English POWER-On 3: Building Vocabulary & Reading Skills

ENGLISH

POWER-ON Building Vocabulary & Reading Skills

3 2nd Edition

Laura Phelps

MP3

Contents Chart

Contents Chart UNIT 1/ ARTS & LITERATURE 2/ ENTERTAINMENT

REVIEW 1 3/ CULTURE

4/ BUSINESS

REVIEW 2

Lesson

Page Format of Writing

Reading Skill

Word Study

01/ Baroque Art

006

book foreword with tables

Summarizing

Passive Voice

02/ Paulo Coelho

012

biography

Use of Graphic Organizers

Gerund vs.

Infinitive

03/ Riverdance

018

leaflet

Identifying Main Ideas and Supporting Details

Extreme Adjectives

04/ Stand-up Comedy

024

blog

Making Inferences

“Used to” and “Would” for Habitual Actions in the Past

05/ Molière

030

biography

06/ Nail Art

034

article

07/ Coming of Age

038

email

Scanning

“Must” for Deduction

08/ G rowing up in Borneo

044

interview

Skimming

Collocations With the Verbs “Take” and “Make”

09/ How to Be a Successful Entrepreneur

050

how-to article

Guessing Meaning From Context

Linking Adverbials

10/ Insurance

056

website with tables

Knowing When to Use a Dictionary

Conditionals

11/ Dowry

062

article

12/ H ow to Manage Your Finances

066

blog

003

UNIT

Page Format of Writing

Reading Skill

Word Study

13/ Power Napping

070

advice column

Determining Importance

Idioms Connected to the Body

14/ In the Future, Will We All Be Vegetarian?

076

article

SQ3R Method

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

6/ 15/ Bitcoins SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 16/ Is Seeing Believing?

082

graphs & charts Silent Reading

088

website forum

REVIEW 3

17/ M uscle Building in Old Age

094

leaflet

18/ Bionic Prosthesis

098

magazine interview

19/ Living Near an Active Volcano

102

20/ The Petrified Forest

5/ HEALTH & LIFE

7/ GEOGRAPHY

8/ MYSTERY

REVIEW 4

004

Lesson

Strategies

Prefixes

Visualizing

Sensory Verbs

diary entry

Identifying Lexical Cohesion

Articles

108

magazine article

Identifying Grammatical Cohesion

Uncountable Nouns

21/ Is the White House Haunted?

114

story

Questioning

Past Perfect

22/ Area 51

120

conversation

Distinguishing Fact From Opinion

Formal vs.

Informal English

23/ The Caspian Sea

126

online encyclopaedia entry

24/ Oscar, the Death Predicting Cat

130

magazine article

Contents Chart

UNIT 9/ NATURE

10 / TRAVEL

REVIEW 5

11 / SPORTS

12 / POLITICS

REVIEW 6

Lesson

Page Format of Writing

Reading Skill

Word Study

25/ The Mimic Octopus

134

article

Identifying Comparison/ Contrast Markers

Independent and Dependent Clauses

26/ Carnivorous Plants

140

textbook extract

Identifying Text Features

Word Families

27/ Bora Bora

146

travel itinerary

Making Text-toText Connections

American and British English

28/ Cusco Peru

152

online traveler review

Making Text-toSelf Connections

Noun Phrases

29/ Scotland

158

interview

30/ Sleep Tight!

Don’t Let the Bedbugs Bite!

162

advice column

31/ Olympic Scandals

166

Internet article

Making Textto-World Connections

Mid-Position Adverbs

32/ The X Games

172

advertisement

Making Predictions

Future Forms

33/ A Country With No Government

178

profile

Next Steps— Overcoming Reading Difficulties

Present Simple for Past Events

34/ Immigration: Blessing or Curse?

184

editorial

Next Steps— Extensive Reading

Categories of Irregular Plurals

35/ The Paralympics

190

Q&A website

36/ Should Voting Be Compulsory?

194

personal narrative

005

Lesson

REVIEW 2

12 How to

Manage Your Finances

Public Transport bus metro rail transit high speed rail

Reading Passage

How to Manage Your Finances

12

We’re all trying to tighten our belts in these tough economic times—but what are the easiest ways to do it? Try our quiz below to find out your attitude towards your personal finances and get some great money-saving ideas!

1. How do you deal with bills?

A I pay them immediately.

phone network?

B I pay some and delay some!

A It was the cheapest.

C I ignore them.

B My friends use it.

2. Where do you buy everyday items?

A At the market.

C I chose it at random 1.

5. Have you ever sold something

B In my local mall.

on an auction 2 site?

C At designer stores.

A Yes—

3. How do you travel to work?

A Walk or cycle.

B Public transport.

C Car or taxi.

066

4. How did you choose your cell

it’s a great way to get extra cash.

B Yes—

but only when I moved house.

C No—it’s too much trouble.

12 How to Manage Your Finances

▲ bargain

▲ auction

▲ cell phone network

6. How much do you save each month?

A A fixed percentage of my salary.

B Whatever I have left at the end of the month.

C I don’t save anything.

7. How often do you bargain 3?

A Any time I can!

B Occasionally.

C Never. It’s trashy 4.

8. How do you compare to your peers?

▲ splash the cash

1 with no specific purpose or pattern 2 a sale of items to the highest bidder 3 try to negotiate the price 4 not sophisticated 5 careful with money

A I try not to compare myself.

6 buy yourself something nice

B Some are richer, some are poorer.

7 spend money

C I need to have what they have!

8 not careful with money

Now add up your score . . .

Mostly A s: Frugal 5 Frankie You certainly understand the importance of saving money, and you take your time before making a purchase—but remember it’s OK to treat yourself 6, too!

Mostly B s: Sensible Susan Well done. You have a very balanced attitude towards your personal finances.

You make wise choices on a day-to-day basis but aren’t afraid to splash the cash 7 on special occasions.

Mostly C s: Extravagant 8 Eric Oh dear! You like to spend, spend, spend, and you probably have a weakness for the finer things in life. Consider using cheaper stores, and try to save a little each month.

067

Unit 9 NATURE

Lesson

26 Carnivorous Plants Before You Read

Pre-reading Warm-up

❶ Have you ever seen the movie Little Shop of Horrors?

Look at the posters on the right. What do you think it’s about? ❷ O ne of the songs from the movie is called “Grow for Me.” The lyrics from the first verse are below, but the words of each line are jumbled up. Can you rearrange them?

1. given sunshine I’ve you

2. dirt you I’ve given

I've given you sunshine;

3. given you’ve nothing me and heartache hurt but 4. begging sweetly you I’m 5. knees my down on I’m 6. for oh grow please me

❸ Do an Internet search for the song and check your ideas!

Vocabulary Tool Kit trap

Vocabulary Definition soil

1 meat-eating 2 a process, technique, or system for achieving a result

jaw

aquatic plants

3 sweet liquid made by flowers

hinge

4 natural substances produced by a living organism which cause chemical reactions to happen 5 soft wet ground formed of decaying plants

terrestrial plant

6 passed out of the body 7 unable to move 8 space that is empty of any substance 9 very fast

140

trapdoor

(cc by English Lock)

reptile

10 mechanism that allows light into a camera lens

26 Carnivorous Plants

Chapter 32:

Reading Passage

Carnivorous 1 Plants

26

Carnivorous plants gain nutrients by trapping and consuming animals, typically insects. The following detail four types of trapping mechanism 2 in carnivorous plants.

pitcher plant 1. Pitfall trap: found on pitcher plants Prey is attracted by nectar 3 and caught within a rolled leaf, then digested by internal enzymes 4. The tropical pitcher plants

Nepenthes are also known as “monkey cups” as monkeys have been observed using them as drinking vessels. Some species are able to digest small mammals and reptiles. They typically grow in bogs 5 or rocky areas whose soil lacks nutrients.

sundew 2. Flypaper trap: found on various plants Prey is trapped by a glue-like substance called mucilage, secreted 6 by glands which may be long and delicate (as seen on the sundew, left) or barely visible (as on butterworts).

These plants can be found on every continent except Antarctica.

Venus flytrap 3. Snap trap: found on various plants Sensitive hairs on these hinged plants react to the touch of an insect or spider, and the “jaws” close to trap them. Hairs must be touched twice; a single touch will not cause the leaf to fold. This prevents accidental capture of inanimate 7 objects.

One plant with this mechanism, the Venus flytrap, was featured in the musical comedy Little Shop of Horrors .

bladderwort 4. Bladder trap: found on bladderworts Prey is sucked into a bean-sized bladder containing a vacuum 8, and a trapdoor closes behind it. The mechanism works at lightning speed 9 —in just 1/60 of a second, the average time it takes a camera shutter 1 0 to close, “dinner” is served! The (aquatic) bladderwort is often compared to the (terrestrial) orchid and snapdragon. (cc by OpenCage.info)

Now turn to page 151 and complete the exercises.

141

Unit 9 NATURE

After You Read

A Reading Skill: Identifying Text Features Non-fiction texts such as newspapers and academic textbooks include special features, called text features, to help us find our way through the text. They prepare us for what we are about to read, organize information, and provide additional information and visuals such as photos, diagrams, and maps.

1 Take a look at the text features used in these reading passages from previous lessons. headings

17 Muscle Building in Old Age

Consider a vitamin supplement 4

Take a good-quality multivitamin daily—many

brands have pills designed specifically with older

29 Scotland

people in mind 5. Not only will this benefit your

muscles but also contribute to your general well-

map of Scotland

▲

photo

being. Ensure that tablets include the mineral magnesium, which can help to increase your metabolic rate.

Include targeted workouts and cardiovascular 6 exercise It’s important to include different types of activity in your exercise routine. Targeted

caption

workouts will improve muscles in particular areas of the body (lifting weights increases upper

▲ Rabbie Burns is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland.

map

body strength, for example), but try to include some cardiovascular exercise, too. Sports such as swimming, walking, cycling, and yoga are great for your whole body.

Draw up a workout schedule The thing to remember here is that rest is as

3. What are some stereotypes 4 about 25 Scottish The Mimic people? Do you think they’re true?

title

▲ Whisky is Scotland’s national drink.

important as exercise for muscle building: after a

Octopus

session of physical activity, allow yourself at least

Reading Passage

one day to recover, even if you feel fine.

Take a holistic 7 approach to your health

People always say that we drink too much and that’s probably true, but a common misconception is that

you can achieve. You cannot regain the muscle

$18,000.00

Scottish people are mean with money. That hasn’t

strength you had at 20, but research suggests that

been my experience.

diagram

The Mimic Octopus

25

4. What is your favorite place in Scotland? Why?

I don’t have one favorite place but I love visiting the ▲ Hebridean Sea

When the first videocoast footage ofWestern a mimic north-west and the Isles.octopus The scenerywas

older people who make time for relaxation, and

$13,500.00 for mental as well as physical activity, are likely to have better overall health. Why not try meditation, massage, or a$9,000.00 new creative hobby?

6

is stunning, with rugged mountains, lochs (lakes), shown to the public, it was widely assumed 1 to be a hoax 2.

Could one animal really take the form of 15 others? The Sea. It’s a great place to take photographs.

5. Many people think Scotland should be answer, apparently, was yes. independent from the rest of the UK.

In order to escape predators and catch prey, the mimic What’s your opinion?

▲ Scottish kilts

3 octopus moulds itself into be the shape ofand different I think we should independent, we shouldsea

$0.00

bold words

15 Bitcoins

5 with . . . in mind = thinking particularly of . . USD .

Reading Passage

$17,900.00

6 relating to the heart and blood vessels 7 relating to or concerned with complete systems rather than with individual parts 095

15

$0.01

$31.00

$13.00

2010

2011

2012

$266.00 $630.00 $504.00

2013

2014

2015

$780.00

2016

2017

$6,200.00

2018

Bitcoin: The Future of Money?

Nowadays, there are innumerable 1 ways to pay for items. At the 7-11, you can pay with your phone, a credit card, a barcode 2, or your bus pass before you need to search for change! And when shopping online, people can use an online currency 3 (called cryptocurrency) to pay. The most well-known cryptocurrency is called Bitcoin.

also continue to welcome people from creatures including stingrays, jellyfish, anddifferent giant crabs. In one

4 common, oversimplified beliefs about people or particularly things

4 cunning disguise, it buries six of its tentacles should be independent is that the voices of

bitcoin network was born. The actual creator sold their investment and disappeared!

5 a belief which not true in isthe sand

and spreads the remaining two in UK opposite politically liberal Scots are not heard in the at

and its usage has grown consistently. However, cryptocurrency is confusing in any

6 having a rocky or uneven directions, surface

Bitcoin.com was registered as a website in 2008, but it wasn’t until 2009 that the

cultures to live here. The reason I believe Scotland

Their identity remains unknown. Since then, Bitcoin has been in the news frequently

the moment. pretending to be a banded sea snake; any passing

Text Feature 7 “skirts” worn by Scottish sharks will men on formal occasions

How does it help you as a reader?

6. What do Scottish men wear under their kilts 7?

5

think twice about attacking, since sea snakes are I’m afraid we’re not allowed to tell anyone.

highly poisonous.

159

Why did the mimic octopus evolve 6 in this way, unlike its

2 trick to make something fake seem real

language, so let’s use the analogy 4 of apples for money.

Giving someone an apple in the real world is simple; you hand them an apple and then it is theirs. But online, that one apple might not hold any value—there could be countless other copies of that apple, making it worthless. So how can people be sure the apples have value? That is why there is an online ledger 5 that tracks all transactions. Anyone can access it to see exactly where the apples come from and what they’re worth.

title

You store your apples—or bitcoins—in a digital wallet. You can spend them at over

relatives who adopt a camouflage strategy to avoid detection?

1 believed to be, without checking the facts

3 shapes

4 something which strengthens or extends something else

$4,500.00

deserted white beaches and the sparkling Hebridean

▲ mimic octopus

Bitcoin

Be kind to yourself, and be realistic about what

5

100,000 online merchants 6. There are now as many as 5.8 million different online

Scientists are not sure, but they agree it is remarkable that the

wallets!

species 7 survived while going through these genetic changes.

trying to take advantage of its users. Others speculate 8 that it is a bubble and the

Many people are worried Bitcoin is a scam 7 or a pyramid scheme. They say it’s

diagram

currency might soon collapse. Looking at the value of bitcoin over time (see the

When not impersonating 8 its underwater friends, a mimic

chart), this seems to be a possibility. One bitcoin was worth only US$.01 in 2010,

octopus can be identified by its brown and white markings

US$266 in 2013, and in 2017 it hit an overwhelming high of US$17,900! But it has

(either spots or stripes) and pencil-thin tentacles. In common

No matter what the market value is today, few can argue that digital currencies are a

fallen to US$6,200 in 2018. Bitcoin continues to be traded and sold internationally. fad—they are here to stay, along with our online lives.

bold words

with all octopuses, it has no skeleton and typically measures

4 clever and deceitful

50–60 cm in length. However, atypically, it forages 9 in shallow,

5 consider very carefully

sandy water during daylight hours.

083

Although this octopus has been a source of fascination

captions

6 develop over time into something more advanced 7 animals or plants with the same characteristics 8 pretending to be someone or something else

since its discovery in 1998, it remains a mysterious beast.

First, it is very rare—fewer than 100 have been spotted, and only in Indonesia and Malaysia. Second, some of its

photos

impressions 1 0 confuse even marine experts! Dr. Mark Norman,

who was the first to identify a mimic octopus and who gave it its name, explains, “You get three or four divers together and

maps

9 looks for food

we’ll argue all night, trying to work out what we think it was

10 imitations

mimicking.”

135

headings 2 Look back at the reading passage for this lesson. What text features can you identify? How did these particular features help you to understand the text?

3 With a partner, look through a variety of non-fiction texts (e.g., academic textbook chapters, brochures, print or Internet newspaper articles, etc.).

What can you learn about the texts by just observing the text features (not actually reading the text)?

142

26 Carnivorous Plants

B Word Study: Word Families When learning new words in English, it can be helpful to make a note of other words which are related. For example: n. carnivore

adj. omnivorous v.

digest

adj.

carnivorous n. digestion

adj. herbivorous n.

nutrients

adj. nutritious

1 Look back at the passage. Were there any new words for you?

What other word family diagrams can you create below?

2 Can you complete the tables below with related words?

Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

Noun

Verb

Adjective

preference

prefer

relevant

refer

moderate

mark

logical circle

identification

similar typical

minimize expansion

Opposite

efficient specific

Would it be helpful for you to keep a notebook in this style? Why or why not?

143

Unit 9 NATURE

After You Read

C Exercise 1 Reading Comprehension ______ 1. What is the text about? a. Animals that eat animals. c. Animals that eat plants.

b. Plants that eat plants. d. Plants that eat animals.

______ 2. What does a bladder trap contain? a. Beans. b. Prey. c. A vacuum.

d. A trapdoor.

______ 3. Which of the following is a heading from the reading passage? a. “Chapter 32: Carnivorous Plants” b. “Now turn to page 151 and complete the exercises.” c. “sundew” d. “Bladder Traps: found on bladderworts” ______ 4. Which plants could potentially eat a lizard? a. Those with pitfall traps. b. Those with flypaper traps. c. Those with snap traps. d. Those with bladder traps. ______ 5. What are “glands” (the second box)? a. Organs in the body which produce liquid. b. A glue-like substance which is delicate. c. Insects which are caught in a flypaper trap. d. Invisible hairs which are found on leaves.

▲ Nepenthes jamban (cc

by Alfindra Primaldhi)

▲ Nepenthes aristolochioides ▲ intermediate pitcher of Nepenthes bicalcarata

144

▲ large lower pitcher of Nepenthes sibuyanensis (cc by Attenboroughii)

26 Carnivorous Plants

2 Target Vocabulary Use the words below to complete the sentences. Two words will NOT be needed.

You may have to change the forms of some of the words. bog

secrete

vacuum

inanimate

carnivorous

nectar

shutter

enzyme

mechanism

at lightning speed

1. This model has a high-speed and optical zoom.

2. Although many animals hunt in packs, some hunt alone.

3. gardens are great for attracting frogs, toads, and newts.

4. The case is fine, but I think the internal is broken.

5. Special offers on cleaners and dishwashers until Saturday!

6. Honeybees collect both and pollen from flowers.

7. They finished their dinner and left the restaurant .

8. I know it sounds crazy, but sometimes I find myself shouting at objects like my computer!

▲ Drosera tokaiensis (cc by Jan Wieneke)

▲ Many Sarracenia hybrids are easy to grow.

▲ Sarracenia oreophila (cc by Noah Elhardt)

3 Critical Thinking 1. Would you say that carnivorous plants are animate or inanimate?

2. Fruitarians will only eat fruit, nuts, and seeds that have naturally fallen from plants. They will not eat vegetables, as they believe they feel pain when cut.

What do you think about this?

3. In the movie Little Shop of Horrors, the giant Venus flytrap (called Audrey II) eats human beings. Do you think this type of situation could ever become a reality?

145

Unit 10 TRAVEL

Lesson

27 Bora Bora Before You Read

Pre-reading Warm-up

❶ Work with a classmate. Which of the activities below do you enjoy doing on vacation? Could you and your classmate go on vacation together?

sightseeing

fine dining

shopping

sunbathing

extreme sports

amusement parks

u like Would yo vacation? ream to win a d

pend friend to s a d n a u o each for y $10,000ation of a lifetime. c on the va enge: inerary.

The chall ven-day it e s t c e rf e h) our p if you wis d te a Describe y tr s u ll ur ideas (i in!

Submit yo hance to w c e th r fo y by 31 Ma :

The prize enjoying nature

❷ N ow look at this advertisement from a travel magazine.

Work together to enter the competition!

Vocabulary Tool Kit

Vocabulary Definition 1 make someone want to do something 2 short swim

3 walk in a slow, relaxed way 4 extremely pleasurable parasailing

jet skiing

5 very comfortable; high-quality 6 relax

7 type of bed, made of net and hung between trees 8 surprise and amaze 9 good-bye water skiing 146

handicrafts

10 looking at lots of different things in a shop

27 Bora Bora

Reading Passage

27

Welcome to Bora Bora!

Bora Bora is waiting for you! With white sand, turquoise seas and breathtaking scenery, this French Polynesian paradise is the perfect honeymoon destination. Can we tempt 1 you with our sample itinerary below . . . ?

▲ Bora Bora

Day 1

Day 5

Guests are welcomed in the reception

Create lifelong memories as you take

of Hotel Aube with refreshing

a helicopter ride over the crystal-

cocktails. The afternoon is free to

clear waters of the Pacific Ocean.

spend as you please—why not take a 2

refreshing dip in the lagoon, stroll

3

around the tropical gardens, or sample the local cuisine in one of our four award-winning restaurants?

Day 2

Bring your longest zoom lens!

Day 6 Take to the water at one (or all!) of these spectacular snorkeling/diving sites: • Anau, whose giant manta rays

4

will astound 8 you

After a blissful first night’s sleep in one of Aube’s plush 5 four-poster beds,

• Tapu, known locally as “the shark

take a tour around Bora Bora by either land or sea. Hop in a jeep for a mini-

island” • Muri Muri, where turtles and

safari, or climb aboard our luxury

dolphins are daily visitors

catamaran and follow the curves of

In the evening, guests will be treated

the purple coral reefs.

to a delicious farewell 9 barbecue on

Day 3

the terrace.

Experience your own personal James

Day 7

Bond moment as you jet ski or water

Spend your final day browsing 1 0

ski your way around the lagoon with

colorful handicraft markets. Will you

exotic birds circling overhead.

choose scented oils, stylish coconut

Day 4

tableware, or a traditional ukulele

Take it easy 6 on a beach picnic or, if you’re feeling adventurous, try

to remember your dream vacation forever?

parasailing with one of our fullyqualified instructors. As the evening an ice-cold beer and enjoy the sunset.

hammock in Bora Bora

▲

draws in, settle into a hammock 7 with

147

Unit 11 SPORTS

Lesson

32 The X Games Before You Read

Pre-reading Warm-up ❶ Have you ever watched or tried an extreme sport?

Which one? How did you feel? ❷ Look

at the silhouettes. In five minutes, how many of the extreme sports can you name in English?

❸ Make a list of the most dangerous activities human beings do, and then use the Internet to find out which have the highest chances of injury.

Do the results surprise you?

Vocabulary Tool Kit car racing

skateboarding

climbing wall

Vocabulary Definition 1 a large and impressive entertainment event 2 the first performance of a sportsperson, singer, etc.

snowmobile

3 most difficult

moto

4 not professional 5 people who love doing dangerous things for fun 6 provided for

sled

rotation

BMX

7 do an activity for the first time 8 making you feel nervous and excited 9 start 10 first (event)

172

32 The X Games

Reading Passage

Get Ready . . .

The X Games Are Coming!

32 1

It’s that time again. ESPN brings you yet another extreme sports extravaganza !

Book online now for your favorite event:

MOTO

CAR RACING

SKATEBOARDING

BMX

. . . for the chance to witness a famous first! Skateboarding fans will remember it was right here at the X Games that superstar Tony Hawk first landed a 900, and Nyjah Huston made his international debut 2 at just 11 years old. What records will be broken this year?

How to land a 900

How a kid wowed the crowd

A “900”—in which the boarder spins through 900 degrees, or two-and-ahalf rotations, in mid-air—is one of the trickiest 3 moves to execute. Hawk was the first to achieve it in the 1999 X Games, after 10 failed attempts.

Nyjah Huston was the youngest X Games competitor ever when he made his first appearance in 2006.

He has since gone on to win bronze, silver, and gold medals for the USA in the street skateboarding event.

Fancy taking part in our amateur 4 events?

Order your X Games tickets now to register!

Not ready to compete yet?

Adrenaline junkies 5 will be well catered for 6—scale our climbing wall, try your hand 7 at sledding, check out brand new video and games and products, or party at the X Fest music event which will run, as ever, alongside the Games. A list of participating DJs and bands can be found on our website.

Can’t join us this time?

No worries! You can catch all the action live on ESPN and on our YouTube channel!

Or why not come along to one of our winter events? The nail-biting 8 snowmobile, snowboarding, and skiing events kick off 9 in just four months’ time . . .

Gone but not forgotten: canceled X Games events (cc by Dave.ca)

Popularized in the 70s, street luge was last seen at the X Games in 2001.

Bungee jumping was an official event in the (inaugural 1 0) 1995 and 1996 X Games.

Since 1999, ice climbing has been absent from the X Games schedule.

173