WILL WE REACH POINT WHERE JOB SITES ARE AUTONOMOUS?

Page 62 • January 25, 2023 • www.constructionequipmentguide.com • Technology Section • Construction Equipment Guide Replacing Humans?

It’s hard to ignore the increasing attention autonomous construction equipment is receiving.

Heavy equipment autonomy announcements in just the past year include: · • SafeAI and Obayashi Corporation demonstrating a retrofitted autonomous Cat 725 articulated truck. • Shantui developing an unmanned dozer • SRI International’s video on its prototype robotic excavator • Autonomous Solutions Inc. (ASI) partnering with Epiroc Drilling Solutions on its Mobius autonomy platform for drills • Trimble’s new automatic steering control for soil compactors

But will we ever get to the time where humans are rare on a job site? And is that even the point?

Coming Transition Will Follow Automotive Gains

First, a quick review.

All industries, including construction, have been the beneficiaries of U.S. defense research, said Bibhrajit Halder, founder and CEO of SafeAI. This included the DARPA (or Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Grand Challenge in the early 2000s, designed to accelerate autonomous vehicle technologies.

“That was a trigger point,” said Halder, whose company concentrates on bringing autonomous solutions to construction and mining. “It was a massive success that really sparked autonomy in this country.”

In 2014, the Society of Automotive Engineers established six levels of autonomy, going from Level 0, indicating vehicles with completely manual controls, to Level 5, in which there is zero human interaction in operating a vehicle.

“No one has a true Level 5 system yet,” said William Nassauer, manager of product strategy of Komatsu America’s autonomous systems, mining technology solutions.

That assessment, of course, includes the automotive sector, which, although it is leading the autonomous journey, has had significant bumps along the way.

As it has with cars, construction equipment will transition from assist features to task automation to task autonomy. The nowcommonplace operator assists, such as blade and bucket controls, require sensor basics that are steps along the automation journey.

But equipment automation should be considered in the context of total jobsite autonomy, with several autonomous machines working in concert, said Fred Rio, product manager of Construction Digital and Technology at Caterpillar.

“On a job site,” Rio said, “all machines have a shared mission, and no one machine can accomplish it without the other machines. The true quantum step in value will be when you can get them to all work together.”

Retrofitting Existing Machines to Take Operator Out of Cab

Several companies — including ASI, Built Robotics, SafeAI and Teleo — are building retrofit kits that take the operator out of the cab.

ASI defines three different types of operator-out-of-the-cab controls: remote control, where the operator is line-of-sight of the machine he or she is controlling; teleoperation, or non-line-of-sight operation that’s still one operator on one machine; and autonomy, in which an operator can remotely oversee the operation of an entire fleet of machines.

“We look at it as finding the best solution for the situation, but our experience and

focus is really on autonomy,” Nielsen said.

Teleo’s Supervised Autonomy retrofit is specifically designed to include operators, according to co-founder and CEO Vinay Shet.

“We’re combining the best of both worlds — the experience and expertise that their operators have with the advancements in technology,” he said. “This is letting their operators do a lot more than previously.”

The company, which has partnered with Deere dealer RDO Equipment among others, is now beta testing its system on North American job sites.

How Does It Work?

Today, autonomous machines are propelled by several systems working together.

The SafeAI retrofit system, for example, uses off-the-shelf hardware (LiDAR, camera, drive-by-wire system, radar, computer and vehicle-to-everything communication) and combines them with its proprietary autonomous vehicle and site operations management software.

This gives the vehicles location, perception, and direction. Working from a cloudbased project model, a staff member generally orchestrates the operation, Halder said. SafeAI said it’s bringing “Autonomy 2.0” to the heavy industry, using a process that doesn’t rely completely on GPS and network availability and offers mixed fleet capabilities.

Then There Is Human Element

“The change management is significant in adopting autonomous machines,” Caterpillar’s Rio said.

Because of their autonomous experience in mining, Caterpillar, Komatsu and ASI have developed a structured approach to onboarding the technology to their customers.

“Our customers are going to be changing mentalities,” Nassauer said. “They’ve got to maintain their site in a different way, use workers in different ways and transition operators into supervisory roles. There’s a lot of learning involved.” Understanding a job site — including what each machine is doing each day — and how the inputs and outputs work is an important step in becoming autonomous, said Michael Gidaspow, Komatsu America’s vice president of products.

“They’ll have to give the machines specific instructions on exactly where and when to go,” he said.

To be attractive, autonomy must also be ultimately easier to use, said Wood.

“We don’t want them to go and hire a whole group of IT specialists; there’s no point in it being more complex.”

As part of the move towards autonomous, Built Robotics envisions a new job: Robotics Equipment Operator (REO).

“Fifty percent of this effort is developing the robot and 50 percent is how you deploy and get people to manage it effectively,” Ahmed said.

“REOs are the people on the front lines. They go through a 30-hour training to run and manage these machines.”

The company has partnered with the International Union of Operating Engineers to offer this certification to its members.

Niche Machines Zero In On Specific Tasks

In addition to autonomous machine research, some are investigating job-specific robotic units.

For example, ULC Technologies’ Robotic Roadworks and Excavation System (RRES) uses a robotic arm on a tracked undercarriage to do a multiplicity of tasks aimed at performing precision bores in complex underground utility repairs.

“It automates this operation, from aboveground scanning and identifying where the underground assets are to reinstating the road when the job is done,” said Ali Asmari, director of infrastructure automation and AI at ULC Technologies.

After scanning, the onboard software creates a 3D model of what’s underground that guides the rest of the operation. The sensor box is then swapped out for a variety of road cutting, air, vacuum, repair and backfill tools.

Although the RRES was created for one utility customer, its applications are broad, Asmari said. ULC is actively pursuing new opportunities with other companies, including how each of the tools can be used separately.

Will We Reach Point Where

No Humans Are Needed?

Will construction ever see a “no-entry” site where no humans are on the job, or indeed, necessary?

Perhaps, said Halder, but it’s still years away.

But there will be a tipping point. For example, let’s say using autonomous machines gives a 20 percent improvement in productivity.

“The moment one contractor completes a $100 million project for $80 million because of autonomy, it’s game over,” Halder said. “Everybody has to do it because you can’t compete anymore.”

“The industry is absolutely massive, the pain points are huge, and it’s early days for autonomy,” Teleo’s Shet said. “To be honest, there’s not enough companies doing what we’re doing.”

“There’s a huge appetite and interest in autonomy,” Ahmed agreed. “Maybe construction needs to develop its own set of autonomy goalposts, ones that are specific to its needs and show that each level is valuable.” 

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Experts Expect ‘Contech’ to Be More Affordable Over Time

ROBOTICS from page 40 ward with adoption.

“We still work off a very paper-based orientation,” he said. “It’s getting better, but it’s far from settled into a digital handoff.”

Others believe the construction industry is inventive enough to adapt to emerging technologies.

Jim Swanski, director of construction digital transformation of engineering firm Burns & McDonnell, is in this camp.

The pandemic, marked by increased social distancing and reduced travel, blew up demand for the jobsite transformation. As a result, advanced technology involving processes like automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are taking longer to adopt, blogged Swanski.

“Technology can help make the workplace safer, improve productivity, enhance collaboration and make operations more efficient,” he said. “So, to not fully embrace it where it makes sense seems foolhardy and can make companies less competitive.”

He believes the adoption of Contech — construction technology used for work done in the construction industry — is one way to remain highly competitive.

“Our business is changing,” said Scott Hendrickson, associate technology and innovation consultant of Burns & McDonnell. “We must do more with less. It’s critical to move faster and simplify processes, allowing people in the field to work smarter and stay safe.”

Technology gives skilled laborers working on sites new opportunities for engagement, he continued.

It “allows them to broaden and upgrade their skills, making them more valuable to employers, clients and the global economy.”

Path to Automation

Contech is evolving along two paths: the digital experience for project management collaboration tools and the physical tools and equipment used on site.

The first path, project management collaboration, requires applications and software tools that offer value engineering, scheduling, cost-estimates and bid features.

But more frequently these days, are platforms that merge 3D models with schedule timelines for constructability, construction schedules, sequencing and logistics. All of this before a construction crew ever sets foot on the job site. And, as time goes on, these platforms are getting more sophisticated, said Swanski.

Where the jobsite tools and equipment are concerned, it’s all about making tasks safer and more efficient. Technology along this path includes wearables, robotics, remote-controlled equipment and machines that use some form of AI.

Swanski believes that reality capture technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles or 3D scanners, are showing real promise. Equipment with the capability to capture and create digital representations of the physical assets of a construction site are currently booming.

“Firms are flying drones over project sites and creating point-cloud images or utilizing laser scanners to create digital twins of actual assets,” said Swanski. “Technology also exists that enables drones to fly over a 5,000-acre site and in minutes create a progress report on how much work has been done and what’s left to do.”

Skid steers are being programmed to pick up and move materials automatically, and backhoes are being programmed to dig trenches and perform other tasks, he said.

A variety of field solutions are available that focus on safety and involve onsite monitoring.

Wearables technology can keep workers safe, check for site risks and monitor productivity while respecting worker privacy.

The technology uses integrated sensors and wireless network technology to provide an in-depth understanding of onsite activity, said Swanski.

Applications that monitor employee vital signs also are being utilized in the field to confirm they are not overexerting themselves to a dangerous level.

“There is a lot going on in terms of technology, and the truth is, all organizations struggle with how and when to adopt it,” Hendrickson said. “Incorporating advanced tech into workflows takes careful planning and thoughtful consideration about where the greatest client benefits can be realized.”

Swanski, who agrees, said, “While the investments in contech are exciting, we can’t lose sight of the impacts to our customers and to our people.”

He sees that “on the customer value side, organizations are increasingly adopting generative design to reduce the cost and weight of materials, while speeding up the design optimization process.”  CEG

SCDOT photo A change order called for about 4,000 tons of rock, acquired from local quarries.

SCDOT photo Earthwork operations are being accomplished with one to two grading crews and about 10 prime contractor employees are working daily.

SCDOT photo The project was awarded to Reeves Construction Co. and centers on a 5-mi. stretch that intersects with SC315.

SCDOT from page 38

“For sense of scale, there are more than 1.3 million cubic yards of earth being moved during construction,” Moore said.

That includes: • unclassified excavation = 418,341 cu. yds. • borrow excavation = 563,430 cu. yds. • granular bridge lift = 140,607 cu. yds. • three unclassified specials = 205,044 cu. yds.

While efforts were made to meet the challenges of working in the wetlands, conditions have required an additional $900,000 to the original contract to stabilize nearby slopes.

“The lane excavation has to go directly into the marsh,” Moore said. “To keep that soil out of the marsh waters, we had to do a change order to essentially put large amounts of rock all along a certain section of corridor to preserve environmental compliance and preserve marsh.”

The change order called for about 4,000 tons of rock, acquired from local quarries.

But crews didn’t have to wait long to see if their work paid off. Rather, heavy rainfall, followed by Hurricane Ian last fall tested the mitigation efforts early.

“We got to see a reaction of the 4,000 ton of rock,” Moore said. “We really didn’t get much impact from the storm. Granted it came in as a Category 1. During those events, I stationed at Beaufort County Sheriff’s office, and we had live feed. We had rising waters but in terms of water stability and project stability we really didn’t feel much.”

Earthwork operations are being accomplished with one to two grading crews and about 10 prime contractor employees are working daily. They are supplemented by an additional 20 subcontractors as needed.

While the construction does create some headaches, Moore said for the most part, locals in particular welcome the improvements.

“This is improving their drive to work and their drive home every day, both from ease of traffic flow plus a safety perspective.”

Equipment used on site includes: • Komatsu low ground pressure bulldozers (models D61 & D51) • John Deere excavator (model 85G) • John Deere wheel loader (model 624) • Komatsu excavator (model PC360) • Caterpillar motor grader • Caterpillar rollers • PVD tracked installation machine • Wilson amphibious excavator (model E50)  CEG

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EMAIL: IMPERIALMACHINERYTRADER@GMAIL.COM; PHONE: 281-694-5478 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (US): CATERPILLAR 966F II WHEEL LOADERS EMAIL: ILYAS.MTCPK@GMAIL.COM; PHONE: +923322489350 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (NJ): CASE BACKHOE LOADERS: 580SK, 580L, 580SL, 580LII, 580SLII, 580M, 580MII, 580MIII, 580SM, 580SM+, 580SMII, 580SMIII, 580N EP, 580N, 580SN, 580SN WT EMAIL: FRANKHORAN@ GROFFTRACTOR.COM PHONE: 800-654-USED –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (WORLDWIDE): CATERPILLAR MOTOR GRADERS, ALL MODELS - LOOKING TO BUY USED CAT MOTOR GRADERS 140G,12G/H, 14G/H, 140H AND 14M. PLEASE SEND ME A PICTURE WITH DETAIL ANDASKING PRICE. EMAIL: IKCEQUIPMENTS@GMAIL.COM –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (US): CATERPILLAR WHEEL LOADERS, ALL MODELS. WE NEED TO BUY CAT USED WHEEL LOADER 916,926,936,950B/E,966E/D/F, 970F, 980C,980F ALSO CAT MOTOR GRADERS 140G,12G/H, 14G/H, 140H, AND 14M. EMAIL: IKCEQUIPMENTS@GMAIL.COM –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (WORLDWIDE): HITACHI EX450 LC-5 EXCAVATORS. WE ARE LOOKING FOR USED HEAVY CONSTRUCTION MACHINES. PLEASE OFFER US FOLLOWING MENTION MACHINES & EMAIL US DETAILS WITH PICTURES CATERPILLAR MOTOR GRADERS 140G CATERPILLAR WHEEL LOADERS 950B, 950E, 966E, 966F, 966FII, 970F, 980F HITACHI EXCAVATORS EX200, EX200LC, EX270LC, EX400, EX400LC, EX300LC, EX330LC-5, EX450LC-5, EX400-5, EX60WD, EX100WD. JOHN DEERE 495D, 595D. EMAIL: NAQIB_KHANINTRCO@ HOTMAIL.COM PHONE: +923332316587 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (US): INTERNATIONAL MODEL FUEL / LUBE TRUCKS, ALL MODELS. LOOKING FOR 1 OR 2 FUEL TRUCKS. THEY WOULD NEED TO BE: AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION -DECENT MILES, ENGINE HOURS -PREFERABLY MULTIPLE COMPARTMENTS -PREFERABLY INTERNATIONAL, BUT NOT A MUST -NO DPF, OR MAXXFORCE ENGINES. MAXIMUM $40,000 EMAIL: MANAGER@ COMMERCIALFLEETSUPPLY.COM; PHONE: 347-489-4474 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––WANTED (US): CATERPILLAR 950B WHEEL LOADERS - LOOKING TO BUY CAT WHEEL LOADERS 950B, 950E, 966E, 966F, 966F II, 970F, 980F. EMAIL: NAQIB_KHAN73@YAHOO.COM PHONE: +923333298751 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (US): CATERPILLAR EXCAVATORS, ALL MODELS; LOOKING FOR SEVERAL CAT 330DL, 336DL, 336EL EXCAVATORS UNDER 10,000 HOURS AND WHOLESALE PRICED. EMAIL: LJEQUIPMENT3@GMAIL.COM; PHONE: 1-3309873508 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (US): ALL MODELS KOMATSU WHEEL LOADERS - WE NEED TO BUY KOMATSU WHEEL LOADER WA600-3, WA-600-6, WA-30, WA-40, WA 50. IF YOU HAVE AVAILABLE, PLEASE LET US KNOW. EMAIL: IKCEQUIPMENTS@GMAIL.COM –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (WORLDWIDE): CATERPILLAR 972H WHEEL LOADER. EMAIL: PONTO2002EG@YAHOO.COM –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (NE): ALL MODELS ATLAS COPCO BREAKERS / HAMMERS. EMAIL: JAKE.SMITH41@YAHOO.COM; PHONE: 402-350-3280 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (US): ALL MODELS WAIN ROY BUCKETS - LOOKING FOR 24", 30" OR 36" BACKHOE BUCKETS. I HAVE A CATERPILLAR 420D EQUIPPED WITH THE ONE PIN CATERPILLAR QUICK EXCHANGE SYSTEM. CATERPILLAR, WAIN-ROY OR SIMILAR BUCKETS WOULD BE FINE. THE CLOSER TO SOUTHWEST FLORIDA, THE BETTER, BUCKET WILL NEED TO BE SHIPPED. PLEASE SEND PHOTOS AND PRICES. THANKS IN ADVANCE. EMAIL: TWOPETIES@AOL.COM; PHONE: 239-440-4254 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (WORLDWIDE): ALL MODELS HITACHI EXCAVATORS - LOOKING TO BUY HITACHI EXCAVATOR EX200, EX200LC, EX270LC, EX330LC-5, EX400LC, EX450LC-5. OFFER AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT AND GOOD PRICE. EMAIL: ELROYFITZGERALDSALES@ GMAIL.COM –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– WANTED (MD): KOMATSU ANY KOMATSU PC100-5,120-5,150-5,200-5,220-5,3005 EXCAVATOR EMAIL: MIKE@3MEQUIPMENT.COM; PHONE: 240-910-0877 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––