Mind's Eye Prep 2017

P E R P

2017

Bully Victims

Mus t No t S u

f fe r i n

Silence

Global Warming

The Futility o f t h eVietna

War

Ho w

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Toll

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What i ve G u o Y d l Wo u for

World ? e c a e P

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E ditorial I am delighted to introduce the first-ever Mind’s Eye Prep, a unique publication celebrating the interests and writing talent of pupils at prep schools connected with The King’s School, Canterbury. When I made an appeal for articles back in the Autumn, the brief was simple: ask your pupils to share their engagement with the ‘real world’, whether that be concern for the environment, an obsession with the work of a particular artist or a desire to explain an obscure hobby. I was astonished by the range of subject matter this appeal unearthed, and by the passion and expertise shown in the writing. I am hugely grateful to everyone who spent so much time and energy to contribute, and must say how difficult it was to reduce the huge pile of articles to a manageable number that would produce a balanced publication. Sadly some excellent ideas and wonderful writing had to be excluded, either to avoid repetition of material or because of technical difficulties presenting the material visually. But I hope nevertheless the selection that follows fairly expresses the lively minds and sensitive hearts of the magazine’s pioneering contributors, who belie their youth with their worldly knowledge, mature reflections and precocious powers of expression. It has been a privilege to read their work. Huge thanks are owed by Mind’s Eye Prep not only to its first contributors but also to the Heads of English who shared the idea with their colleagues in the first place, and to the teachers who then inspired their pupils to have a go. I am also massively grateful to David Hopkins, Graham Sinclair and Peter Roberts at King’s, who were kind enough to back the project with enthusiasm and to give great advice. I hope this is just the first of many such annual celebrations of young writing and that, like its senior partner now in its seventh year at King’s, this Mind’s Eye for prep schools goes from strength to strength.

Anthony Lyons The King’s School Canterbury

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A Cause to Die For

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s t n onte

Alice Roberts asks what you would be willing to give for the greater good

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A Dangerous Game

Ivan Borovyk explores the dangers and delights of gaming

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Made to Order

Natalya Hoare wonders what genetic engineering is for

18 Your Future Career Ricardo Garcia gives advice about how to become a YouTuber

19 Cast Your Vote Belle Stephenson traces recent developments in ethnic casting

21 | Never Let Me Go Freddie Holland laments the persistent poaching of rhinos

24 Turn Up the Light Ethan Beckett tells us what lies behind the magic of the Aurora Borealis

26 A Good Read Lexi Hudson celebrates Out of the Ashes by Michael Morpurgo

27 Stop Ivory Trade Now! Theo Outram enlists your help to save the few elephants left

30 Are You Barking Mad? Rebecca Hutchings says when you train dogs shouting is out of order

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32 Losing Nemo Harry Lumsden shows us how films are fatal to fish

33 Go Girls Antonia Wilkes reports a lack of reporting in women’s sport

36 Get a Life!

Cameron Dymond tells us to dump the mundane and live our lives

43 Skellig Robert Adams celebrates survival in a remote place

44 Into Darkness Edward Clayson welcomes us into the darkest parts of space

46 Star Trekking James Willimont lines up the

38 A New Find Breseya Clark discovers a rare black dormouse

39 Fair Play Timothy Hill suggests blue for boys and their toys is backward thinking

40 Food for Thought Charlote Rudd says there are starving children right on our doorstep

options for speedy space travel

48 Another World Alexander Timans wonders what to do on a date with aliens

50 Escape from Finland Poppy Brookes retells a tale of escape told by her grandfather

52 Tick Tick Tom Burge explains why North Korea is about to explode

79 Think Again Orla Reid looks at how, finally, the world is warming to disability

82 Proud to be Different Isobel Brown suggests those with disease or disability should be proud

84 You Are Not Alone Jed Vine says victims of bullying should never suffer in silence

86 Practice Makes Perfect Jonathan Bickersteth says the key to success is 80 minutes a day for 20 years

55 A Pointless War Freddie Bond shows why The Vietnam War was a wicked waste

58 The Fantasy Village

66 A Bad Break

88 Like!

Rosie Harris draws our attention to the threat of an icy rift

Oliver Hector looks at the pros and cons of social media

70 The Kyoto Protocol

90 Out of India

Rohan Nightingale suggests the agreement was not worth the paper…

Jiya Popat shares her love of Indian Fashion

72 Out of the Deep

94 A Soccer Legend

Gabriel Glinsman celebrates the discovery of weird new species

Max Estall explains why Edson Arantes do Nascimento cannot be surpassed

74 Time to Act

95 Where is Utopia?

George Sage gives us advice about how to save the planet

Louis Badoy argues the only way ahead is to escape from human nature

76 Self-Preservation

99 The Good Parent Guide

Ben Falcon explains how tourism is helping preserve the endangered gorilla

Emmeline Liddle has all the answers because it’s surprisingly simple

Uliana Yudintseva shares her vision of a child’s Paradise on Earth

59 The Jump Ollie Trill recommends some cool celebrity viewing

62 A Lost World Joris Remijn explains why Global Warming is perilously real

64 Bad Taste Atlanta Anley accuses farming of damaging our fragile Earth

102 Contributors The names of contributors and the schools they attend

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A cause to

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The Suffragettes were prepared to die for their cause and came out winners

A major in the British Army, my father fought in places around the world to protect civilian lives and he died in Afghanistan

W ALICE ROBERTS asks if you would be willing to sacrifice yourself for the greater good

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My life really would be different if human beings could love each other

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hat makes you angry? Would you put your life in danger for something that could change the world? For thousands of years there have been riots and rebellions producing martyrs. Think of The French Revolution and The Peasants’ Revolt.

But do people in the modern world have such courage? Are we falling for the propaganda, or do we just not care?

Major Alexis Mat thew Roberts w as in Afghanistan on 4 October 20 killed 07

front of a racing horse, perhaps to prove a point about the ‘weaker sex’. Five years later, after her death and further In the early 1900s a group of women campaigning, women gained the vote fought for the vote. The leader of these in Britain. In 1918, any woman over the Suffragettes was Emmeline Pankhurst, age of 30 who owned a property could vote in the elections and, a militant with such a by 1928, all women finally strong belief in gender I like to think there gained the same voting equality she was is something for rights as men. willing to face violence. which I would give When this movement my life, and that is The Suffragettes were for the female vote prepared to die for their began in 1897 it was World Peace cause and came out relatively peaceful, winners. But in the modern but Pankhurst and her daughters decided on a more age, when all of our necessities are dramatic policy. This is not surprising: met, can there still be a fire within us when Christabel Pankhurst and Annie to stand up for what we believe? Or are Kenney interrupted a political meeting we just too selfish to sacrifice ourselves between Winston Churchill and Sir for the greater good?

Edward Grey in Manchester, and they asked the Liberal politicians whether Despite the luxury of life in modern women should have the vote, neither Britain, I like to think there is something for which I would give my life, and that is man had the courtesy to answer.

World Peace. I know everyone says that, These amazing women displayed true but my life really would be different if fearlessness in their campaign. They human beings could love each other. had a goal to achieve on behalf of A major in the British Army, my father women all over Britain. However, their fought in many places around the success came at a cost. In the Derby of world to protect civilian lives ruined by 1913, Emily Davison threw herself in war. In Afghanistan he died.

I am proud of him and always will be, but a part of me cannot understand why some people can be so cruel to others because of an insignificant difference, such as gender or religion. I don’t wish for the suffering of anyone, even those responsible for my dad’s death, but I would do anything if we could love each other on this fantastic planet. We are responsible for everything that happens on Earth.

We may be only human, but we must learn to appreciate the differences that define us and not use them as an excuse to slaughter one another.

Women’s rights campaign er and Suffragette Emily Davison’ s funeral pro cession

The most important cause to fight for, in my opinion, is World Peace. We must love our fellow humans, whether Hindu, Jewish, Christian or Sikh. We’ve only got each other, because there really is no referee to oversee the matches played out between countries. Let’s look after the world and everyone who lives here.

That’s all I ask.

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We’ve only got each other; there is no referee to oversee the matches played out between countries

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We must appreciate the differences that define us, not use them as an excuse to slaughter one another

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ideo games can be a good way to relax. This is especially true when you consider the quality of graphics available, as well as the introduction of new technology, such as virtual reality. However, the general perception of video games is usually negative. While some believe gaming is merely a childish activity, others consider it a waste of time.

They say too much of anything can be bad for you. So, playing your favourite game excessively with no breaks may be detrimental to your health. In fact, this proved true at an internet café in Taiwan. On 1 January 2015, an eighteenyear-old man died from a blood clot that formed in his leg after a five-day gaming binge. Supposedly this was a direct result of sitting in one position for too long. Two weeks later, The Taipei Times reported another gaming death.

This time a 38-year-old man, who had been playing over a three-day period, died from cardiac failure, although it took several hours for anyone to notice that he was dead because ‘when tired, he would sleep face-down on the (gaming) table or doze off in his chair.’

Although these appear to be rare and extreme cases, several other incidents are recorded. Most of these have occurred in Asia, where gaming is often taken to extremes.

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Computer games have come under attack because many revolve around shooting other players. This is considered to normalise violence, which can lead to aggressive behaviour in real life. In several infamous cases, reported in the media, evidence has linked murder victims to the perpetrator’s excessive predilection for bloodthirsty video games. One tragic example happened on 20 October 2007, when a sixteen-year-old boy, living in Ohio, retrieved the key to his father’s safe, which contained his ‘Halo 3’ game. The game had been confiscated by his father earlier. Unfortunately, the safe also contained his father’s gun,

which the teenager, Daniel Petric, used to shoot both his parents. Perhaps significantly both were ‘head shots’ and, although Daniel’s mother died instantly, his father actually survived to testify in court. Despite his father advocating leniency, Daniel was given a life sentence with parole only available after twenty-three years.

Video games do have age restrictions but survey evidence reveals this seldom stops parents buying them for their underage children. It is also known that video games can be addictive.

In the Role-Playing Game (RPG) the player has to create a character. It is

easy to become addicted to this sort of game because the brain readily accepts ownership of the character it has created. Addiction to games can mean that both children and adults sacrifice precious waking and sleeping hours so there can be a deterioration in homework or productivity in the workplace. Addicts can also spend excessive amounts of money on games and equipment.

A further problem with video games is that most of the time games are played with bad posture. Slumped over screens, gamers often complain of back pains or pins and needles as a result of poor circulation. Playing too many video games also means less time for

exercise. This can lead to players becoming overweight, which can contribute to obesity and heart disease. Many players play their games in complete darkness and this can be harmful to the eyes.

However, while all those negative points are true, there are also some positives. A study had some people play Super Mario 64 for thirty minutes every day over two months. It then saw an increased amount of grey matter in areas of the brain associated with memory and strategic planning.

Games can be used in the education of pupils. Most children see a ‘game’ as an incentive, helping to raise levels of interest and encouraging concentration on the subject.

Just imagine seeing history unfold through the Battle of Bosworth, using virtual reality to recreate the battle rather than reading a plain textbook in a dull classroom. Another study found that gaming could help dyslexic children. It was discovered that those who played video games were able to read more quickly and more accurately than those who didn’t.

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Slumped over screens, gamers often complain of back pains or pins and needles as a result of poor circulation

Games can be used in the education of pupils: most children see a ‘game’ as an incentive, helping to raise interest and concentration

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Some video games are designed specifically for the elderly to stimulate their brains and slow brain-ageing by up to seven years. This works because the games are cognitively complex and require mental exertion. Playing certain video games can also improve problem-solving abilities.

For example, many video games contain some form of currency and this can improve money-management skills.

Meanwhile, it is well known that hand-eye co-ordination is also improved when playing some video games.

The video gaming world has pushed the boundaries of new technology and this has spilled over into the fields of science and medicine. For example, some surgery is now  Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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performed using devices controlled by remotely controlled tools. This requires a very similar skills-set to video gaming.

Evidence is emerging that surgeons who have video game experience show faster completion times and fewer errors when performing surgery.

Although shooting games can be violent, even they have shown positive side-effects. Game players show increased attention to detail that can improve eyesight. Shooting games also improve object-tracking ability, since gamers are often able to track around five to seven objects at once, while non-players can only track three or four.

Perhaps the key point about gaming is that it is fun. There is no better feeling than moving on to the next level, or when you have managed an amazing ‘killstreak’. Such moments can lift your mood and sense of self-worth.

Of course, these skills are of no benefit if you only sit inside playing video games. But I believe that if you play for a controlled amount of time and follow the age restrictions, you can have hours of fun and glean real benefits – without damaging your physical or mental health. 14

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n 2016 the first baby with DNA from three biological parents was born.

The mother had already lost two children, one aged six and one aged only eight months, to a disease that she was carrying called Leigh Syndrome. So when she fell pregnant again doctors removed the gene that carried the disease from her next embryo, while it was inside a test tube, and put the embryo back in the mother. The baby was born healthy. But this miraculous procedure is banned in the US. Why? In this case, the procedure was used for a good cause because the poor mother had already lost two children, but then we have to ask where we draw the line.

What should the law say? There is a fine line between removing genes because of disease and removing genes because you want your child to be sporty, for example. If the removal of genes is allowed without restrictions we will be able to practically design a child’s personality and future before they are even born. We have now managed to take out a gene. What if we could add one or replace some with others? When The Guardian newspaper reported the birth above, it used the term ‘Designer Babies’. We are getting closer to the line that separates us from robots. If you can almost make a human with genes that could make them a pop star then you might as well use a robot.

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If the removal of genes is allowed without restrictions we will be able to practically design a child’s personality and future before they are even born

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There is a fine line between removing genes because of disease and removing genes because you want your child to be sporty

Of course such procedures come with a high price tag, which will force an even greater divide between rich and poor.

If rich people decide to make their children clever or musical or athletic then poor people, or just the people who think such procedures wrong, won’t be able to be famous singers or famous athletes or have jobs like finance officers or bankers because they will be taken by people who were literally made for the job. Such people will become very powerful very quickly and others won’t be able to cope with their demands.

Where could this lead? Just imagine having a child naturally without this

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WOULD YOU TAKE THE OPPORTUNITY TO YOUR CHILD INTO A SUPER-BRAIN OR A TURN WORLDCLASS ATHLETE?

new surgery and having to explain that they won’t be able to be a famous footballer because they weren’t made that way.

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We have now managed to take out a gene. What if we could add one or replace some with others?

So why don’t we pass a law in England stopping all this? Well, in situations like the one I mentioned at the beginning, it is the right thing to do and it may perhaps in the end lead to a cure for cancer. But sadly we can’t guarantee that it will only be used for humanitarian purposes. In the world we live in, even putting a law in place won’t stop it. Let’s face it, someone is going to do it illegally, even if a law is passed, and is going to create a child for some sort of amazing job that will earn them money. It’s inevitable.

Another matter, of course, is sport. Take the Olympic Games, for example. We already have a problem with drugs but how could we compete with these Super Humans who are cheating just by being born? How can we monitor who has had the surgery and who hasn’t? At some point it is going to get out of control.

Now all of this seems very far off into the future but do you really want your children’s children’s children to be designed on some sort of spreadsheet? It’s scary what we can do and what we could do. If you were given the choice, to have the process carried out or not, would you say yes or no? What is right and what is wrong? Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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Welcome to your YouTube career, says RICARDO GARCIA

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o you enjoy capturing on camera moments of your time? Do you like showing your videos to your friends? Well, if you said yes to both have you considered becoming a YouTuber?

While technology grows, more people like watching online what others are doing. They may require a personal service or do it just for fun: we’ve all watched silly videos of cats. Many people watch others for entertainment and the people who make these entertaining videos have a lot of fun in the process, and even make a little profit. PewDiePie, the world’s leading YouTuber, earned $12 million in 2015.

YouTubing operates on various tiers and money is earned with every view your videos earn as long as you support Google Ads. Many people believe that money is made through subscribers but it is not. Subscribers mean that more people are notified that you have released your latest videos and so watch them, boosting your views, but this doesn’t mean subscribers are pointless because they are your 18

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milestones while your channel grows.

There are four milestones, which may seem distant at first but will eventually get closer and closer. Reaching the next level is always satisying. The first is the silver milestone, awarded when you reach 100,000 subscribers, and you get a free silver ‘play button’ trophy for your studio. Next is the gold play button at 1,000,000 subscribers. After that is the diamond play button with 10,000,000 subscribers and, finally, there is the ruby ‘custom trophy’, with 50,000,000 subscribers, which you can request in any shape you like. With the average YouTuber and the average number of views and subscribers, you could earn an average salary of £36,920 if you spend the average weekly working time, 46 hours, making videos.

If you wish to become a YouTuber, you will need to create an account. Look on the top right hand corner of the YouTube page where it says Sign In. The next step is to connect your social media accounts to YouTube and post what you are up to, expressing your unique personality. You should then vlog (video-blog) regularly to show

Top ten YouTubing industries: 1. Personal Service (tutorials) 2. Arts & Entertainment 3. Sport & Recreation 4. Libraries 5. Membership Organisations 6. Office Admin 7. Health 8. Publishing 9. Broadcasting 10. Film & Music

your viewers who you are. Make sure you look out for current and on-coming trends so that your vlogs are up to date and interesting. The most common types of vlogs are just people talking as if having a conversation with the viewer.

However, you could do interviews, tours, pranks or documentaries. There is some sort of vlog for everyone.

Finally choose an industry on which your channel can be built.

Now that you know what to do, begin your journey and have fun on YouTube.

t s Ca your

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Belle Stephenson ASKS IF BLACK, ASIAN AND MINORITY ETHNIC CASTING IS FINALLY TAKING A STEP IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION Noma Dumezweni as Hermione Granger (Photo: PA)

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ecently the world was surprised to find out that the role of Hermione in the new Harry Potter stage play, The Cursed Child, was to be played by a black actress, Noma Dumezweni. Although a lot of the immediate response was sadly negative, many people were hugely supportive of the controversial

casting decision and J K Rowling herself came out to say that, since Hermione’s race was never actually specified in the book, Dumezweni was cast purely because of her acting ability.

major characters were played by black and Hispanic actors, often all it takes is for people making decisions to approach choices with a more open mind. This also poses the question,

This is one of a few huge steps to show racial diversity in our media, but why is our media so un-diverse to start with?

Some people might say it’s the stories we tell and that those being given opportunities behind the scenes tend also to be white. But as we have seen with the recent casting of Hermione and in the remake of the much-loved musical, Annie, where many of the

are people casting white actors just because that’s all they know?

I’m offended by the casting of #CURSEDCHILD hermione is a white character. we may not make poc characters white so white should not be poc. Michelle

TWEETS

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Obviously we have taken some steps forward in the past few years, but more need to be taken to make sure that, unless for some reason race is specified, the casting should be open.

love the hermione casting! unless there is a plot need for a character to be a certain ethnicity, it should be open. snowy jingle bells

it is not about racism. It is just about consistency of the movie. How come you cannot find even a good white actress? Dan

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A RANGER GUARDS THE HE RD AGAINST POACHERS

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hinos are hunted for their horns at a rate of three a day, so if poaching continues rhinos could disappear for good. Do you want them to leave the planet forever?

Is it really that bad? Yes. And the worst part is that the horns are mistakenly believed to be a cure for disease. They are not. Rhino horn can be priced on the black market at up to $14 million but most is $60,000 per kilo. Within 20 years of poaching the rhino population in the wild could become zero. One species (the western black rhino) has already met its end, with the other five species close behind. Half of the ranger deaths are caused by poachers and if a poacher is caught he is fined only $14,000 with no prison.

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So how do we tackle the problem?

One clever way of preventing rhino poaching is to take advantage of the rhino’s weakness. They are colour blind so the rangers are tranquilising rhinos and have just two minutes to find the rhino and inject its horn with a pink poison that doesn’t harm the rhino. That way the horn is of no value.

However, poachers are learning ways to bleach out the colour but the poison is still there and could make the buyer very sick since the horns are made into soup. The horn is keratin, the same as our finger nails and hair. Imagine eating fingernail and hair soup. Even if a syndicate can’t bleach out the horn they will shoot the rhino anyway so they don’t have to spend time tracking it again.

But there is hope. Even with the looming death of the rhino population you could still make a difference. One of the leading rhino projects is in Botswana where they are taking rhinos in areas of high poaching and moving them to a secret location in Botswana with low poaching rates. They also have one and a half times more rangers than average areas, increased security and are working with vets to safely dehorn, microchip and monitor levels of activity.

You can also help by donating or raising money. It is the last chance to help so please do something. Every penny counts. Visit www.savetherhino.org to learn more.

What can i do? 

Donate to ‘Save the Rhino’

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Fundraise: get your friends and family involved

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Raise awareness



Volunteer

A VET SITS W ANAESTHETIC ITH A RHINO CALF U ND AFTER DE-HO RNING PROCE ER DURE

E INTO TH ROCHIP HORN IC M A G D INSERTIN SAFELY-REMOVE A F O E BAS

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nde o w is?’ l a e Bor a r Auro e h is t t T a ‘Wh CKET E B N ETHA

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ome people still believe the Aurora Borealis is a myth, and that pictures you find online are fake, but many maintain it is caused by light pollution, electrically charged particles or even magnetic energy being radiated off the moon.

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light

The most popular theory is that the Northern Lights (‘Boreas’ means ‘God of the North Wind’ in Greek) are electrically charged particles that arise from the sun and become luminous when they strike through the earth’s atmosphere, giving off a range of coloured lights. Such Auroral displays appear in many colours although pale green and pink are the most common.

Shades of red, yellow, green, blue and violet have also been reported.

Another theory is that they are gaseous particles caused by pollution from the Earth, mostly, but with some natural gases involved. This theory also includes the thought of electrically charged particles colliding with carbon dioxide molecules, and also with sulphur dioxide and other toxic or otherwise harmful gases.

Red lights are the rarest, and are due to very high-altitude oxygen or other gaseous particles. These gases must be around 300 miles up in the atmosphere. The reason they are such vibrant colours is because the gases at this level are less concentrated and the particles are more ‘excited’, which means they are resonating at a higher frequency than particles that have travelled a large distance to reach the ground.

Yellow and pink especially are seen more commonly because they are due to high solar activity, which is a much more common phenomenon than 300-mile-high oxygen. These are only due to red, green or blue lights fusing together.

Green is the most common of the colours, since most solar particles typically collide with our atmosphere at an altitude of around 60 to 150 miles, where there are high concentrations of oxygen. When the oxygen is ‘excited’ at these altitudes it causes the Aurora to appear in shades of green. Coupled with the eye’s greater ability to detect green in the spectrum, this makes it the most prominent and frequent Auroral colour.

Blue and purple lights are seen occasionally but they are not as common since conditions have to be perfect for these to show.

These colours also rely on high solar activity, and the gaseous particles that collide with the electrically charged luminous particles must be at an altitude of around 60 miles.  Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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At this height, it is not oxygen or carbon dioxide that is reacting but nitrogen particles.

Usually these Auroral displays have multiple colours. If there is a display of red and yellow, which is uncommon, the yellow light will appear to be below the red because oxygen needs to be lower than red lights. They would go in corresponding order to the paragraphs above, but of course you would not see a display of red and blue lights.

Some worry that blue and purple lights, and other low-lying colours, will not be seen in the near future because of rising pollution, which makes the atmosphere the sun’s particles have to pass through more dense. But I really hope the lower-lying colours of the Northern Lights survive because, in combination with the others, they create a magnificent spectacle.

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The atmosphere decides the colours of the lights on any one night. The luminous particles from the sun have to travel through the atmosphere so, depending on the state of the atmosphere, different coloured lights will appear.

Some worry that low-lying colours will not be seen in the near future because of rising pollution

er lamb, a girl and h ire f o ry ia d Follow the n a farm in Devonsh o Josh, living

A GOOD READ LEXI HUDSON tells us why Michael Morpurgo’s Out of the Ashes is such a good read fter many years of excellent writing, Michael Morpurgo continues to stun us with his skill. His new release, Out of the Ashes, is a joyful but depressing book about people in times of trouble.

family of animals. One of these animals is close to her heart – her own little lamb she names Josh. Her life seems perfect but her world caves in when foot and mouth engulfs her local area. Finally everyone falls silent as the angels of death dressed in white overalls leave the town in a state of anger and depression. Everything may recover one day but the bad memories will never fade.

We take a journey based on a young girl’s diary that tells the story, set in Devonshire, of the Foot and Mouth epidemic of 2001. The girl is living happily on her parents’ farm with her

Morpurgo makes you want to cry out of sympathy for the family. I recommend this book because of its sophisticated use of language to describe the family’s experiences of joy and despair.

A

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STOP IVORY TRADE

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bout one hundred elephants die every day, poached for their tusks. This is the only part of the huge body the poachers want. When dead, these defenceless animals are then left to rot. This is happening right now. And it must stop.

In America, 1kg of ivory is worth $18,000. The average elephant tusk weighs 70 kg, which means just one can fetch up to $1,260,000. Asia has a larger demand for ivory than any other continent. This is partly because ivory features in ancient medicines people believe still work today. Also, like the United States of America, they use elephant tusks to carve elaborate sculptures that sell to the highest bidder. This is illegal, but some people will do anything for money.

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In 1976 there were more than 22,000 elephants in the Garamba National Park in Africa. Now, 41 years on, there are just 3000. Elephant numbers have dropped by 95% in four decades. The Garamba Park now employs rangers to protect the wild elephants and guard the borders. But the guards, who generally stop any poachers entering the National Park, are so poor they will often accept bribes to allow illegal hunting.

The worst elephant slaughter of all time happened near the town of Gamba in Chad, on 14 March 2013, when a herd of 41 males, 33 pregnant females and fifteen calves were killed by poachers.

Two more attacks in 2012 ended in 28 dead elephants and five dead poachers.

The Sudanese military were blamed for the attack.

Some of the poachers who kill elephants do so to feed their families.

Others are forced into it, but all do it for money, because they know that there is still demand for ivory in many countries around the world. So how do poachers get over the border into certain countries where elephant poaching and the ivory trade is illegal? Well, that problem is with border control. Not every container gets searched, because it has to be put through a giant and very expensive X-ray machine. The poachers do take a gamble when smuggling tusks but are rarely caught.

A team of scientists once set up a camp in Africa to study a herd. This meant placing trackers on some of the stronger elephants to monitor their movement on GPS. Less than a couple of days into the experiment, the herd

was attacked by poachers and many of the elephants died. The team collected the tracker collars and hung them up in the camp. Days later an elephant came into the camp, went up to the trackers and tried to make off with one. The scientists realised that the mournful visitor could smell on the collars the dead members of its herd.

Some governments are doing what they can to help but it’s not enough. If you want to help you can donate now at www.savetheelephants.org

www.savetheelephants.org www.bornfree.org.uk www.tusk.org

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to try and o wh r h rs ple uppe orde nd o e a e p th ss ing get hout stre uma s e by caus l tra a y t a n m me

Are you BARKING

MAD? THAT, S U TELLS SHOUTING s g n Hutchi A CANINE, a c c Rebe TRAINING GOOD N A H T WHEN ORE HARM DOES M

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ow many times have you tried without success to train a dog? How often have you heard someone desperately ordering a beloved pooch to sit, drop a ball, or just lie down?

All too often the strict approach doesn’t seem to work, with many modern experts claiming it actually does more harm than good. However, this was not always the case. A few decades ago, a grey-haired lady by the name of Barbara Woodhouse barked orders with great success.

Barbara Kathleen Vera Woodhouse was born on 9 May 1910, in Rathfarnham, Ireland. She lived in Ireland for the first nine years of her life but, when her father died in 1919, her mother moved the family to Oxford. Woodhouse attended the well-known Headington School and later became the only female student at the Harper Adams Agricultural College in Shropshire. She soon began to demonstrate her love of the outdoors and especially of animals, setting up Headington Riding School and Boarding Kennels and, for three years, training horses in Argentina. She then turned her attention to dogs, breeding them and running kennels.

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Woodhouse’s amazing connection with dogs became obvious in the 1970s and 80s, when millions in Britain and the United States tuned in to watch the BBC’s Training Dogs the Woodhouse Way. Woodhouse insisted that any dog could be trained with the right ‘tone of voice, telepathy and a little bit of loving’. Before long people were training their canine friends the ‘Woodhouse Way’ and using her famous catch phrases, ‘walkies’ and ‘sit’ (making sure, of course, that the ‘t’ was pronounced clearly). Everyone started to think, like Woodhouse, that there were ‘no bad dogs’, only bad owners who failed to understand their pets. Woodhouses’s training of over 20,000 dogs helped her make The Guinness Book of Records, and even Hollywood stars whose dogs she worked with agreed her training methods were excellent.

Were they really excellent, however? Many people have started to question whether her strict technique was right.

Recently, it has been claimed that people who try to get the upper hand over a dog by shouting orders may well cause the animal stress and mental trauma. Dogs trained using

negative reinforcements, such as having their collars pulled, are said to be more likely to shake or whine. Their postures might also be lower.

Research certainly suggests that more positive training methods lead to happier dogs. Dogs who are rewarded when they obediently perform a task, either with edible treats or by being petted or stroked affectionately, often seem to have more healthy relationships with their owners.

It is the dogs trained using positive methods that are seen gazing up at their owners.

It seems quite obvious that all good dog training should be balanced in its approach. No owner should want to pander to a dog so much that it becomes spoilt and therefore disobedient. Owners need to remember that the main goal of training is to reinforce good dog behaviour and discourage bad behaviour.

Some people will adopt and others will ignore Woodhouse’s methods, but all will understand how important it is to manage expectations when training dogs. Not every day will be perfect! And whether you choose to bark or whisper your commands, you will always want to stop your pooch from barking back.

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g n i s o L emo N

FISH E L ONAB IN OUR I H S A YS F EA, NOT A S E S den H s T m u N I y L Harr LD LIVE In 2011 the supermarket chain Walmart was exposed SHOU S E for mistreating fish it was selling as pets. Hundreds M HO

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ave you been to an aquarium and marvelled at the wonderful array of fish? We all have. But do you ever think of the harm being done? 95% of fish kept in a tank are captured from the ocean and 300 million US dollars are spent each year making saltwater fish into pets. Many are then neglected by ignorant owners and quickly perish. It is time people needed a licence to keep exotic fish at home.

of customers complained that fish were dying the minute they were brought home, because Walmart fish tanks were overcrowded, and rare breeds of fish were kept in the same tanks as common breeds.

Petitions were signed and in the end Walmart introduced the ‘Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare’ into their stores, and the mistreatment came to an end.

When the hit film Finding Nemo was released in 2003, Clownfish sales around the world shot up and their local habitats, such as the Great Barrier Reef and South East Asia, saw a rapid decline in their population. The disaster came to be known as ‘The Finding Nemo Effect’.

But Walmart weren’t originally qualified to sell fish and the American government didn’t do anything to stop its neglect. Something like this could easily happen again. If governments in developed countries introduced a specific licence to keep or sell certain breeds of fish, our oceans would once more have a plentiful supply.

Now Finding Dory is doing the same to Blue Tangs. After Finding Nemo marine life institutes took in Blue Tangs to keep them out of harm’s way but they wouldn’t breed in captivity and had to be released back into the ocean, where they were once more captured and sold. Eventually, a university in Florida managed to breed Blue Tangs, but this was the only place that succeeded, and so the capture continued.

A licence could act much like a driving test. A fish retailer would need to show that his or her fish would be sold only to responsible owners, and rare fish only to licence holders. Sellers would than have to care as much about the wellbeing of the fish as about the profits. We must in this way find rather than kill Nemo, and Dory, or the whole world will suffer. 

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Sports journalism itself has one of the lowest percentages of employment among female journalists

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Charlotte Cooper won gold in the tennis singles event on 11 July 1900

T ANTONIA WILKES tells us there is still an alarming lack of women’s sport being reported in the British media

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here has been no increase in the media coverage of women’s sport since 2012, which is strange given the success of sportswomen in a London Olympic Games that made Jessica Ennis-Hill a household name.

This standstill is also despite women’s contribution to the record-breaking haul of 67 medals at the 2016 Rio Olympics, which saw the likes of boxing champion, Nicola Adams, secure her second Olympic gold medal.

to stay healthy. While 39% of men in Britain are thought to be doing enough exercise to maintain a healthy lifestyle, this figure drops to only 29% for women.

The argument usually put forward for the lack of coverage is that no one is There is a huge difference between the interested in women’s sport. But this number of men and of women playing is not born out by social media and TV sport. By every measure, fewer women viewers.

Meanwhile, than men play sport research indicates regularly, a total of two that sports journalism million fewer among the Research conducted into what exactly is itself has one of the 14-to-40 age group. But stopping women lowest percentages of this is not because females employment among turning their sporting do not wish to be physically ambitions into reality female journalists. A active. In fact, 75 per cent found the root cause ‘Women in Journalism’ was fear of judgement say they do want to be study three years ago more active. In most other revealed that only 3% European countries, such a of sport stories in any month were disparity does not exist. Unfortunately, written by women. This is not just a in Britain, millions of women and girls tired issue about diversity, but one appear reluctant to exercise, but the which could have far-reaching effects question remains: what is causing this? on society.

Research conducted into what exactly is stopping women turning their Birmingham University researchers sporting ambitions into reality found believe that so little women’s sport the root cause was fear of judgement. being reported damages public health. Judgement based on appearance, Because women’s sport is so under- ability or how women choose to spend represented in the media, fewer girls time deters women from exercise, and women are doing enough exercise across all age groups.

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is trying to counteract this reluctance. It has actively promoted women in sports to increase participation in the Olympic Games. But it also appreciates that the wellbeing of girls and women is important at all levels of sport, as well as within the different structures surrounding sports. This is consistent with the Olympic Charter, which promotes equality within sport. That is why they have included both genders in these sporting competitions for more than a century.

When the Olympic Games were held in Paris as part of the World’s Fair celebrations in 1900, 997 competitors took part in 19 different sports and women took part for the first time. Although Hélène de Pourtalès became the first female competitor to win a Gold Medal, for sailing, it was an English woman who became the first female Gold Olympic Medal winner to compete in solo competition. Charlotte Cooper won the tennis singles event on 11 July 1900 to lift her Olympic Gold.

So although there has been a significant rise in the participation by women in sports over the course of the last century, evidence suggests that a large disparity remains in many sports. For a nation that has produced so many fantastic female sportswomen, this is a cause for concern. Disparities in equality, found across the globe, must be challenged locally, since such poor attitudes continue to hinder opportunities for girls and women in British sport. Many institutions still have a negative approach to full female participation. For example, it was only on 14 March 2017 that Muirfield Golf Club finally agreed to admit women.

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The media coverage of sportswomen at the 2012 London Olympic Games made Jessica Ennis-Hill a household name

A fixed mindset only perpetuates a conservative attitude that hinders girls and women from achieving their potential. The benefits to physical and mental health have been clearly shown, while full inclusion and support will only lead to further British success in competitive sports in this country and around the world.

75% of females say they do want to be more active

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Ge t a

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e ndan , u m the ittle n o l time live a s s d le t and n e p to s get ou OND t h g o M u We o learn t ERON DY e are in a digital era. We finish an activity and check our and ses CAM phones. Spare time? We game. You may not believe it i adv but all those quick checks of social media, watching

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that extra episode of The Simpsons and having an extra ten minutes in bed mean that in the average lifetime we have just one or two years left over in total to enjoy non-everyday activities. This is very little time to enjoy life properly. It is stunning how much time is spent indoors (85%, including sleeping) and doing things that bring us no real benefits.

To start with there is the everyday, the mundane. I asked some friends and family their estimates of how much time they spend sleeping and eating. The results of my survey were mixed, but the true figure is 25 years sleeping out of the average life of 78.6, and between 3.275 and 3.66, depending on the source, eating. This means for about a third of our time on this planet we do not even have our eyes open, and we spend an hour a day eating.

No one particularly enjoys food shopping. But we still spend a total of eight years of our lives opening our purse or wallet after ploughing up and down the aisles. Other unpopular but mandatory enterprises are washing, cleaning and cooking.

And what about other activities essential in our modern culture? 1.4 years is how long the average American spends in the bathroom, including 92 days going to the toilet. Also, they spend 4 years and 4 months driving cars.

Did you know that women spend one and a half years doing their hair? Mad. Also, many men spend one year staring at women. Insane. But at least men don’t spend one whole year choosing what to wear. Ladies do. What is going on? People also kiss for 14 days and laugh out loud 290,000 times.

Few people can go five minutes without social media. On average, five and a half years are spent staring at various sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Also, 9.1 years are spent staring at a television screen. This equates to a remarkable 70% of waking time staring at all forms of digital media (TV, phone, tablet etc.) and shows just how far we have turned into electricity guzzlers.

Curiously, working doesn’t take up much more time than TV. 10.3 years are spent earning money between the ages of twenty and sixty-five. This means over one eighth of our life is perseverance, dedication and grit, excluding school. Of that 537 weeks, a whole five years goes by sitting at a desk, with a further 24 months sitting in meetings. People also use up seven trees per year, mostly at work. Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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and ve i f , are age ver ears at a On alf y aring such er a h nt st ites Twitt s spe ious ook, m r e va Fac b agra as Inst and

Things have not always been this way.

In the 1950s, some things were quite similar, such as sleeping and eating, but there was an increase in cooking and cleaning time since only 33% of people owned washing machines and there were no microwave ovens or hightemperature cookers. Both of these activities would be typically completed by mothers who didn’t work, or by maids or other workers.

The television was first mass-produced during this post-war decade, but only the wealthiest two-thirds of people owned a set. This meant the average person only had two and a half years’ exposure to the black and white screen.

Mobile phones were a futuristic idea, appearing only in the wildest dreams of inventors. The words ‘social media’ were never spoken and people spent more time getting by with what was given to them by Nature.

AND DO OLOGY EAD N H C E T ST HE DITCH T G DIFFERENT IN IN SOMETH

Our society has increased its time on digital media tenfold, and uses technology to decrease time spent on many household chores, but we still spend vast amounts of time on crazy deeds. There are solutions to this time-wasting madness, which I would seriously advise. For a start, restrict the amount of time you spend streaming Netflix and make sure you get up on the alarm. These fixes may be simple but need serious willpower, and that’s something citizens of the 21st Century seriously lack.

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BRESEYA CLARK tells us about a rare Black Dormouse found in the UK for the first time

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n 3 October 2016, staff and volunteers from the Blackdown Hills Natural Futures Project in Devon found a rare black dormouse first discovered in Germany back in 1972. (So it seems he is no longer anonymouse.) The dark colour of the dormouse is caused by a gene mutation, which explains why the one discovered in Devon had a hazel-coloured mother and siblings. The population of British hazel dormice, which is in decline because of habitat loss and climate change, has dropped by a third since 2000 and in the last 100 years has disappeared completely from 17 British counties. So seeing this little guy must have been astounding.

To help the dormice you can put out nesting boxes and go on hazelnut shell hunts to check on your county’s dormouse population. After eating they leave hazelnut shells with a hole in the centre like a mini clog: the smooth outer rim will have tooth marks at an angle to the hole. www.wildlifetrusts.org/species/ common-dormouse 

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P r l i a a F y W TIMOTHY HILL thinks the gendered marketing of toys is outdated

hen the marketing of toys is gendered, girls and boys get bullied or laughed at if they play with a toy marketed at a different gender. Why shouldn’t the different sexes play with any toys they like?

Not only does the type of toy change people’s minds about whether or not it is suitable for boys and girls, but also its colour. If a boy owns a soldier in a pink suit, other boys will think he is weird for playing with a girl’s toy. But there is no right or wrong.

Some companies are sexist. For example, all advertisements for Nerf guns have a boy on the front cover. This suggests that boys are being targeted.

And there is a special Nerf gun for girls, called the ‘Nerf Rebelle’. But should they be separating the boys’ guns from the girls’? Why can’t they just both have the same gun so no one feels left out?

When it does occur, gender marketing is a huge problem. Not only might people of both sexes feel saddened by the negative thoughts of others, but also they will not be able to show their true passion and won’t be as happy as they could be. People should be able to do and think what they want.

We cannot blame children for this sexism because it has been happening for decades so the only people who can change their minds are the adults. And if we don’t stop it now then gendered marketing will carry on forever. 

Not all toy companies are sexist. Lego Friends is a good example, because on its advertisement it has a female Lego figure looking through a telescope, which shows that either sex can be an astronomer – so not every toy company has a problem with gender equality.

Second, Marvel released Marvel superhero figures, including a female hero called Black Widow on the cover.

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Child says Poverty i CHARL n OTTE England is al RUDD l too real,

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hat would it be like if you woke up tomorrow morning and there was no breakfast because the fridge was empty; if you walked to school in winter with no coat; if you had to sit through lessons hungry then devour your lunch when everyone else is protesting about the disgusting school dinners; when in the playground at break everyone is complaining they didn’t get the pair of jeans or shoes they wanted when yours are falling apart? How would you feel?

Many of us who go to private schools don’t think about the poor because we think poverty only exists in the ‘Third World’.

But child poverty exists right here in England.

In fact, around 28% of English children are living in poverty, which could mean 7 to 9 children in the average class at a state school. Between 1998 and 2012 the number suffering was dramatically reduced when 800,000 children were lifted out of poverty. But since 2010 the number of children in absolute poverty has increased by half a million. It is also predicted that child poverty will rise from 2.3 to 3.6 million by 2020.

Child poverty isn’t just about numbers. It’s about real people going through hell. Such children experience extreme hunger and cold, some only just surviving the record low temperatures of English winters in the past few years. Many do not have sufficiently warm clothing or food to last through the freezing weeks. As a result many rely on food banks.

Such banks, like the Trussel Trust, store packets, tins and cans of non-perishable food, such as soup, pasta and beans. If someone finds they have no money to pay for the weekly shop, they can go to a food bank that supplies them with a parcel containing food for the week. Food banks rely on donations from the public to help those in need.

Christmas dinner can often be a food parcel for many children because rising living costs and changes to the welfare system are driving more families to use emergency food services.

Between 2007 and 2012, food prices rose between 19% and 47%. Many children don’t get to spend Christmas with their whole family because their parents need to work, and many don’t get even one present.

Imagine if, on Christmas Day, you woke up to no presents and your dad was away at work. What would it feel like? Would you feel sad because your Christmas was so small and insignificant compared to your friends? Or would you be happy that you had survived this winter with so little food and so few clothes? 

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do not have regular bedtimes and mealtimes, and because there is little money for food there may be no mealtimes at all. It is hard to concentrate at school when you are hungry.

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Food banks rely on donations from the public to help those in need

Many children don’t get to spend Christmas with their family because their parents need to work, and many don’t get even a present

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28% of English children are living in poverty and will never experience school trips and family holidays

I bet you wake up on Christmas Day, rush downstairs to open your presents and moan about going to church while pulling on your thick woollen coat after eating your fill of cereal, bacon and toast then, after church and more presents and a huge Christmas dinner, you moan because you don’t like Brussels Sprouts. But for children in poverty Christmas Day is another cold winter day without enough to eat.

Our lives at prep schools are different from those children living in poverty whom we have noticed, maybe for the first time, because of this article.

School is often a challenge for these But they are just normal children like children because others at school are us, wanting a normal life. Now many wealthy. They may feel of you, having read unable to talk to others this, will walk away What if you woke up because they feel bad and think nothing of it, and there was no that they can’t ask them breakfast because perhaps believing it is the fridge was empty; round for tea or give all made up and there is them birthday presents walked to school in the no one as sad as this in winter with no coat; if and the wealthier England. But you would you had to sit through be wrong. And such a children complain about lessons hungry things that the children mistake could cost the living in poverty don’t life of a little girl or boy have and will never experience, such as living in poverty just around the corner. school trips and family holidays.

So before you put down this magazine It is not only friendships that are a and walk away, take a moment to think problem. Their poverty affects their about these people. Take a moment to grades and, in later life, their jobs and believe their story, before you go back pay. Such children lag behind at all to your lives of thoughtless privilege. stages of education so by the age Maybe if you think of them kindly for a of three they are, on average, nine moment it will change your life as well months behind wealthier children. as theirs. At the end of primary school they are three terms behind. By 14 they are five Find out how you can help terms behind, and at 16 they achieve end poverty in your area by 1.7 grades lower on average at GSCE. The culprit is weakness in the home learning environment and in health.

The parents have often had a poor education themselves so their children

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Poverty brings a higher risk of illness and premature death. Girls and boys living in poverty are more likely than wealthier children to die at birth or in infancy. They are also more likely to suffer chronic illness or to have a disability. Men living in the most deprived areas of England have a life expectancy of 9.2 years less than men living in affluent areas. They also spend 14 years less in good health. Women in the most deprived areas have a life expectancy shorter than the affluent by 6.8 years, and can expect to spend 16.9 years less in good health.

donating food or household items at:

www.trusselltrust.org

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e plor x e to se s u er es v t i i n v u n ON i of the S Y A D CL orners R A W ED est c dark

the

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id you know that if you packed the Earth into a peanut you would have a black hole? And if you packed Mount Everest into a grain of sand you would also have a black hole? To put these gargantuan proportions into perspective, if you had a black hole the mass of a penny and if the sun were the size of an atom, the black hole would be as big as an atom compared to the sun. That’s small. It would also have a short lifetime (10-35 seconds) due to evaporation and it would release an explosion six times bigger than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

Don’t get me wrong. Black holes are cool but they’re also gigantic voids of terror. These gravitational abysses have been known to devour stars in occurrences called Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs). It’s the same story every time: an unsuspecting star wanders too close to a black hole and gets ripped apart by gravity.

O T N I DARK N

If you fell into a black hole, you would appear to move more and more slowly until stopping at its border, called the event horizon. Then you would turn red and fade away into nothingness. While falling into the black hole you would experience time moving so fast you would temporarily see into the future, before being swallowed up by the inky void.

You could only move one way in a black hole and would see waves and strands of light inside because all of its energy is trapped.

ESS

A small black hole would kill you before you even got to the event horizon but you could travel in a super massive black hole for hours. Eventually you would experience spaghettification by which your individual cells would be ripped apart and stretched out further and further until you were just a stream one atom wide. Being in a black hole is like walking down an alleyway that closes behind you every step you take although, like in most alleyways, the journey ends. This is the singularity, a one-dimensional point of infinite density and gravity with no surface area, where the laws of physics cease to operate.

Two colliding black holes send ripples through the spacetime fabric of the universe that are called gravitational waves.

These pull and push until collision, which releases catastrophic amounts of energy and blasts them out in the form of gamma rays, which, if aimed at Earth, would wipe out all life until the end of the universe. Nothing can escape a black hole – not light, radiation, or sub-atomic particles, except a super-heated quasar.  Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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People often ask if black holes ever die. Well, yes, but the radiation takes the black hole an incredibly long time to evaporate: a black hole the size of the sun would take a whopping 1067 years. And the largest ones would take around 10,100, which may be longer than the universe exists, but it still cannot be forever.

wonderful experience. At the centre of the universe, at a point of infinite density, you will be the only one alive to know the dark secrets lurking inside.

But not for long.

Let’s continue to explore this wonderful universe. Knowing it well might one day save our lives.

To understand all this, we have to know the nature of nothing. Nothing is not really empty space, but particles and anti-particles appearing and annihilating each other again. However, when this occurs on the event horizon, one of the particles is sucked into the black hole and one of them goes off to become a real particle. So the black hole loses energy by a process called Hawking Radiation. If one day you encounter a black hole, think of the

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Nothing is not really empty space, but particles and anti-particles appearing and annihilating each other again

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JAMES WILLIMONT discusses the ins and outs of space travel

ow will humans finally leave the confines of our planet, to explore our solar system, to explore our galaxy? Nowadays, if we were to launch a standard chemical rocket to our nearest star, Alpha Centauri A, not only would it need more than all the fuel on Earth, but it would take a hundred years to get there, more than the average human lifespan. So, unless we want to see our galaxy through a blurred photo, we need to make some new, fast and efficient methods of space travel.

The EMengine was first thought of in 1999 by Roger Shawyer.

According to Shawyer’s calculations, the engine would be so efficient it could take passengers to Mars in just seventy days.

Scientists said the drive would not work in the vacuum of space but recent tests say otherwise. A NASA team tested the engine and says that it does, indeed, work in space. It bounces microwaves around in a closed cone-shaped chamber. The sun would provide the electricity to make the microwaves, so it is extremely efficient.

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Solar sails were invented in 1976 by the jet propulsion laboratory in California. The theory is that they would use photons that do not have any mass. So how do they have momentum? The sail would use photon collisions which do generate momentum to push the sails forward, so technically the sail would keep on accelerating until it could not use the protons any more. The sails could reach speeds of 150,000 miles per hour and they don’t need any fuel so they are also very efficient.

Warp drive is only heard of these days in outdated science fiction but if humanity could create a ship that could realise this theory the outcome would be amazing. The theory is that the ship would ride on a wave of space-time by compressing the space-time in front of the ship and expanding the space-time behind. The ship would sit in the middle of the wave and would be carried through space. It would be moving at a speed faster than light but the ship itself would not be moving, only the space-time around it, so no laws of physics would be broken.

If we wanted to take a look at our nearest star up close right now, using our best technology, our best option would probably be nuclear propulsion. It’s time-efficient, reliable and relatively cheap. A ship

A ship fitt nucl ear p ed with a rop theo engine co ulsion retic uld, all of th e spe y, reach 12 ed (80,4 73,99 of light % 5.5 m ph)

fitted with a nuclear propulsion engine could, theoretically, reach 12% of the speed of light (80,473,995.5 mph). That is so fast you could travel around the earth in two seconds, or fly to the moon in thirteen seconds (it took the crew of Apollo 11 four days).

Anti-matter is the most potent and efficient type of fuel we know. As the name suggests, it is matter but with its charges reversed. When antimatter encounters regular matter, the two destroy each other, creating an explosive blast of pure energy.

The amount of anti-matter needed to launch a fully loaded space shuttle into the vacuum of space would only be around the size of a Coca Cola bottle cap. Once in space the vessel would only need 10 milligrams of anti-matter to propel it all the way to Mars.

These spectacular methods of travelling to the stars are amazing but they have their drawbacks. For example, solar sails, once the ship is not near any photons, may not be able to accelerate or slow down. And we haven’t even come up with a plan to make warp drives work but one day, however far in the future it may be, these will be common methods of space travel in an age when you might commute whenever you like to a different planet.

But we still have a long way to go so, for now, these methods of space travel remain strictly in the realms of fantasy and the future.

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Recently th e Earth-shap re has been a disco ed planets that could very of seven sustain life

r e h t ano world

e if ther s r e d n MANS wo nother planet, I T R E D ALEXAN fe on a f we found it i l s i really uld do i o w e w t and wha

S

ince the dawn of Sci-Fi movies, aliens have been the kings of the big screen. But some of these imaginary things might become real. The aliens attacking people on the ISS might not materialise, but we could still discover alien life. When people started making movies about space and aliens, people knew almost nothing about space.

Now, when we know at least a bit about space, people might find something.

The standard film about aliens could go from science fiction to documentary.

And don’t forget that it doesn’t have to be a green man that comes from the planet Zarg to be an alien. It could just be a type of plant.

But, as we all know, plants need water to grow, so scientists are looking for water on other planets. There is 48

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speculation that some of the planets in ice form, it is still a prime suspect to in our solar system contain water, and have life. I think that, if we do discover we have found many icy moons hinting alien life, and it is not intelligent, it will at an icy surface below. And we know still be a big deal because we would our neighbouring planet, Mars, almost know there is a chance there is more certainly had water and more life in the on it at some point or universe.

Films about aliens other due to the ice that could go from science covers it seasonally. fiction to documentary: But there is another possibility of finding it doesn’t have to be One of the most alien life that takes no a green man from the planet Zarg to be an surprising places where work but might take a alien; it could just be a long time - letting them we have found ice is type of plant Mercury, the planet that come to us. If they are is closest to the sun. out there and want to Even though the surface is scorching see if there is other life in the universe hot, the poles are almost untouched, then they, like us, will try to explore and that is a place for ice to accumulate. space and find us. The Earth is filling Jupiter’s moon, Ganymede, is bigger up. We will also need to explore space, than Mercury and has more water on not just to find more life, but to find an it than Earth. Even though this water is inhabitable world. We could start again,

and try not to make the same mistakes we made on this world.

There are also black holes, one of the greatest mysteries of the universe, and if we do not get destroyed we could send something in there and confirm all of our suspicions.

But now back to finding life out there. We almost only have information on the planets in our solar system, so we need to find an efficient way to travel to another solar system, carrying people so they can do some research while they are there.

There are many people working on this project, a group of people who want to send a miniature chip to Alpha Centauri in the next eighteen years, but they need some cutting-edge technology to get there in such a short time.

Since radiation will be destroying the chip so quickly, they need to find a way either to make it radiation-proof or make the chip regenerate. But we may not be done with our solar system: there is some speculation about a mysterious planet, nicknamed Planet X, which has a very erratic orbit, so we might not have ever seen this planet before. The different orbit could have been caused by the planet hitting an object in one of its first orbits. This is the first speculation we have about a new planet in our solar system for years. And in the last few days there has been a discovery of seven Earthshaped planets that could sustain life. The star that they are orbiting is called Trappist-1, which is in the Aquarius system only thirty-nine light-years away. They are very close to Earth

We sen could the d a me try a kno plane ssage nd but w has t that to l we we to w ife o comwait f ould h n it, av mun or t icat hem e t ew ith o us

in size, ranging from 25% bigger to 10% smaller. They have very tight orbits around the star, which is a dwarf star only the size of Jupiter. The orbits range from 1.5 days to around twenty days. These are very short orbits compared to our orbit of 365 days.

From a world in the Trappist-1 system, since they are so much closer to their star, it would look ten times bigger than our star. The fifth planet is considered the most inhabitable.

We need to fi n travel to ano d an efficient way to ther solar sy stem

The Hubble Telescope has detected methane and water in the alien air, but those can be produced without life. The star Trappist-1 was discovered by the telescope Trappist, so that is how it got its name. It is a pink star, and from the most inhabitable world you could see all the other planets because they are so close together. Any life could have taken hold there and evolved. For all we know there is a whole species out there on those planets, but we haven’t been able to get readings on the planet’s surface.

If we find life on another planet, what would we do with it?

We would need a very advanced spaceship even to get away from our solar system before everyone on that ship died.

There probably is a way to get from star to star, but without humans. We would just have to live with the fact that there is life out there, but we could not get to it. We could try and send a message to the planet that we know has life on it, but we would have to wait for them to communicate with us. We have quite an extensive knowledge of space, but the universe is infinite, so there is always another chance that there is more life out there. Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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My fath e had to s r could not co tay and me bec blo au terrified I would w up the mine se he s. never se e him a I was gain

Escape from Finland

A TRUE STORY POPPY BROOKES retells her grandfather’s experience of the Second World War

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n May 1939, when I was 11 years old, I moved from Canada to Petsamo in Northern Finland with my mother and two sisters. We were joining my father, who worked in the mines. We lived in an apartment until September 1939, when war was declared between Great Britain and Germany. From September to November we did not know what was going to happen, until 15 November 1939 when Russia invaded Finland. I had to leave Finland and go to Norway with my mother and two sisters, but my father could not come because he had to stay and blow up the mines. I was terrified because there was a chance I would never see him again.

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Later that week, after we gathered our belongings, we got into a car to take us over the mountains to Norway. On the top of the car was painted an American flag and because America was not in the war at that stage we thought we would be safe, but we weren’t. During our journey all we could hear was the roof being shot at by Russians. Luckily none of the bullets got through. The Russians were only two hours away and, if we did not go fast enough, we would be caught.

Once we reached the mountains we had to get out of the car because there were no more roads, so we mounted a sleigh pulled by reindeer. We soon learnt that reindeer do not like people in the back of the sleigh. The whole thing overturned and we flew out onto the frosty snow.

Finally we arrived at North Cape in Norway, where the people were lovely.

The next day was my mother’s birthday.

The people in the town held a party with delicious Norwegian food and stirring music. We were having a great time when the door opened and there was my father. It was the best present anyone could have given my mother.

But it also meant it was time to move on.

A week later we heard that a fishing boat was stopping in the town that could take us where we needed to go.

At one point we had to cross a large part of the Arctic Sea, where a British ship had just been torpedoed and the water was full of people begging to be

saved. We could not just leave them there so we stopped and picked up a few but it broke my heart that we could not save everyone. We pulled into the closest town, called Tromsø, where those we saved disembarked. Then we kept on sailing until we reached a city called Bergen.

We waited there for a few weeks until another ship arrived that would take us to New York. We had two cabins, one for me and my sisters and one for my parents. My father told me he wanted to show me something and took me up to the deck. There I witnessed one of the saddest things I have ever seen.

Lined up on the dock were hundreds of Jewish refugees trying to get on the boat or get into the hold. Anywhere.

We started across the ocean, but had to go North to avoid torpedoes. After fourteen days we arrived in New York.

We reached Toronto on 22 December and spent Christmas in a hotel, amazed that we were safe.

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After fourteen days we arrived in New York, reached Toronto on 22 December and spent Christmas in a hotel, amazed that we were safe

hear e could ians w ll a s Rus rney our jou ot at by During roof being sh was the

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us weapons: o r e g n a d d n ises a Broken prom orea K h t y Nor h w s plain x e E URG imebomb t B g n i M k c i O t T is a 52

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orth Korea is run by a dictator, Kim Jong Un. For years, North Korea has been developing nuclear weapons and of late Kim Jong Un has been issuing threats of mass destruction. The development of these weapons has caused major disruptions to peace on Earth, since their first use as a weapon of war on the city of Hiroshima in 1945.

Originally, when North Korea signed an agreement with the USA, in 1994, the country was expected to stop the pursuit of a viable weapon and cease their manufacturing capabilities. However, finally in October 2002, North Korea publicly acknowledged operating a secret nuclear weapons programme, in violation of the 1994 agreement. Threats and queries from the world went unheeded by North Korea, and in 2003 they reactivated a five-megawatt reactor, which was subsequently used in the production of plutonium for weapons.

In fact, North Korea quickly reneged on all previous treaty obligations, and in 2003 confirmed that they had an operational

n gU on ed a d J Kim test rhea a has ar w ched e n l u f nuc nd la ies o the a ser o t a es in pan l f Ja i s mis ea o S

nuclear weapon. As a result, many countries such as China, Japan, Russia and the US all agreed to supply North Korea with energy, as long as North Korea agreed to stop their entire nuclear programme.

For a short time, this is what happened. Yet just a year later in 2006 this agreement was violated again, with North Korea test-firing a long-range missile. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) demanded that North Korea give up this new programme. However, a short while later North Korea claimed it had carried out In 2007, with most its first successful nuclear test. This put of the country facing the UNSC on high alert, while diplomatic famine, North Korea negotiations continued.

agreed to shut down its main nuclear reactor in exchange for an aid package worth $400 million

Then, in 2007, with most of the country facing famine, North Korea agreed to shut down its main nuclear reactor in exchange for an aid package worth $400 million.

At a conference in Beijing, North Korea signed an agreement stating it would disable the nuclear weapons factory. Yet just six months later North Korea missed the deadline to disable the factory. This was followed, in 2009, by a media announcement in which North Korea stated it had successfully conducted a second nuclear test. In 2010 a report was published that claimed North Korea was running another nuclear enrichment factory, while in 2013 North Korea insisted nuclear tests and production would continue in defiance of the United States' demands. A third nuclear test was conducted shortly afterwards, the first under Kim Jong Un’s rule.

No r on th K ob prev orea l 200 igat ious rene t had 3 co ions, reat ged nuc an onfirm and i y n lea pe e r w rat d the eap iona y l on

Rhetoric from the new leader became increasingly hostile. A North Korean representative warned CNN that it would attack the US if they ‘forced their hand’.

This was followed by an announcement in 2015 that North Korea now had the hydrogen bomb in its nuclear arsenal and it was soon confirmed that Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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The develo p caused majo ment of these we apons has r disruption first use on s the city of to peace since their Hiroshima in 1945

What are nuclear weapons?

Nuclear bombs are weapons of mass destruction. They harness the forces that hold the nucleus of an atom together by using the energy released when the particles of the nucleus (neutrons and protons) are either split or merged. There are two ways that nuclear energy can be released from an atom: Nuclear Fission

North Korea had tested a hydrogen bomb successfully. Subsequently Kim Jong Un has tested a nuclear warhead and launched a series of missiles into the Sea of Japan, which continue to destabilise the region. These weapons developed by North Korea have enough firepower to wipe out a whole country, which is why the rest of the world is watching North Korea like a hawk.

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The nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller fragments by a neutron. This method usually involves isotopes of uranium (uranium-235, uranium-233) or plutonium (plutonium-239). n issio ear F us of l c u N e nucl it - the om is spl r e t l a l a n a o sm by a w t into ments frag utron ne

Nuclear Fusion

Two smaller atoms are brought together, usually hydrogen or hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium), to form a larger one (helium isotopes); this is how the sun produces energy.

s a tles n i r a o P w

n the cruel o k c a b s k o o l FREDDIE BOND nam War t e i V s s e l and sense

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he Vietnam War was one of the most unnecessary and violent wars of all time, even though it is fading in our collective memory. The struggle between the USA and the North Vietnamese was a strategic failure by a World Superpower against a much smaller adversary inferior both economically and technologically. In a conflict that spanned two decades, over 47,000 American servicemen were killed and over 304,000 wounded. What was the point?

By 1955, the French colonial rulers of Vietnam had left, creating a power vacuum that the Americans quickly rushed to fill in an attempt to neutralise the spread of Communism in the Far East. They did not adopt the colonial model of government but acted as a sort of big brother. They were intent on protecting the South Vietnamese from the growing influence of Communism spreading from China and the North. This was the era of the Cold War, and the United States was becoming increasingly frightened of Communism.

Much to America’s dismay, a number of countries appeared content to adopt this new political system. The rhetoric intensified, while Capitalist countries vied with Communist countries to widen their own spheres of influence. Now the Soviet Union had begun to build and test nuclear weapons to counterbalance the perceived American threat. The world watched and waited for what could turn into a Cold War Armageddon. A proxy war ensued between the ‘Communist’ North Vietnam and the ‘Capitalist’ South, which rapidly escalated.

During the 1964 election, Lyndon B Johnson promised: ‘We are not going to send American boys nine or ten thousand miles away from home to do what Asian boys ought to be doing for themselves.’ But against his own better judgement that is exactly what Johnson found himself ordering. Another telling snippet about events in South East Asia was also uttered by Johnson, during the same election campaign. He stated: ‘If you let a bully come into your garden, the next day he’ll be in your porch, and the day after that he’ll rape your wife.’ This, in my opinion, set the tone for America’s actions during the war.

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On 2 March 1965, Operation Rolling Thunder was to be the largest sustained, strategic bombing operation ever undertaken in history

Launched on 2 March 1965, Operation Rolling Thunder was to be the largest sustained, strategic bombing operation ever undertaken in history. For over three years, the United States Air Force, aided by the Vietnamese Air Force, dropped millions of tonnes of bombs on Vietnam in an attempt to break the will of the North Vietnamese. Tens of thousands of North Vietnamese were killed, mostly civilians. Much of the infrastructure was also destroyed, including roads, railways and bridges, to factories and homes. It was a policy of attrition, as the US air commander, Curtis Le May, admitted: ‘They’ve got to draw in their horns and stop their aggression, or we’re gonna bomb them back to the Stone Age.’ But Le May, like many American politicians and strategists, had missed the point. Vietnam wasn’t a developed country. It did not depend on technology to win, but relied on agriculture to feed an increasingly resentful population. Bombing may have crippled an industrialized power, but North Vietnam wasn’t one. Small factories and homes were soon rebuilt with aid spilling in from the Soviet Union and China.

symbol of America’s refusal to be driven out of Vietnam. General Westmoreland was so determined that the base would not fall that he airlifted 6,000 men to reinforce the base. At the same time B-52 bombers dropped 100,000 tonnes of bombs on the five square miles surrounding the base, attempting to eliminate an invisible enemy hidden in the jungle. President Johnson was equally obsessed with maintaining this remote foothold to the point of having a reconstruction of the base located in the basement room of the White House.

“

For over three years millions of tonnes of bombs were dropped and tens of thousands of North Vietnamese were killed, mostly civilians

Physically Vietnam had been obliterated: bombing crippled industry and chemicals destroyed the country’s fertile land, causing horrendous birth deformities

“

Plans included the use of napalm – a ferocious petrolbased burning fluid to incinerate hostile combatants

At the end of 1964 there were 23,000 American soldiers in Vietnam. Yet barely three years later this number had escalated to 535,000. It was during this period that General Westmoreland pursued a strategy called ‘Search and Destroy’. His intention was to locate and eradicate rebel groups by using the latest technology at his disposal.

These plans included the use of napalm – a ferocious petrol-based burning fluid to incinerate hostile combatants – and machine guns that could lacerate the enemy with 100 rounds per second.

On the night of 30 January 1968 the North Vietnamese launched a major strike against the South. This was known as the Tet Offensive, named after the annual holiday in Vietnam to celebrate the start of the Chinese New Year. The attack was a total surprise when 84,000 troops from both the regular army and the Vietcong forces caught South Vietnamese and American troops off-guard. Hours of fighting saw Vietcong troops break into the American Embassy grounds. The writing was on the wall.

Physically, Vietnam had been obliterated.

Bombing destroyed much of the transport system and crippled industry. Meanwhile, defoliant chemicals sprayed by the Americans At first, it seemed like had destroyed much Westmoreland’s plan was of the country’s forest a triumph. Communist America had spent $167 and fertile land and billion on the Vietnam casualties between 1965 caused horrendous War and were forced and 1967 were nearly birth deformities to make a humiliating 200,000, while American among the civilian televised exit casualties during the population. Mines and same period were a unexploded bombs comparatively favourable 13,500. littered the countryside. America had Ultimately, however, Westmoreland’s spent $167 billion on the Vietnam War plan failed for the same reasons as and was forced to make a humiliating the bombing campaign. The North televised exit from the roof of the Vietnamese were fighting for survival American Embassy Building in Saigon. and for them there was nowhere else China and the Soviet Union had also to go. spent vast amounts of money, but at least had a victory of sorts. However, When 1968 began, America was in for soon all the Superpowers had little a nasty shock. The year started badly left to show for their efforts, when the with sustained attacks on isolated new Communist Vietnamese regime American bases. Worst hit was Khe fell out with China over Cambodia, and Sanh, a marine camp near the border the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence with the North, which was besieged began to shrink through steady for several months. Khe Sanh became a economic decline.  Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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e h T W

e y g a s l l a i t V n

a F

hen I was about six we lived in a village whose name I don’t remember. The most beautiful moments of my life happened there. I recall the house where I always forgot about the downstairs loo, returning surprised to find it and thinking it had just been built that day. I sat on benches in the outbuilding, drinking raspberry tea and eating biscuits, then went outside to collect strawberries that grew by the path. The path went in a wide semi-circle around a giant patch of grass right next to the main house.

In summer I bathed in a blow-up pool and in winter made giant slides out of the blinding white snow. There was a gate to our house. When you went through it, your fantasy began. When you went down the road from the

house you would see children flying kites, and beyond that a T-junction next to other people’s houses, and beyond that another T-junction that joined a tarmac road.

That was the point beyond which we were not allowed to go. It was a barrier protecting us from the outside world.

When we went down that road we were always in a car. After about a kilometre we would sometimes get out of the car and walk round a giant field. There was a memorial to soldiers who died in the war. We passed it every day on our way to school and the image is imprinted on my memory.

Nearby was orange and yellow gravel and, away from the road, roses grew at the edges of a path that radiated

sunlight. There were little alleyways between the houses and wooden fences and beautiful purple, grape-like banks of flowers hanging from trees.

The path opened up into a field, a field that seemed to go on forever; and at the very edge of the horizon you could see trees. The grass went up to my chest and I would run through it, giggling and laughing. Often I would hide in the long grass.

In the summer evenings, just before nine, we would go out to the field and relax. In the month of May we ran past the few lamp posts and into the fields, waving our nets, ready to create a riot in the peaceful home of the maybugs.

On the way back we found maybugs flipped upside down, and we collected them and brought them home.

When I think of that time, I remember no sorrow, only happiness.

Uliana Yudintseva

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Those who do no face the dreade t fare well have to d ski jump

ave bs h fore e l e be ec r som r skied a winte e s v i n ne here rt o so t t expe p r spo to hel d han

THE JUMP OLLIE TRILL thinks The Jump is essential viewing for anyone who enjoys a good celebrity face-plant

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he Jump is a sporting show hosted by Davina McCall that takes celebrities out to the Alps of Innsbruck, Austria. It is a six-week series screened at 7:30pm on Sundays.

The list of guests ranges from Olympic athletes to professional chefs.

Olympian gym n was left w ast Beth Tweddle ith two frac vertebrae in tured her neck

The aim is for every celeb to compete in a winter sport activity, be it ski slalom or the skeleton. Whoever does the best each week wins a mini bell (I know – great prize!). Those who do not

ant n’t wey d l u l wo ad Who see Br facel l to a the ins f Wigg st into r fi w? sno

fare so well have to face the dreaded ski jump. Whoever jumps lowest goes home. After all have left but one, that lucky celebrity wins a giant jump bell (another great prize!).

Previous winners have been reality TV star Joey Essex and England rugby player Ben Cohen. Obviously, some celebs have never skied before so there is a winter sport expert on hand, Ski Sunday’s Graham Bell (ironic, isn’t it?), to help them through each week and try to prevent injury.

Beth Tweddle and Rebecca Adlington have both suffered painful injuries, which makes one ask who would want to see their favourite role model get hurt. But they have one of the best medical teams in Europe, and who on earth wouldn’t want to see Sir Bradley Wiggins fall face-first in a pile on snow?

This is why I recommend that anyone who enjoys sporting celebrities and a colossal amount of snow-related faceplants rates The Jump as a must-see. 

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e p i c re These easy and delicious brownies make an excellent tasty treat for lunchboxes or turn them into gifts by wrapping up a few in ribbon.

INGREDIENTS 150 g Plain Chocolate 72% 150 g Butter Unsalted 3 Whole Eggs Medium

150 g Sugar Golden Caster 75 g Plain Flour 75 g Cocoa Powder

DIRECTIONS Preheat oven to 150oc and lightly grease a tray-bake tin and line with baking parchment.

Slowly melt butter and chocolate together in a bowl over a pan of water.

Whisk eggs and sugar togther in a large baking bowl then add in the butter / chocolate mixture, stirring until combined.

Sift the flour and cocoa together then gradually add this to the mixture, stirring with a wooden spoon to create a smooth batter.

Pour the batter into a tray-bake tin and place in the centre of the oven for around 25 minutes.

Once ready remove from the oven and turn out onto a cooling rack. When cool, portion into squares and dust lightly with icing sugaer.

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pact m i the oll t a h s t s t t u i s show taking N J REMI ming is S I JOR al War Glob

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O

ver the course of time the Earth has been warming and cooling repeatedly. But now a new agent of change – humanity – brings with it the terrible force of global warming.

Global warming is the gradual heating of the earth’s surface, oceans and atmosphere. Usually this happens at a very slow rate but due to human behaviour it has increased drastically.

Global warming is caused by CO2 levels in the air and by greenhouse gases. The amount of atmospheric CO2 has risen from 0.03% to 0.04% in the last twenty years. This might not seem like much but it has a huge impact on the Earth.

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The effects of global warming are tangible. For example, have you noticed that there has been less and less snow over the years? That is because the Earth is warming up, causing snow to melt even before it reaches the surface. A few years ago, the Earth’s surface was at a steady temperature of 0.6 degrees Celsius, but that is now reaching a dangerous level of 0.9 degrees Celsius, which is causing more intense heatwaves, drying up rivers and melting ice caps in the North Pole. Due to ice caps melting, the sea level is rising ever higher and scientists believe it will rise by one to four feet before the year 2100, which will mean the total submersion of some countries.

Global warming is so big it is impossible to deny its existence.

Even so, a lot of people still believe it is a big hoax made up by scientists. Donald Trump, for example, believes we can just pollute the air as much as we like without harming the environment. He once said, ‘Ice storm rolls in from Texas to Tennessee – I’m in Los Angeles and it’s freezing. Global warming is a total, and very expensive, hoax!’ Another recusant is Jeremy Clarkson, who said, ‘Every time they put on a climate change programme 42 people watch, but eight million watch Top Gear.’ This attitude suggests to the people at large it is harmless to pollute the air.

Pollution comes from cars, factories and power stations, so the amount of pollution causing global warming will only increase. For example, Donald Trump is planning to reopen many factories in the USA that will increase CO2 levels hugely.

There is also speculation about how cow farms are affecting the environment with large amounts of methane. This may mean that by becoming a vegetarian you could help slow down the rate of global warming. However, it is still unknown if cow farms are producing enough methane to be deemed a major factor.

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Scientists and the government are working hard to slow down the rate of global warming. But you can help by, for example, putting solar panels on your roof, or by insulating the walls of your house and turning off any unnecessary lights. Hydro cars are being developed that will make sure no carbon dioxide is distributed from cars any more, and electric cars might not be super-efficient but they certainly help.

The ear th’ s surface is no w is reaching a dangerou s level of 0.90C, causing intense heatwaves, drying up riv ers and melting ice caps in the No rth Pole

We do not see, hear or taste global warming but it is here and it will not be leaving anytime soon if we keep polluting the air at the rate we are now. We can all help in the fight against global warming and if we invest in the Earth we can restore it and reverse the damage we have already done.

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B TASTE

ATLANTA ANLEY tells us how mass farming is one of the main causes of pollution through deforestation 64

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W

Meat is the number one cause of pollution, after fossil fuels. If people stopped eating meat then starving children would have food. Meat causes deforestation and a loss of clean water.

It takes about 147 gallons of water to produce one pound of corn, and a cow can eat up to 1,000 pounds of feed over just a few months. All that grain and water really adds up, especially when the average American eats about 167 pounds of meat a year. Imagine all the water and all the land being used to grow crops just to keep the cows.

Imagine what we could do if we didn’t eat meat.

Agriculture is the main cause of e all know our world is dying deforestation, 91% of which in the because of pollution: coral Amazon is due to livestock. In the time reefs are vanishing; rivers it takes to read this article, an area are turning brown; skies are turning grey. But have you ever wondered why there is still pollution even though you recycle, always turn off the lights, never have a long shower and ride a bike instead of travelling by car? You have probably never been told the real reason. Eating meat. n cause of is the mai mazon due Agriculture A , 91% in the deforestation to livestock

Experts think that in the next 40 years one billion hectares of rainforest will have been demolished that’s the size of Europe

re tu ible l cu s ri pon g a es as al r m so of e g i An al 18% ous is r nh ns fo ree sio g is em

Meat is the nu mber one caus e of pollution, after fossil fuels

of Brazil’s rain forest larger than 200 football fields will have been destroyed.

Rainforests once covered 16% of the world’s surface but now they cover only 6% and experts think that in the next 40 years one billion hectares of rainforest will have been demolished.

That’s the size of Europe. And every day more than 200,000 acres of rainforest are burned. That is more than 150 acres lost every minute, and 78 million acres lost every year. More than 20% of the Amazon rainforest is already destroyed and it is estimated that the Amazon alone is vanishing at a rate of 20,000 square miles a year.

Animal agriculture is also responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions, the cause of global warming. Most people blame transport, when this causes only 13%. In a couple of generations our world may not be safe to inhabit. Already icecaps are melting, rivers are poisonous and the sky is a haze.

Another reason we should stop eating meat is because it’s cruel. Factory farms cram animals into filthy, windowless sheds and stuff them into wire cages and metal crates. These animals will never raise a family, root around in the soil, build nests, or do anything that is natural except become food. Most won’t even feel the warmth of the sun on their backs or breathe fresh air until the day they’re loaded onto trucks heading for the slaughterhouse.

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In the time it takes to read this article, an area of Brazil’s rain forest larger than 200 football fields will have been destroyed

Next time you’re about to buy meat, ask yourself if you are helping the world.

Think of all the water you’re wasting, the food you’re wasting, the land you’re wasting. All you need to do is think.

One thought can change the world.

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L

ROSIE HA R be payin RIS tell us why g attent ion to t we should Larsen C he rift in

arsen C is a large ice shelf connected to Antarctica. It is the size of Delaware, a state in the US, and it is about to break away.

The rift has grown 20km in December alone, so Larsen C now has a fracture 90 miles long, 300 feet wide and a third of a mile deep. The rift is so large it is visible from space and, when it breaks, it will form the biggest iceberg in history.

When ice shelves collapse, those behind them accelerate towards the ocean, increasing the sea level. If the ice shelf comes away, the rest of Larsen C will disintegrate, causing the sea level to rise severely and flood coastal towns and villages.

One of the causes of this huge rift is global warming and climate change. This has made the air and water warmer. A scientist researching this icy wonder says, ‘It’s probably just a natural event that’s been waiting to happen.’

A new, fast-growing crack, nicknamed the ‘Hallowe'en’ because it was spotted on 31 October, has forced the Halley IV research station in East Antarctica to move to a new site further inland. The location was unsafe for scientists because the crack had doubled its length since 10 January.

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If the ice shelf comes away, the rest of Larsen C will disintegrate, causing the sea level to rise severely and flood coastal towns and villages

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Despit e carbon the Kyoto P rotoco dioxid l our a high, e level says R has ne tmospheric OHAN N ver be IGHTIN en so GALE

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If sea levels rise as rapidly as many scientists think, mass destruction floods will become a onceevery-generation occurrence

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The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, so it obliges developed countries to reduce their emissions Are we foll ow Protocol that ing the Kyoto we signed?

he Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty requiring countries to reduce greenhouse In less than thirty years the polar gases. It believes that man-made bear playground of the Arctic may no carbon dioxide emissions have caused longer have any ice. Researchers use global warming and implements computer models to simulate climate the objective of the UNFCCC (United change, specifically to analyse how Nations Framework Convention global warming could influence sea on Climate Change) to fight global ice, and according to a new study warming by reducing greenhouse published in Geophysical Research Letters, if greenhouse gas concentrations gases continue to be in the atmosphere to If greenhouse gases released at the current ‘a level that would continue to be released rate most of the Arctic prevent dangerous at the current rate, most basin will be ice-free anthropogenic

interference with the of the Arctic basin will be by 2040. ice-free by 2040 climate system'. The And there is some Protocol is based on the weird weather around principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, these days: 99.84% of California is in so it obliges developed countries to drought but twenty inches of rain and reduce their emissions because they twelve feet of snow fell at the turn of are historically responsible for the high 2017. levels of greenhouse gases now in the Every day we hear how people think atmosphere. climate change is rubbish, but they’ll There are many ominous signs of the be long dead before its full effects kick damage these gases are doing. The in. They don’t seem to care that more North and South Poles are rapidly than a million species face extinction decreasing in size, and within my as a result of disappearing habitats, lifetime they will be gone, and around changing ecosystems and acidifying one hundred thousand sea and land oceans. creatures will die out if that happens.

Second, sea levels will rise by, at a Are we following the Kyoto Protocol maximum, fifty centimetres, with that we signed? No, we are not.

According to NASA our atmospheric devastating results. carbon dioxide level has never before In New York by 2050, for example, if sea been above three hundred parts per levels rise as rapidly as many scientists million. Now it is at a staggering four think, today’s once-a-century floods hundred parts per million. will become five times more likely, making mass destruction a oncer bear ars the pola nger e y ty ir th every-generation occurrence. Like a n In less tha f the Arctic may no lo o stumbling boxer, the city will try to playground e ic y n a keep up its guard, but the sea will win have in the end.

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trast n o c n i , us that ies, there s d n i m e spec MAN r S y N n I a L m G L f GABRIE estruction o t there d to the discoveries ou are new

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e are used to hearing about the destruction of hundreds of wildlife species every year, but we rarely hear about the fascinating new species that scientists are discovering each week. Two of the best are a biofluorescent sea turtle and a walking catfish.

The hawksbill sea turtle has been known since the 18th Century for its beautiful shell, and can be found in the tropical waters of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. One of the most critically endangered turtles in the world, the hawksbill feeds primarily on sea sponges and sea plants. Until September 2015, when a modern mutation was discovered, none were known to glow in the dark. Biofluorescence happens when creatures absorb light into their bodies and then emit that light in a colourful glow when its surroundings become dark, either at night or in deep water. A few species of fish, sharks, corals and seahorses have been known to have this ability, either to attract prey, communicate with others or deter predators.

Scientists speculate that the new turtles may have developed a glow to blend into the background reefs on which they feed, but are yet to find out for sure.

Back in 2013 some foreign creatures washed up on Florida beaches, went walkabout and settled down to stay. With lunglike organs that allow them to breathe air, and fins on their sides used to ‘walk’ along the seabed, and on land as long as they stay moist, the invaders were walking catfish. Native to Southeast Asia, the amphibian beasts have colonised Eastern India, Pakistan, The Philippines and South Florida. Feeding primarily on fish eggs and fish native to the area, but happy also to munch on sea plants and dragonfly larvae, the catfish are hard to shift. When they migrate, their crushed bodies can be seen all over certain roads, but such casualties do little to dent their numbers, and they are now classed as an aggressively invasive species. Discover more at www.discoverwildlife.com 

h fis e e h rr ik iza ng-l a hig sh b r u is Th as l and o ha ns; h ns e t io er ga nc dit at or era con e w or v r l to iving lea gle tte l an rig be ng o c it to w to a as l oist ’ k m n l io s ‘wa cat stay lo it as

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at we h w s lls u r planet e t E SAG ve ou E a G s R O o E t G now o d n a c

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xperts conduct studies and make predictions about climate change while confusing us with facts and figures. Others refuse to believe climate change is even happening.

Neglecting the facts, many exploit resources without a single thought about the damage being done to our planet. I am not going to give you facts and figures that will make you just turn the page. I am going to tell you how climate change will affect you.

Recycle plastic and paper to reduce the use of energy needed to manufacture more London is at risk of being pu of water if th e ice caps of t under one metre the Arctic mel t

Lots of people know that with climate change comes rising sea levels but the really scary part is that London is at risk of being put under one metre of water if the ice caps of the Arctic melt. Many say we can just build a high wall, but spending billions of pounds to do this only ensures one city is saved – a very selfish move that leaves the rest of the country vulnerable.

l fai te le ribu ate e p o pe cont clim n’t b to ainst - Do ag ange them ch e of on

England will be at risk. Even though politicians know this, every day their failure to act brings us one step closer to catastrophe.

The only way we can prevent disaster is to stand up together and face headon this challenge of climate change.

Are you ready to save this planet or are you going to live a life of carefree luxury with the knowledge that future generations will suffer as a result? It all comes down to you.

You can do simple things to slow down global warming. You can use cars as little as possible – try Donate money to tree- walking or using public Some people say we can transport – to reduce planting charities, or just flee London, but there carbon emissions. You even plant saplings is a much more pressing can recycle plastic and yourself; you can also and dangerous problem. write to your MP and ask paper to reduce the for renewable energy When the ice caps melt, use of energy needed systems increasing amounts of to manufacture more. heat will no longer be You can also donate reflected off the ice and snow. So the money to tree-planting charities, sea will heat up, increasing the rate at or even plant saplings yourself. You which the ice caps melt. The resulting can also write to your MP and ask for drastic increase in temperature will renewable energy systems. shut off ocean currents, including the North Atlantic Drift. Paradoxically this Even though these are such easy things means Europe and North America to do, people all around the world fail will no longer have a source of heat, to contribute anything to the effort and the Northern Hemisphere will go against climate change. Don’t be one into another Ice Age. So everyone in of them. Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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BEN FALCON tells us how becoming a tourist

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of wild mountain gori lla habitats

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ountain gorillas are impressive. They can grow two metres tall and can weigh as much as 220 kg, making them the world’s largest primate. They are principally herbivores, consuming a range of vegetation, but are also partial to the occasional insect or small rodent.

Mountain gorillas predominately inhabit four National Parks, which span three different countries in the heart of the African continent. The Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park are located in Uganda. Meanwhile, the Virunga National Park (the first of its kind in Africa) is situated in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which borders the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. In fact, mountain gorillas are divided into two distinct populations. The first is confined to an area of around 330 square kilometres in Uganda’s Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. The second is found in the Virunga Massif, which lies across the international borders of Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

As their name implies, mountain gorillas live in forests high in the mountains. They usually operate in groups, between 2,500 and 4,000 metres. Mountain gorilla fur is thicker than that of other great apes. Its density helps them survive in a habitat where temperatures often drop below freezing. However, as humans have moved further into the gorillas’ territory, the gorillas have found themselves retreating into the mountains for longer periods, where they are subjected to sustained cold and dwindling resources.

A census conducted in 2016 showed that there were only 880 individual mountain gorillas left.

Given these low numbers, they have been accorded ‘critically endangered’ status. The single biggest threat to these great apes comes from the activities of human beings. As human populations have grown in these regions, their activities have affected mountain gorilla numbers.

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Gorillas have found themselves retreating into the mountains for longer periods, where they are subjected to sustained cold and dwindling resources

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Once feared as killers, like King Kong, they became better known as gentle giants

The forests where mountain gorillas live is fertile and rich in biodiversity. This has helped make the area one of the most populated regions in Africa. Given the nature of the landscape and the economy of the country, 85% of the population makes its living by growing food on the land. So, as people move closer to where gorillas live, they risk spreading human diseases to the gorilla populations. Given the genetic similarities between species, diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, and even Ebola can infect both humans and mountain gorillas.

The encroachment by human beings on mountain gorilla habitats has also reduced their numbers.

Several sustained conflicts in the region have led to the movement of populations into areas near to gorilla habitats. New settlers are relentlessly clearing land for homes, agriculture and livestock. Even land within the protected areas, designated as National Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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Zooligist D the stud ian Fossey devo ted her li y of gori llas and fe in the M wrote Go to ist but rillas s he was poachers murdere in 1985 d by

Parks, is not safe. For example, in 2004, illegal settlers cleared 3,700 acres of forest in Virunga National Park alone.

Deforestation on this scale undermines the survival of mountain gorillas, who need to range across several square kilometres of woodland to forage and sustain the forest ecosystem. Most people are intimidated by the potential of these powerful creatures, so wouldbe settlers see a benefit in trapping and killing. Poachers see a revenue stream from shooting them for the sale of lucrative body parts, as well as becoming trophies of taxidermy.

Nevertheless, through the intervention and dedication of a handful of people, the mountain gorilla has managed to cling on to a decreasing area of forest in a fight for survival. The work of conservationists such as Carl Akeley, George Schaller and Dian Fossey have focused global attention on the plight of the gorilla. The risks to these conservationists is well documented.

For example, Dian Fossey, an American zoologist, spent years researching the mountain gorillas in Rwanda. Fossey was instrumental in changing the perception of mountain gorillas. Her experiences of living with them was encapsulated in her book Gorillas in the Mist, published in 1983. Once feared as just aggressive killers, like King Kong, 78

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they became better known as the gentle giants, depicted in documentary films.

For example, Sir David Attenborough’s acclaimed documentary series Life on Earth, which showed him playing with baby mountain gorillas under the watchful eye of the troop, was an experience he described as ‘bliss’.

Sadly, Dian’s discoveries provoked her demise. She was discovered on Boxing Day 1985, hacked to death by poachers.

In 1988, Sigourney Weaver played Dian Fossey in the successful Hollywood movie inspired by her life and named after her book.

Despite Fossey’s objections in life to ecotourism’s negative effects on wild mountain gorillas, her death spurred interest and subsequently many private and public organisations have built tourist lodges. The attraction of seeing wild mountain gorillas has helped boost local economies and in turn has led to gorilla habitats being preserved as well as providing local people with a dependable income. As local economies have developed, settlers see the need to preserve more of the gorillas’ habitat, rather than resort to the usual cut-and-burn solutions.

Mountain gorillas are susceptible to human diseases and some have died even from the common cold. But recent studies have also found that mountain gorillas regularly visited by researchers and tourists have survived better than unvisited gorillas. The benefit of greater protection available in those areas and the regular monitoring undertaken have helped preserve numbers. Increased survival is also largely due to better veterinary care of sick and injured gorillas. We hope the intervention of humans and changing views will secure the future of these magnificent animals.

The attraction of seeing wil has helped boost local eco d mountain gorillas nomies

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People with missing limbs can now compete in biking, swimming and running at the Paralympics

In the 19th Century disabled people were laughed at in the streets and moved into workhouses with appalling conditions. Soon special schools tried to make their lives better but in the 1930s disabled people were still abandoned by their families due to lack of understanding. And during World War Two disabled people were placed in concentration camps, along with Jews, where they often died quickly.

The world is warming up to people with disabilities: new activities and competitions now entertain disabled people; at Mencap, they enjoy football, music and art d by a rome is cause 1 d n Sy s n’ w o D 2 chromosome third copy of

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f you couldn’t speak properly or found it hard to read or write, would you feel embarrassed if others stared at you, or avoided you?

Would you want to carry on being who you are? You can’t help what happened to you but people don’t understand.

They think you’re different. Weird.

Subhuman. They don’t realise that you have the same heart as everyone else.

For thousands of years disabled people have been treated unfairly. During the medieval period in England almost everyone believed in God. So when someone was born with a disability they were seen as sinners who shouldn’t be accepted because they must be really bad people if they had sinned even before they were born. There was no treatment for people with disabilities but many people (family, communities, monks) tried to help the ill and gave them food, water and shelter. Such supporters believed disabled people were good because they were suffering early on Earth and would enter Heaven sooner.

Today, the world still treats the less able as different but there has been a vast improvement and now many charities, such as Mencap or Scope UK, offer help. They raise money, by advertising or visiting schools, so the disabled can afford special equipment or even treatment. Medicine has also evolved over the years and now scientists and doctors are trying to find cures for disabilities or at least make them more bearable. British doctors have managed to cure, by stem cell

During World War Two disabled people were placed into concentratio n camps where they often died quickly

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Next time you are walking in the street and see someone with a disability, stop and think about how you would like to be treated if you were in their shoes

treatment, a rare blood disease called Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, which is genetic. Although only one hundred children in England are affected by this disease, doctors are aiming to decrease many other blood diseases by the same method. The world is warming up to people with disabilities. New activities and competitions now entertain disabled people. At Mencap, they enjoy football, music and art. There is also the Paralympics every four years. People with missing limbs can now compete in biking, swimming and running.

So the way disabled people are treated has improved since the Middle Ages. They can now do almost everything you and I can do. Next time you are walking in the street and see someone with a disability, stop and think about how you would like to be treated if you were in their shoes. If they are struggling, help, and if others are cruel, stand up and be counted. You could always just say ‘Hi.’ Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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I was diagnosed with Type One Diabetes at the age of eight

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isease and disability affect direct result of physical injury. Some hundreds of millions of families. diseases last until death, and are Currently around 10% of the called chronic diseases, but some can total world’s population, or roughly be cured, and cures are being sought 650 million people, live with a physical for others. A disability is ‘a physical or disadvantage. And sadly most of such mental condition that limits a person’s people are treated differently, even movements, senses, or activities’. though we are all unique in our own So there it is. There are hundreds of way already. It could thousands of diseases be something small, and disabilities. Some like wearing glasses, are rare but others are or something huge, Around 10% of the total common. world’s population, or like a chronic disease, roughly 650 million but sufferers shouldn’t I was diagnosed with people, live with a feel ashamed. I have Type One Diabetes at the physical disadvantage Type One Diabetes but age of eight. My mum millions of people are sent me to the doctor affected as much as me. for a blood test and it A disease is a disorder of structure turned out something was wrong so or function in a human, animal, or I was rushed to hospital immediately. plant, especially one that produces When I got there, I was diagnosed specific symptoms or that affects a with DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis), specific location and is not simply a which means I had too much sugar

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I had to learn to inject myself before meals and prick myself to get my blood glucose reading

Iw unt as m in a il a ade f n to nd e urse un o f x e v mis er pla cam i y ab conc one ned e ou t D eptio the iab etens s

in my body. I am going to stop here and make a HUGE point: I did not get Type One Diabetes by eating too much sugar. That is Type Two Diabetes, which is frequently mentioned in the papers.

Type One is to do with genes and Type Two with lifestyle. Back to the story.

I was in hospital for a week. For the first day or two I was hooked up to a machine called an insulin drip, which gave me the medicine I needed to stay alive (while I simultaneously played games…).

For most of that week I was learning about my condition. I had to learn to inject myself before meals and prick myself to get my blood glucose reading. When I was discharged (yay!) I had to go back to school (boo!) where I was made fun of until a nurse explained to everyone the misconceptions about Diabetes. Even so, I still get comments today. But things have improved. I don’t have to inject myself any more and I have my friends and family to back me up.

So next time you see someone who is different being made to feel ashamed of their illness, STICK UP FOR THEM. I am not afraid of my illness. I AM PROUD OF IT. It makes me who I am.

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one thing about my earlier life, it would be to have told an adult at this point.

Events will explain why.

We had lockers at school, without locking codes. So checking mine became the bane of my life. The bully who wrote the first note kept leaving more. Going to get my books for my next lesson I would be greeted by a message so cruel I wouldn’t dare repeat it here. While this went on, I became more and more inactive. Eventually the notes depressed me so much I was scared to go out in case I saw him standing outside my house.

H After many weeks, word got out and my friends decided to tell my teacher ext my n ge r o f sa books a mes t my reeted by t it e g to eg pea Going I would b ’t dare re n n lesso el I would so cru

ave you ever been told you weren’t normal? Have you ever been beaten? And if you have been bullied, did you tell anyone? I’m going to tell you about my experience of bullying and why you must speak out. Bullying in schools is still a hidden thing. Most victims of bullying suffer in silence.

After many weeks word got out and my friends decided to tell my teacher. I reluctantly agreed. I handed over all of the notes I had kept, but it was not all of them because I had thrown away a lot of the early ones. An investigation began, not using the police obviously since I wasn’t important enough. They found out who it was, and the bully was punished accordingly. There had been two months of notes.

The experience shook my confidence, and it got worse the longer it went on.

This is why I have chosen to write about bullying, so I can give you all some I was just ten years old. I was at a advice. If you are getting bullied, don’t school in Brighton. At this school, I let it carry on. Whether you are being was popular. I was clever, funny and told you are fat, ugly, gay or anything everybody liked me. At least, that is else, the worst thing you can do is ‘let what I thought. I went into it go’, or listen to the the boys’ lavatories one people who say ‘if you day, and my world of fun The experience shook leave it alone, it will go my confidence, and it away’, because it won’t. stopped. As I rolled out the got worse the longer it toilet roll, the big words, As soon as it starts, tell went on... I was scared printed in luminescent someone. The chances to go out in case I saw pink highlighter, were are the bully is just him standing outside unmissable: ‘Jed is a fat, gay scared or envious. my house *****.’ I was shocked and Make it known at once thought about telling my if you are being bullied teacher, but then read the following – physically, verbally, online – because words: ‘BTW if you show this to a teacher, this can stop permanent damage to I will follow you home and stalk you for your self-esteem. Get the bully caught the rest of your life.’ This forced me not before anyone else gets hurt.  to say a word even though I now know the threat was empty. If I could change Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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Grammy-award winning rapper Macklemore will rap in a studio for hours on end

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Lionel Messi is the only player in history to win five FIFA Ballon d'Or awards and the first to win three European Golden Shoes

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nt, e l a t ust , says j t s no ractice i s cces ice, p u s t to pract e r c e, TH se The practic CKERSTE but THAN BI o you know what Grammy JONA

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nds are re seco are e h T ow 400 86, day. H to in a going m? e you nd th spe

Award-winning rapper Macklemore, multiple Best Female Tennis Player of the Year Award-winner Serena Williams, or five-times Ballon D’Or winner Lionel Messi have in common? Hours and hours and hours of practice. They hit a ball on court or kick a ball on a pitch or rap in a studio for hours, days on end, striving for what sports journalist Matthew Syed says in his book, Bounce, is the ‘ultimate goal of life’ – the fruit of ten thousand hours.

That’s roughly 2.2% of a waking life. Just practising. Trying.

Repeating. Over and over and over, until you break that barrier of 10,000, which many claim is how much practice you need to become the best in the world. It sounds easy, but think about it like this. If you start at the age of ten, and want to achieve this target by the age of thirty, you have to do at least one hour and twenty minutes every day. No breaks on weekends or birthdays or holidays. And you need to compensate for any wasted or missed time.

Former table tennis player, author and sports commentator Matthew Syed wrote a whole book on the subject. Bounce explores dedication and striving for excellence. We tend to assign words like ‘genius’ and ‘naturally gifted’ to people who achieve success – yet Syed claims that excellence is primarily down to constant ‘purposeful practice’. Golfer Gary Player suggested true success is no coincidence when he said, ‘The harder I practise, the luckier I get.'

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Golfer Gary Player suggested true success is no coincidence when he said, ‘The harder I practise, the luckier I get.’

I know someone who follows this dedicated lifestyle, and he has a piece of paper stuck on the inside of his door to read every time he wakes up. It is full of motivational quotes: ‘There are 86,400 seconds in a day. How are you going to spend them?’; ‘Don’t wish you had done more when you were younger by the time you’re 50?.’ This simple trick drives him him to take a football everywhere he goes, and he spends most of his time playing football, just to get in a few more minutes of training.

In the holidays he aims for eight hours a day of practice, which I think is absurd, but he insists that to make the grade he must complete at least eight hours a day of just kicking a football around on a pitch.

Artist Mike Shinoda summed up success when he said it is 10% luck, 20% skill, 15% willpower, 5% pleasure and 50% pain. So if you want to be the best at your hobby or passion, remember: you must do 1.14 years, or 14 months, or 60 weeks, or 417 days, or 10,000 hours of just… practice. 

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s e advantage h t s e r o l p x OR e OLIVER HECT media l a i soc f o s ntage a v d a is and d 88

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oday around 2.3 billion people worldwide use social media, which are now a huge part of almost every person’s life whether they have access or not. Recently Donald Trump was made President of the United States when the primary communication network he used in his campaign was social media. He was the first president to do this, or any political leader ever in the history of democracy. This just shows how social media are taking over our lives today.

A recent study suggests that the average person today has five social media accounts and spends around one hour and forty minutes on them daily. That is almost 15% of a 24-hour day. Many people see this as a disaster and reckon it will only get worse.

This is because social media are used as a popularity contest measured by ‘likes’, ‘followers’ and ‘subscribers’, which has two effects. For the people at the top with the most followers social media are great because they know they are popular and a huge following boosts self-confidence, and this is perfectly fine. But for people who do

w Tru hen D Pre mp w onal d as s Uni ident mad ted e o th St f th com e pri ates e m , net munic ary w a o t cam rk ion soc paign in his ial w me as dia

not have such status, social media set goals that are impossible to achieve, making them waste time striving to succeed, and this can lower their confidence and make them feel depressed.

This is where the problem lies. Social media Nelson Mandela said: can cause anxiety, jealousy, stress, hatred ‘Education is the greatest and loneliness. These are all terrible things weapon that you can for people even as young as ten to feel. use to change the world.

Education is power, and

it should be available to But social media are not just a waste of everyone.’ time. Not only for the likes of Donald Trump, social media can be used to advantage, and can do good for many people around the world. Nelson Mandela said: ‘Education is the greatest weapon that you can use to change the world. Education is power, and it should be available to everyone.’ And social media create this availability. In a world where mainly the rich get a good education, social media are all around us and can be used to share information that will save lives and earn livings. So maybe Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat aren’t so bad after all.

Social media are not a plague. Nor are they a cure for all ills. But they are a bit of both. It really depends on whether users post for popularity or for education that will change lives. The decision is yours. Socia l med caus e anx ia can iety, jealo hatre usy, stres s, lone d and lines s Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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JIYA POPAT tells us how Indian dress is influencing the Western fashion industry

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ashion isn’t just a hobby: it’s something that you live and breathe. It’s a way of life that no one can take away from you, because fashion is what you make it – not what anyone else says it is.

Many countries have their own fashion designers, all of them with their own unique styles. France has Coco Chanel. Italy has Miuccia Prada. But my personal favourite is close to my heart – Indian fashion. Designers from Ritu Kumar to Manish Malhotra fulfil dreams and make others feel like royalty, with a specially tailored dress.

Indian women’s clothing for everyday wear is an amazing combination of comfort and style. With more and more styles invading the market, comfortable designs can be worn at work, to parties or as casual wear at home. You can choose from a wide variety of dresses made out of cotton, crêpe (a light, thin fabric with a wrinkled surface) and silk. Depending on the occasion, you may choose something with embroidery, stone work or sequins.

Even though women living in different regions of India sport different styles of clothing, the more popular Indian women's styles are saris, salwar kameez and kurtis. These are popular among both working women and housewives. The hot climate makes lighter fabrics such as cotton appealing. However, there is no end to the variety of fabrics. For the Western person, a ‘salwar kameez’ can be described as a long shirt worn with loose trousers, with or without a scarf known as a dupatta, and the ‘kurti’ can be described as a top that can be worn over jeans or leggings.

When fashion travels from one subculture to another, chronicling is crucial so we can preserve the past, sound out the present and predict the future. Over time, a lot has changed in the Indian fashion industry because Indian designers have created global brands.

It was the Indian wedding that gave Indian fashion a boost in the 1980s when there were very few high-profile designers.

This bridal market, Bollywood’s aggressive marketing and costume dressing from the 80s turning to couture in the early 2000s all changed the game for Indian fashion. Designers now share a regal vision of the bridal market as they saw it in those formative years. If it was not for the worldwide ‘ghaghra choli’ (traditional dress) to begin with, where would Indian fashion be?  Mind’s Eye Prep | 2017

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By the y branches ear 2010 there private fa across India, and were 15 NIFT shion ins s titutions everal smaller had also grown

Technology. Everywhere we go we see someone with a phone in their hands.

If we can make glass, stainless steel and some plastic so popular, why not a piece of cloth? Already companies such as Apple have teamed up with Hermès to make leather straps for their watches, combining technology with style. So in the future dresses might light up or make sounds.

In my opinion Indian fashion is amazing right now as it is, but fashion is always changing and we have to change with it

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Designers from Ritu Kumar to Manish Malhotra fulfil dreams and make others feel like royalty

In 1986, the Ministry of Textiles opened the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) in Delhi with the help of the Fashion The most delightful quality Institute of Technology, Bollywood’s New York. It played a aggressive marketing of an Indian woman is her range of clothing. very important part by turning to couture Indian clothing, especially bringing in locally trained in the early 2000s fashion designers. By the changed the game for Indian women’s clothing, is famous the world Indian fashion year 2010 there were 15 over for its elegance and branches across India, and several smaller private fashion gracefulness. With the popularity of Indian clothing gaining strength in the institutions had also grown.

West, some Indian designers have now In my opinion Indian fashion is amazing launched ranges of more Western-style right now as it is, but fashion is always Indian clothing lines. So Indian clothing changing and we have to change with is gaining ever-wider popularity it. Making predictions is very important throughout the world.  to determine what tomorrow brings.

The future will bring many inspiring pieces, some of which may be similar to what we see today – clothes made of silk or cotton. But what is the main article in people’s lives today?

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Indian women’s clothing for everyday wear is an amazing combination of comfort and style

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Indian women’s clothing is famous the world over for its elegance and grace

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A

r e c c so legend

why s n i xpla ing e L r L ESTA o inspi X A M is s é l e P

H

ave you ever witnessed a beautifully crafted piece of sportsmanship? Imagine it ten times better. Now you have an image of my sports inspiration – Edson Arantes do Nascimento, otherwise known as Pelé. The Brazilian international football legend explodes in my mind whenever anyone mentions the word ‘inspiration’.

Even my mum knows who Pelé is and that’s something special.

little empathy to realise just how much determination, self-belief and courage it took for him to become a professional football player in later life.

When Pelé and his family eventually moved to another part of Brazil, he started skipping school to work so that he could afford a football and then to Have you ever tried to pick up a pen practise. Pelé created a team with some lid between your two feet? What about friends called the ‘shoeless ones’. This being able to control a game, after his success, football and guide it past became known as ten opposing players whilst His dad stuffed a sock ‘Pelada’. trying to sprint at full pace and Pelé kicked it and gracefully finesse it past through the streets There is nobody I can barefoot the goalkeeper, who could compare with Pelé. be six feet eight inches tall?

Whilst there are many Pelé is widely regarded wonderful football as the best player ever to glorify this players out there today, like Lionel ‘beautiful game’.

Messi, Neymar and Gareth Bale, none of these came from such an appalling If you do not like football, or even background as Pelé. despise it with a passion, Pelé can still be an enormous inspiration to you. I often think of passion when talking He said, ‘Success is no accident.’ This about Pelé. At one point, his passion for is certainly applicable to Pelé’s life. the beautiful game got him expelled He grew up in such poverty that his from school because he was playing in parents could not afford a football. His school hours. Although his virtues were dad stuffed a sock and Pelé kicked it many, it was his passion for football through the streets barefoot. It takes that provided him with a heroic future.

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The b kick icycle : sm ashin the b whil all hom g st u psid e dow e n!

The bicycle kick. What a move. Elegantly flipping onto your side in mid-air and smashing the football home whilst upside down! Pelé invented it.

This move is an inspiration for many footballers like Wayne Rooney, Zlatan Ibrahimović and Cristiano Ronaldo.

Being a team player is certainly a vital part of football. That is another admirable quality of this illustrious figurehead. Pelé was part of the Brazilian international team as well as a league team. He finished his career with an astonishing 1,281 goals, a world record.

Honestly, wherever you are from, whoever you are, whatever you do – you can take a lot from this little superstar to make you a better person.

There really is only one word for such a legend. Inspiring. 

WHER

E

IS

? a i p Uto

only way e h t s e u g r a LOUIS BADOY ture a n uman h e scap e o is t d a ahe

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“

German national socialism attempted to subjugate all of Europe because the Führer believed Germany was superior

distant sovereign states. Human greed and selfishness are ubiquitous and permanent. And this is why, sadly, we can never achieve Utopia.

Yet still we try to find answers to the big questions in life. This is why we have invented religions and political systems by which to live. Every tribe, whether in the Arctic or the Amazon, has its own system of beliefs to rationalise the mystery of life, based on location, means and needs. People in the desert praise water, and people in the mountains worship mountains.

We try to find answers to the big questions in life: this is why we have invented religions and political systems by which to live give alism both it p a C d n ma ey Communis ommunity and mon c s d o us g

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W

orld War Two followed World War One, selfish human beings repeating their mistakes. In its bid to annex Serbia, the arrogant Austro-Hungarian empire set off a geopolitical chain reaction that ignited World War One. Then German national socialism attempted to subjugate all of Europe because the Führer believed Germany was superior.

Every country has an extreme nationalist period in its history. For centuries European countries unjustly ruled parts of the world thousands of miles away. Britain itself had the most enormous empire the world has ever seen, forcing its rule and culture upon others without any right to do so. On its predations the sun never set. The USA, known as The Land of the Free, did not abolish slavery until 1865 and interned anyone of Japanese heritage in camps during World War Two. It is one of the biggest players in the explosive Middle East and has the largest, most powerful and advanced military in the world, which to this day routinely threatens

But the systems that result from these answers, such as Communism, Capitalism, Christianity, Judaism and Islam, tend to become a means of largescale manipulation hijacked by a small, powerful elite who then oppresses the majority. Every large-scale way of life follows the same path. It starts out harmless enough but is overrun in the end by human greed and selfishness, and contravenes its original precepts.

Communism, in theory, offers a good way of life but when Stalin came to power in Soviet Russia the ideals of

t Leap s ‘Grea d to ’ g n o d te Ze ontribu an Mao Chairm ’ campaign c a death toll d d Forwar ead famine an r p s le e p eo wid illion p of 45 m

Communism were perverted and its people were worse off than those under the Tsar before 1917. Christianity was also corrupted. After its original message of brotherly love and tolerance, it became in the Middle Ages a means by which its leaders could extort money from scared believers and control the lives of huge numbers of people. The world was then stuck in centuries of intellectual regression because The Church banned anything 'heretical'. Science was blasphemy and its authors were tortured and killed.

Even Buddhism, a philosophical and intellectual religion renowned for its message of peace, has been debased.

Buddhism propagates a belief in reincarnation, so the better one has acted in a previous life the better off one will be in the next. In this way the rich can tell the poor that they deserve to be poor because they were bad in a previous life, thus preventing any rebellion by the lower classes and maintaining the status quo. All systems are, sadly, the same. Communism

“

Even Buddhism, renowned for its message of peace, has been debased

and Capitalism both give us gods, community and money, and a way of life – sharing or the pursuit of wealth.

But both have failed.

Human nature will always stop us from achieving Utopia. Someone will always usurp ideals for personal gain. All ‘-isms’ and ‘-ities’ are just small-scale guides to life that on a large scale become tools of oppression. Such is the human equation, and so it will always be unless we can break free. It is quite a dilemma, since to succeed the human being must break free from its human nature.

Human are ubiq greed and s e uitous and pe lfishness rmanen t

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Every tribe has its own system of beliefs to rationalise the mystery of life

The Lord Shiva Statue in Murudeshwar, India 98

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# ou’re nts, Y ong!

Pare ll wr a it rry; doing ’t wo n o d But line t e m m o E has g e l d Lid covered... it

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Sugary foods are a great source of energy. Does your child say they are too tired to do their saxophone practice?

An extra treat or two is the perfect solution.

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Rules daries. But clear boun dlessly d e e n o d Children ild to min king is nt your ch do you wa s? Independent thin e eir own ul th m make follow r e th t e l o e, s preferabl decisions.

tle with rents bat creens, pa st o M s e Screen Tim over time spent on great ren be a d n il a h c c d ir a e iP th n y. aying on a school da though pl er a long s s ft a a l d g in a w g by havin way to un x a l e to r e ik to e nl Parents lik r work, and childre e o why not of wine aft ying Crossy Road, s when la ver know relax by p d all, you ne ir r B e y ft p A p a ? to Fl let them reference stion in a quiz. e ur c s b o ue an e winning q might be th

Bed Time Experts say a good night’s sleep is a key factor in how well your child performs at school. But this is misguided. Those extra hours of sleep could be more usefully spent learning the periodic table, for example. If you find your child still awake at midnight, it is probably because they are memorising all the states of America in alphabetical order, and not because they are just about to defeat the Ender Dragon in Minecraft.

Think

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s r o t u b i r t n o C WRITERS

BRAMBLETYE

BROOMWOOD HALL

Lexi HudsonRobert AdamsUliana Yudintseva

Belle StephensonPoppy BrookesRosie Harris

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East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 3PD 01342 770197

schooloffice@brambletye.com www.brambletye.co.uk

@Brambletweet

68-74 Nightingale Lane, London, SW12 8NR 020 8682 8810

broomwood@northwoodschools.com www.broomwood.co.uk

@BroomwoodHall

EATON HOUSE THE MANOR

JUNIOR KING’S, CANTERBURY

George SageOllie TrillOliver HectorLouis Badoy Rohan Nightingale

Breseya ClarkFreddie HollandIsobel BrownNatalya Hoare Rebecca HutchingsTheo Outram

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58 Clapham Common North Side, London, SW4 9RU 020 7924 6000

admin@eatonhouseschools.com www.eatonhouseschools.com

ST JOHN’S COLLEGE SCHOOL Alexander TimansCharlotte RuddJiya Popat Gabrial Glinsman

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73 Grange Road, Cambridge, CB3 9AB 01223 353532

admissions@sjcs.co.uk www.sjcs.co.uk

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@sjcs_cambridge

Milner Court, Sturry, Canterbury, CT2 0AY 01227 714000

office@junior-kings.co.uk www.junior-kings.co.uk

@JuniorKingsSch

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE Mia DahlJed VineOrla ReidHarry Lumsden Jonathan BickerstethEdward ClaysonAtlanta Anley Alice RobertsRicardo GarciaMax Estall

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High Street, Hawkhurst, Cranbrook, Kent, TN18 4PY 01580 753555

frontoffice@marlboroughhouseschool.co.uk www.marlboroughhouseschool.co.uk

SOLEFIELD

SPRING GROVE SCHOOL

Cameron DymondTimothy HillJames WillimontJoris Remijn

Emmeline Liddle

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Solefields Road, Sevenoaks, Kent, TN13 1PH 01732 452142

office@solefieldschool.org www.solefieldschool.org

@solefieldschool

Harville Road, Wye, TN25 5EZ 01233 812337

office@springgroveschool.co.uk www.springgroveschool.co.uk

WELLESLEY HOUSE SCHOOL Ivan BorovykBen FalconEthan BeckettTom Burge Freddie BondAntonia Wilkes

   

114 Ramsgate Road, Broadstairs, Kent, CT10 2DG 01843 862991

office@wellesleyhouse.net www.wellesley.kent.sch.uk

@wellesleyschool

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