurseries for endangered species like turtles and dugongs. Despite this seagrass and associated fauna have been ignored from education, research and management.

Large seagrass meadows are located in the Lakshwadeep and Anadaman - Nicobar Islands, however the maximum share, up to 3000 hectares and 14 identified species, is found in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay on the southeast coast of India. This region was declared a Marine Biosphere Reserve in 1989 under the Man and Biosphere Programme of UNESCO; 21 islands are protected under the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park as well as the Coastal Regulation Act.

A 2011 study by SDMRI revealed that in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, wherein 101 sq.kms of coastline was covered by seagrass beds, an estimated 20% of the total seagrass beds was damaged due to various human and natural factors. The need to connect isolated patches of seagrass was also expressed, particularly in sites where seagrass was historically prevalent.

The results of the earlier survey in the Gulf of Mannar, an MFF SGF project, were presented at COP 11, IUCN in Hyderabad, India on 16 October 2012. Based on the resolutions of the summit, the objectives of this project were to rehabilitate one km2 of degraded seagrass beds off the Tuticorin coast of Tamil Nadu, and develop a protocol for the same.

Traditionally, the sites of transplantation were used for artisanal fishing. Some fishing nets, and strong wave action damaged the growth of the newly planted seagrass. Therefore, consultations with the fishermen were held to reduce the pressure of fishing in and around the site. SDMRI and IUCN are continuing to work with them to ensure healthy growth of the seagrass.

OUTPUTS n Monitoring of the seagrass rehabilitated sites revealed an average survival of 81.5%, 85.7%, and 78.6% for Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata and Syringodium isoetifolium respectively, after 9 months of transplantation. n Percentage cover in the transplanted quadrats started increasing from June 2014, following the transplantation 4 months earlier. The initital coverage was 28.7%, 30.45%, and 25.48% respectively for Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata and Syringodium isoetifolium. This gradually increased to 62.78%, 68.44% and 50.44% between June 2014 and February 2015. n In total, 8 common seagrass associated fish genus were recorded. Among them, genus Terapon sp. was the dominant followed by Lutjanus sp. n A seagrass rehabilitation protocol for the Gulf of Mannar region, based on the low-cost PVC method was developed for the State Forest Department Tamil Nadu n A further project (based on the outcome of the second MFF project) was implemented by IUCN and SDMRI, and funded by GIZ, to evaluate the benefits and services of seagrass to local smallscale fishing communities n A national-level stakeholder workshop was conducted, for the first time, on Seagrass Management and Conservation in India.

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Small Grant

05

Participatory Community Engagement and Education For Conservation Of Mangroves In Palk Bay Areas Of Ramanathapuram District In Tamil Nadu

Nisha D’Souza, IUCN

Society for People Education and Economic Development Community Engagement and Education - Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu

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Karankadu

Co-Financing N Sustainable Y Replicable Y Policy Advocacy N Livelihoods Y Socio-Ecological Resilience Y

K

arankadu, a fishing village in Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu is surrounded by mangroves.. Here nearly 780 fisher-women are engaged in traditional crab and fish catching (by touch) and have been reporting a decrease in crab and fish catch. Consequently, they have been forced to seek alternate livelihoods outside the village. This shift in livelihoods has caused social tensions besides decreasing income. There has also been a growing water shortage in the village due to which most families had to spend a substantial amount of their income to buy fresh water.

Therefore, the aim of the project was to establish models for sustainable livelihoods, for protection from cyclones and storms and to improve the mangrove habitat through restoration and plantation interventions. Another key objective was to improve gender equality. To do so 40 fisherwomen who were already a part of established Self – Help Groups and had access to loans, were made beneficiaries. This eased the pilot implementation for the livelihoods component of the project. The women were trained in fish cage culture and introduced to pickling fish and crab and other allied economic activities, thereby introducing them to new skills and making them financially independent. There was a reported decrease in domestic violence during the project period, although it was difficult to attribute this to project interventions. However, there was also a noted increase in the involvement of women in the Panchayat and VMC meetings, and church-based social gatherings as well.

The communities are now confident that they did not require external support to restore the degraded mangrove patches. Earlier, the government had not fully implemented the UNDP Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation (DRR) plan for Karankadu. Also the committees that were constituted under the UNDP DRR plan were not aware of their roles and there were no capacity building exercises to help them. Therefore, SPEED developed their own DRR plan in collaboration with the Emergency Cell which they later institutionalised.

OUTPUTS n Canara Bank at Thondi approved loans for the eight Joint Liability Groups (five women per group) established during this project. The women now have savings accounts at the Central cooperative Bank in Ramanathapuram and pay monthly subscriptions. They meet once a month to seek credit linkages. n Mangroves were planted and restoration in 20 acres of land owned by the village. n 15 women were trained in fish cage culture techniques and in conducing cost – benefit analysis. n Three workshops for women and men were organised on gender equality, gender roles, discrimination and sensitisation to curb incidences of domestic violence. n An awareness programme on mangroves was organised for 180 school children in the village.

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Small Grant

06

Community Based Conservation of Mangroves for The Better Quality of Life Gujarat Ecology Society

CREDIT

Building Community Participation Towards Conservation - Bharuch, Gujarat

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Bharuch

Co-Financing N Sustainable Y Replicable Y Policy Advocacy N Livelihoods Y Socio-Ecological Resilience Y

B

haruch (also known as ‘Broach’) is a district in the southern part of the Gujarat peninsula, on the western coast of India. The region has high salinity in the soil as well as increased levels of saline and fluoride in the groundwater. Yet, the mangroves are a healthy breeding ground for crabs, mudskippers and birds. According to the Indian Space Region Organisation (ISRO), there is a need for mangroves in Bharuch, to check the salinity ingress and erosion since the rate of erosion is as high as five meters per year. Erosion is not the only factor affecting the region; fishermen have been forced to abandon their ancestral occupation and move to cities due to the high levels of industrial pollution.

Therefore, the aim of this project is to work towards mangrove conservation by creating Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC) in villages, educating residents about mangrove conservation and the benefits to the coastal environment and livelihood. It also looks at creating equal opportunities for men and women to take up supplementary livelihoods.

The project was carried out in the coastal villages of Jambusar-Muradpor-Neja, Zamdi and Chhidra, which together form the eastern bank of the Gulf of Khambhat.

As part of project activities two orientation workshops were organised in the local language for villagers, on the introductory topics of ‘Mangrove as a Plant and its Role in Ecosystem’ and ‘Biodiversity Management Committee and Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR).’ This is the first time that PBRs are being maintained for coastal and intertidal regions. The state Forest Department plans to expand its use along the coast. During the course of the project, it was learned that the people were aware of the links between mangrove conservation and coastal protection. They were readily participating in such activities and raised concerns over large scale commercial aquaculture, which in their opinion is not sustainable.

The degrading quality of land resources is a chief cause for poor livelihoods. Hence, a plan is needed to improve the yield in the area. One solution that has been adopted by some of the local people is the creation of nurseries for other plant species that can easily grow in the vast saline wasteland. However, high levels of poverty and a lack of entrepreneurship discourage the people from taking up such initiatives.

Concentrated efforts with the use of proper technology can improve the productivity of the saline wasteland and create sustainable livelihoods for the villagers. GES has decided to approach local industries and other funding agencies to take up restoration and plantation work in the saline wastelands.

OUTPUTS n BMCs were established in the three villages through a gram panchayat (local government) resolution, to oversee conservation activities. Keeping inclusiveness in mind, the committee members include women, SCs and STs representatives. n Thirty thousand mangrove saplings were planted and nurtured. n Maintenance of a People’s Biodiversity Register and periodic collection of data on various aspects of biodiversity. This will help form the basis for future action, interventions and policy formulation.

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Small Grant

07

Role of coastal ecosystems in enabling resilience of coastal communities post a natural disaster Institute of Economic Growth

Nisha D’Souza, IUCN

Resilience Building Against Natual Disasters - Ganjam,Odisha and Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

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I Ganjam Vishakapatnam

ndia’s east coast witnesses frequent cyclonic disturbances and severe fresh water flooding. With more than 400 people living per sq km, the deltaic plains of the rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery are some of the most densely populated areas in India. This combination of frequent disasters and a high population density make it necessary to undertake resilience building measures.

The areas impacted by cyclones Phailin and Hudhud are endowed with natural ecosystems like Casuarina plantations, Palmyra palms, sand dunes and other green plantation belts including cashew plantations, mixed forests, and coconut groves.

Access to limited information regarding factors of resilience prompted this study to examine, among other things, the coastal vegetation and other features that helped local coastal communities to cope with the impacts of the cyclones. The study also reviewed how these ecosystems supported local livelihoods as well as the expectations of the community with respect to the benefits derived from local vegetation. Other objectives entailed identifying the differential impacts of cyclones on vulnerable groups including women, children, and the elderly, development of cyclone impact models and resilience building measures.

The study area consisted of 15 villages from Vishakhpatnam district of Andhra Pradesh and all the villages of the four coastal blocks of Rangeilunda, Chhatrapur, Ganjam and Khallikot, of Ganjam district in Odisha. The sample households were largely impoverished, dependent on fishing, illiterate and from backward castes.

In this study it was found that the physical features of the area i.e. the coastal vegetation and sand dunes helped build its resilience to storms. The degree of damage was compared in areas with mixed vegetation to areas with little to no vegetation i.e. a bare coastline. The analysis of the survey data revealed that mixed vegetation along the coasts in addition to a dense tree cover around the houses reduced damage during cyclones Hudhud and Phailin. However, the protection was provided by cashew trees only and not the other Casuarina vegetation growing there. Mangroves act as a buffer to storms and resulting damage and growing mangrove belts to manage storms had been supported by seven percent of the survey respondents.

However the effectiveness of vegetation in providing protection is dependent on a number of other factors including the positioning of human settlements in relation to the vegetation, the direction of the disaster, intensity and the frequency between disasters. Most importantly, it was education that helped households cope faster after a disaster.

OUTPUTS

n Overall

Co-Financing N Sustainable N Replicable N Policy Advocacy Y Livelihoods N Socio-Ecological Resilience Y

recommendations made to build resilience, consist of investing in movable assets like livestock, provisions for keeping boats safe and insuring them, education and awareness programmes regarding livelihood opportunities and also involving women in village management. n To develop mixed native vegetation belts in vulnerable areas in a scientifically robust way has been advised. n It is recommended that steps be taken to raise awareness and build capacities of coastal communities in order to access opportunities and benefits of insurance policies, smart asset investment and financial saving plans so that they are better prepared for the impacts of disasters.

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Small Grant

08

Mangrove Based Aquaculture for Vulnerable Coastal Communities in Sorlagondi Village, Andhra Pradesh

Nisha D’Souza, IUCN

Praja Pragathi Seva Sangham Building Sustainable Livelihoods - Sorlagondi, Andha Pradesh

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I Sorlagondi

t has been proved that aquaculture improves fish production, consequentially leading to the stabilisation of fish prices and making seafood more accessible. However, establishing a sustainable system of production which is mindful of the environment has been a challenge. Newer fishing technologies and catch of juvenile and breeding species are increasingly threatening wild fish populations. Furthermore, the degradation of marine habitats and decreasing fish catch are threatening the livelihoods of artisanal fishermen and other marginalised coastal communities.

Located 1.5kms from the coast, Sorlagondi village is home to fishing communities with a few landholding families practicing small - scale aquaculture and agriculture. They are not only vulnerable to natural calamities like drought and flooding but also to mismanagement of resources. The existing aquaculture ponds in the village have not been maintained and the families neither have the money nor the know-how to make repairs. The government has built a bund on one side of the village to prevent flooding but salinization continues to be a challenge.

The objectives of this project were to establish a sustainable system of livelihood through the conservation and efficient management of Sorlagondi’s mangroves. They also looked at providing equal opportunities to men and women to implement mangrove associated sustainable aquaculture.

To establish an ecologically and economically sound system of mangrove based livelihoods for Sorlagondi, the team chose the Integrated Mangroves Fishery Farming System (IMFFS). IMFFS reclaims abandoned coastal lands, builds local infrastructure including ponds, with bunds and embankments for plantation of mangroves. The produce matches with wild catch in terms of quality and size. A process similar to IMFFS was implemented on a much smaller scale in Sorlagandi. The focus group had ten families from the SC classified Yenadi tribe, the most vulnerable community in the area.

IMFFS requires low seed investment, is sustainable and environment friendly. It enables villagers to sell fish or crab whenever they need money, therefore avoiding the oppressive system of money lenders and mounting debt. It is also a fine example of successful collaborative efforts between state governments, IGOs like IUCN, local NGOs such as PPSS and organisations like MSSRF, who have technical expertise.

OUTPUTS 18 members of the Yenadi tribe, the most socially and economically disadvantaged ethnic group in the village, were trained amongst 100 community members in IMFFS techniques. 8 ponds were developed in the village to implement IMFFS; bunds and pipes were strengthened to divert tidal water into the ponds. n 106 crabs from the midterm harvest sold for an average collective price of INR 1,12,400. The final harvest (an integrated fisheries harvest) yielded a profit of INR 2,95,925 for approximately 270 kgs of crabs and 61kgs of fish. A single Yenadi tribal family earned between INR 15,000 - 30,000 from their IMFSS pond in the first 4 months since construction. Fishermen families earned INR 24,850 and INR 45,280 from their rehabilitated pond. n The Sorlagondi Village Development and Management Committee was formed to manage resources and handle domestic conflicts. n

Co-Financing N Sustainable Y Replicable Y Policy Advocacy N Livelihoods Y Socio-Ecological Resilience Y

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Small Grant

09

Promoting Sustainable Marine Tourism in Goa

Nisha D’Souza, IUCN

World Wildlife Fund – India Sustainable Marine Tourism - Goa

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S

Goa

Co-Financing N Sustainable Y Replicable Y Policy Advocacy Y Livelihoods N Socio-Ecological Resilience Y

ituated on India’s western coastline, Goa attracts a large number of marine tourists, particularly for dolphin watching, coral reef boating and diving activities. This in turn has had immediate and long term negative effects on the local biodiversity. As part of the project ‘Promoting sustainable Marine Tourism in Goa,’ the World Wildlife Fund - India undertook two studies:n Assessing the impact of dolphin watching on the humpback dolphins found along Goa’s coastline n The impact of picnic boats and SCUBA diving on the coral reefs surrounding the Grande Island of Divar.

The findings aim to develop strategies for community based marine tourism management, and to enhance the capacities of local stakeholder communities to practice sustainable tourism.

Assisting government agencies and community stakeholders to mitigate these issues by developing recommendations through a consultative process between WWF-India and tour boat operators was also an objective.

The Grande Island archipelago in Goa is fringed by coral reefs and is frequented by island tour operators. Survey results revealed signs of initial degeneration of the reef - algal growth, bleaching, presence of trash and coral breakage. Specific causes were narrowed down to too many boats in the, some often dropping anchor just above the reef resulting in breakage. Given the crucial role of corals as protective barriers, producers of biofuel and significant contributors to marine tourism, their conservation is of utmost importance.

Dolphin watching in Goa has been growing exponentially over the years, registering 60,000 tourists in 2008 alone. Being close to the coastline Indo – Pacific Humpback Dolphins are vulnerable to coastal activities such as fishing, coastal development, boat traffic and tourist operations. Tourist boats often chased dolphins to elicit reactions, litter dolphin habitats and cause harmful underwater noise.

Conservation of a key marine species outside a protected area and sustainability of allied livelihoods can only be enabled through participatory management in which all stakeholder communities work together to compensate for and overcome existing gaps in policy and jurisdiction.

OUTPUTS n Based on the project recommendations the Cpt. of Ports (Goa) issued a notification to institute a basic code of conduct for dolphin watching operations. n Suggested measures included regulating the number of tour operators and introducing regular patrolling. Regarding the reefs, zoning of specific activities off the island, limiting the number of divers at a site and installation of mooring buoys to mark safe anchoring sites is essential. n Issuing specific dolphin-watching licenses to boat owners and imposing speed and approach -distance restrictions to speedboats was recommended. n Dolphin watching workshops were conducted to explain the necessity and economic and environmental benefits of following international Dolphin - Watching standards. It was attended by 40 tour boat operators. n Development of educational modules for tourists would prove beneficial for the protection of various marine species as well as enhance tourism. The economy in turn will also get a boost. The role of naturalists alongside local community members in this regard is crucial for its success.

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Conserving Seagrass Meadows

S

eagrass are amongst the least understood marine habitats in India. The major seagrass meadows are located in the Lakshadweep and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The largest extent of seagrass, though, is found along the southeast coast of India, in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In the latter, seagrass meadows cover an area of 209 km2 and are the predominant marine habitat.

They are a source of food security and livelihood for local communities, and maintain the ecological health of the region.

IUCN has been working in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay region of Tamil Nadu through its MFF initiative. MFF’s implementing partner, the Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI) has been working in this region since 1998, particularly on coral reefs and seagrass. SDMRI has been identified as a key institution by the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) authority of Tamil Nadu to undertake baseline studies and rehabilitation of coastal and marine biodiversity.

In 2011, MFF funded SDMRI to survey and assess seagrass in the region. The study revealed that 20% of the total seagrass cover in the region had been affected due to human activity. The results were presented at the 11th Convention on Biodiversity Conference of Parties in Hyderabad the following year. Based on the recommendations of the first study a further Small Grant Facility (SGF)

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project was granted for the rehabilitation of degraded seagrass in the Gulf of Mannar, through which 1 km2 of seagrass was restored. Subsequently, a seagrass restoration protocol was also established for the region.

In 2015, MFF and SDMRI, with financial support from GIZ, began working towards a community supported system of management and conservation of seagrass beds in Palk Bay. The project’s objectives were to value the economic benefits of seagrass. It also sought to plan community based strategies for the optimised usage of seagrass beds, and ensure that the identified benefits were equally shared by the local communities. Based on fish catch data, the gross income generated in 2014 from fishing in seagrass meadows in Palk bay was between INR 358, 805 – 477,933. The data represents the total amount of fish caught using artisanal as well as mechanised boats and gears.

This is the first time a blue carbon valuation study for seagrass has been conducted in India.

The study emphasizes the potential to use seagrass ecosystems in India as a natural solution to mitigate the impact of climate change. This is important as the Government of India had presented ambitious targets to create a carbon sink of 2.3 – 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) by 2030, at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris, 2015. The conservation of blue carbon or marine ecosystems like seagrass, provide otherwise unused methods for achieving these international commitments. Recommendations for the conservation and management of seagrass were suggested on the basis of thorough ecological and socio – economic assessments of the marine habitat and local residents: n There

should be capacity building activities for the community, especially the fisher youth, by local NGOs and the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. This would help them recognise the need for their involvement in restoring degrading habitats, and encourage them to actively rehabilitate seagrass habitats. n An effective monitoring and evaluation protocol should be developed by the community so that they can regularly track the health of the seagrass habitats. n Since most community members, as noted in the study, knew only fishing, a livelihoods diversification programme would help members learn new livelihood skills and take on supplementary or entirely other livelihoods. This would improve their socio – economic resilience.

Additionally, the project would also establish market linkages for produce and services which would ensure a steady and secure income for them. n Policies should be drafted to ensure that benefits go back to the community. This would incentivise community members to participate in conservation efforts and contribute to the ecosystem’s sustainability. n It is recommended that a multi-stakeholder governing council be established. The body should comprise of 70% of community members besides relevant government representatives, one who would assume the role of a Member Secretary. The council will ensure the equity and empowerment of all stakeholders, and that all stakeholders function with respect to others.

To successfully regenerate seagrass it is crucial that the impact of various human activities are identified and accounted for in the Integrated Coastal Management practices.

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Small Grant Facility for Private Sector Engagement

Integrated Management of Wetlands, Chandrabhaga Wetlands International South Asia and Tata Chemicals Society for Rural Development, Gujarat

C

handrabhaga is a shallow coastal wetland in the Jamnagar district of Gujarat Over the years its catchment areas have been deeply impacted by rapid industrialisation, urbanisation and tourism. The district of Jamnagar has a severe scarcity of water and the Chandrabhaga wetlands are a scarce source of fresh water in the area. It also harbours many migratory birds. Therefore its protection is crucial.

To address this issue the National Coordinating Body (NCB) India felt the need for an integrated management plan for the wetlands in Chandrabhaga, one that was built on a systematic assessment of hydrological, ecological, socio – economic, government and institutional factors.

A participatory approach was adopted for the planning and management of Chandrabhaga’s Wetlands. The project sought to:n Establish an integrated management plan for the Chandrabhaga wetlands that is ecologically and socio – economically sound. n Catalyse a scientific management plan and pilot it with the Gram Panchayat members and the local community members n Embed the management plan with existing government and private sector programmes.

The project is being jointly undertaken by MFF India’s NCB Members, Wetlands International South Asia and Tata Chemicals Society for Rural Development (TCSRD, Tata Chemicals Pvt. Ltd). TCSRD has initiated various community benefit and Natural Resource Management (NRM) programmes in the region. One such initiative is based at the project site of Okhamandal where the organisation is working with women to promote handicrafts through Self – Help Groups (SHGs). The Chandrabhaga Wetlands Project, sought to build on TCSRD’s rich community engagement programmes.

Project implementation began in January 2016. Methods for management planning were devised under the guidance of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, and the Ramsar Convention for Wetland Conservation. A field visit was conducted to identify wetland features, map key wetland descriptors and assess the catchment status. Local communities were interviewed to understand their views and perceptions on the need for the integrated management of wetlands. Further assessments were made to understand their livelihood systems, the level of 36

dependency on wetlands and current institutional processes.

This is the first systematic investigation on wetland features and its functioning in this area. In the first cycle, initial steps were taken towards developing a community led integrated management plan. In the current phase a more extensive evaluation is being conducted to identify management objectives, key actions and stakeholder roles. The first cycle was conducted during a dry spell while the second cycle is underway during the monsoon, allowing a complete assessment of a wetland’s functioning. The field visit confirmed the familiarity of the local communities with wetland functioning and the ways in which they can engage in its management.

Chandrabhaga is a seasonal wetland i.e. it grows and shrinks with the arrival and departure of the monsoon season each year. However, the region is predicted to undergo an increased intensity of flooding and drought. Hence, the focus of the management planning process will be to make the communities aware of the implications of these ecological processes. They will also be made aware of opportunities from local water management solutions and methods to sustainably use water.

During the study, it was discovered that soil was being extracted from the region in an unmanaged manner which could prove hazardous to the region. The project team has been working on identifying the risks of such methods of soil extraction and sharing it with community members and local officials so that they can take necessary actions to negate the risks.

The project activities have been largely successful due to TCSRD’s sustained engagement with the community. This link provided an invaluable access to key informants who shared crucial details on the ecological functioning of the wetlands. This project also offers a replicable module for partnerships with private organisations to work on conservations programmes.

OUTPUTS n Spatial datasets on the wetlands and their catchment area were developed. n Thematic maps were made on wetland locations, inundation regimes and land use as well as the land cover of the wetland catchment. This information is being used to draw an ecological character of the region.

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Partnering for Progress

T

he value of public-private partnerships for ecological management cannot be neglected. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) developed guidelines for Corporate Environment Responsibility, with the goal of streamlining and strengthening private sector participation beyond legal compliance. In states like Odisha and West Bengal, businesses have already taken up ecological projects, demonstrating that profitable outcomes and environmental conservation need not be mutually exclusive.

‘Leaders for Nature’ is an India based initiative by IUCN. A ‘business biodiversity network,’ it connects current and future corporate sector leaders within India. The initiative encourages and capacity builds them to incorporate the conservation of natural resources and investment in natural capital in their core business strategy, to achieve a positive impact on ecosystems. Through the MFF and LfN initiatives, IUCN catalyses active support from corporate organisations, as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, towards conserving marine heritage.

IUCN partnered with the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) project in Odisha to organise a workshop in Bhubaneshwar on 29th September 2015, with the objective of establishing an alliance between the government, businesses and the community for on - ground marine conservation activities on the East Coast.

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Case studies of activities undertaken by such alliances in India were presented at this workshop as references for future action. The Dharma Port Company Ltd. (DPCL) discussed their experience while constructing the Dharma Port on Garhimatha beach (Odisha), the largest nesting ground for Oliver Ridley turtles. DPCL and IUCN worked together towards mitigating the impact on the turtles, other species and their habitats. Case studies of the Royal Bank of Scotland Foundation in India working with the Indian Grameen Services and the local community towards wetland conservation in Manglajodi (Odisha), and the DANONE Fund for Nature’s efforts to restore mangroves through participatory means in the Sundarbands (West Bengal) were also presented. In the latter case, DANONE is implementing its carbon offset strategy by restoring and preserving mangroves which in turn generates carbon credits for the organization. 50% of the allowance earned from these credits will be given to local communities.

Companies were advised to adopt the concepts of avoidance, mitigation and offset through the course of their operations with respect to environmental impact. The Principal Chief Conservator Forests (Wildlife) and Chief Wildlife Warden, Forest and Environment Department (Odisha) warned industries that a lack in corporate initiatives would result in more stringent rules and regulations, which would negatively affect business operations.

Picking up on the recommendations made at theabove mentioned workshop, senior officials from the Government of Odisha, including the Department of Environment, ICZMP, OPCB, Wild Life and Forest, representatives from the public and private sector, and IUCN officials met on 22nd July 2016. At the second workshop discussions were held on ways to check the combined, overall impact of developmental projects on the ecological health of Odisha’s coastline.

For the first time in this region, steps are being taken to develop a strategic and sustainable plan for better coordination between state departments, central departments, local NGOs and affected communities on joint projects for marine and coastal sustainability. An effective management of the coast would enhance the socio – economic status of the local population and keep its natural resources and the environment healthy and capable of sustaining future generations.

Benefits for the private sector from joint collaborations were also discussed. These included an informed investment in environment conservation and sustainability activities which would lead to meaningful outcomes. The establishment of a working group with representatives from the government, public and private spheres can serve as a platform for discussion. It will also help the private sector partner with government bodies, research institutions and civil society. The platform can generate opportunities to advance the conservation, access and benefits of natural resources and ecosystems. Technical experts will be appointed to periodically monitor the implementation on projects on behalf of the private sector and the working group.

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40

Spreading The Word

C

ommunications and knowledge management is a cornerstone of the MFF initiative. In Phase Three of the initiative several products have been developed to share research findings and support education and awareness.

In the absence of proper codes of conduct a brochure was produced through the WWF implemented Small Grant Facility (SGF) project for tourists in Goa, to raise awareness about the impacts of the industry on the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. The brochure had information about the species, their anatomy, peculiar behavioral habits, what it means and the actions that harm them.

It also highlighted a tourist’s role in safeguarding their habitat.

Further to this a poster was designed to encourage tourists to consider human impact on the oceans, how oceans support us and how we can help conserve them.

A poster developed through the Gujarat Ecological Society’s SGF project for local communities and school children outlined the importance of conserving mangroves. It highlighted their benefits, particularly for providing a breeding ground for fish, crabs and mudskippers. Mangroves also behave as instruments to check the growing salinity in the Bharuch region‘s soil, and to protect the shoreline from coastal erosion.

The poster developed through the Praja Pragathi Sewa Sangham’s SGF project similarly emphasizes on the benefits of mangrove based aquaculture practices, as experienced in their project village, Sorlagandi in Andhra Pradesh. The SGF funded project established a sustainable system of livelihood for marginalized tribal communities by providing opportunities to initiate and implement viable aquaculture practices in the local mangrove habitat.

Resources MFF also has developed resource materials for researchers and project facilitators. The materials are in the form of manuals which include assessment manuals for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Climate Proof Reference tool, LivLearn Climate Tool Kit for Facilitators and Coastal Development and Ecosystem Modelling. The resource materials are available on the MFF website - www. mangrovesforthefuture.org The Centre for Ecological Education, through the SGF funded project in Gujarat, Goa and Tamil Nadu, developed a website with engaging multimedia content on marine biodiversity and its conservation. The website is meant for school children to learn. It also allows other schools to implement CEE’s module on coastal and marine biodiversity education into their own syllabi, and build a network with other schools on an international level. The website can be viewed at www. ceegcs.org

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42

The Way Forward

S

ince 2007, MFF grants have catalyzed the extension of marine conservation activities in India, through its three fold strategy of strengthening scientific knowledge, improving livelihoods and supporting an environment that enables progressive governance measures.

Lessons from these projects have built the base for future action. One such learning is the immense need for community participation in conservation management. There is a vast difference between policymakers and administrators, and the community members in the field. This gap can be bridged by building the capacities of local communities so that they can understand their roles in conservation measures and actively participate. Community participation is essential to formulate effective policies, that take into account the ecological and socio economic realities.

At this stage, the way forward is to plan for long term sustainability solutions in India and identify the means to achieve it. There are chiefly two important factors when thinking of a long term action plan.

The first is permanence of authority. The National Coordinating Body (NCB), the highest decision making body in the MFF initiative, is a vital element of governance. Hence transforming it into a permanent body, either structurally or in terms of its operations, is essential to guarantee long term sustainability. A suggested method is to convert the NCB into a recognised national coastal management body.

The second important factor for longevity is a steady flow of funds. Suggestions for this include transforming the MFF initiative into a large national project either through bilateral funding or securing grants from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). GEF is globally, one of the largest grant facilities for biodiversity programmes. At a national level MFF should align its scope of activities with the aims of the Coastal Mission under the National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) and seek official endorsement. This will attract government funding for activities that fall under the scope of the coastal mission.

The capabilities and networks of high ranking NCB members, who are prominent figures in governance, the social sector and corporate businesses, can also be used to pitch new proposals for bilateral and trans regional projects and attract external funding.

Most importantly, the potential of the private sector as a financial supporter should be explored further. Support for safeguarding coastal ecological and socio – economic systems can be pitched on the basis of the potential benefits for businesses.

MFF envisages an eventual transformation of its role as a grant - giving body supported by donors, to one where it continues to facilitate the gathering of information and experiences from multiple projects. These in turn will be communicated to the government so that it can improve policies and fine tune management practices, in close collaboration with regional and national institutions.

Presently, MFF is in the process of allocating grants for the fifth cycle of marine conservation and sustainability projects.

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References 1.

Kathiresan K, Alikunhi N M (2011), Tropical coastal ecosystems: rarely explored for their interaction, Ecologia 1 (1) 1- 22 2. CBD Secretariat, http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile.shtml?country=in#status Accessed on 29.07.2011 3. Towards Conservation and Management of Mangrove Ecosystems in India/ ed. By Bhatt J.R., Macintosh D.J., Nayar T.S., Pandey C. N. and B.P.Nilaratna, IUCN India 4. Wafar M, Venkataraman K, Ingole B, Khan S A, LokBharathi P (2011) State of Knowledge and Marine Biodiversity of Indian Ocean Countries, PLoS ONE 6 (1) 5. World Bank (2008) http://www.tradingeconomics.com/india/marine-protected-areas-numberwb-data.html 6.

OECD, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=884 7.

ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas, Marine Protected Areas, http://www.wiienvis.nic. in/Database/MPA_8098.aspx 8. WWF, Marine Problems: Pollution, http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/ problems/pollution/ 9. IBEF (2017), Infrastructure Sector in India, http://www.ibef.org/industry/infrastructure-sectorindia.aspx 10. Maritime Invest, New Port Development, https://www.maritimeinvest.in/new-port-development 11. Ministry of Environment and Forest, India and Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs): A Summary: http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/2010-08-28-Note%20 on%20India%20and%20MEAs.pdf

About this book This publication shares the experiences and lessons learnt from MFF (India) small grant projects, and its own initiatives of various publications and on national, international workshops on coastal and marine biodiversity research and management and other capacity building initiatives.

This book is an abridged narrative of the projects and the authors have heavily relied on the final technical reports of the implementing partners. The complete technical reports of these small grant projects can be found at the MFF India web site: http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/ offices/asia/asia_where_work/india_programme_office/india_programmes_and_ initiatives/mff_india/ 44

The implementing partners of MFF (India): Small Grant projects: • Action for the Protection of Wild Animals • Bombay Natural History Society • Development Alternatives • Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Centre (SDMRI) • Wetlands International - South Asia • Wildlife Trust of India • World Wildlife Federation (WWF)

Large Grant project • Sundarban Biosphere Reserve with • Bali Nature Club • Indian Institute of Management - Calcutta • Nature Environment & Wildlife Society • Southern Health Improvement Samity • WWF

Regional Project • IUCN India and IUCN Sri Lanka with • Dr. Vivekanandan (lead consultant) • CAS Annamalai University • SDMRI • M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation • MFRI

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About MFF Mangroves for the Future (MFF) is a partner-led initiative promoting investments in coastal ecosystems for sustainable development. MFF provides a collaborative platform for countries, sectors and organizations to address challenges to coastal ecosystem and livelihood issues; thus directing them towards a common goal.

MFF builds on a history of coastal management, before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, particularly the need to continue the momentum and partnerships generated by the immediate posttsunami response. Initially focusing on six countries worst-affected by the tsunami, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, MFF has expanded to include Pakistan and Viet Nam. MFF will continue to reach out to countries in the region that face similar issues, with an overall aim to promote an integrated ocean wide approach to coastal zone management.

MFF seeks to achieve demonstrable results in influencing regional cooperation, national programme support, private sector engagement and community action. This will be achieved using a strategy of generating knowledge, empowering institutions and individuals, to promote good governance in coastal ecosystem management.

Learn more at: www.mangrovesforthefurture.org MFF India IUCN India Country Office B-88, Neeti Bagh New Delhi – 110049 India Telefax: +91 11 262 57 742 Email: india@mangrovesforthefuture.org

MFF Secretariat Mangroves for the Future (MFF) 63, Sukhumvit Soi 39 Bangkok – 10110 Thailand Telephone: +662 662 4029 Fax: +662 662 4389 Email: secretariat@mangrovesforthefuture.org

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