CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership

CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership Results f rom a Fact Finding Survey

July 2024

Contents Acknowledgements 4 Introduction 6 Key findings 10 Background 16 Country context 18 Survey results 22 1. The Profession 22 1.1 Regulation of the profession 22 1.2 Education of the profession 22 1.3 Professional capacity and 23 market maturity 1.4 Capacity development and 25 knowledge sharing 2. Policy, regulatory and standards environment 27 2.1 Public Policy 27 2.2 Regulatory and standards environment 30 2.3 Policy Coordination, Implementation 32 and Delivery 3. Quality of the built environment 33 3.1 Housing and Inclusion 34 3.2 Basic Service Provision 35 3.3 Sustainability Issues 36 3.4 Urban Environment 37 4. Engagement With The New Urban Agenda 38 5. Country Profiles, Appendix 1 40

Front Cover: Johannesburg, Kya Sands and Bloubosrand Image by Unequalscenes

Tables Table 1, List of Focal Points and contributors to this survey.

5

Table 2, Draft capacity development framework

15

Table 3, Projected percentage urban population growth to 2050

19

Table 4, Issues affecting regulation of the profession.

22

Table 5, Issues affecting the education of architects.

22

Table 6, Professional and Educational Capacity

23

Table 7, Capacity Building priorities for member organisations

26

Table 8, Issues affecting Public Policy

29

Table 9, Issues affecting the Regulatory and Standards Environment.

30

Table 10, Issues affecting policy Coordination and Delivery

32

Table 12, Obstacles to Sustainable Development

33

Figures Figure 1, Closing the gaps

16

Figure 2, Professional Capacity and Market Maturity

24

Figure 3, Appetite for support among member organisations in the areas of Advocacy, Capacity Development and Climate Action

25

Figure 4, Effectiveness of Public Policy (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

27

Figure 5, Effectiveness of Regulations and Standards

31

Figure 6, Effectiveness of Policy Implementation, Coordination & Delivery (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

33

Figure 7, Extent to which Housing & Inclusion issues have been addressed

34

Figure 8, Extent to which Basic Service provision has been addressed

35

Figure 9, Extent to which Sustainability issues have been addressed (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

36

Figure 10, Extent to which the Quality of the Urban Environment has been addressed (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

37

Figure 11, Perception of engagement with the New Urban Agenda among Members (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

39

Figure 12, Perception of engagement with the New Urban Agenda by Government (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

39

Appendices Appendix I, Country Profiles

40

3

Acknowledgements The Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA) wishes to express its appreciation to each of the signatories to the CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership for their contribution to this Fact-Finding Survey, which lays the foundation for a programme of activity aimed at addressing the broad range of issues that have been identified.

The CAA recognises the contribution made by the following Focal Points, representing each of the 16 signatories to the Knowledge Sharing Partnership.

Organisation

Name

Architectural Association of Kenya

Mr George Arabbu Ndege

Nigerian Institute of Architects

Dr Mokolade Johnson

Rwanda Institute of Architects

Mr Emmanuel Nyirinkindi

South African Institute of Architects

Dr Gillian Adendorff

Uganda Society of Architects

Ms Jacqueline Namayanja

Zambia Institute of Architects

Mr Fidelis Kabwiri

Institute of Architects Bangladesh

Ms Shafinaz Sameen

Institute of Architects Pakistan

Ms Maira Khan

Antigua & Barbuda Institute of Architects

Ms Curisa Smith

Barbados Institute of Architects

Ms Neomie Tavernier

Royal Architectural Institute of Canada

Mr Mike Brennan

Jamaican Institute of Architects

Ms Camille Douglas-Stephenson

Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Architects

Mr Ricardo Newallo

Kamra Tal-Periti, Malta

Perit Joeaby Vassallo

Royal Institute of British Architects

Mr Adrian Malleson

Australian Institute of Architects

Mr Justin Hill

Australian Institute of Architects

Mr Andrew McFadden

Table 1, List of Focal Points and contributors to this survey

5

Introduction This document comprises the findings from a Fact-Finding Survey that has been undertaken by the 16 signatories to a Knowledge Sharing Partnership developed between member organisations belonging to the Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA). The 16 signatories represent 10 ODA* and 6 non-ODA countries from all 5 regions of the Commonwealth, namely: Africa: Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia Asia: Bangladesh and Pakistan Caribbean and Americas: Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Canada, Jamiaca, Trinidad & Tobago Europe: Malta and United Kingdom Pacific: Australia The aim of the Fact-Finding Survey is to enable a comparative study to be undertaken to assess knowledge sharing needs and opportunities among the signatories. The findings will be used to help build an understanding of the ecosystem in each country together with the barriers and enablers to sustainable urbanisation facing each member organisation.

The output of the study will also be used to identify issues of common concern, thereby enabling us to prioritise topics which will have the greatest impact for those with the greatest need.

Membership of the CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership remains open to any CAA member organisation who may wish to become a signatory.

Peter Oborn RIBA HonMRAIC HonMRTPI HonFIStructE HonRAIA President, Commonwealth Association of Architects

* Official Development Assistance (ODA) is government aid that promotes and specifically targets the economic development and welfare of developing countries. In this report, an ‘ODA Country’ is a country that is eligible to receive such aid.

Responding to the findings of the survey, signatories have said: “The CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership has revealed a range of serious gaps in architectural policy, education, and practice, especially the rapidly urbanising countries in East Africa. These gaps need to be urgently addressed if we are to achieve a future which is both equitable and sustainable.”

George A Ndege, Vice President Architectural Association of Kenya and Co-Chair, CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership

“The findings from the Fact-Finding Survey underscore the critical need for collaborative action and knowledge sharing. Only by addressing these challenges collectively, can we pave the way for resilient communities and a greener future.”

Maira Khan, Vice President, Institute of Architects Pakistan

“The evidence is clear, the challenges for the built environment are urgent, shared, and of global importance. This Knowledge Sharing Partnership, led by the CAA, has revealed a range of gaps in architectural policy, education, and practice and is an excellent example of how we, and our counterparts across the world, can use our knowledge, expertise, and influence to make a material difference.“

“The outcomes of the Fact-Finding Survey have highlighted the need to update the training of architects to confront today’s challenges together with the need to improve the enforcement of built environment legislation. It has also illustrated the benefits of collaboration, particularly in the Global South and the value of knowledge sharing between member organisations.“ Mokọ́ládé Johnson, Focal Point on behalf of the Nigerian Institute of Architects and Co-Chair, CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership

“The value of the CAA becomes evident through the Fact-Finding Survey, which has underscored many of the common challenges faced by its members.

This collaborative effort fosters support and raises awareness about the global practice of architecture. Considering the current challenges facing the profession in Malta, we look forward to learning from our counterparts while also sharing our experiences with others.”

Joeaby Vassallo, Communications & International Secretary, Kamra tal-Periti, Malta

Valerie Vaughan-Dick MBE, Chief Executive, Royal Institute of British Architects

7

The 16 signatories to the Knowledge Sharing Partnership

CANADA

UNITED KINGDOM

MALT

JAMAICA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA BARBADOS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

NIGERIA

UGA

RW

SOUTH

TA

PAKISTAN BANGLADESH

ANDA

KENYA

WANDA

ZAMBIA AUSTRALIA AFRICA

9

Key Findings Signatories were invited to complete an online survey, the aim of which is to establish knowledge sharing priorities in the areas of advocacy, capacity development and climate action. The Fact-Finding Survey comprised 100 questions grouped as follows: 1. The Profession 1.1 Regulation of the Profession 1.2 Educational Capacity 1.3 Professional Capacity 2. Policy, regulatory and standards environment 2.1 Policy Environment 2.2 Regulatory & Standards Environment 2.3 Policy Coordination, Implementation and Delivery 3. Quality of the built environment 3.1 Housing and Inclusion 3.2 Basic Service Provision 3.3 Sustainability Issues 3.4 The Urban Environment 4. Engagement With The New Urban Agenda 5. Knowledge Sharing

The principal findings from the Fact-Finding Survey are summarised on the folliowing pages: The Profession One of the main issues facing the profession is a failure to enforce existing legislation, while one of the principal issues facing the education of architects is closing the gap between academia and practice.

Respondents considered the top three issues facing regulation of the profession to be: 1. Failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation.

2. Failure to regulate unqualified persons, practicing beyond their competency.

3. Issues associated with drafting/implementation of the Architects Act The top three issues facing architectural education are: 1= Bridging the gap between academia and practice 1= Lack of teaching resources (eg. hardware, software, model-making etc) 1= Lack of qualified and experienced teaching faculty, and international exposure 2 Need to reduce working hours, improve salary prospects, and increase diversity.

3= Insufficient emphases on sustainable and climate smart development 3= Lack of scholarship, research and/or CPD opportunities 3= Lack of/weakness in the accreditation system for schools of architecture

Professional Capacity and Market Maturity Many of the countries undergoing rapid urbanisation suffer from a critical lack of professional and educational capacity, alongside a lack of market maturity, and are often those most vulnerable to climate impacts.

The findings confirm that there remains a critical lack of professional capacity among member organisations in ODA countries which are experiencing the highest rates of urbanisation and are among the most vulnerable to climate impacts. The figures also confirm that there remains a corresponding lack of educational capacity in those same countries. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this situation is similar for the other built environment professions, and even more critical in the case of town planning. The level of market maturity in ODA countries is considered to be lower across the full project lifecycle, and particularly in the planning and maintenance stages.

11

Policy, Regulatory and Standards Environment A broad range of policy areas are ineffective because of weak public policy, outdated legislation, and a lack of enforcement.

Responses from respondents in both ODA and non-ODA countries were broadly consistent, with the overwhelming majority of respondents citing failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation coupled with legislation that is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing as the principal reasons for ineffectiveness across a broad range of policy areas.

Respondents also cited poor use of data and ineffective data sharing as areas requiring improvement.

The majority of policy areas were considered to be ineffective or only moderately effective.

Housing, planning, energy and transport were identified to be among the least effective policy areas. Public procurement policy was also considered to be ineffective with poor transparency and accountability and a focus on lowest cost rather than value for money.

Significantly, respondents in ODA countries cited lack of enforcement of national building code and construction health and safety as major issues of concern. Several respondents noted the absence of mandatory building code together with lack of mandatory energy code and building code that is outdated and/or not fit for purpose; issues which are of particular concern in light of the high rates of urban growth being experienced in these countries.

Policy Coordination, Implementation and Delivery Lack of alignment between different tiers of government was identified as one of the main reasons for poor policy implementation and delivery.

Responses from respondents in both ODA and non-ODA countries were broadly consistent, with the overwhelming majority expressing their opinion that lack of alignment between different tiers of government is one of the main issues affecting central government policy coordination and implementation.

Significantly, decentralisation and increased public participation are considered to have been among the principal drivers of increased effectiveness within both central and local government.

Quality of the Built Environment The provision of adequate, sustainable, and affordable housing is a universal concern.

The provision of basic services, including public transport and walkability, is a particular concern to respondents in ODA countries.

When asked about the provision of housing and the matter of inclusion, responses from both ODA and non-ODA respondents confirm that access to adequate and affordable housing remains a universal concern, and that this is particularly significant in ODA countries which are grappling with the number and extent of informal settlements together with its consequences in terms of social exclusion.

This situation is further compounded by the fact that the same countries which are experiencing the greatest challenges are also those which are experiencing the highest levels of urban population growth, lack access to finance, and are suffering a critical shortage of professional built environment expertise.

When asked about the provision of basic services, (including public transport, energy, solid waste, water and sanitation) the responses received from respondents in ODA countries vary considerably from those received from those in non-ODA countries, with respondents in ODA countries highlighting significant deficiencies in all four areas, especially in relation to the provision of public transport.

When asked about a range of sustainability issues (including levels of biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, resilience and adaptation to climate change together with measures being taken to reduce the severity of climate change) the responses from respondents in both ODA and non-ODA countries were broadly consistent, with the overwhelming majority expressing their opinion that these issues not being adequately addressed, suggesting that much work remains to be done in order to mitigate and adapt to the growing impacts of climate change.

When asked about the quality of the urban environment (including access to green and open public space, walkability and use of non-motorised transport and heritage Conservation), the responses received from respondents in ODA countries vary considerably from those received from those in non-ODA countries, with respondents in ODA countries highlighting significant deficiencies in all three areas, particularly in relation to lack of walkability and use of non-motorised transport, an issue which is compounded by a corresponding lack of public transport referred to in 4.2 above.

Engagement with the New Urban Agenda The New Urban Agenda has not gained traction with the profession; most members do not find it relevant in their work.

Respondents consider that the majority of their members are only somewhat aware of the New Urban Agenda (NUA) while barely a third of respondents consider their members find the NUA relevant in their work. Only a handful of respondents consider that their governments are implementing the principles of the NUA and the overwhelming majority of respondents either don’t know whether their governments are reporting progress against the NUA, or know they are not.

13

Capacity development and Knowledge Sharing ODA countries seek support in advocacy, capacity development, and climate action. This includes promoting the profession’s value to policymakers and the public, offering Continuing Professional Development (CPD) content, and sharing international best practice.

Respondents were invited to express their appetite for support across the areas of advocacy, capacity development and climate action. All of the respondents in ODA countries seek support in all three areas, while the overwhelming majority of respondents in non-ODA countries also seek support in the area of climate action.

Capacity development priorities for member organisations are contained on Table 8, from which it will be seen that the principal areas of interest are as follows: Advocacy

Climate Action

1. Advocating the value of the profession to policymakers and the public

1. Accelerate learning by sharing international best practice.

2. Advocating the value of sustainable development and ethical practice

2. Capacity building in green building technologies and climate skills

Capacity Development

3. Positioning member organisations as climate leaders.

1. Provision of CPD content (including project and practice management) 2= Accelerate learning by sharing international best practice 2= Develop opportunities for mentoring/ internship 3. Develop collaborative research opportunities.

4. Need to engage clients in climate/ sustainability issues.

Other areas of interest include engagement with policymakers, wider industry participation, leadership skills and community engagement.

Conclusions of the Fact-Finding Survey and Next Steps The CAA will develop a programme of action that responds to these findings, by working together with members of the Knowledge Sharing Partnership.

The responses to Fact-Finding Survey have identified a number of shared challenges facing member organisations in their efforts to support their members deliver development that is inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. The issues that have been identified touch upon a broad range of topics, from policy development to programme delivery, from education to practice.

Following analysis of the findings, the CAA has distilled a draft capacity development framework around the following five thematic areas: Leadership, Governance, Education and Knowledge Sharing, Finance and Integrated Design (see Table 2).

The next stage of work will be to agree which of these topics we should be focusing on and prioritising, how we should engage with each topic (eg policy paper, existing knowledge product, online event etc), who should be involved (ie subject matter expert(s) from member organisations and/or external partners/collaborators) and when we might reasonably expect to deliver.

Climate Action

Key Issues

Advocacy

Capacity Development

Topic Leadership

Promoting the value of design among policymakers and the public

✓

✓

✓

✓

Promoting the contribution made by built environment professionals among policymakers and the public Equipping and promoting architects as climate leaders Governance

Education and Knowledge Sharing

Addressing the failure to design, implement and/or enforce effective built environment legislation

✓

✓

Maximising the effective use of data and promoting evidence based design

✓

✓

Promoting effective governance and collaboration at all levels

✓

✓

✓

✓

Strengthening accreditation and validation criteria and procedures

✓

✓

Fostering learning through Continuing Professional Development and applied research

✓

✓

✓

✓

Addressing the lack of capacity among built enviroment professionals and the impact of unregulated persons practicing beyond their competency

✓

Bridging the gap between academia and practice

✓

Addressing the lack of qualified and experienced teaching faculty together with lack of facilities/equipment

✓

Maximising the opportunity for knowlegde sharing at all levels, especially in green building technologies and climate skills

✓

Developing skills in practice and project management.

Finance

Integrated Design

Understanding the economic drivers of sustainable development

✓ ✓

✓

Understanding the drivers of affordable housing

✓

Developing ‘bankable projects’ and identifying funding sources

✓

Addressing rural neglect

✓

Promoting and delivering public and non-motorised transport

✓

Promoting and delivering integated city planning and design

✓

✓ ✓

✓

Table 2, Draft capacity development framework

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Background The CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership has been developed in response to the findings of the Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth1, which identified that: 1. There is a critical lack of capacity in many of the Commonwealth countries which are rapidly urbanising and are among the most vulnerable to climate change impacts.

2. There is a corresponding lack of educational and institutional capacity to grow the professions fast enough in many Commonwealth countries.

3. There is increasing recognition of weakness in built environment policy (ie planning policy and building code) in many Commonwealth countries in terms of standards, implementation, and enforcement.

The findings of the survey are important if the opportunities presented by urbanisation, to increase prosperity and strengthen resilience, are to be realised. and the risks associated with poorly planned cities, such as inequality, informality, and vulnerability, are to be avoided.

Close the gaps

Deliver effective planning

Deliver effective programmes

Deliver greater impact

Capacity gap

Governance and Collaboration

Water and sanitation

Stimulating economic development

Evidence based design and effective use of data

Waste

Skills gap Data gap Policy gap

National urban policy

Energy Transport Housing

Integrated and inclusive urban planning

Promoting health and well-being Reducing inequality Achieving social cohesion

Social Facilities (Hospitals, Schools etc)

Conserving ecosystems

Commerce and Industry

Achieving resilience

Public realm (Parks, recreation etc)

Driving low carbon development

Local plans

1

Public sector

Project finance and procurement

Finance gap

Bankable projects

Private sector

Implementation and enforcement, monitoring and evaluation

Figure 1, Closing the gaps - Mobilising the Commonwealth to advance sustainable development as a driver of development

Survey of the Built Environment Professionals in the Commonwealth: http://tinyurl.com/4enpuc4h

The findings of the Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth informed development of the Commonwealth Sustainable Cities Initiative (CSCI)2, of which the CAA was a founding member. The members of the CSCI published a Call to Action on Sustainable Urbanisation across the Commonwealth3 in 2020, which was underpinned by three key objectives: 1. To bring a greater focus to bear on sustainable urbanisation in Commonwealth policy making.

2. To mobilise the power of the Commonwealth to work in a more integrated manner across its various networks toward multi-level governance and sustainable urbanisation.

3. To develop a programme of practical action to help deliver sustainable cities and human settlements across the Commonwealth.

The work of the CSCI was recognised by Heads of Government when they adopted the Declaration on Sustainable Urbanisation4 at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting which took place in Kigali, Rwanda in June 2022.

The aim of the CAA Knowledge Sharing Partnership is to establish a framework for the signatories to work together in a coordinated and mutually beneficial manner with the goal of increasing the capacity of urban stakeholders in Commonwealth countries, particularly those that are facing the most urgent challenges to cope with rapid urbanisation and climate change, including: 1. Leverage the power of the Commonwealth and its networks to confront challenges and advance opportunities in the face of climate change and rapid urbanisation.

2. Help to build capacity and knowledge sharing at scale, especially in the areas of policy and legislation, learning and development, urban planning, and design, to enable effective climate action.

3. Work in a collaborative, interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral manner at all levels and between all CAA countries to share knowledge and best practise more effectively.

4. Increase the pipeline of risk-managed bankable projects with improved financing prospects for local communities.

The signatories have agreed to collaborate with one another in the following areas: 1. Advocacy: Advocating for the importance of supporting and working with Commonwealth countries that are in receipt of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and which are dealing with climate change and rapid urbanisation, especially among national governments and donors.

2. Capacity Building: Facilitating knowledge sharing, information exchange and partnerships between policy, education, and practice.

3. Climate Action: Helping to build core competencies and climate literacy in all matters relating to sustainable urbanisation and climate action.

2

Commonwealth Sustainable Cities Initiative: https://commonwealthsustainablecities.org/

3

Call to Action on Sustainable Urbanisation across the Commonwealth; http://tinyurl.com/4c2nzvk4

4

Declaration on Sustainable Urbanisation http://tinyurl.com/yck9dz2j

17

Country context The CAA has collated data from a range of authoritative sources5 to illustrate the differing contexts among each of the 16 respondent countries. An analysis of the figures contained in Table 3, reveals that two thirds of the respondent countries are eligible to receive Overseas Development Assistance. Moreover: • Projected urban population growth: The urban population in respondent countries is projected to double by 2050, with more than 90% of that increase taking place in ODA countries, ie a total projected increase of over 420m in ODA respondent countries compared with ~28m in non-ODA respondent countries.

• Carbon emissions: The average level of CO2 emissions per capita is currently ~1.67MT per person in ODA recipient countries compared with an average of ~8.7MT per person in non-ODA respondent countries.

• Vulnerability: The average Climate Risk Index in ODA respondent countries (~41) is twice as high as that in non-ODA respondent countries (~81).

The above figures highlight the urgent need for capacity building, knowledge sharing and support, especially when read in conjunction with the other findings contained in this report.

Projected Urban Projected Urban Projected Urban Pop Growth Pop Growth % Pop (2050) (2020 - 2050) (2020 - 2050)

Region

Country

Africa

Kenya

14,975,059

44,184,721

29,209,662

195%

Nigeria

107,112,526

287,130,349

180,017,823

168%

Rwanda

2,281,000

6,483,462

4,202,462

184%

39,550,889

58,056,843

18,505,954

47%

Uganda

11,775,012

46,663,616

34,888,604

296%

Zambia

8,336,381

25,576,780

17,240,399

207%

Bangladesh

64,814,953

117,836,927

53,021,974

82%

Pakistan

77,437,729

160,228,128

82,790,399

107%

Antigua and Barbuda

25,682

38,799

13,117

51%

Barbados

89,695

114,418

24,723

28%

Canada

30,670,064

39,233,850

8,563,786

28%

Jamiaca

1,640,435

1,904,123

263,688

16%

Trinidad and Tobago

733,146

812,285

79,139

11%

Malta

411,533

404,948

-6,585

-2%

United Kingdom

56,495,180

68,007,652

11,512,472

20%

Australia

21,903,705

30,186,022

8,282,317

38%

438,252,989

886,862,923

448,609,934

102%

South Africa

Asia

Caribbean and Americas

Europe

Pacific

5

Projected Urban Pop (2020)

• Prosperity: The average Gross National Income in ODA respondent countries is ~$8,500 per annum which compares with ~$45,000 per annum in non-ODA respondent countries.

See Appendix I for a list of data sources.

Projected percentage urban population growth to 2050 UGANDA 296%

ZAMBIA 207%

KENYA 195%

RWANDA 184%

PAKISTAN 107%

BANGLADESH 82%

NIGERIA 168%

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA 51%

S.AFRICA 47%

AUSTRALIA 38%

CANADA 28% BARBADOS 28%

UK 20%

JAMICA 16% TRINIDAD & TOBAGO 11%

AFRICA

ASIA

CARIBBEAN AND AMERICAS

EUROPE

PACIFIC

Table 3, Projected percentage urban population growth to 2050

Please note: Graphic exclude Malta due to their urban population decreasing by 2% by 2050.

19

Contrasting country contexts

94% ~420m increase in ODA respondent countries

6% ~28m in non-ODA respondent countries

Projected urban population growth by 2050

CO 2

~1.67MT in ODA respondent countries

~8.7MT in Non-ODA respondent countries

Current carbon emissions per capita

CO 2

~$8,500 in ODA respondent countries

ODI

NON ODI

~$45,000 in Non-ODA respondent countries

Average Gross National income per annum

RISK

~41 in ODA respondent countries

~81 in Non-ODA respondent countries

Average climate risk index

21

Survey Results 1. The Profession Respondents were invited to express their opinion regarding the principal issues facing the profession together with the education of architects.

1.1 Regulation of the Profession 1

Failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation

2

Failure to regulate unqualified persons, practicing beyond their competency

3

Issues associated with drafting implementation of the Architects Act

4

Lack of government engagement/support

4

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

5

Lack of professional education and training opportunities

6

Lack of public awareness of the role of the architect and the value of design

6

Weak public procurement practices and the proliferation of Design-Build

Table 4, Issues affecting regulation of the profession.

1.2 Education of the Profession 1

Bridging the gap between academia and practice

1

Lack of teaching resources (eg. hardware, software, model-making etc)

1

Lack of qualified and experienced teaching faculty, and international exposure

2

Need to reduce working hours, improve salary prospects, and increase diversity

3

Insufficient emphasis on sustainable and climate smart development

3

Lack of scholarship, research and/or CPD opportunities

3

Lack of/weakness in accreditation system for schools of architecture

4

Length and cost of training compared with potential future remuneration.

4

Insufficient capacity within the profession to provide quality mentorship

4

Accelerate learning by sharing international best practice

5

Lack of training opportunities for teaching faculty (esp. studio-based learning)

Table 5, Issues affecting the education of architects.

The responses were broadly consistent between respondents from ODA and non-ODA countries and illustrate the challenging environment in which the profession operates.

The responses highlight the need to make education more relevant to the needs of practice and for the profession to demonstrate its value to both policymakers and the wider public.

1.3 Professional Capacity and Market Maturity Data from a range of authoritative sources6, confirms that there remains a critical lack of professional capacity among member organisations in ODA countries which are experiencing the highest rates of urbanisation and are among the most vulnerable to climate impacts.

Region

Country

ODA Status

Population

Registered Architects (2018)

Registered Architectural per 1,000 population

Verified Arch Faculties (CAA)

Accredited Arch Faculties (CAA)

Population per Accredited Arch Faculty

Rate of Urban Pop Growth (%) (2022)

Climate Risk Index

The figures also confirm that there remains a corresponding lack of educational capacity in those same countries. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this situation is similar for the other built environment professions, and even worse in the case of town planning.

Africa

Kenya

LMIC

54,027,490

1,085

0.020

5

2

27,013,745

3.7%

33.00

Nigeria

LMIC

218,541,210

7,468

0.034

40

31

7,049,716

3.8%

70.00

Rwanda

LDC

13,766,600

178

0.013

2

1

13,766,600

3.2%

53.33

South Africa

UMIC

59,893,890

4,153

0.069

10

10

5,989,389

1.6%

32.50

Uganda

LDC

47,249,580

327

0.007

4

4

11,812,395

5.3%

42.17

Zambia

LDC

20,017,670

312

0.016

3

1

20,017,670

4.0%

63.33

Bangladesh

LDC

171,186,370

3,350

0.020

26

13

13,168,182

2.7%

23.50

Pakistan

LMIC

235,824,860

6,028

0.026

22

19

12,411,835

2.7%

29.00

Antigua and UMIC Barbuda

93,760

21

0.224

0

0

-

0.5%

64.50

Barbados

-

281,630

97

0.344

0

0

-

0.4% 118.00

Canada

-

38,929,900

10,136

0.260

12

12

3,244,158

1.9%

Jamiaca

UMIC

2,827,380

119

0.042

1

1

2,827,380

0.6% 118.00

Trinidad and Tobago

-

1,531,040

96

0.063

0

0

-

0.5% 118.00

Malta

-

523,420

1,026

1

1

523,420

2.5%

67.33

United Kingdom

-

66,971,410

41,170

0.615

61

61

1,097,892

0.2%

90.83

Australia

-

25,978,940 13,567

0.339

22

22

1,237,092

1.4%

28.00

Asia

Caribbean and Americas

Europe

Pacific

Lower Middle Income Country

Upper Middle Income Country

65.67

Least Developed Country

Table 6, Professional and Educational Capacity

6

See Appendix I for a list of data sources.

23

Respondents were invited to express their opinion about the level of market maturity across the entire project lifecycle. Market maturity in this context is defined as referring to a combination of the following: • Capacity and calibre of the professions, ie: architecture, planning, engineering, cost consultancy in both public and private sectors.

• Nature of practice in the host countries, eg forms of association, forms of appointment etc.

• Standards environment in terms of professional, educational and technical standards etc.

• Regulatory environment in which the professions operate, eg registration requirements, PII etc.

It will be seen from the responses in Figure 2 that the level of market maturity in ODA countries is considered to be lower across the full project lifecycle, and particularly in the planning and maintenance stages.

• Policy environment in which the projects are to be procured: eg planning policy, building code, procurement policy etc.

Professional Capacity and Market Maturity Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Maintenance

60%

Operation

40%

30%

Implementation

60%

20%

Procurement

70%

30%

Design

10% 10%

60%

10%

10%

80%

Planning

10%

50% 0%

10%

20%

40% 30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

10% 80%

90%

100%

90%

100%

Non-Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Maintenance

40%

20%

40%

Operation

20%

40%

40%

Implementation

20%

40%

40%

Procurement

20%

40%

40%

Design

40%

Planning

60% 0%

Low

60%

Medium

10%

High

Figure 2, Professional Capacity and Market Maturity

20%

30%

40% 40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

1.4 Capacity Development and Knowledge Sharing Respondents were invited to express their appetite for support across the areas of advocacy, capacity development and climate action.

It will be seen from the responses summarised in Figure 3 that all of the respondents in ODA countries seek support in all three areas, while the overwhelming majority of respondents in non-ODA countires also seek support in the area of climate action.

Capacity development priorities for member organisations are contained on Table 4, from which it will be seen that the principal areas of interest are as follows: Advocacy

Climate Action

3. Advocating the value of the profession to policymakers and the public

5. Accelerate learning by sharing international best practice.

4. Advocating the value of sustainable development and ethical practice

6. Capacity building in green building technologies and climate skills

Capacity Development

7. Positioning member organisations as climate leaders.

2. Provision of CPD content (including project and practice management)

8. Need to engage clients in climate/ sustainability issues.

2= Accelerate learning by sharing international best practice

Other areas of interest include engagement with policymakers, wider industry participation, leadership skills and community engagement.

2= Develop opportunities for mentoring/ internship 4. Develop collaborative research opportunities.

Appetite for support among member organisations Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Climate action

100%

Capacity development

100%

Advocacy

100% 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Non-Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Climate action

80%

20%

Capacity development

40%

60%

Advocacy

40%

60%

0%

Yes

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

No

Figure 3, Appetite for support among member organisations in the areas of Advocacy, Capacity Development and Climate Action

25

Priorities for Capacity Development Priorities for Advocacy 1

Advocating the value of the profession to policymakers and the public

2

Advocating the value of sustainable development and ethical practice

Priorities for Capacity Development 1

Provision of CPD content (inc project and practice management)

2

Accelerate learning by sharing international best practice

2

Develop opportunities for mentoring/internship

3

Develop collaborative research opportunities

4

Review and update curriculum

4

Development of a CPD system

4

Provision of scholarship opportunities

4

Lack of teaching resources (eg hardware, software, model-making etc)

4

Mobilise funding for increased learning opportunities

Priorities for Climate Action 1

Accelerate learning by sharing international best practice

2

Capacity building in green building technologies and climate skills

3

Positioning member organisations as climate leaders.

4

Need to engage clients in climate/sustainability issues

5

How to achieve localisation of SDGs

5

Effective operationalisation of existing policies/tools

5

Understanding funding options to drive climate action

Other areas requiring support 1

Engagement with policymakers

1

Wider Industry participation

1

Engagement with the SDG's and climate change

1

Accelerate learning by sharing international best practice

2

Leadership skills

2

Community engagement

2

Bridging the gap between academia and practice

Table 7, Capacity Building priorities for member organisations

2. Policy, Regulatory and Standards environment Respondents were invited to comment on the effectiveness of public policy in the following areas:

Respondents were also invited to comment on the effectiveness of the regulatory and standards environment including:

• National Planning Policy

• National Building Codes

• Local Planning Policy

• Construction Health & Safety

• National Housing Policy

• National Standards Agency

• National Energy Policy • National Infrastructure Policy • Public Procurement Policy

2.1 Public Policy Responses from respondents in both ODA and non-ODA countries were broadly consistent, with the overwhelming majority of respondents citing failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation coupled with legislation that is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing as the principal reasons for ineffectiveness across a broad range of policy areas.

The majority of policy areas were considered to be ineffective or only moderately effective.

Housing, planning, energy and transport were identified to be among the least effective policy areas, the reasons for which are summarised in Table 7.

Public procurement policy was also considered to be ineffective with poor transparency and accountability and a focus on lowest cost rather than value for money.

Effectiveness of Public Policy Overseas Development Assistance (ODA & Non-ODA) Public procurement policy

43%

National insurance policy

20%

40%

38%

National transport policy

50%

25%

National housing policy

56%

33%

National planning policy

56%

25% 0%

10%

Moderately effective

13%

75% 44%

Local planning policy

14%

40%

National energy policy

Ineffective

43%

11%

75% 20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Effective

Figure 4, Effectiveness of Public Policy (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

27

Issues affecting Public Policy Issues affecting National Planning Policy 1

Failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation

2

Lack of integrated planning and/or lack of collaboration between

2

Tension between national/local priorities

2

Politics/corruption negatively impacts effective decision making

3

Lack of experienced professionals in the public sector

Issues affecting Local Planning Policy 1

Failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation

2

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

2

Lack of authority and/or financial resources to implement effectively

2

Lack of experienced professionals in the public sector

2

Politics/corruption negatively impacts effective decision making

3

Lack of integrated planning and/or lack of collaboration between departments

3

Insufficient consideration of housing, infrastructure and/or climate issues

Issues affecting National Housing Policy 1

Failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation

2

Lack of housing supply

3

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

3

Lack of housing affordability

3

Poor quality and design

4

Failure to integrate with public infrastructure and supporting services

Issues affecting National Transport Policy 1

Continuing reliance on private motor vehicles resulting in congestion

1

Rural areas neglected

2

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

2

Lack of integrated planning and/or lack of collaboration between departments

2

Insufficient public transport coupled with poor reliability

3

Failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation

3

Insufficient focus on Non-Motorised Transport

Issues affecting National Energy Policy 1

Insufficient economic incentive to drive clean energy transition

2

Insufficient investment in large scale renewables

3

Failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation

Issues affecting National Infrastructure Policy 1

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

2

Policy appears to be reactive rather than proactive

2

Infrastructure challenges impacting economic development

2

Rural areas neglected

Issues affecting Public Procurement Policy 1

Public procurement policy recently reformed

1

Poor transparency and accountability

2

Effectively promotes black economic empowerment

2

Failure to implement and/or enforce exiting legislation

2

Focused on lowest cost at the expense of value for money

2

Processes are slow and burdensome

2

Corruption

2

Drives professional fees below economic levels

Table 8, Issues affecting Public Policy

29

2.2 Regulatory and Standards Environment Respondents were invited to comment on the effectiveness of the regulatory and standards environment including governments use of data, enforcement of national building code enforcement of construction health & safety together with the effectiveness of national standards. Respondents from both ODA and non-ODA countries cited gaps in legislation, legislation that is outdated, inadequate and a failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation as being major contributors to ineffectiveness. Respondents also cited poor use of data and ineffective data sharing as areas requiring improvement.

Issues affecting Governments use of Data 1

Poor use of data and ineffective data sharing

2

Effective use of data to help drive policy making

Issues affecting National Building Code 1

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

2

Failure to implement and/or enforce exiting legislation

3

Fails to reflect local conditions

4

No unified approvals process

Issues affecting Construction Health and Safety 1

Failure to implement and/or enforce exiting legislation

2

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

3

Corruption

Issues affecting National Standards 1

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

2

Failure to implement and/or enforce exiting legislation

3

Corruption

Table 9, Issues affecting the Regulatory and Standards Environment.

Significantly, respondents in ODA countries cited lack of enforcement of national building code and construction health and safety as major issues of concern. Several respondents noted the absence of mandatory building code together with lack of mandatory energy code and building code that is outdated and/or not fit for purpose; issues which are of particular concern in light of the high rates of urban growth being experienced in these countries.

Effectiveness of Regulations and Standards Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) National standards agency

50%

Enforcement of construction health and safety

60%

Enforcement of national building code

10%

25% 0%

10%

10%

30%

70%

Governments use of data

10%

40%

20%

63% 20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

13% 70%

80%

90%

100%

Non-Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) National standards agency

50%

Enforcement of construction health and safety

60%

25%

Governments use of data

50%

20% 0%

Ineffective

20%

20%

Enforcement of national building code

50%

10%

Moderately effective

25% 20%

60% 20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Effective

Figure 5, Effectiveness of Regulations and Standards

31

2.3 Policy Coordination, Implementation and Delivery Respondents were invited to comment on the effectiveness of central government policy coordination and implementation, together with the delivery of policy by local government.

Issues affecting Central Government Policy Coordination & Implementation 1

Lack of alignment between tiers of government

2

Increased public participation has helped to drive progress

2

Decentralisation is making a difference

2

Corruption

Issues affecting Local Government Policy Delivery 1

Decentralisation is making a difference

2

Overly centralised and underfunded

2

Lack of alignment between tiers of government

2

Poor use of data and ineffective data sharing

2

Excessive bureaucracy contributes to exclusion

2

Policies as manifesto’s, not then implemented

2

Varies widely by municipality

2

Tensions between national and local government

Table 10, Issues affecting policy Coordination and Delivery

Responses from respondents in both ODA and non-ODA countries were broadly consistent, with the overwhelming majority expressing their opinion that lack of alignment between different tiers of government is one of the main issues affecting central government policy coordination and implementation. Significantly, decentralisation and increased public participation are considered to have been among the principal drivers of increased effectiveness within both central and local government.

Effectiveness of Policy Implementation, Coordination & Delivery ODA and Non ODA Local government policy delivery

38%

38%

25%

Central governments policy coordination

44%

44%

11%

Overall government policy implementation

44%

44%

11%

0%

Ineffective

10%

Moderately effective

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Effective

Figure 6, Effectiveness of Policy Implementation, Coordination & Delivery (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

80%

90%

100%

3. Quality of the built environment Respondents were invited to comment on the following aspects of sustainable urbanisation: 1. Housing and Inclusion 2. Basic Service Provision 3. Sustainability Issues

Significant challenges were identified in each area, particularly for those in ODA countries, and the following table illustrates those issues which respondents considered to be among the biggest obstacles to sustainable development.

4. Urban Environment

Obstacles to Sustainale Development 1

Failure to implement and/or enforce existing legislation

1

Need for funding to help drive sustainable development

2

Need for political will to help drive sustainable development

2

Lack of experienced professionals in the public sector

3

Need for financial incentives to help drive sustainable development

4

Legislation is outdated, inadequate, inappropriate, or missing

4

Need to engage clients in climate/sustainability issues

4

Corruption

Table 11, Obstacles to Sustainable Development

33

3.1 Housing and Inclusion Respondents were invited to comment on the extent to which their country has addressed the issues of housing and inclusion, namely:

Responses from both ODA and non-ODA respondents confirm that access to adequate and affordable housing remains a universal concern, and that this is particularly significant in ODA countries which are grappling with the number and extent of informal settlements together with its consequences in terms of social exclusion.

• Access to affordable housing • Quality of affordable housing • Number and extent of informal settlements

This situation is further compounded by the fact that the same countries which are experiencing the greatest challenges are also those which are experiencing the highest levels of urban population growth, lack access to finance, and are suffering a critical shortage of professional built environment expertise.

• Level of social inclusion of marginalised groups

Extent to which Housing & Inclusion issues have been addressed Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Level of social inclusion of marginalised groups

50%

40%

10%

Number and extent of informal settlements

50%

40%

10%

Quality of affordable housing

40%

40%

20%

Access to affordable housing

40%

40%

20%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Non-Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Level of social inclusion of marginalised groups

20%

80%

Number and extent of informal settlements Quality of affordable housing

20%

Access to affordable housing

20% 0%

Not at all or very little

40%

60%

10%

Somewhat

60%

20% 80%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

To a great extent of completely

Figure 7, Extent to which Housing & Inclusion issues have been addressed

80%

90%

100%

3.2 Basic Service Provision Respondents were invited to comment on the extent to which their country has addressed the provision of basic services, namely:

Responses received from respondents in ODA countries vary considerably from those received from those in non-ODA countries, with respondents in ODA countries highlighting significant deficiencies in all four areas, especially in relation to the provision of public transport.

• Public transport • Energy • Solid waste • Water and sanitation

Extent to which Basic Service provision has been addressed Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Water and sanitation

30%

Solid waste

50% 50%

Energy

20% 40%

30%

60%

Public transport

10%

70% 0%

10%

20%

10%

30%

40%

20% 50%

60%

10%

70%

80%

90%

100%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Non-Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Water and sanitation

20%

80%

Solid waste

100%

Energy

100%

Public transport

20% 0%

Not at all or very little

10%

80% 20%

30%

Somewhat

40%

50%

60%

To a great extent of completely

Figure 8, Extent to which Basic Service provision has been addressed

35

3.3 Sustainability Issues Respondents were invited to comment on the extent to which their country has addressed the following sustainability issues:

Responses from respondents in both ODA and non-ODA countries were broadly consistent, with the overwhelming majority expressing their opinion that these issues not being adequately addressed, suggesting that much work remains to be done in order to mitigate and adapt to the growing impacts of climate change.

• Levels of biodiversity and ecosystem conservation • Resilience and adaptation to climate change • Measures being taken to reduce the severity of climate change.

Extent to which Sustainability issues have been addressed ODA and Non-ODA Local government policy delivery

21%

Central governments policy coordination

21%

47%

Overall government policy implementation

40%

40% 0%

Not at all or very little

57%

10%

Somewhat

20%

13%

40% 30%

40%

50%

60%

20% 70%

To a great extent of completely

Figure 9, Extent to which Sustainability issues have been addressed (ODA & Non-ODA combined).

80%

90%

100%

3.4 Urban Environment Respondents were invited to comment on the extent to which their country has addressed the following aspects of the urban environment:

Responses received from respondents in ODA countries vary considerably from those received from those in non-ODA countries, with respondents in ODA countries highlighting significant deficiencies in all three areas, particularly in relation to lack of walkability and use of non-motorised transport, an issue which is compounded by a corresponding lack of public transport referred to in 4.2 above.

• Access to green and open public space • Walkability and use of non-motorised transport • Heritage Conservation

Extent to which the Quality of the Urban Environment has been addressed ODA Heritage conservation

40%

10%

50%

Walkability and use of non-motorised transport

90%

Access to green and open public space

10%

50% 0%

10%

20%

10%

40%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

90%

100%

Non-ODA Heritage conservation

40%

60%

Walkability and use of non-motorised transport

40%

60%

Access to green and open public space

60% 0%

Not at all or very little

10%

Somewhat

20%

30%

40% 40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

To a great extent of completely

Figure 10, Extent to which the Quality of the Urban Environment has been addressed (ODA & Non-ODA combined).

37

4. Engagement with the new Urban agenda Respondents were invited to comment on the extent to which both their government and their members have engaged with the New Urban Agenda (NUA)7.

Launched by UN-Habitat at Habitat III in 2016, the NUA, sets out standards and principles for the planning, construction, development, management, and improvement of urban areas across five main pillars: national urban policies, urban legislation and regulations, urban planning and design, local economy and municipal finance, and local implementation.

Respondents consider that the majority of their members are only somewhat aware of the NUA while barely a third of respondents consider their members find the NUA relevant in their work. Only a handful of respondents consider that their governments are implementing the principles of the NUA and the overwhelming majority of respondents either don’t know whether their governments are reporting progress against the NUA, or know they are not.

The responses suggest that there is a need for the CAA to help raise awareness about the NUA among policymakers and its member organisations.

7

https://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/

Perception of engagement with the New Urban Agenda among Members ODA and Non-ODA

7%

7% 29%

31%

64%

20%

23%

73%

46%

They find the NUA relevant to their professional practice

They have the capacity to apply NUA principles in their professional practice

No, generally not true

Somewhat true

They are aware of the NUA

Yes, generally true

Figure 11, Perception of engagement with the New Urban Agenda among Members (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

Perception of engagement with the New Urban Agenda by Government ODA and Non-ODA

13% 33% 60% 7%

13%

Govenment is reporting progress on the delivery of the NUA?

No

20%

53%

Partly

Government is implementing the NUA?

Yes

Dont know

Figure 12, Perception of engagement with the New Urban Agenda by Government (ODA & Non-ODA combined)

39

Country Profiles, Appendix 1

Region

Country

ODA Status

Population

Land Area (Sqkm)

Registered Architects (2018)

Registered Architectural per 1,000 population

Verified Arch Faculties (CAA)

Accredited Arch Faculties (CAA)

Population per Accredited Arch Faculty

Appendix I contains the following statistics for each respondent country. The source of the information is shown below:

Africa

Kenya

LMIC

54,027,490

596,140

1,085

0.020

5

2

27,013,745

Nigeria

LMIC

218,541,210

910,770

7,468

0.034

40

31

7,049,716

Rwanda

LDC

13,766,600

24,670

178

0.013

2

1

13,766,600

South Africa

UMIC

59,893,890

1,213,090

4,153

0.069

10

10

5,989,389

Uganda

LDC

47,249,580

200,520

327

0.007

4

4

11,812,395

Zambia

LDC

20,017,670

743,390

312

0.016

3

1

20,017,670

Bangladesh

LDC

171,186,370

130,170

3,350

0.020

26

13

13,168,182

Pakistan

LMIC

235,824,860

770,880

6,028

0.026

22

19

12,411,835

Antigua and Barbuda

UMIC

93,760

440

21

0.224

0

0

-

Barbados

-

281,630

430

97

0.344

0

0

-

Canada

-

38,929,900

9,093,510

10,136

0.260

12

12

3,244,158

Jamiaca

UMIC

2,827,380

10,830

119

0.042

1

1

2,827,380

Trinidad and Tobago

-

1,531,040

5,130

96

0.063

0

0

-

Malta

-

523,420

320

1,026

1

1

523,420

United Kingdom

-

66,971,410

241,930

41,170

0.615

61

61

1,097,892

Australia

-

25,978,940

7,692,020

13,567

0.339

22

22

1,237,092

957,645,150 21,634,240

89,133

212

180

Asia

Caribbean and Americas

Europe

Pacific Totals

DATA SOURCES Country name: https://worldpopulationreview.com/ country-rankings/official-names-of-countries

Registered architects: 2020 CAA Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth

Member Organisation: From CAA database

Number of Full Members: Reported by respondents to the Fact Finding Survey

ODA Status (2020): https://web-archive.oecd. org/2022-11-07/529238-DAC-List-of-ODA-Recipientsfor-reporting-2020-flows.pdf Population (2022): https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.POP.TOTL Land Area (2020): https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2

Architecture Faculties (verified): Number of architectural faculties verified by the CAA from a variety of public sources.

Architectural Faculties (accredited): Number of architecture faculties verified by the CAA from a combination of national regulatory bodies and professional associations

Approx no of Graduates per annum

GNI per Capita PPP ($) (2022)

Rate of Urban Pop Growth (%) (2022)

Proj Urban Pop (2020)

Proj Urban Pop (2050)

Proj Urban Pop Growth (2020-2050)

Proj Urban Pop Growth (%) (2022- 2050)

CO2 per Capita (MT) (2020)

Climate Risk Index

Lower Middle Income Country

350

5,680

3.7%

14,975,059

44,184,721

29,209,662

195%

0.40

33.00

3,550

5,650

3.8%

107,112,526

287,130,349

180,017,823

168%

0.50

70.00

30

2,730

3.2%

2,281,000

6,483,462

4,202,462

184%

0.10

53.33

300

15,570

1.6%

39,550,889

58,056,843

18,505,954

47%

6.70

32.50

50

2,650

5.3%

11,775,012

46,663,616

34,888,604

296%

0.10

42.17

25

3,680

4.0%

8,336,381

25,576,780

17,240,399

207%

0.40

63.33

400

7,690

2.7%

64,814,953

117,836,927

53,021,974

82%

0.50

23.50

950

6,350

2.7%

77,437,729

160,228,128

82,790,399

107%

0.80

29.00

-

24,500

0.5%

25,682

38,799

13,117

51%

5.10

64.50

-

17,340

0.4%

89,695

114,418

24,723

28%

3.90 118.00

200

57,820

1.9%

30,670,064

39,233,850

8,563,786

28%

13.60

40

11,480

0.6%

1,640,435

1,904,123

263,688

16%

2.10 118.00

27,040

0.5%

733,146

812,285

79,139

11%

10.20 118.00

51,590

2.5%

411,533

404,948

-6,585

-2%

3.10

67.33

3,167

54,920

0.2%

56,495,180

68,007,652

11,512,472

20%

4.60

90.83

1,000

60,350

1.4%

21,903,705

30,186,022

8,282,317

38%

14.80

28.00

438,252,989

886,862,923

448,609,934

102%

10,062

Upper Middle Income Country Least Developed Country Table 6, Professional and Educational Capacity

65.67

Approximate number of graduates oper annum: Reported by respndents to the Fact Finding Survey

Urban Population Growth 2020-2050: Calculated from above.

GNI per Capita PPP (2022): https://data.worldbank. org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD

Rate of Urbanisation 2020-2050 (%): Calculated from above.

Rate of annual urban population growth 2020 (%): https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worlddevelopment-indicators/Series/SP.URB.GROW

Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons per capita) (2020): https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC

Urban population 2020 (‘000): https://population. un.org/wup/Download/

Climate Risk Index (2019): https://www. germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/Global%20 Climate%20Risk%20Index%202021_2.pdf

Urban population 2050 (‘000): https://population. un.org/wup/Download/

41

Contents

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July 2024