Primary Geography Pupil Book 6 Issues Stephen Scoffham | Colin Bridge
Planet Earth
Water
Weather
Settlements
Work and Travel
Environment
Places
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Restless Earth Earthquakes and volcanoes Creating landscapes Rocks and soils in the UK
2-3 4-5 6-7
Drinking water Water, water everywhere Water supplies Conserving water
8-9 10-11 12-13
Local weather The right conditions Micro-climates Influencing the weather
14-15 16-17 18-19
Planning issues Reasons for development Old sites, new uses Planning game
20-21 22-23 24-25
Transport Travelling further, travelling faster Transport problems Hidden costs
26-27 28-29 30-31
Conservation Threatened wildlife Antarctica Conservation projects
32-33 34-35 36-37
England Europe South America Asia
38-43 44-49 50-55 56-61
Glossary
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Index
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Unit
1 Restless Earth
Lesson 1: Earthquakes and volcanoes What do we know about the Earth’s crust? The ground beneath our feet seems rm and solid, yet every so often earthquakes and volcanoes make it shake and crack. Earthquakes and volcanoes happen suddenly, other Earth movements happen very ▼ Earthquakes are measured by a seismograph. The graph shows how much the Earth moved during an earthquake on a Paci c island.
gradually. Sometimes fossil sea shells are found in the rocks in high mountains. This proves to scientists that these rocks were once on the seabed.
Discussion What clues show that some mountains are made of rocks that were once under the sea? What are the three sections that make up the Earth? Why might volcanoes be found in lines or groups? ▼ The layers of rock on these cliffs were twisted and bent when the land was pushed up out of the sea by Earth movements.
Key words crust earthquake fossil
mantle seismograph volcano
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Unit 1 • Restless Earth
Data Bank • Between 50 and 70 volcanoes erupt each year – about one a week. • Three-quarters of the world’s volcanoes are in the ‘ring of re’ around the Paci c Ocean. • More than half the energy used in Iceland comes from hot rocks under the ground.
▲ Earthquakes happen when two parts of the crust move apart or grind together. This photograph shows the San Andreas fault in California, USA, which stretches for hundreds of kilometres.
The Earth is made up of three different sections. The surface, or crust, is between six and 40 kilometres thick. It consists of solid rock. Beneath the crust is a section called the mantle. Parts of the mantle are so hot that the rocks have melted and ow like a sticky liquid. The core of the Earth is an even hotter ball of iron and nickel.
Mapwork Working from an atlas or the internet, name six famous volcanoes. Add information about the date when they erupted and the country where they are found. ▲ When a volcano erupts, hot rocks and gases are forced to the surface. If the lava continues to ow for hundreds of years, high mountains, like Mount Ngauruhoe in New Zealand, can be built up.
Investigation Make up a diagram to show hot rocks coming to the surface in a volcano. 3
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Unit 4 • Planning issues
Key words county council leisure facilities planning inspector public enquiry redevelopment
Lesson 2: Old sites, new uses How can old sites be redeveloped? At one time 25,000 people used to work at the Rover car factory at Cowley in Oxford. However, the demand for Rover cars began to fall in the 1980s and the company was sold to BMW. This raised the question of what to do next. Local people, the car company, the
city council and the county council were all involved in the discussions. There were regular reports in the local newspapers. Three main plans were considered. Eventually there was a public enquiry where everybody who was interested could give their opinion.
Have your say on the future of Cowley
Planning inspector hears different points of view
Public enquiry into new plans
Rover factory to close
▲ Workers on their way home from the Rover factory in the 1950s.
Houses or shops for old car factory site?
Job losses at Cowley
Plan
Advantage
Disadvantage
Keep the existing factory open
Preserves jobs and keeps the factory in use
Old factory difficult to modernise and expensive to run
Close the factory and redevelop the land for housing
Helps to provide homes for the people of Oxford
Factory workers would lose their jobs
Use the land for a mixed development of offices, shops, new factories and a hotel
Creates over 4000 new jobs and provides shops for local people
Fails to create any new houses or leisure facilities
Discussion Why did the Rover factory close? What were the new plans? Do you think anything was missing from these plans? 22
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Unit 4 • Planning issues
▲ Land for sale and let at the Cowley site.
▲ New offices. Quorum research centre
Oxford Parkway Court offices
Ox
for
db
yp
Key Hotel and offices Building land Shopping centre Car factory Roads Trees
as
s hotel
supermarket site
shopping centres
car factory
▲ New car factory.
Data Bank In the end, it was agreed that the mixed development was the best option. This suited the company as they could make money from selling the site, it provided a hotel for tourists and improved the environment. Above all, it benefited local people by creating work and improving shopping facilities.
• Town planning dates back to Roman times. • Land which has been built on before is known as a brownfield site. • Land very rarely goes back to being countryside once it has been developed.
Investigation Write sentences explaining (a) why the site needed to be redeveloped, (b) the different plans suggested, and (c) why the mixed development seemed best.
Mapwork Imagine your school has moved to a new site and is to be redeveloped. Devise a plan of your ideas for the site. 23
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Unit
6
Conservation
Lesson 1: Threatened wildlife
Key words endangered extinct mahogany pesticides teak
Why are many plants and animals endangered? All over the world wildlife is being threatened by people. Some animals are killed by accident because of pollution. Others are hunted for food or for their skins. The most serious threat comes from changes in the landscape. As cities grow larger and more land is cleared for farming, there is less space left for animals and plants.
Discussion What is the most serious threat to wildlife? How many plants and animals might be left 50 years from now? Does it matter if a plant or animal becomes extinct?
In some countries, tigers are worth more dead than alive because their bones are used to make medicines.
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Unit 6 • Conservation There are probably about 30 million different plants and animals in the world today. Scientists fear that half the world’s wildlife could disappear in the next 50 years. Tigers, elephants, bears, whales, crocodiles and turtles are all endangered. So too are many types of tree, ower, sh and insect. Different plants and animals are an essential part of the world in which we live. Many medicines are obtained from plants. We eat fruit and vegetables which once grew wild. However, large numbers of plants and animals could become extinct before we can learn anything about them.
▼ The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and other groups are trying to save animals and plants from extinction.
Whales Hunted for meat and oil.
Butterflies Numbers declining as their habitat is destroyed.
Rhinos Killed for their horns.
Data Bank • Life rst evolved on Earth around 3000 million years ago. • The rst sh evolved around 440 million years ago. • Humans have lived on the Earth for the past 4 million years.
Investigation Find out more about one threatened plant or creature. Write a short report and add pictures.
Mapwork Draw small pictures of endangered animals such as tigers and turtles. Pin them on a large world map as a class display.
Eagles Poisoned by pesticides.
Orchids Dug up for house plants.
Mahogany and teak Trees cut down to make furniture.
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