A Toolkit for Mayors and Urban Practitioners

PLANNING FOR RAPID URBANISATION A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS THROUGH URBAN EXTENSIONS TO SECONDARY CITIES IN THE COMMONWEALTH

OVERVIEW

A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

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A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS “ If the world’s urban footprint is to grow, we have an unprecedented opportunity to redefine urban development. If planned and managed sensitively, cities can add social, environmental and commercial value, in a way that helps to tackle climate change and foster inclusive prosperity.”

The Prince’s Foundation, established by HRH The Prince of Wales, has worked for over twenty years to promote and demonstrate principles of traditional urban design and architecture that put communities at the centre of urban development, helping to address the global challenges of urbanisation and climate change.

As cities across the Commonwealth struggle to manage an unparalleled increase in urban populations, The Prince’s Foundation has worked with The Commonwealth Association of Planners, The Commonwealth Association of Architects, The Commonwealth Local Government Forum, New York University and UN-Habitat to combine their experience and develop this Toolkit, consolidating a simple and streamlined methodology that shapes sustainable urban growth despite the scale and pace of urbanisation.

Following preliminary testing in a variety of contexts, including with planners, architects and other built environment professionals, the Toolkit will now be applied and used in three countries representing the diversity of the Commonwealth, in order to further test and refine the methodology.

CONTEXT A RAPIDLY URBANISING PLANET Today, there are more cities than ever before, and they are growing rapidly.

2015

2015

1.9x

2015

2.3x

2015

2.5x

3.2x

1.0 1990

1990

population In the period from 1990 to 2015, the population of the world’s cities increased by a multiple of 1.9...

... much of that increase occurred in Less Developed Countries, where it was 2.3 larger.

urban footprint Globally, over the same period, the urban extent of those cities increased by a multiple of 2.5...

...and in Less Developed Countries, this increased by a multiple of 3.2.

The growth in the population of cities is being outpaced by the growth of their urban extents.

Source data provided by The Marron Institute of Urban Management (NYU)

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

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By 2045, the world’s urban population will increase by 1.5 times to 6 billion.

City leaders must move quickly to plan for growth and provide the basic services, infrastructure, and affordable housing their expanding populations need.

The World Bank

The world’s urban population is set to increase dramatically in the next three decades with most of this rapid urbanisation occurring in cities of less than one million inhabitants. The speed and scale of growth means that managing urban areas, and planning for new sustainable urban extensions, will be one of the most important challenges facing cities and societies in the 21st century.

Current civic leaders and planning professionals have a duty of care to future generations to ensure that this major challenge is met with a simple, effective and rapid response and, most importantly, with something that is both practical and implementable.

While this challenge is serious, it is also an opportunity. Throughout history, well-planned cities have acted as engines of economic growth, helped reduce poverty and housed citizens in a form that provides for community, safety and good health. In contrast, unplanned or poorly planned settlements can confine their citizens to a lack social mobility with inadequate sanitation, security and access to basic services.

This is why it is critical to reverse the unsustainable and accelerating trend towards unserviced unplanned settlements and urgently build capacity to implement urban frameworks that shape cities and give their citizens the hope of future prosperity.

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4,231 CITIES

In 2010, there were 4,231 cities in the world with populations of 100,000 or more. 74% of these cities are in Less Developed Countries.

Urban expansion is inconsistent.

The average block size in the expansion area of Bamako, Mali is 1.4 ha. The average block size in the expansion area of Victoria, Canada is 13.5 ha.

It’s harder for people to get from A to B. Cities in both Less Developed Countries and More Developed Countries are experiencing signiďŹ cant increase in average distance to arterial roads.

421 220

247

377

The streets in Comas, a former squatter settlement in Lima, Peru are 10 metres wide and take up 25% of its area. m

1990 2015 More developed

6000 5000 4000

2015

3000 2000 1000

The cost of providing residential infrastructure in the Matinha favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was 6-9 times the cost of providing it in a new land subdivision.

1990 2015 Less developed

7000

Recent urban expansion is less planned than before.

Almost all urbanisation is now taking place in Less Developed Countries.

Between 2015 and 2050 the urban population in Less developed countries will increase by 2.35 billion, or 18 times the expected increase of 130 million in More Developed Countries.

less developed countries more developed countries 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

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Source data provided by The Marron Institute of Urban Management (NYU)

Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

Density is declining.

Less land is being well-planned.

At the observed median density decline of 2.0% between 1990 and 2014, the urban extents of cities in Less Developed Countries can be expected to increase by a factor of 3.5 between 2015 and 2050.

Globally, the share of areas laid-out before development decreased from 77% to 68%.

Richer cities have larger urban extents In 2015, Paris, France had almost the same population but 10 times the GDP as Lagos, Nigeria. As a consequence Paris had 3.5 times the urban extent of Lagos.

25%

33%

Most of the increase in the urban population between 2015-2050 will be in the cities of Sub-Saharan Africa (33%) and South Asia (25%).

Urban extents are growing rapidly in the fastest growing regions of the world.

Between 1991 and 2014, the population of Accra, Ghana grew by a factor of 3.4 (from 1.3 to 4.4 million); its urban extent grew by a factor of 6.5 (from 132 sq km to 872 sq km).

2.5% annual growth rate 2000-2010 in %

It’s not just mega-cities.

Settllements of all sizes are growing.

There are no signiďŹ cant differences in growth rates between small cities and large cities. Not only large cities are growing rapidly yet they invariably have more resources to cope. Smaller cities should also receive technical assistance.

3.0 2.3%

2.5% 2.2%

2.2%

2.3%

2.2%

2.2%

2.0

1.0

100-200K 200-400K 400-800K 800-1.6M 1.6-3.2M 3.2-6.4M 6.4-12.8M 12.8M+ population size range A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

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RESPONSE A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTICTIONERS

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

The Rapid Urban Planning Toolkit is designed to help city mayors, their teams and built environment professionals create simple, robust and implementable urban framework plans that will protect existing and future citizens against the negative impacts of rapid urbanisation, mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate and social change, while helping deliver prosperity.

This will help you to plan not just for a more resilient city, but for one that can thrive.

This document provides an overview of the Rapid Urban Planning Toolkit.

Each of the steps is then supported by a separate document, detailing the activities and outcomes summarised in the following pages.

A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

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6 STEPS NEI PLANN GH BOUING Y RHO OUR OD S

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STEP

F

05

STEP

RLY E E RD TUR O G RUC N TI ST N ME BAN E L UR P M

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The steps in the Toolkit are each guided by a set of activities. Each step delivers a clear output. Together they enable a city to quickly but logically develop a clear plan for growth.

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

DEFINING THE VISION FOR YOUR GROWING CITY

01

NG TY I P I AP R C M OU Y

STEP

6

02

STEP

STEP

FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN GROWTH

5

STEP

03

STEP

04

STEP

STRUCTURING THE GROWTH AREAS

ID FO ENT R N IFY EW IN UR G AR BA EA N S GR OW

TH

TOOLKIT

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Six steps to an urban plan

01 02 03 04 05 06 12

DEFINING THE VISION FOR YOUR GROWING CITY

MAPPING YOUR CITY

IDENTIFYING AREAS FOR NEW URBAN GROWTH

STRUCTURING THE GROWTH AREAS

IMPLEMENTING ORDERLY URBAN STRUCTURE

PLANNING YOUR NEIGHBOURHOODS

Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

City leaders and municipal officers have a duty of care to responsibly manage urban growth in their own jurisdiction.

The Toolkit provides a blueprint enabling the development of an effective framework plan to positively shape and manage urban growth.

This Overview outlines the simple 6-step process that directly addresses the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and the aspirations of the New Urban Agenda.

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01

STEP

DEFINING THE VISION FOR YOUR GROWING CITY

A clear vision or charter for your city is critical to guide how you will accommodate expected population growth and at the same time improve the lives of your residents. This step helps to ensure the vision is shared, owned and clearly stated.

Brief summaries of each activity are indicated below.

ACTIVITIES A

Understanding your community Identify and gather key information from those who will help define and deliver sustainable growth in your city – your local stakeholders – including local administrators, community representatives, business leaders, built environment professionals, and landowners.

B

Projecting population growth A methodology provided by New York University enables projection of the growth in the urban population that is likely to take place over the years to 2050, as well as calculation of how much land will be needed to accommodate growth.

C

Assessing legal frameworks List all relevant national and local planning policy regulations and laws that a local spatial framework plan could be adopted under, as well as any powers local government has to direct or incentivise urban development.

D

Developing your vision Conduct workshops, meetings and participatory exercises with all stakeholders to define the needs and opportunities that are key to delivering a prosperous future for your city aligned to national policy.

E

Documenting your vision Drawing on the input of stakeholders, define and document a list of up to ten key principles that should guide the future development of your city. This may take the form of a City Charter.

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

A Understanding your community

B Projecting population growth

C Assessing legal frameworks

D Developing your vision

E Documenting your vision (City Charter)

A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

OUTCOMES

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02

STEP

MAPPING YOUR CITY

Mapping the context of your city is fundamental to understanding the way that it currently works, as well as how and where it could grow.

This step helps to create a coordinated series of maps that will provide a detailed picture of your city’s constraints and opportunities - giving you a clear basis on which to base the decisions you will make in Step 3.

Brief summaries of each activity are indicated below.

ACTIVITIES A

Obtain a base map Obtain a base map that illustrates roads, topography, natural features and the built areas of your city and adjoining areas, focussing on where growth is likely to occur.

B

Map hazards and landscape features Draw a map that highlights potential hazards such as flooding, coastal erosion, sea level rise projections etc – as well as a separate map that identifies landscape features such as coastlines, rivers and mountains.

C

Map transport networks and community assets Draw a map that identifies your city’s transport networks as well as a separate map highlighting community assets – public buildings, squares, parks, hospitals and schools.

D

Map key utilities Draw a map identifying existing infrastructure such as electrical sub-stations, water towers, sewerage systems and other utilities.

E

Highlight key boundaries and zones Draw three maps identifying administrative boundaries, land ownership (public / private land etc) and finally a land use map that identifies existing residential, industrial, commercial and agricultural zones.

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

A Obtain a base map

B Map hazards and landscape features

C Map transport networks and community assets

D Map key utilities

E Highlight key boundaries and zones

A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

OUTCOMES

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03

STEP

IDENTIFYING AREAS FOR NEW URBAN GROWTH

Armed with the maps created in Step 2, this step helps to identify potential areas for expansion of your city, ensuring enough land to meet the projected population growth. The result will be a Growth Area Options Plan that guides how your city expands over the next 30 years.

Brief summaries of each activity are indicated below.

ACTIVITIES A

Physical Constraints Map Prepare a Physical Constraints Map consolidating the hazards, landscape and transport maps from Step 2.

B

Community Assets Plan Prepare a Community Assets Plan consolidating community buildings and facilities, utilities and land use maps from Step 2.

C

Human Constraints Map Prepare a Human Constraints Map consolidating the administrative boundaries and land ownership from Step 2.

D

Identify areas for growth Locate potential areas for growth by overlaying the consolidated set of plans created and identifying logical areas for the expansion of your city based on assumed density calculations.

E

Agree priorities and phasing of growth From the range of growth areas identified around the urban edge of your city, you can now prioritise those which could be developed first – taking into account deliverability and where city boundaries might need to be moved to include allocated growth sites.

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

A Physical Constraints Map

B Community Assets Plan

C Human Constraints Map

D Identify areas for growth

E Agree priorities and phasing of growth 1 3

2

A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

OUTCOMES

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04

STEP

STRUCTURING THE GROWTH AREAS INTO NEIGHBOURHOODS

Sustainable communities are places that people like living in – neighbourhoods with character and a sense of place. Through a series of workshops, this step helps you to structure your identified growth areas as a series of walkable neighbourhood cells linked by a network of blue, green and transport corridors – providing connectivity and flexibility.

Brief summaries of each activity are indicated below.

ACTIVITIES A

Plan for site visits and workshops Collate all necessary data and produce a programme of site visits and workshops focused on the areas for growth identified in Step 3.

B

Site visits Conduct site visits with all key stakeholders to each identified growth area, to verify data and mapping and inform discussions about deliverability.

C

Plan out natural spaces and green networks Convene a workshop at which the first step will be to identify and map out the natural public spaces and a network of green / blue corridors within each potential growth area. This will provide the framework around which development will grow.

D

Map out primary street network The second step at the workshop will map out primary streets on natural desire lines that link the proposed line that links the proposed growth areas to your existing city, as well as the hinterland and other nearby settlements.

E

Place walkable neighbourhoods The third step at the workshop will locate walkable neighbourhoods, each with a defined centre, between the green and blue corridors and adjust the primary network to link the centres together. Divide the neighbourhoods into quarters with interconnecting secondary streets, and green streets.

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

A Plan for site visits and workshops

B Site visits

C Plan out natural spaces and green networks

D Map out primary street network

E Place walkable neighbourhoods

A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

OUTCOMES

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05

STEP

IMPLEMENTING ORDERLY URBAN STRUCTURE

The implementation of the plans developed in Steps 1 to 4 requires a strategy and mechanisms in relation to land, in order to secure rights of way and other essential public uses. Step 5 covers the development of different tools to facilitate negotiation, as well as to develop regulations, financing and legal mechanisms to make the plan for ordered urban expansion a reality on the ground.

ACTIVITIES A

Identifying land ownership in the growth areas prioritised Develop a thorough inventory of land tenure and property titles for the growth areas identified, developing in detail the land ownership maps prepared at Step 2.

B

Establishing frameworks for securing land Identify the mechanisms available or required to enable the swift transfer of land from private owners to city government.

C

Tools for negotiation Develop a scheme to guide negotiation and, where necessary, compensation to secure rights of way. With a change in use from rural to urban it is often possible to demonstrate capture value of land that can facilitate voluntary transfer.

D

Tools for compensation Identify and secure streams of funding for cases where compensation is required. This activity details the use of mechanisms such tax credits or building height transfer as well as standard forms of compensation.

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

A Identifying land ownership

B Establishing frameworks for securing land

C Tools for negotiation

D Tools for compensation

£$€

A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

OUTCOMES

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06

STEP

PLANNING YOUR NEIGHBOURHOODS

The most popular and successful cities in the world contain consistent features to the way they are structured – which have ensured they are resilient and adaptable to change. Step 6 helps you to apply these principles to the ‘bare bones’ framework you structured for each of the walkable neighbourhoods identified.

Brief summaries of each activity are indicated below.

ACTIVITIES A

Breaking up the quarters into blocks Split the quarters within each neighbourhood into a series of interconnected secondary and tertiary streets, drawing a series of rectangular urban blocks of 40 to 150 m in size.

B

Producing a key fixes plan This simple regulatory plan indicates the primary streets and civic amenities (schools, markets, public spaces) alongside the green network that will be protected from development.

C

Drawing up a transport plan This plan identifies the primary and secondary strets and any necessary bridges or other pieces of infrastructure – it could indicate proposed bus routes and stops and main interchanges.

D

Making a density/ building heights plan This plan shows the distribution of densities for each walkable neighbourhood and potentially for each block. This will show how density and building heights will increase towards the urban centres.

E

Producing a phasing plan This plan identifies which portions of the neighbourhood might be developed quickly – perhaps around existing or proposed infrastructure and utilities.

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

A Breaking up the quarters into blocks

B Producing a key fixes plan

C Drawing up a transport plan

D Making a density/ building heights plan

E Producing a phasing plan

A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

OUTCOMES

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PLANNING FOR RAPID URBANISATION CITIES TAKING STEPS TO PLAN

MAPPING THE EXISTING CITY

Kingston, Jamaica Mapping the existing city.

(Step 2)

STRUCTURING THE GROWTH AREAS INTO NEIGHBOURHOODS

Valledupar, Colombia IdentiямБcation of commune boundaries in expansion area over the next 30 years.

(Step 4) 26

Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

Bo, Sierra Leone Participants working through the process of identifying areas for new urban growth.

(Step 3)

IDENTIFYING AREAS FOR NEW URBAN GROWTH

DEFINING THE VISION FOR A GROWING CITY

PLANNING NEW NEIGHBOURHOODS

Muscat, Oman Imagery developed to convey an urban expansion based on a clear vision.

(Step 1)

Libreville, Gabon The Akanda urban extension deďŹ nes a hierarchy of walkable neighbourhoods.

(Step 6)

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CONCLUSION

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation

The expectation that over two thirds of the world’s population will be living in urban areas by 2050 is truly staggering.

On current projections, towns and cities will need to accommodate one million people around the globe, every week, for at least the next 20 years or more.

That’s equivalent to building a city the size of Birmingham in the UK, Freetown in Sierra Leone or Auckland in New Zealand – every week.

In the space of little more than one generation, we may therefore effectively have doubled the planet’s urban footprint and landscape. If we continue to build globally in the way we have over the last twenty years, with declining densities and disregarding the impact on the natural environment, we will inevitably miss any chance we have of delivering the targets set out in the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.

The urban development we shape right now presents an unprecedented but time-limited opportunity. Concerted action is therefore required to ensure that the future for our towns and cities across the world, of whatever size, is sustainable and successful.

This workbook is part of an initiative to provide practical resources to help built environment professionals, local government officials and the communities they serve to prepare and plan for rapid urbanisation in their own towns and cities.

Following a 6-step process, a series of linked but standalone workbooks have been developed to provide a toolkit that guides users through the critical steps necessary to plan for sustainable growth.

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HELPING TO HIT THE TARGETS

With more than 80% of global GDP generated in cities, urbanisation can contribute to sustainable growth if managed well by increasing productivity, allowing innovation and new ideas to emerge.

The World Bank

DOCUMENT DESIGN AND ADVICE The design of this Toolkit document has been provided by Allies and Morrison. To learn more about their work, visit alliesandmorrison.com A TOOLKIT FOR MAYORS AND URBAN PRACTITIONERS: OVERVIEW

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FOR MORE INFORMATION contact Jeremy Cross, International Network Manager at The Prince’s Foundation Jeremy.Cross@princes-foundation.org

https://princes-foundation.org/

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Planning for Rapid Urbanisation