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SPACE OBSERVER Who am I VOL. 64 NO. 23

T H U R S DAY, J U N E 4 , 2020

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By Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Kaleth Wright Who am I? I am a black man who happens to be the Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force. I am George Floyd…I am Philando Castile, I am Michael Brown, I am Alton Sterling, I am Tamir Rice. Just like most of the black Airmen and so many others in our ranks. I am outraged at watching another black man die on television before our very eyes. What happens all too often in this country to black men who are subjected to police brutality that ends in death could happen to me. As shocking as that may sound to some of you, I hope you realize that racism/ discrimination/exclusion does not care much about position, titles or stature. So yes, it could happen to you, or one of your friends, or your Airmen, or your NCOIC, your Flight Chief, your Squadron Commander or even your Wing Commander. This, my friends, is my greatest fear, not that I will be killed by a white police officer (believe me, my heart starts racing like most other black men in America when I see those blue lights behind me), but that I will wake up to a report that one of our black Airmen has died at the hands of a white police officer. As I struggle with the Air Force’s own demons that include the racial disparities in military justice and discipline among our youngest black male Airmen and the clear lack of diversity in our senior officer ranks, I can only look in the mirror for the solution. I, the CMSAF must do better in ensuring every Airmen in our ranks has a fair chance at becoming the best version of themselves. While this is a complicated issue, I, along with every other leader across the force, am responsible for making sure it becomes a reality. CONTINUED ON PAGE 07

INSIDE

AIR FORCE MEDICAL RECRUITING UP PAGE 2

NEWS 1-12 | CLASSIFIED 13 | CROSSWORD 15

AIR FORCE ACADEMY SUPPORTS MOUNTAIN WEST PAGE 4

NASA’S HISTORY-MAKING LAUNCH PAGE 8

DoD COVID-19 SURVIVOR GIVES SHOUTOUT TO DOCTORS PAGE 10

U.S. Space Force debuts new recruiting ad entitled ‘Make History’ SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE PUBLIC AFFAIRS

ARLINGTON, Va. (AFNS) — The U.S. Space Force is releasing a new recruiting ad May 28 designed to encourage people to join the newly-formed military service while also framing the service’s purpose and mission for the broader public. The 30 second-ad, dubbed “Make History,” opens with a star-filled evening sky followed quickly by scenes of space-related activities, launches and technology. “I see the future,” the narrator says. “I see exploration and courage. I see myself; the future is where I’ll make history.” The latest ad follows the first Space Force advertisement released about a month ago titled “Purpose”. That 30-second ad carried similar themes of service to country, technological advances and taking part in shaping the U.S. Space Space Force recruiting ad Force and the future. The newest ad arrives at a time of heightened public interest and atten- brand and identity,” said Leslie Brown, a tion on space. spokeswoman for the Recruiting Service. NASA is preparing to launch two “The ad is intended to educate the general American astronauts into space this week- public about the Space Force mission and end aboard a SpaceX rocket and capsule. its people. It’s also designed to inspire The historic launch will mark the first time people to serve in the Space Force.” in nine years American astronauts have U.S. Space Force is a military service that been lifted into space from U.S. soil aboard organizes, trains, and equips space forces an American produced rocket. in order to protect U.S. and allied interests “Our job at the Air Force Recruiting in space and to provide space capabilities to DRIVE SMART 4.9Space x 6.025 poster/ad Service is to establish the Space Force COLORADO the joint force. Forcemini responsibilities

include developing military space professionals, acquiring military space systems, maturing the military doctrine for space power, and organizing space forces to present to U.S. combatant commands. In addition to seeking new recruits, Space Force is also providing the opportunity for currently serving Air Force members in space-related career fields to join the service as well. Currently, the application period to

transfer to the U.S. Space Force is open to select active duty U.S. Air Force Airmen. The application period will end May 31. Editor’s Note: To learn more about the United States Space Force or the transfer process, visit: https://www.spaceforce.mil/ or https://mypers.af.mil/app/answers/ detail/a_id/47018 (CAC enabled). Learn more about U.S. Space Force careers here: https://www.airforce.com/ spaceforce

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Air Force medical recruiting up while recruiters, applicants serve their communities By Laraine Thompson | AIR FORCE SURGEON GENERAL PUBLIC AFFAIRS FALLS CHURCH, Va. — The COVID-19 global pandemic has thrown obstacles into everyone’s path, but Air Force Health Professions recruiters and their applicants are overcoming these challenges and motivating their colleagues and communities to step up to help others.

they may be the ones saving you." The pandemic is increasing unemployment rates, driving many people to seek career paths in health sciences and military medicine. “They look at us as job security and a way to give back,” stated Tech. Sgt. Ralph

(Courtesy photo)

Nurses at The Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, wear their masks made and donated by Fight for Aloha, an allvolunteer, nonprofit organization. The delivery was coordinated by TSgt Aaron Shields and one of his nurse applicants. "Being an Air Force medic is more than a job, occupation or career, it is a higher calling," said Chief Master Sgt. G. Steve Cum, Chief, Medical Enlisted Force. "With that comes a responsibility to be your best when your patient is at their worst, to understand your role for the greater good of the mission, and to ensure your fellow medical teammates are as prepared as you, because one day,

Hall Gonzalez, Health Professions recruiter, 318th Recruiting Squadron. “I've received about three times more applications than I did last year at this time.” Many applicants are rising to the call for helping those in need. One such applicant, a psychiatry resident at a New York City hospital, had discussed the options of joining the Air Force prior to the pandemic.

“As soon as COVID-19 hit, the applicant has been focused on maintaining mental health for his patients,” Hall Gonzalez stated. “The applicant said he found the passion in his job and now wants to do the same thing while wearing a uniform.” Tech. Sgt. BreAnn Hill, Health Professions recruiter, 348th Recruiting Squadron, has been working with several highly-qualified potential applicants since COVID-19. “People are so excited to join the Air Force. They are motivated to serve, and protect those who are protecting us,” Hill said. “One of my nursing applicants planned to drive across country to help out in New York City hospitals during the height of the crisis. They really have a drive of service before self and caring for others.” Hill tells her nurses they are “super heroes without the cape." Tech. Sgt. Aaron Shields, a Health Professions recruiter with the 348th Recruiting Squadron, found one of his applicants already giving back. Personal protective equipment has been at a premium during the pandemic. The applicant worked with Fight for Aloha, a volunteer organization, to fabricate and deliver PPE to Queens Hospital in Honolulu where COVID-19 patients are being treated. “COVID-19 PPE requirements are higher and must meet certain regulations,” Shields said. “We had to make sure they could actually use what we brought, and we also found some other places where they could use other forms of PPE. That is just the type of person we want to join Air Force Medicine.” One applicant told Staff Sgt. Brandon McKeever, a Health Professional recruiter with the 342nd Recruiting Squadron, that their medical facility was running out of scrubs. Medical recruiters have Air Force-branded promotional full scrubs sets. McKeever coordinated with Vanderbilt Medical Center, in Nashville, Tennessee, and delivered 600 sets. Other recruiters are making similar donations

helping the front line medical providers. To ensure qualified medical profession candidates continue to join the Air Force, recruiters need to get creative during the pandemic. Many hospitals are not allowing guests, meaning recruiters are using other methods to connect with potential recruits. “Everything has to be remote so we have to engage through Zoom and FaceTime which is more difficult than if you go out and see candidates face-toface,” Hall Gonzalez said. The pandemic makes the very process of joining the Air Force more challenging. Before recruits can accession and attend Officer Training School, they must first quarantine for 14 days. This slows the process and keeps the applicants away from their current employment. “The challenge is trying to get them through the whole recruiting process,” said Tech. Sgt. Aaron Shields, 348th Recruiting Squadron Health Professions recruiter. “The military treatment facilities where our applicants get medically qualified aren’t screening anyone except mission-critical personnel. We reached out to the Navy in Okinawa, and, fortunately, a Navy clinic on Okinawa allowed some of our applicants to screen there.” Recruiters and their applicants demonstrate their ability to overcome the barriers presented by the national health emergency. “Our overall mission has not changed,” said Senior Master Sgt. Aaron Akridge, production superintendent of the 318th Recruiting Squadron. “We are always trying to inspire, engage and recruit the highest qualified medical officers. Recruiters have done a phenomenal job because they're resilient and they're going to find a way to get the mission done.” The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of recruiting qualified medical candidates for the Air Force. "We need the best of the best, the best doctors, the best nurses, and the best medical professionals our nation has to offer," said Cum. "Are you ready to and able to answer the call?"

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Air Force Academy supports Mountain West Conferences’ statement on positive social change

CSMNG (719) 634-5905 235 South Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80903-1246. PUBLISHER AND EXECUTIVE EDITOR

U.S. AIR FORCE ACADEMY PUBLIC AFFAIRS

AMY GILLENTINE Amy.Gillentine@csbj.com

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF BRYAN GROSSMAN Bryan.Grossman@csbj.com

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(U.S. Air Force photo/Trevor Cokley)

U.S. Air Force Academy Falcons Football athletes hold up the Cheez-It Bowl championship trophy Dec. 27, 2019 after defeating Washington State University at Chase Field in Phoenix, Arizona.

SPACE OBSERVER PETERSON AIR FORCE BASE

U.S. AIR FORCE ACADEMY, Colo. — The Mountain West published a statement decrying racism and violence on its official website, June 1. The Air Force Academy is part of MW collegiate athletic conference. “Racial injustice and acts of violence against members of our communities are never acceptable,” the statement reads. ”The member institutions of the Mountain West together reaffirm our commitment to the principles of inclusiveness and equity for all, which are core values for the Conference and our individual institutions. We are compelled to come together as a Conference and society to promote understanding and respectfully address these issues in our nation. By virtue of our diverse communities, higher education and

Staff Writer

GRIFFIN SWARTZELL Published by Colorado Springs Military Newspapers Group, 235 S. Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, 80903, a private firm in no way connected with the U.S. Air Force, under exclusive written contract with the 21st Space Wing. This commercial enterprise Air Force newspaper is an authorized publication for members of the U.S. military services. Contents of the Space Observer are not necessarily the official views of, or endorsed by, the U.S. Government, the Department of Defense or the Department of the Air Force. The appearance of advertising in this publication, including inserts or supplements, does not constitute endorsement by DoD, the Department of the Air Force, or CSMNG, of the products or services advertised. Everything advertised in this publication shall be made available for purchase, use or patronage without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, marital status, physical handicap, political affiliation or any other non-merit factor of the purchaser, user or patron. Editorial content is edited, prepared and provided by the 21st Space Wing Public Affairs Office, 775 Loring Ave., Suite 219, Peterson AFB, Colo., 80914-1294, (719) 5565185 or DSN 834-5185, fax (719) 556-7848 or DSN 8347848. All photographs are Air Force photographs unless otherwise indicated. The Space Observer is published every Thursday. For advertising inquiries, call Colorado Springs Military Newspapers, (719) 634-5905. Employees of Peterson Air Force Base who want to place a free classified advertisement should call (719) 329-5210. Articles, announcements, news briefs or feedback for the Space Observer should be submitted to the 21st SW/PA via space.observer@us.af.mil. For further information, call 21st SW/PA at (719) 556-5185 or DSN 834-5185 or e-mail space.observer@us.af.mil. Deadline for article submission is noon the Friday one week before publication. All articles, copy and announcements submitted will be edited to conform to AFI Series 35 and the Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual. For information in the event of a Peterson Air Force Base emergency, contact the Straight Talk line at (719) 556-9154.

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intercollegiate athletics continue to offer a platform by which positive social change can be realized.” Lt. Gen. Jay Silveria, the Academy’s superintendent, has often encouraged an institutional “commitment to diversity.” “My commitment to diversity as an ideal of our service is born from a humble belief that as people, not just airmen, we should treat each other with dignity and respect,” he said. “We must embrace the full spectrum of our humanity, perspectives and experiences. Chief Master Sgt. of the Air Force Kaleth Wright made a similar statement June 1. “If you don’t do anything else, I encourage everyone to fight, not just for freedom, justice and equality, but to fight for understanding,” he said.

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DoD launches effort to collect 8,000 units of COVID-19 convalescent plasma DOD NEWS

Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 may hold treatment in their veins that could help others who are critically ill with the respiratory infection. The Defense Department has begun an effort to collect 8,000 donated units of plasma from patients who have recovered from COVID-19 to support the development of an effective treatment against the disease. "We may want to ask you to stick your arm out and donate blood," Army Gen. Mark Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in a virtual town hall yesterday. "What that can then do is help others who are severely ill, and if we can do that, then we'll be on a good path toward getting some really powerful therapeutics." Donations will be accepted at 15 Armed Services Blood Program centers across the continental United States, and in Hawaii, Guam and Germany. (A complete list of centers accepting donations appears at the end of this article, and is available online.) Patients fully recovered from COVID-19 are the only ones who qualify to be a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor, said Army Col. Audra Taylor, chief

of the Armed Services Blood Program. DOD personnel and their families, as well as non-DOD civilians with access to collection facilities on installations, are welcome to donate. "Our goal as a lifesaving program is to always provide a safe and ample supply of blood products. The need is now," Taylor said. "We are calling for all who are healthy, able and eligible, to donate today to help us all stand mission ready and save lives." Why convalescent plasma is collected When a person contracts SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, their immune system creates antibodies to fight the virus. These antibodies are found in the plasma, the liquid part of blood, Taylor explained. Plasma with infection-fighting antibodies is called convalescent plasma, she said. Through the blood donation process, this plasma is collected from a donor who has recovered from COVID-19 and may be transfused into a sick patient who is still See Convalescent plasma page 6

Navy Petty Officer 3rd Class Ivy Gaskins, a hospital corpsman, uses a pipette to mix a red blood count suspension to confirm the donor's blood type in the Naval Medical Center San Diego Blood Bank in San Diego. All blood products in the NMCSD Blood Bank are screened for diseases. Blood type is confirmed before being stored, shipped or used in patients.

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The collection process for this type of plasma is the same as standard apheresis collection, she noted. It is being investigated for the treatment of COVID-19 because there is no approved treatment for the disease at this time, and there is some indication that it might help some patients recover from COVID-19. fighting the virus, if they qualify for this type of treatment. This may boost the immune system of the patient and help with the recovery process, Taylor said. The collection process for this type of plasma is the same as standard apheresis collection, she noted. It is being investigated for the treatment of COVID-19 because there is no approved treatment for the disease at this time, and there is some indication that it might help some patients recover from COVID-19. Several COVID-19 patients in the Military Health System have received convalescent plasma transfusions as part of their treatment, Taylor said. The treatment, which must be carried out under and approved protocol, is used for those hospitalized and severely ill with the disease. Eligibility requirements Donating CCP is the same as a standard platelet or plasma donation and must meet specific requirements set by the Food and Drug Administration. Donors must be at least 17 years old, weigh at least 110 pounds, and be in good health. Women who have ever been pregnant may need additional testing for specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies that may be present in their blood. In addition to these standard requirements, those who have fully recovered from COVID-19 must be symptom-free for at least 14 days. Donors must also produce documented laboratory test results proving they tested positive for the virus, Taylor explained. "If a donor believes they meet these requirements, they must first contact the local blood donor center before coming in, and if they qualify, set up an appointment," Army Col. Jason Corley, Army Blood Program director, said. "Once set up, the donor must bring the required documentation and undergo the standard donation procedure. Final determination will be made by the medical director or designee." ASBP Centers Collecting Convalescent Plasma •• Armed Services Blood Bank Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland; •• Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Blood Donor Center, Portsmouth, Virginia; •• Fort Bragg Blood Donor Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina; •• Kendrick Memorial Blood Center, Fort Gordon, Georgia; •• Sullivan Memorial Blood Center, Fort Benning, Georgia; •• Blood Donor Center, Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi; •• Lackland Air Force Base Armed Services Blood Bank Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas; •• Robertson Blood Center, Fort Hood, Texas; •• Akeroyd Blood Donor Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas; •• Fort Bliss Blood Donor Center, Fort Bliss, Texas; •• Naval Medical Center San Diego Blood Donor Center, San Diego, California; •• Armed Services Blood Bank Center – Pacific Northwest, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington; •• Tripler AMC Blood Donor Center, Tripler Army Medical Center, Hawaii; •• Naval Hospital Blood Donor Center, Guam; and •• Armed Services Blood Bank Center Europe, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany

W H O A M I BY BY C H I E F M A S T E R S E R G E A N T | CO N T I N U E D F R O M PA G E 01 What have I been doing? Not enough. I have done my share of community service work, been in involved in mentor programs, voted in local, state and national elections, but I’ve come to the conclusion that whatever I have done in the past is just not enough. So, I spent the last week, “plotting, planning, strategizing, organizing and mobilizing” just as Killer Mike, the popular Atlanta rapper and activist encouraged us to do. Twenty-five of my closest friends (white, black, Asian, enlisted, officer and civilian) and I have an ongoing dialogue where we began by acknowledging our right to be angry about what is happening. We eventually moved beyond the rage and began to think about what’s next? What could or should we be doing as a group and as individuals to stop this from happening in our communities across these United States? We don’t have all the answers, but we do have some of the most brilliant minds, many, who have first hand experience with this topic and we will continue working towards a solution. While we can’t change the world, we can change the communities we live in and more importantly, those where our Airmen strive to be seen, heard, and treated as human beings. I have also not done enough as your most senior enlisted leader. While we have made progress in many of the areas that impact our Airmen and families; I believe that we have not made much progress in this area of racial injustice and diversity among our ranks. This is why I’m working with General Goldfein, first and foremost to have a full and thorough inde-

pendent review of our military justice system. We will look to uncover where the problem lies and how we can fix it. We are also working to improve the diversity of our force, especially within the senior ranks. I hope this message triggers responses and ideas from each of you on things we can do better. What should you be doing? Like me, acknowledge your right to be upset about what’s happening to our nation. But you must then find a way to move beyond the rage and do what you think is right for the country, for your community, for your sons, daughters, friends and and colleagues — for every black man in this country who could end up like George Floyd. Part of my group’s solution involves helping to bridge the communication and understanding gap between law enforcement and young black men. You decide what works best for you, where you can have the most meaningful impact and most importantly, what you can stay committed to. We didn’t get here overnight, so don’t expect things to change tomorrow — we are in this for the long haul. Vote, protest peacefully, reach out to your local and state officials, to your Air Force leadership and become active in your communities. We need all hands on deck. If you don’t do anything else, I encourage everyone to fight, not just for freedom, justice and equality, but to fight for understanding. You might think you know what it’s like to grow up, exist, survive and even thrive in this country as a black person. But let me tell you, regardless of how many black friends you have, or how black your neighbor-

hood was, or if your spouse or in-laws are black, you don’t know. You don’t know the anxiety, the despair, the heartache, the fear, the rage and the disappointment that comes with living in this country, OUR country every single day. So, take the time to talk to someone — your brand new Airmen, your NCOIC or your Flight Commander — about their experiences so that you have a better understanding of who they are, where they come from and what drives them. Frankly, you owe this to every Airmen, but I’m asking you specifically to pay attention to the black Airmen in your ranks during this trying time. Don’t misunderstand me, they don’t need, nor do they want any special treatment — but they deserve to be treated fairly and equally, both by our United States Air Force and these United States of America. This begins with you, and I am asking, no fighting, for your understanding. Like you, I don’t have all of the answers, but I am committed to seeing a better future for this nation. A future where black men must no longer suffer needlessly at the hands of white police officers, and where black Airmen have the same chance to succeed as their white counterparts. Trust me, I understand this is a difficult topic to talk about… Difficult…not impossible… Difficult…but necessary. Who am I? I am Kaleth. I am a black man who happens to be the Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force and I am committed to making this better.

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AFRL centrifuge part of NASA’s history-making launch By Gina Marie Giardina | AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY

(U.S. Air Force photo / Keith Lewis)

NASA astronaut Bob Behnken stops for the camera moments before going inside the Air Force Research Laboratory’s centrifuge for his spin during testing Nov. 2, 2018 at the Air Force Research Laboratory's centrifuge facility.

WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Ohio — NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken, who ascended into space May 30 in a history-making launch, were two of the 10 astronauts to undergo testing in early November 2018 in the Air Force Research Laboratory’s centrifuge. “It’s exciting that our centrifuge was one of several steps along the way to prepare these two astronauts for this upcoming launch,” said Brig. Gen. James Dienst, 711th Human Performance Wing commander. “AFRL’s experts and unique capabilities in human physiology seamlessly translate into the Space domain, and we are honored to be part of our country’s historic moment.” This centrifuge is the DoD’s only human-rated centrifuge, and it was designed to be agile and rapidly adaptable for any possible customer. Nearly two years ago, NASA was its first customer outside the DoD. The agility of AFRL’s centrifuge rests in its interchangeable cockpits. The AFRL-NASA discussion began a few months prior to testing. Engineers from both teams began working to transform the centrifuge, more commonly used for fast-jet pilot training, into a system for astronaut testing. “We were able to give NASA engineers 3-D models of the gondola in our centrifuge and then they designed their cockpit displays,” explained Scott Fleming, 711HPW centrifuge program manager. “We only had to add one shim and shave off an edge of one of the 50 manufactured parts; it was nearly an exact fit.” For aircrew training, the centrifuge allows students

and USAF fast-jet aviators the capability to experience up to nine Gs, or nine times the normal force of gravity, to teach the effects of G-forces on human physiology. Also, it allows for the measure of the flyer’s ability to counteract the effects and prevent G-induced loss of consciousness. “For pilots, the G-forces are felt through the top of the head in the z-axis,” explained Fleming. “But for astronauts, the G-forces are felt mostly in the chest in the x-axis. They have to still be able to reach forward and accomplish certain tasks on their control panels.” These tasks, performed 18 months ago, were part of the testing that each astronaut had to accomplish as the centrifuge spun. They also had pre- and post-test questionnaires as well as NASA physicians, who also conducted pre- and post-medical exams to bookend their centrifuge spins. NASA’s relationship with the Air Force dates back to Project Mercury, the first human spaceflight program in the United States, which spanned from 1958-1963 and saw names such as Alan Shepard and John Glenn, among others. Kevin Rusnak, AFRL senior historian, discussed the history of centrifuges in North America as well as the historical partnership the Air Force and earlier, the Army Air Corps, has had with astronauts and the space program. “Dr. Harry Armstrong was the first to build a centrifuge back in 1935 for the then Army Air Forces, and as far as we know, he was the first to build one in North

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4:30-6 p.m. • Digital Zoom Event • $25/person AIKTA MARCOULIER June 10 In May 2012, Aikta Marcoulier applied for the executive director position at the Pikes Peak Small Business Development Center — eight years later, the Iowa native has become one of the most recognizable faces in the region’s business community, and the Pikes Peak SBDC has emerged as a leading resource for aspiring entrepreneurs and established small business owners.

RSVP at CSBJ.com/Events 8

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America,” explained Rusnak. “He had the shops (at was then Wright Field) construct it to do the first aeromedical testing and is considered the father of aviation medical research.” A second centrifuge was built and used through World War II, but then a third was constructed at Wright-Patt and used to test and select astronauts for Project Mercury in the late 1950s, Rusnak explained. “They ran all the astronauts through the testing right here on base,” he said. “Then based on the tests that were run, the Air Force recommended the seven candidates to be accepted for the Mercury program. Those are the ones we now know as the ‘Mercury Seven’ astronauts.” A couple more centrifuges followed and have been used for a variety of things from testing the endurance of people to the forces of acceleration to the comfort of pressure suits and space suits, Rusnak said. “What happens when you’re wearing a 50-pound space suit and you’re going at four Gs and the suit is pressing against your skin? Researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory and now the 711th Human Performance Wing ask questions and develop solutions. Like—‘How can that suit be constructed so it’s more comfortable for the astronauts’ and ‘Are they still mobile - can they reach up and flip switches?’” These questions apply to Air Force pilots too, he explained. “If you’re flying at a high speed or you have to eject, how can your body sustain the G load and what kind of equipment can AFRL and more broadly, Air Force, provide these pilots to protect them when they’re going at these rates of speed? All this can be tested on our centrifuge.” Fast forward to what is the next generation of space travel; centrifuge testing and training still remain crucial to both safety and human performance. “In this new era of commercial space, where you have commercial space companies that are tasked to provide a service, but they may not have that depth of background in physiology—that’s where I think NASA steps in and uses its history and its relationships to make sure that their astronauts, when they use commercial space vehicles, are adequately

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During the two-day testing with NASA and Boeing astronauts Nov. 1-2, 2018, the centrifuge spins with one of the astronauts inside. This centrifuge is the Department of Defense’s only human-rated centrifuge with interchangeable cockpits, a capability that enabled NASA and AFRL engineers to create the astronauts' cockpit.

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prepared for what they are going to experience,” explained Boeing Astronaut Chris Ferguson during the 2018 testing. NASA astronaut and physician Michael Barratt, who also 2020 is a Wright State University alum and worked with AFRL researchers for his master’s thesis, discussed the new space vehicles, the different experience of G-forces in these vehicles in comparison to a high-speed jet, and the importance of readiness during their 2018 visit. “We’re starting to fly these new vehicles that are very different from the space shuttles, said Barratt. “The shuttle had a very gentle G-profile both upward but especially downward. The new commercial space vehicles – the SpaceX Dragon, Boeing Starliner and even the new Orion – we’re back in the family with the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo era where we had much higher G-forces in both ascent and entry.” Barratt explained that during those [earlier] programs,

NASA used centrifuge training both for preparing the astronauts to feel those G loads and to work and learn how to operate under them, but also to inform design, and cockpit strategies and operations. “With the new vehicles back in the family with those G loads, we’re basically reviving that whole G training aspect and every astronaut will start going down this path,” he said. “This is our pathfinder effort – our first time to start spinning people with the G loads of the new vehicles.” “Who knows where this will lead,” said Ferguson in 2018, “but I think it’s a pretty darn good start.” Fast-forward 18 months, and this AFRL-NASA partnership as well as this historic launch marks another chapter in the long-standing relationship that dates back to the days of John Glenn, who also trained and tested with Air Force aerospace physiology experts and equipment.

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Pamela also contracted COVID-19, but she was not hospitalized and has fully recovered. Dr. Colleen W. Gilstad, medical director with Transfusion Service at MedStar Georgetown, said while there is no proven treatment for this virus, researchers are optimistic that the antibodies in convalescent plasma can lead to more positive outcomes. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a patient's ability to recover is due, in part, to the existence of antibodies in the blood that are capable of fighting viruses that cause illness, Gilstad said. While the use of convalescent plasma for COVID-19 was only recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials and expanded clinical use, it has been successful in the past for treating diseases such as hepatitis B, influenza and Ebola. Bright said that while he was in the hospital and his health was improving, he and his family communicated via video. ''We cried, we laughed, we were so happy,'' he said. ''It was one of the best moments of my life. It makes you appreciate life so much better. So many people had prayed for me.'' One of the first things Bright said he'll do when he gets completely well is thank Stamatakis and other doctors at both hospitals who treated him so well. When he left MedStar Georgetown, he noted, the doctors and nurses saluted and clapped. The trip home was an amazing experience too, he said. Pentagon police officers lined the road, saluting his return. A news helicopter flew overhead, and reporters were camped out on my lawn, he recalled. Bright said he’ll be happy to return to the Pentagon. He said he took the job because he loves helping people. ''I'm a people person, and I treat everyone with respect,”'' he added. Bright urges people to donate plasma, noting that Pamela already has. He also encourages everyone to stay safe, wash their hands, wear a face mask and practice social distancing. How the treatment works When a person contracts SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, their immune systems create antibodies to fight the virus.

(Photo by Pentagon Force Protection Agency)

Pentagon Force Protection Agency police officers in Clinton, Maryland, May 15, 2020, welcome home one of their own, Patrick Bright, who nearly died from COVID-19. Bright is holding a balloon and flowers. Plasma with infection-fighting antibodies is called convalescent plasma, she said. Through the blood donation process, this plasma is collected from a donor who has recovered from COVID-19 and transfused into a sick patient who is still fighting the virus. This may boost the immune system of the patient and help with the recovery process, Taylor said. The collection process for this type of plasma is the same as standard plasma collection, she noted. It is being investigated for the treatment of COVID-19 because there is no approved treatment for the disease at this time, and there is some indication that it might help some patients recover from COVID-19. Several COVID-19 patients in the Military Health System have received convalescent plasma transfusions as part of their treatment, Taylor said. The treatment, which must be carried out under and approved protocol, is used for those hospitalized and severely ill with the disease.

How to donate convalescent plasma Those fully recovered from COVID-19 are the only ones who qualify to be a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor, Taylor said. DOD personnel and their families are welcome to donate, as are non-DOD civilians with access to testing facilities on installations. Donors require evidence of a COVID-19-positive test documented by a laboratory test, Taylor said, as well as complete resolution of symptoms at least 14 days before the donation. Also, donors need to be at least 17 years old, weigh at least 110 pounds and be in good health. Women who have ever been pregnant may require additional testing if human leukocyte antigen antibodies were developed since their last pregnancy. The process of donating convalescent plasma is the same (Photo by Pentagon Force Protection Agency) Patrick Bright, a police officer with the Pentagon Force Protection Agency, survived as a standard plasma donation, she explained. The first step is to contact the local Armed Services Blood Program donor COVID-19 thanks to receiving convalescent plasma treatment. center to obtain information and determine eligibility to donate. Once eligibility is determined, an appointment These antibodies are found in the plasma, the liquid part will be made for the donation and instructions for the of blood, explained Army Col. Audra Taylor, a division process will be given. The donor will also be reminded to chief with the Armed Services Blood Program. bring the required documentation needed specifically for

this type of donation. Patients receiving treatment in DOD military treatment facilities receive priority for the Armed Services Blood Program convalescent plasma donations, Taylor said. However, the ASBP will continue to work closely with industry partners to support patients receiving care at the Department of Veterans Affairs and in civilian hospitals. Taylor also noted that plasma and other blood donations in general are still needed and welcomed for other treatments that are not COVID-19 related. ''Our goal as a lifesaving program is to always provide a safe and ample supply of blood products,'' she said. ''The need is now. We are calling for all who are healthy, able and eligible, to donate today to help us all stand mission ready and save lives.'' ASBP Centers Collecting Convalescent Plasma •• Armed Services Blood Bank Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland; •• Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Blood Donor Center, Portsmouth, Virginia; •• Fort Bragg Blood Donor Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina; •• Kendrick Memorial Blood Center, Fort Gordon, Georgia; •• Sullivan Memorial Blood Center, Fort Benning, Georgia; •• Blood Donor Center, Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi; •• Lackland Air Force Base Armed Services Blood Bank Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas; •• Robertson Blood Center, Fort Hood, Texas; •• Akeroyd Blood Donor Center, Fort Bliss, Texas; •• Naval Medical Center San Diego Blood Donor Center, San Diego, California; •• Armed Services Blood Bank Center – Pacific Northwest, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington; •• Tripler Army Medical Center Blood Donor Center, Tripler Army Medical Center, Hawaii; •• Naval Hospital Blood Donor Center, Guam; and •• Armed Services Blood Bank Center Europe, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany

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