Mind's Eye Prep 2019

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

Welcome to the third edition of Mind’s Eye Prep, a magazine produced by the King’s School, Canterbury, for any pupils at prep schools who would like an article about the real world published to a professional standard.

After our staffing and technical issues last year, we are thrilled to be back on track, gathering articles before Easter and publishing them in time for the barbecues in June.

Once again we are hugely grateful for the energetic commitment of the pupils and teachers who produced such a wide range of fascinating pieces despite the evergrowing pressure of exam preparation and co-curricular activities. We hope their excellent example will encourage even more pupils to get involved in the 2020 edition.

Thanks must also go to David Hopkins at King’s, whose invaluable advice made the whole project possible from the outset; to the design team at Cobweb Creative whose ideas for colourful layouts seem inexhaustible; and to the expert printers at Lavenham Press who take our constant changes of plan in their stride.

Judging by the pride the contributing pupils express when they see their work in print, we are proud to give them this annual opportunity, and hope that you enjoy reading their work as much as we do.

Anthony Lyons Editor The King’s School Canterbury Design by Cobweb Creative www.cobwebcreative.org

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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14 Heart and Sole Charlie Harlow reveals an obsession with shoes

16 Kings of Infinite Space Pablo Gusman marvels at the hugeness of the known universe

19 Baking the Mould Tallulah Reedman helps the environment with zero-waste baking

38 On Hedge Row

for us all to look out Esme Scanian wants hedgehogs

39 Who’s There?

need dementia sufferers Meg McKay says all is love

42 Bling!

tial to sparkles Keziah Atherton is par

44 Testing Times

is not that true education Amber Nelson says about exams

22 Paradise Found

Perdita Leighton cel ebrates the joys of St. Lucia

24 Rough Trade

Poppy Falcon lament s the degraded numbers of elephants

28 Mind Full

Ben Fountain-Barber addresses a mental health epidemic

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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63 Happy Days

Peter Zhu believes to be happy we must have purpose

65 Same Difference

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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Every year, thousands of innocent people are wrongfully imprisoned, often without a fair trial

H

ave you ever heard of the Birmingham Six, the Cardiff Three or the M25 Three? If you have, it’s because they were highprofile miscarriages of justice. But these sensational cases lead people to believe miscarriages of justice are unusual events. The truth is different.

e, liff c t a r nR ani ing he h z a t N it i w s i v s , ent ter par augh ed d st her arre for s wa gedly e all spying

And what about Nazanin Ratcliffe? A British-Iranian woman, Ratcliffe had been in Tehran visiting her parents with her one-year-old daughter. However, on 3 April 2016, when she arrived at the airport to return to the UK she was arrested, allegedly for spying. She Every year, thousands of innocent was charged with plotting against the government and was people are wrongfully Officials took sentenced to five years’ imprisoned around the the passport of imprisonment. Officials world, often without a her daughter, Gabriella, so the took the passport of her fair trial. Many of these girl couldn’t leave daughter, Gabriella, so miscarriages of justice the country and are not discovered, had to stay with her the girl couldn’t leave the country and had to stay and innocent people grandparents with her grandparents, are left to rot in prison, sometimes never to see the light of day meaning she spent her second again. A miscarriage of justice means a birthday without her mother, who was failure of a court or judicial system to in prison, or her father, who was in attain the ends of justice, especially one England. Ratcliffe and a fellow prisoner, which results in the conviction of an Ms Mohammadi, were denied medical innocent person. We are lucky because attention after frequent requests so we live in a relatively just country but they went on a three-day hunger strike. many developing world countries Is this how we want innocent people to be treated? Should innocent prisoners aren’t quite as fair. have to starve themselves to receive Arriving in Egypt in October 2017, medical attention that we would not Laura Pullinger was looking forward to deny an animal? visiting her Egyptian husband whom she only saw two to four times a year. Miscarriages of justice occur in Britain However, she was arrested for drug as well. The Birmingham Six was a dealing at the airport because she was group of men who happened to be in carrying large amounts of Tramadol, Birmingham, in November 1974, when which is illegal in Egypt since it can a bomb went off, killing 21 people. be used as a replacement for heroin. The six men were arrested and served She was sentenced to three years' 17 years behind bars before being  imprisonment on 26 December 2017.

She claims she was taking these drugs SHOULD IN for her husband, who suffered from THEMSEL NOCENT PRISON ERS HAV VES TO ET back pain after an accident. Fortunately, RE THAT WE WOULD N CEIVE MEDICAL O STARVE A OT DENY despite some controversy, she has now AN ANIM TTENTION AL? been released.

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exonerated and released in 1991. The case became famous as possibly the worst miscarriage of justice ever seen in Britain.

How can we allow innocent people to be scrutinised and then locked up just to satisfy list-watching bureaucrats?

British police openly admit they arrest many people without evidence so they can meet their targets

British police openly admit they arrest many people without evidence and have criminalised people so they can meet their targets and quotas. How can we allow innocent people to be scrutinised and then locked up just to satisfy list-watching bureaucrats?

While the government puts more and more pressure on the police force, and with knife crime on the rise, the police need to stop worrying about meeting their targets, quotas and deadlines and start thinking about how justice can be served, whilst still protecting the lives of the innocent.

THE PO LIC ABOUT M E NEED TO ST AND DEA EETING THEIR T OP WORRYING ARGETS, DLINES QUOTAS 8

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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“

Apple is currently valued at one trillion dollars and the iPhone is its leading product

We should also not underestimate the enjoyment value of the smartphone, which entertains billions of people across the globe. There are thousands of games, fun applications and emojis to download and some of these can be so stimulating they benefit mental health. The smartphone can enhance friendships too, or create the opportunity to make new friends, even when it is not possible to meet face to face. Another benefit is the phone’s ability to store huge volumes of data, mostly in the form of images, videos and documents, all of which can be accessed with the swipe of a finger. So far so good, but there are downsides.

We no longer rely just on voice calls, but can enrich our social and familial interaction with text messages, photos and videos e s when w ven help u g System e n a c e n nin tpho The smar h its Global Positio it w t, s lo get (GPS)

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

W

e all agree the smartphone is a huge technological advance but is it a blessing

or a curse?

The smartphone’s positive impact on economies is enormous. For instance, Apple is currently valued at one trillion dollars and the iPhone is its leading product, so the smartphone has spawned a global industry that employs hundreds of thousands of people. And consider the ease with which we can now access information for educational reasons and everyday living purposes. The smartphone can even help us when we get lost, with its Global Positioning System (GPS), used by civilians when walking or driving, and the military for security. General communication has been taken to another level, since we no longer rely just on voice calls, but can enrich our social and familial interaction with text messages, photos and videos. These have also made work more efficient and improved emergency services.

First, the smartphone can be addictive and distracting. Many people are unable to put down their mobile device and many feel so lost without it that using a phone has become a form of dependency. The smartphone also takes our attention away from the real world around us. Often, this socalled ‘communication’ device prevents people from sharing more important things face to face. To this must be added the very real danger of using

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mobile phones while driving, or people colliding in the streets with traffic, with each other or with stationary objects because they are not looking where they are going. Everyone in public is constantly bent over, gazing at a screen.

“

The smartphone can enhance friendships too, or create the opportunity to make new friends

Another danger concerns information. It is now much easier to spread fake news and blur the difference between truth and lies. Meanwhile, personal security is another thorny issue because phones allow a greater invasion of privacy and the theft of personal information, including financial data. This is a major concern not, of course, limited to the smartphone. Two of the ugliest unwanted consequences of this technology are the spread of trolling and the dangers of sexual grooming of youth, both of which are on the increase.

So, whilst we should all cherish the many benefits of the smartphone, we need to stay alert to some of its threats and side-effects. Perhaps a degree of self-control is just as important as a steady growth in government regulation.

“

the ugliest unwanted consequences of this technology are the spread of trolling and the dangers of sexual grooming Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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veryone knows charity begins at home. Why should our precious funds be shipped off to those who live abroad? Why should we be helping other countries when people here are hungry?

We shouldn’t be! More than a million people are starving in Britain but Britain funds more charities abroad than it does at home.

If people in other countries are unable to help their own people why should we? There are many countries richer than Britain who should be called upon. These countries have a larger land mass but a smaller population and do not have the same outgoings as Britain.

And if we scrapped donating to charities abroad, imagine how much money we would have for our own expenditure. We could address the areas that require financial support within our own infrastructure, like the NHS. We could even eradicate poverty. We could be a more prosperous and successful country, competing to be one of the most desirable places to live in Europe. Imagine the possibilities if we just kept our money instead of giving it away.

Stopping donations to charities abroad would be life-changing economically, socially and politically.

Charities at home would benefit enormously.

Charities abroad should be funded by a united body of wealthy, larger nations. Charities abroad should not be of interest to Britain.

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believe we should donate money to those in need before helping ourselves. Many other countries need our support for schools, homes and healthcare.

First, in some places they have many families living in very basic accommodation - corrugated metal for roofs, mud-caked walls and scraps of cotton hanging to section off areas. With our financial contributions we improve the lives of thousands of people. How can we abandon these helpless, vulnerable people, living like animals, drinking from water infested with diseases like cholera? Would you treat your fellow human beings in this way? The very least you can do is contribute a few pounds from your substantial salary to drag them from their hellish existences.

Second, around 60% of people in the world have not attended school in their lives. How can we not invest in education, knowing that this frees people from their trapped, depressing lives? Very little is required to make a difference. Only one pound can help ten children attend a school. Is it not better to spend money in this way than spend it on a chocolate bar?

Finally, war-torn countries like Afghanistan and Iraq need military support. They have been and are hugely grateful for the help they receive from our country. So little for us yet so much for them. Imagine if we were suddenly to pull away this lifeline that is critical in saving the lives of so many.

So donating money to overseas charities is essential when we are a developed, advanced and wealthy country. If we were to stop providing this aid, then countries in critical situations would crumble and be in even more of a desperate state. We should not be selfish when we can afford to be selfless. Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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Heart &

e l o S

Charlie H arlow ex plains wh made for y shoes a so much m re ore t han walk ing

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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love shoes. When I get home and have finished my homework, I go online and look at all the latest releases. I love the wide variety of the humble shoe – for sport or parties.

I love casual shoes such as Air Force 1 and Vans, but I also like shoes for running, such as Adidas Ultra Boost.

WHEN I GET HOME AND HOMEWORK, HAVE FINISH I GO ONLINE AND LOOK AT ED MY LATEST RELEA ALL THE SES

Shoes are selling fast: the US market grew by more than $21 billion dollars last year

Shoes are selling fast. The US market grew by more than $21 billion dollars last year, and the world market grew about the same. I love shoe conventions when sneaker fans come together to admire the latest releases. They create a buzz in the market, driving sales up as more and more people want to buy their favourites. The biggest trainer convention is ‘Sneaker Con’, which has monthly meetings around the world.

These have sent the trainer market through the roof. At such events they often sell rare shoes that all the collectors want to buy so they can sell them on for a profit.

00 6,0rs 1 e an th rain tly e n t r k e he Mo lac curr in t n’s b e e t ng ar taili womarke e e r lin s m K on iner he U t a tr in

Social media are a massive platform for companies to promote their new designs to the world. Celebrities and musical artists are influential, especially Grime artists, who are followed because of their music and style. A number of famous people now have their own shoe brands, including stars such as David Beckham and Travis Scott. Scott, who has 15 million Instagram followers, is very influential with his style, and I am on social media a lot just to look at the brand new styles and trends.

People often buy shoes for the colour and the practicality but I buy shoes to be different. I don’t want to have the same shoes as everyone else because that would be boring. I encourage you to be different and bold with the shoes you wear. More than 16,000 black trainers are Anyone from 12 to 40 can I don’t want to have the same currently retailing in the get involved. I have always shoes as everyone online women’s trainers liked trainers, and my dad, else because that market in the UK, making who usually likes ‘old would just be up 25% of the market. school’ shoes, now likes boring Neutral trainers make up Stan Smiths and Campus.

23% of the share, while He sticks with Adidas, but I am trying to get him to chop and grey accounts for 20%. I know that change and not stick to the style he everyone likes to wear black shoes so knows best. I love this comment by a they don’t stand out as much, and at ‘Sneakerologist’, which explains why my school there are a few people who this market is really such a good thing to disguise their black trainers as their invest in: ‘Over the last decade, sneaker school shoes. sales in the US averaged [growth of ] 5% per year. Internationally it has grown What shoes will we be wearing in 30 faster, as emerging markets and China years’ time? Imagine hover shoes or grow very fast.’ Chinese sales are the shoes that are heated for Winter. The main driver of income in the trainer possibilities are endless. world.

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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King

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Infinite e c a Sp

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

Pablo Guzman points out that our sun is just one star out of one billion trillion, and counting

T

he Universe was born around 13.8 billion years ago in an enormous explosion, which produced matter and energy, known as the Big Bang. So the Universe was formed in a tiny fraction of a second and, in that moment, it was very hot. As it has grown, the Universe has cooled and stars and galaxies have formed as the Universe expands.

The expansion of the Universe, which began with the Big Bang, continues today. In fact, the Universe is expanding more and more quickly. Although it is possible to see our own galaxy, the Milky Way, with the naked eye, some of the first-ever galaxies created can only be detected using some extremely powerful telescopes. It is interesting to consider that some of these galaxies were formed 500 million years after the Big Bang itself.

The Universe contains not only matter and energy but also huge quantities of invisible dark matter. Surprisingly, this dark matter doesn’t give off any light or heat, and 85% of the Universe is constructed from this dark matter.

The stars that dot the night sky are only a few of the billions of stars in the Universe. Balls of ice, rock or gas, known as planets, move around or orbit other stars. These are collectively known as galaxies, which form the Universe. These can contain countless stars: even the smallest ones can have up to 10 million stars, while others can have trillions.

Interstellar clouds comprise gas and particles of dust grains that float through interstellar space, the regions between stars.

Often these interstellar clouds can appear as dark shapes, because they block all the light from the stars behind.

There is nothing bigger than the Universe, which can never be accurately measured because it continues to get bigger and bigger every day. While technology evolves, astronomers are increasingly able to look back in time to moments just after the Big Bang. This might seem to imply that the entire Universe lies within our view. But the size of the Universe depends on a number of things, including its shape and rate of expansion.

Just how big is the Universe? The truth is, scientists can't put a completely accurate number on its size. 

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We know what is out there because bodies in space give off electromagnetic radiation

However, they calculate that there are about 10 billion galaxies in the observable Universe. The number of stars in a galaxy varies, but assuming an average of 100 billion stars per galaxy there must be about 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (one billion trillion) stars in the observable universe. Our sun is one.

“

Just how big is the Universe?

The truth is that scientists can’t put a completely accurate number on its size

there must be about 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (one billion trillion) stars in the observable universe

We know what is out there because bodies in space give off electromagnetic radiation.

So things in space that release or reflect light, like stars or planets, can be seen either with the naked eye or by using telescopes. By observing the light emitted, scientists can either directly tell where objects in space are, or at least can make deductions about their locations. Also, there are now many satellites in space that can observe The Earth as well as other planets, stars and heavenly bodies that form the galaxies.

“

things in space that release or reflect light, like stars or planets, can be seen either with the naked eye or by using telescopes

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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“

If half the population used a reusable bottle we could save 3.85 billion bottles each year

been a problem with de-forestation but if we plant a tree (or two) for every one we use then what is the problem?

We’re helping the environment and helping ourselves.

Whatever alternatives may be adopted in future, the following can help the environment in the mean time:

•

Carry a re-usable bottle, which will save you money - there is even an app that tells you where you can refill your bottle for free.

• Stop using plastic straws so next time you order a drink, think about whether or not you need a straw and, if you don’t, just say no. The UK uses 8.5 billion straws each year.

•

Wouldn’t it be great if we could find an alternative, something that wouldn’t cause a global crisis? tic that e to plas v ti a rn e lt and also a an a ssil fuels icals fo Glass is m o fr ome hem doesn’t c tain any harmful c n o c ’t doesn

D

id you know 7.7 billion plastic bottles are bought in the UK each year? That means every year you alone buy 110 plastic bottles!

Just think. If half the population used a reusable bottle we could save 3.85 billion bottles each year. This would have an enormous effect on the lifespan of animals, particularly in the sea, and would make available the fossil fuels wasted to make this destructive material.

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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Try to shop at package-free supermarkets that store all their food in huge reusable containers from which customers refill theirs. If you’re not sure whether there is one near you, you can search on the internet.

Plastic is everywhere you go – from packaging to bottles and containers, and to the cases around computers.

Our world is entirely dependent on plastic. Wouldn’t it be great if we could find an alternative, something that wouldn’t cause a global crisis?

There are alternatives to plastic, for example glass. Glass doesn’t come from fossil fuels, like plastic, but from sand. It also doesn’t contain any harmful chemicals that can have a damaging effect on your body. Another alternative is wood. I know there has

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Carry a re-usable shopping bag since plastic bags are one of the main causes of this global crisis. In 2002, five trillion plastic bags were produced throughout the world.

kets permar ble u s e e r f eusa ageat pack ood in huge r p o h s Tr y to re all their f that sto rs e contain

Recently I have become interested in zero-waste baking. Social media have made this challenge well known and some famous YouTube baking channels have tried it. The challenge is to bake a treat you would normally make. The twist is that all the packaging that comes from the ingredients you use must fit in one small bowl and has to be recyclable and/or decomposable.

Tasty, a very well-known channel, tried making a zero-waste pizza, and a zerowaste chocolate cake, neither of which is impossible. Ingredients such as flour, sugar, butter, baking powder and bicarbonate of soda can often be found in paper or cardboard packaging. Here are some tips on how to do your own zero-waste baking:

• Use re-usable silicon baking tray liners rather than baking paper.

•

Buy ingredients packaged in recyclable materials.

•

Use re-usable silico n baking tray liner s rather than baking paper

Here is a recipe for chocolate chip cookies. It is supposed to be a replica of a famous brand called Millie’s Cookies, who may not be that environmentally friendly. Although it may not seem like zero-waste, if you use the tips and swap things for more environmentally friendly and re-usable substitutes, it will be. The whole point of zero-waste is to not have anything left over that is plastic, non-recyclable, or environmentally damaging. Good luck and…Bon Appetit!

go to a zero-waste supermarket.

• Ditch anything that says it is ‘disposable‘.

• Have a compost bin in your garden and give your plants a boost.

Bake your s e own i k o o C

Ingredients 125g softened butter 100g light brown soft sugar 125g caster sugar 1 egg 1 tsp vanilla extract 225g self-raising flour 1 tsp salt 200g chocolate chips (white, milk or dark)

Method 1. Preheat the oven to 180C. 2. Cream butter and sugars and combine with the egg and vanilla.

3. Sift in the flour and salt, then add the chocolate chips.

4. Roll into walnut-size balls for a more homemade look, or a long, thick sausage and slice to make neater cookies.

5. Place on a silicone re-usable baking sheet and cook for 7 to 10 minutes until just golden round the edges.

6. Take out of the oven and leave to harden for a minute before transferring to a wire cooling rack.

These are great warm, and they also store well - that is, if they don’t all get eaten straight away!

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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Paradise Found

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

Perdita Leighton explains why we should all take a break on St. Lucia

L

ast year I went to St. Lucia on holiday. St. Lucia attracts a lot of tourists, partly because it is a volcanic island meaning it has beautiful scenery. One of St. Lucia’s main features is the Pitons, which are two volcanoes on the coast whose hot springs provide very hot mud baths. These make your skin soft and smooth, and the experience is quite relaxing once you get used to the heat.

One other tourist attraction is Marigot Bay, a beautiful bay near the Pitons with lots of boats and trees that make it picturesque.

It was actually used to film some of Dr. Doolittle!

In St. Lucia I tried new things, such as the unique food. The locals put cajun spice on chicken and fish to create really interesting flavours. I also tried something called plantain, a banana-like fruit that tasted quite strange. Generally in the Caribbean there is a lot of delicious tropical fruit, including mango, passion fruit and watermelon. And there are a lot of bananas in St. Lucia!

St. Lucia’s fantastic culture centres on its music. The kettle drums are a traditional Caribbean instrument that help inspire the lively dancing of the Caribbean.

Overall, I had a brilliant time in St. Lucia and would love to go back there some day and maybe explore more of the Caribbean. I would definitely recommend it, for it provides the perfect holiday for everyone!

“

The locals put cajun spice on chicken and fish to create really interesting flavours

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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lephants are the largest land mammals on Earth and can weigh up to eight tons. The elephant is distinguished by its massive body, large ears and long trunk, which is used as a hand to pick up objects, as a horn for warnings, and a hose for drinking water, or bathing.

There are two species of elephants, African and Asian. They both need large amounts of land to survive, and huge amounts of food, water and space. As a result, these great big mammals usually come into competition with people for resources. This is also because they roam in herds, consuming hundreds of pounds of plant matter in a single day.

Around 90% of elephants have been lost in the past century.

Today, the largest threat to elephants is large-scale poaching to supply an illegal ivory trade. The World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) believes that every year around 20,000 elephants are killed for their tusks alone. That’s around 55 elephants every day.

In 1930, there were 10 million wild elephants roaming huge swathes of Africa. But in the 1980s, scientists estimated that 100,000 elephants were being killed each year so that, in 2016, experts estimated that Africa’s elephant population had dropped by 110,000 in the span of a decade, leaving only 400,000. 

“

Around 90% of elephants have been lost in the past century

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Elephants face dangers other than poachers.

For example, they conflict with humans for space, causing loss and degradation of their habitats: the forests are dwindling because of human population growth. Conflict with humans can also arise when hungry elephants raid farmers’ crops. This can cause loss of income, as well as loss of food for villagers. So farmers sometimes kill the elephants to protect their livelihoods.

But elephants are more than just magnificent beasts. During the dry season, they use their tusks to dig for water, which allows the elephants to survive when droughts strike but also provides water for other animals that share harsh habitats. Also, many different plants depend on elephants for their survival because, when elephants travel huge distances, the seeds they have eaten are dispersed widely and the dung helps germination. Herds of elephants improve forest composition and density because they create gaps in the canopy that encourage tree regrowth. Meanwhile, in the Savanna, they reduce bush cover to create an environment favourable to a mixture of browsing and grazing animals. So not only do elephants help maintain forest and savanna ecosystems for other species, but they also nurture rich biodiversity.

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Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

Backin g could a ranger a full provide y first-a -stocked provid id kit and e fu two w el for eeks

There are many things we can do to help elephants:

• Adopt an elephant through organisations like WWF

• Support a ranger to help protect elephant populations

• Don’t buy ivory • Support conservation efforts • Beware of the plight of captive elephants Adopting an elephant will help fund work to protect elephant habitats, reduce poaching and address human-elephant conflict. It will also help fund other vital work around the world. Rangers tirelessly watch over endangered wildlife, like elephants, and often pay with their lives to keep them safe. Backing a ranger could provide a fully-stocked first-aid kit in case a ranger is injured on patrol, and money could also provide rangers with fuel for two weeks.

“

Rangers tirelessly watch over endangered wildlife, like elephants, and often pay with their lives to keep them safe

Elephants are magnificant, intelligent creatures that are still an integral part of our world. We have to stop poaching by preventing the traffic of ivory through reducing demand for ivory products. Together we can then protect one of earth’s greatest species for generations to come.

an ng ill i t w op Ad hant vital e p h d e n el p fu und t l o e r h ka rld r wo wo

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Mind

l l u F

Ben Founta in-Bar

ber says it’s admit that time to mental illn e s s in the young now an epid is emic 28

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are teenage girls to y el lik as e ic tw ve si es pr show de d symptoms linke ia ed m al to soci than boys

M

illions of children all over the world are suffering from poor mental health. Either this is caused by personal events in their lives or sometimes it occurs naturally and seemingly for no reason, but according to a recent survey mental health affects one in ten children.

Most children affected by mental health don’t talk about it

floor window. Aren’t games meant to be fun? Clearly, we should be wary of spending too much time on computers or technological devices.

70% of children and young people who experience a mental health problem have not had appropriate interventions at a sufficiently early age and most children affected by mental health don’t talk about it. But more and more schools are teaching mindfulness, which is a good way to relax and get away from all the stress and negative thoughts around us. Speaking to adults about mental health needs to be more encouraged. Mental health needs to be Mental health problems for children taken much more seriously because, as can also be caused by modern we have seen, it can provoke children technology. A recent study shows to do awful things such as committing that electronic gadgets crimes and, in a worst A 17-year-old are psychologically case scenario, even boy claims his damaging.

Computer committing suicide. addiction to a games are a major source We need to support computer game called Fortnite of anxiety. A 17-year-old struggling youngsters. boy claims his 'addiction' led him to attempt suicide to a computer game With the average Brit called Fortnite led him to checking a phone as attempt suicide, and a boy called Carl often as 28 times a day, 12 per cent Thompson says he became so obsessed of light social media users and 38 per with the game he ended up pulling cent of heavy social media users (five ‘all-nighters’ to boost his position in or more hours a day) show signs of the rankings. To prevent himself from having more severe depression. Also, falling asleep while playing Fortnite, new research reveals that teenage girls he started taking amphetamines that are twice as likely to show depressive sent him into a spiral of misery ending symptoms linked to social media than with him trying to jump out of his third- their male counterparts. Types of poor mental health include depression, anxiety and conduct disorder, and are often a direct response to recent experience. Risk factors include the death of someone close, living in poverty, being homeless or acting as a carer for a relative.

However, those from more privileged backgrounds can also suffer from poor mental health.

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38 per cent of heavy social ive media users (f a s ur ho e or mor s day) show sign e of having mor sion severe depres

If one in ten children suffers poor mental health, a whole class of children in every school is dysfunctional. That is an alarming number of people in pain, and it needs to change. Children should be encouraged to spend less time on modern devices and more time playing out in the fresh air. Without

“

If one in ten children suffers poor mental health, a whole class of children in every school is dysfunctional

Children should be encouraged to spend less time on modern devices and more time playing out in the fresh air

question, we need to help children feel more comfortable. We need to encourage them to speak to adults about their issues.

And people need to speak openly about this epidemic so that those who are suffering can get help and don’t feel so lonely.

Next time you see someone sitting on their own looking sad or lonely, go and talk to them, because you never know what they might be going through. And you might be next.

“

people need to speak openly about this epidemic so that those who are suffering can get help

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that mes ore a g m e the s mor the played injurie ve d a e n h r a ue a d ams fatig , So te uads an r y q u l s c e k c i e o re l otat to r ome mo se o bec to l

Fair e m a G Harry Waight

shows how a crowded season can hobble Premier League clubs

T

hroughout a Premier League season there are many other competitions taking place. For example, the Champions League, Europa League, FA Cup and Carabao Cup all happen throughout the year, and the top teams tend to be in all of these competitions, which they aim to win.

This variety could be a disadvantage because the more games that are played the more fatigue and injuries occur. So teams have to rotate squads and become more likely to lose.

For example, at the time of writing, Manchester City is first in the League while beating Liverpool only on goal difference. Yesterday Manchester City played Newport in the FA Cup and won 4-1, while Liverpool is on a hot-weather training programme.

l of tend to be in al m The top teams ai ey th ch ns, whi these competitio to win

Again, next weekend is the Carabao Cup Final in which Manchester City is playing Chelsea. Since other Premier League games are going on, Manchester City will have to cram in another game during the week whilst also playing in the Champions League, in which Liverpool is also still competing.

Life is therefore much harder for Manchester City at the moment than for Liverpool, which has a much easier chance of winning the League. So it is obvious that in future changes will be needed to keep the League as fair as possible. Possibly the competition might have to exclude teams from the Premier League, or make them put in their under-23 (the ‘B’) teams.

the mi com ex ght petit fr clu hav i om de e on the tea to m P Le ag rem s ue ier

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Give it So

me

32

!

S A G

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s

ains

expl t t Levi uture r e f nd a the x e e r a Al gen o r d hy

car y h w

led fuel

by

A

hydrogen fuel cell makes hydrogen and oxygen react together to produce electricity, heat and water.

There are four main working parts in a fuel cell: the negative anode, the positive cathode, the electrolyte and the catalyst. The anode has channels that let the hydrogen gas disperse equally over the surface of the catalyst and it conducts the electrons from the hydrogen atoms. The cathode has channels that distribute the oxygen over the catalyst and it also conducts the electrons back to the hydrogen and the oxygen. The electrolyte is a membrane that has to be hydrated to work. It only admits protons and not electrons, filtering out the electrons. It is also called a proton exchange membrane or ‘PEM’, which is another name for a hydrogen fuel cell. This is probably the most important component of the system.

The catalyst, which accelerates the reaction of the oxygen and hydrogen, is a sheet of carbon paper or cloth coated in platinum nanoparticles and it is rough and porous to create the largest possible surface area for the reactions. Its platinumcoated side faces the electrolyte.

The hydrogen enters along the surface of the anode, while the oxygen enters along the surface of the cathode. When the pressurised hydrogen enters, because of the pressure the protons go through the electrolyte to be reunited later, but the electrons cannot go through the electrolyte and they are forced to travel round an external circuit. In this circuit, they do useful work, such as turning a motor in the case of a car. The electricity may be stored in a battery.

After going through the external circuit, the electrons go to the catalyst to react with protons and oxygen to make water.

The oxygen atoms are forced through the catalyst because of the pressure, and they have a strong negative charge that attracts the hydrogen protons and they combine with two electrons and form water. 

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Only som e in the ba electricity is w asted wh tteries, m en more tha n a stand eaning it pollute it is stored s ard petro l or dies only a little el car

storage, which means that not only is energy lost as heat in the power station, but it is lost once in electric form and will be lost as heat in the electric motor, so actually it is still better to use a petrol or diesel car. Petrol pollutes less, although it gives oil refineries a harder job, since diesel is closer to oil than petrol.

Self-charging hybrid cars use a petrol or diesel engine to generate electricity, which they use later

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In the UK, as of 2018, only 30.1% of our energy is made from renewable sources. The most common source, Self-charging hybrid cars gas at 39.9%, which there are some use a petrol or diesel engine is non-renewable, is hydrogen cars predicted to run out in that are going to to generate electricity, 54 years and pollutes the be available to buy which they use later, and and they will be this means there is going environment. Renewable fairly similar to to be some energy wasted energy may be in second petrol or diesel but not as much as a plugplace but it is a long way cars in electric car. Only some from being first. Using a petrol car still means less energy is electricity is wasted when it is stored in wasted overall than a plug-in hybrid or the batteries, meaning it pollutes only pure electric. Also, there should be less a little more than a standard petrol or pollution overall, assuming that petrol, diesel car. The only advantages of this and gas used for generating electricity, type of hybrid are that you can generate electricity in less polluted areas and pollute at the same rate. use only the batteries to avoid adding Electric cars and plug-in-hybrids to the concentrated pollution and the use mains electricity, which is using engine does not need to be as large, so energy created in an environmentally reducing pollution. unfriendly way. Electricity is lost in transmission through the wires and

Electric cars and plug-inhybrids use mains electricity, which is using energy created in an environmentally unfriendly way

Hydrogen cars do waste some energy when the electricity is stored in the batteries. But oxygen is readily available in the atmosphere, and as long as we convert water back into hydrogen and oxygen enough, maintaining a safe level of oxygen in the atmosphere should be easy. For all these reasons, it seems hydrogen-powered cars are the best option for the environment.

There are so far very few hydrogen fill-up stations in the UK, mainly in the South, making the cars impractical in most areas. Even in the South of England they are not plentiful enough yet. However, there are some hydrogen cars that are going to be available to buy and they will be fairly similar to petrol or diesel cars. They will have a range of about 300 miles and they will have similar performance, but so far

r ca l ss o tr le ed pe ns ast lug a ea w p e ing l m y is n a pur s a U til g h r s er l t o ic en al rid ctr er yb e ov in h el

In t of he UK 2 , as 30 018, ene .1% of only fro rgy is our mr mad e sou newab e rce le s

the existing ones are slower than many petrol and diesel cars: the Hyundai ix35 has a top speed of only 99 mph and 0-62 mph takes 12.5 seconds. These speeds could improve but already they are adequate for driving on the average road.

Hyundai claims that the ix35 ‘exceeded expectations in every test’.

Many car manufactures are planning to make hydrogen cars and these include Hyundai, Toyota, Honda and a new Welsh company called Riversimple. Most of these manufacturers plan to include normal features like boot space and comfort. Because the only exhaust is water, which can be separated back into hydrogen and oxygen by using either methane, electricity or making more hydrogen by heating organic materials like crops, they will have a very small impact on the environment.

So hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are the best option for the future and we now need to invest in the infrastructure for refuelling. Furthermore, hydrogen fuel cells could also be used in trains and buses. With more advanced technology, we may even be able to control their explosiveness to use them in airplanes.

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St ay

Focused pending er joy at s h s e r a h s l Rafaie Scarlett E ns the le d in h e time b

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I

stumbled my way into the gallery.

Hundreds of photos adorned the wall like paused films, each one holding an unspoken story. One showed a man, withered, wrinkled and frozen. In his hand lay a shovel, and on his head sat a sunhat that had feathered into a fringe at the edge. He was still, like leftover leaves forged in transparent ice after a blizzard. I gazed at the photo. I was hooked.

Photography can tell stories in ways denied to speaking or writing but it’s been around for only 200 years. The first true photograph was taken in 1826 or 1827 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce and shows a view from an upstairs window in his manor house at the time. Since then, photography has advanced in numerous ways, not least in its story-like quality. This features in pieces

by Roman Vishniac, an American-Russian photographer best known for capturing the culture of Central and Eastern Europe, before and after the Holocaust. Vishniac, who died aged 92 in 1990, was a resourceful artist using people in his home town as models.

He took photos of people in their daily lives and did not make them change their natural behaviour. This contributed immensely to the story-like feel of his work. One of his most famous images depicts Albert Einstein during 1942 in Princeton, New Jersey.

In Cambridge, where I live, there are plenty of intriguing places to take photos – Grantchester Meadows, The Botanic Gardens and even my own home, since photography does not mean you have to go far to achieve an image. But if you are more into nature photography try venturing into a public garden or even your own backyard. If you fancy portrait photography, take some photos of relatives at a family reunion. It is a simple as that!

red the hniac captu Roman Vis ntral and Eastern Ce culture of ter the ore and af ef b e p ro Eu Holocaust

Photography can express extreme emotions, famously shown by a small girl running away from the atomic bomb strike in Japan. This is a compelling image Image: Andrew J. Skolnick because it shows the horrific state in which she and the other city people found themselves. Many other photos Photography can have also become iconic parts of our express extreme emotions, famously social consciousness, such as WWI shown by a small girl photographs by Ernest Brooks. His running away from the images exude a mournful solemnity. atomic bomb strike in Japan

Photography is the key hobby in my life. I use it to express my feelings, but photography is also a way to tell stories and show history in its raw form.

If you have not tried this true and great art form yet, have a go. Take a camera on walks, and trips, and have one to hand in everyday life. You never know when inspiration will strike.

Have a ever yday camera to ha n know wh life because you d in en inspir ation wil never l strike

O mo ne of st f Vish dep amou niac’s Eins icts s im ag t A in P ein du lbert es rinc ring e 1 Jer ton, N 942 ew sey

Image: The Magnes UC Berkeley

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On

e g d e H Row

gs and

o hedgeh r o f s r ian fea n a c S Esme corner ir e h t fights

I

n recent years, the number of hedgehogs in the UK has plummeted drastically due to loss of habitat and many more factors.

Why are their numbers dropping? Fields are getting larger so it is harder for hedgehogs to move around away from predators.

More people are using pesticide that is poisonous to hedgehogs.

The number of badgers, the natural predators of hedgehogs, is increasing. People are careless when trimming hedgerows, the hedgehogs’ natural habitat. Busy roads and fast cars cause many hedgehog deaths. More buildings mean less space for hedgehogs

to live. People are disposing of dead wood in their garden so the hedgehogs can’t forage.

There are many reasons why hedgehogs deserve to be saved.

Hedgehogs play an important part in the food chain and without them there would be an excessive number of small insects, mice and small snakes. Hedgehogs are great for the garden because they love eating slugs. If we don’t act to save hedgehogs, they will die out. Being more careful in the garden and on the road is not much of a burden.

What you can do to help Check before trimming hedges because you could injure a hedgehog

Keep your garden safe from any hedgehog threats

Don’t be too loud because hedgehogs are sensitive to noise

Avoid using slug pellets because they are poisonous to hedgehogs, who eat them by mistake 38

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

Plant a hedgerow

Make a hedgehog house in your garden

If you have a pond, make sure it’s safe, since many hedgehogs drown Make a pond: even though hedgehogs sometimes drown, they do love swimming

W h o's

? e r e Th ia hat dement eminds us t

sufferers

are

r Meg McKay

e s wer y a w al they e l p peo ame s e h t

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

39

“

he does not know what the name of his wife was, or how long he has been in the care home

name of his wife was, or how long he has been in the care home, or even the names of the different meals, and he does not remember his own family.

But he is always happy to see us. This has been a heart-breaking experience for me to watch someone I love drowning in a fog of Alzheimers suffocating their poor brain. This has been and still is one of the worst experiences of my life, but as much as I want to think about me, about how much pain I am in, and how much I am hurting inside, I need to think at least I can remember all the lovely times in my life, and think of the poor people who can’t.

He does not remember his own family but is always happy to see us a lifetime out losing lness? b a l e fe u yo us il How would s to one horrendo e ri o m e of m

D

id you know 47.5 million people are dealing with dementia around the world? Last year alone 61,000 people died. But there are many people still suffering with this deadly disease and I think they should not suffer alone.

Let’s make one thing clear. People suffering with dementia are the same people they were before dementia.

They are not out of their mind, they are not crazy, and these unfortunate sufferers should not be hushed up by society. How would you feel about losing a lifetime of memories to one horrendous illness?

Recently dementia has been a big part of my life. My great uncle was diagnosed with this life-threatening illness five years ago. Recently, it has become very severe, due to my great aunt losing her long, painful and challenging fight with breast cancer a few weeks ago.

Her husband has now got to the stage where he does not know what the

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This awful experience has taught me a few valuable lessons. The most important is that it’s ok to be scared.

I remember I texted someone very important to me to tell them I was scared. I was scared to see the suffering of my uncle, my uncle whom I have known and loved for many years, and the person I told said, ‘You know what?

That’s ok. It’s ok to be scared, but as long as you are yourself you will be fine.’

And that person was right. That person

would hing it ed to c n e r w r hear ttoo sca ink how r own kin is h t t s u J u now yo be to k u visit yo

with any d time n e p s with u o em, talk ed end y th m h m it o c w re it s lov I sufferers, them feel dementia to them and make d them, rea

inspired me to write my article on the importance of making dementia sufferers feel loved, valued and cared for. Just think how heart-wrenching it would be to know your own kin is too scared to visit you.

“

People suffering with dementia are the same people they were before dementia - They are not out of their mind

So I hope you see the message in this article. Make people suffering with this nasty illness feel loved because, even though they may not remember your kindness at the end of the day, they will experience the happiness throughout your visit.

I recommend you spend time with any dementia sufferers, sit with them, talk with them about you, tell them funny stories, or even just simply read to them and make them feel loved. Because all too soon it could be over. They could be gone, dead and buried, and you might wonder whether it was death by dementia or death by loneliness.

“

they may not remember your kindness at the end of the day, but they will experience the happiness throughout your visit Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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ton r e hy ’s Ath h s w Girl a n i i Kezexplas are and ie ondst Fr m a Di Be

a or nd f eve u o i n ar bel bee e but, ren’t e v e tim ty. yw s ha ond y long st the ir beau e m a i r r r i e D y, ve at f for th nds we ury ver r not, t o l n l m e a it o ht at azy. Dia urth c that g y r e fo ir ntl sou ow - c n th rece ing the n, i n k d y i n I t l u g n n l be t fo lau d is o firs but it rted f did al racte t e a t t r a s BC e wh so ple peo le. So eople ds? p k n r spa hy are diamo w to and

At first, diamond s themselves were used for th eir main property: they ar e so hard that a diamond can on ly be scratched by another diamo nd. So at first they were used as tools and basically women now wear tools on their hands an d round their necks, tools that happen to be stunningly beautif ul. Hard to believe, I know.

42

ic romant erve a s s. w g o in n r ent monds g ngagem e in And dia s s u a e h v e, suc al lo n r e t y e l purpos b eir roba show th h they p g u is o People h e t s even ne’s nam rd o diamond w that the sto Greek w o n e om th ’. This don’t k r e f l b d a e r iv y der onque c n ‘u to s l suitabl n l we mea s itself ’, which d s of n a e n m l io a t g d a ‘a emor meanin m ic m l o o c b sym istoric ond’s h ction. the diam an affe m u h Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

ve n lo e m o ly hy w y real w t e u e h abo u ar ll, t talk t of a hich yo is an ’s let nw ich iful Firs Now onds. area o nds, wh beaut o m e o s ven dia ine th diam are it, e def ing the t they y outf show u r an e wea point. B plete ey also ust th g j h m s i T t u o . p c io p n s no obv ey can sho raff Ugg d it’s e d l n n h o a A t to G ats es. e wh swe r rich but th lking in being u yo wa nd lf or off nd itse agine any’s, a king f ds m o n f o I o o f i . m ce iam s, l rT dia rien tier, o rinces rall, d ul it’s e p ex ar ve tif he ap or C d like mond. O d beau d all t e n e a t a i h a tre rfect d erising ainwas . r d e m b l p s r e e wo y‘v the so m e e h h t t are t like n in ome os w m l a

But there are negat diamonds ive aspec too. Some ts to people sa a diamond y that bu engagem ying e nt ring to question’ is just fa ‘pop the lling for ploy. And a market we might ing indeed ha since rum ve been f our has it o o led rare as w diamonds e think, a aren’t as nd their q exaggera uality is ted. And, often worse, th them are ose who m often und ine erpaid. Al diamonds so, natur may well a lly be foreve heirloom r as an but they don’t gua future wh rantee th ere love e is concer n e d. Check o the pawn ut shops.

Obv io diff usly y fak eren ou ne wal e diam ce bet ed to kn ki w o you ng do nds, s een re ow th w r o n The wor whe al an e the r d s n wat e are t ene stree you’r my m e t e r u an lt how you tes t a iple ’ll d se ca Eas n you nd th tests know e , lik . e fo see and y. Jus et g a t he hav , if it’s look t firs test, bu t e yo f t urs here, or a r glanc t elv the e? ainb lad e n ies s a re voila ow and !Y a gen l diam ou ond ts. ,

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TESTING s e m i T

e am syst

e roscop ic m a r m unde

el

the ex son puts

Amber N

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“

People want to understand a subject, not just the criteria used to mark an exam

P

eople want to be educated.

People do not want to be able to get full marks on an exam paper. People want to understand a subject, not just the criteria used to mark an exam. 99% of the student body do not want to have exams. So why do we have them?

is dog an ‘My ler th ne.’ co al sm affic ld I u at r o t a nw th Whe r say nch eve a Fre ? to rson pe

Education isn’t just academia. It is also about sport as well. But at least 50% of children in Britain suffer from obesity.

But if revision for exams is paramount and sport is pushed to one side, we are contributing to increasing that Do we do these exams for bragging percentage of unhealthy children and rights? Or do we do them to remind eventually adults in our country. How people just how atrocious we are at are we teaching the adults of tomorrow to live longer and more enriched lives? one subject? I agree that Education is about shaping young minds is balance – a healthy mind the reason we do exams, shaping young but our heads will be minds is the reason and body. Exams do not we do exams, but teach this. shaped like the exam our heads will be syllabus so everyone will shaped like the Another factor of be the same and where is exam syllabus education is life skills. the originality in that? For For example, I now know example, would a French how to draw the inside of a leaf but I teacher teach students the language or the syllabus? If we were to live in still do not know how to change a light France we would be able to recite only bulb. Now whose idea was that? Not our French orals. The translation of every child will end up as a famous one of my orals is, ‘My dog is smaller historian. Some will end up being a than a traffic cone.’ Another is, ‘I enjoy stay-at-home man or woman, but if gardening. I like bushes in the summer.’ they do not know how to change a When would I ever say that to a French nappy – the practical skills in life – then what hope do they have? Some person? will get to work on a train but do not understand how the timetable works because this involves independent thought, not rote learning! Some will be politicians but they haven’t been taught how to pay tax bills. Exams help none of these areas in our lives.

mind a healthy – e c n la ba is about ach this Education ut exams do not te b and body

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-at-home g a stay change in e b p u how to l end Some wil they do not know y have? if t u th b e do e parent what hop n e th y p a nap

Instead of doing practice papers every lesson, why can’t we do something fun that also prepares us for exams?

Instead of doing practice papers every lesson, why can’t we do something fun and engaging that also prepares us for exams? Why does it have to be practice, practice, practice? Revise, revise, revise! Where is the enjoyment? If nobody finds this engaging, nobody will learn anything anyway, and instead of being educated Revise, revise, and enjoying revise! Where is school people will the enjoyment? dread school.

If our exam system isn’t rethought, we will see the death of productive education. People will be left unprepared for life, lacking in practical skills, practical thought and practical ability. This is not what schools were founded to be.

Let’s rethink and progress into the TwentyFirst Century with a modern approach to learning.

People w lacking in ill be left unpr e and prac practical skills, pared for life, practical tical abil ity thought 46

Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

l ing wil swimm the risk ase decre t disease, r a e h f pe 2 o and Ty e k o str s e Diabet

Make a

Splash!

Armani Tanna explains why swimming should be part of everyone’s programme

S

wimming is a team or individual event that allows you to propel yourself through water. The dictionary form for swimming is ‘moving through the water using your arms and legs’. Many people enjoy this calorie-burning sport and use it as just leisure. However, competitive swimming is one of the most popular sports to perform. In this, there are four strokes to choose from: Butterfly, Backstroke, Breaststroke and Freestyle.

Swimm i so the ng is a ver y re is a impor t a learn t o swim lot of encou nt life skill rageme at a yo ung ag nt to e

Although swimming can be strenuous, it produces many visual benefits and health aids that help you keep living a full life. It can turn you into the cardio king and give you a muscular makeover. Swimming gives you a full body workout. Whatever your ability or chosen stroke, you will get great results. For instance, swimming for 30 minutes gives you a better workout than a 45-minute land exercise. o will In 2020, Toky the g in st ho be es and Olympic Gam a we are in for e th real treat on t swimming fron

ke you lax you and ta re n ca g in m gy Swim ur negative ener away some of yo

Swimming can relax you and take away some of your negative energy. There is no land-pounding needed. A gentle swim can take your mind off everything around you and create a positive attitude. Swimming is a very important life skill. Without being able to swim, you could easily drown. This is why there is a lot of encouragement to learn to swim at a young age. Swimming lowers your risk of diseases and boosts your energy levels. If you swim, you will decrease the risk of heart disease, stroke and Type 2 Diabetes. Whilst helping your health massively, it sends your energy levels through the roof.

With many competitions arising when we hit the Spring period, many swimmers are getting ready. In 2020, Tokyo will be hosting the Olympic Games and we are in for a real treat on the swimming front, with many swimmers training really hard for the glory of a spot on the podium. Also coming up this year in July we have the Senior World Championships held in Gwangyu, and the British Championships with many British athletes competing for a place in the Olympic Swim Squad.

Overall, swimming is a great sport that is very important. It has many great benefits for your everyday life, even if you don’t think you excel at it. I hope I have inspired you to go grab your cozzie and dive in.

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Isobel Salmon finds Dance the best way of communicating with the world

T

he Dance is a form of art, not a game, but it still has something for everyone. Whoever you are you do not have to change to be a dancer. You can bring what you have into the group. Whatever style of dance you do there is always a way to fit in. The bigger the range of dancers the better the dance is. If you cannot find a style that fits you, why not create your own? You can pick and mix all of your favourite moves and styles and create something new and different. If people had not tried new things then we would not have the many styles of dance we have now. There might have been no such thing as Contemporary or Ballet or Tap. Dance all begins with the human body, and how it can create art. You can use only what you have, to create something beautiful that people might watch for hours. Your flexibility contributes to your dancing and dance is one of the only arts that really shows off how amazing the human body is. Dancers are always learning new moves or perhaps even making up their own new moves. This fantastic form of art is the perfect way to use your body to create something new. All you need is what you were born with.

I love dancing because for me it is one of the easiest and most expressive ways for me to convey and channel my emotions.

Whatever I am feeling feeds my dance and it is the first thing that comes into my mind when I am stressed or excited. When I dance, I feel as if I am powering the world, telling everyone everything. I do not need to think hard about anything I want to say because it all comes out when I dance.

“

dance is one of the only arts that really shows off how amazing the human body is

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Everyone has his or her own style, and it does not matter what that is in dance because you need a big range of different dancers to create an amazing, expressive and interesting dance.

With dance, you do not have to do steps; you can improvise your feelings. You do not have to hold anything back; you can just free yourself and do whatever you feel like. o ave t not h back; o d You hing ree anyt f hold an just do you c elf and el s your er you fe v e t a wh like

Everyone h a and it does s his or her own sty le not matter what that is ,

Sometimes we find it hard to talk to people about how we are feeling. If there is a form of dance that you can use to ‘talk’ instead, then there is a massive release of emotion – you do not have to hold back. Dance is a beautiful form of feeling and talking and I love how everyone expresses themselves differently.

From ‘Among School Children’

BY WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

Labour is blossoming or dancing where The body is not bruised to pleasure soul, Nor beauty born out of its own despair, Nor blear-eyed wisdom out of midnight oil.

O chestnut tree, great rooted blossomer, Are you the leaf, the blossom or the bole?

O body swayed to music, O brightening glance, How can we know the dancer from the dance?

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nd feeling a form of expresses l fu ti u a e a b everyone Dance is love how I d n a g talkin tly s differen themselve

Travis Scott is the boyfriend of billionaire Kardashian, Kylie a Jenner, but he is at th an th lot more

Banging Beats Malek Soufani pays tribute to the musician of the moment

Y One o Travis f the reas o so po Scott’s mu ns sic is pular is bec he mix aus e vocal s melodic e s w ith so autot me une giving and rappin him a g, u style nique

ou might know Travis Scott (real name Jacques Berman Webster II) as the boyfriend of the billionaire Kardashian, Kylie Jenner, but he is a lot more than that. He had an enormous year in 2018, from music to fashion. If you are over the age of 25 you might not have heard of him, but he is one of the biggest artists of our generation. To us he is massive.

His album Astroworld, released on 3 August 2018, was one of the best-selling albums of the year. From his website, he also sold – incredibly quickly – a lot of merchandise that came along with the album. Before Astroworld was even delivered to the public, Travis released two stunning sneakers by Nike which sold out within minutes.

The public had been waiting on the edge of their seats for Astroworld, an album of 17 songs and 19 collaborations. The most popular song is ‘Sicko Mode’ featuring Drake (one of the biggest artists in the world right now) along with a few words from Swae Lee. ‘Sicko Mode’ reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. It has made

‘Goosebu m 2016 an ps’ was relea s d featur es one ed in most fam o f the o u s mus the deca de, Kend ical ar tists of rick Lam ar

t e of the bigges Travis Scott is on ration ne ar tists of our ge

the Top 10 Best Albums of 2018 list for many industry experts, including my own. My favourite song is ‘5% Tint’.

One of the reasons Travis Scott’s music is so popular is because he mixes melodic vocals with some autotune and rapping, giving him a unique style.

He displays his versatility in a few of his songs, where the mood is more relaxing and flowing, as in the tracks ‘Stop Trying To Be God’ and ‘Yosemite’.

Then there are quite bouncy songs like ‘NC-17’ and ‘5% TINT’. This variety allows him to reach a wider audience.

The more moods you can fit into your music, the more people will go its way.

This is a big reason why Travis Scott is so popular. Astroworld is his third studio album and it is probably the best one yet.

Travis’ first break-out hit was ‘Antidote’.

Released in 2015, it really broke him into mainstream music. His second massive hit, ‘Goosebumps’, was released in 2016 and features one of the most famous musical artists of the decade, Kendrick Lamar. His third global hit, ‘Butterfly Effect’, was released before ‘Astroworld’ and was featured as a bonus track on the album.

This string of previous hits before this project really helped with the hype and Travis Scott’s new album is a banger, easily living up to expectations. On the back of this success, insatiable fans gobbled up all of his limited-edition merchandise. I wonder what he’ll do next.

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o NName

Sabella Kin g wonders w hy no one h claimed a b as yet urnt body f ou nd in Norwa y

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The same fingerprints found at the crime sce ne were discovered on suitcases fou nd at Bergen Railway Sta tion

T

he coffin is made from zinc so it can be removed and sent to her home country. No relatives watch while she is buried, but there are the policemen present who worked tirelessly on the case. After the burial there is no sign of where the coffin is and who the woman was.

From the woman’s burnt body to the names she used and who she was, the Isdal woman truly left an impact on Norway forever Image: Bergen State Achives

The case of The Isdal Woman has haunted Norway for decades: from the discovery of the woman’s burnt body to the names she used and most importantly who she was. The Isdal woman truly left an impact on Norway forever.

Image: Bergen State Achives

not wearing the watch or jewellery. The police appealed for information about the death of the woman but with no response, and this woman without a name, or story, became known as The Isdal Woman.

On the morning of 29 November The police discovered two suitcases 1970, two young girls and their father at Bergen Railway Station luggage believed to have discovered a burnt body in Isdalen department belonged to the woman.

The same Valley, a site in Norway where many deaths had occurred. This body was fingerprints found at the crime scene were discovered on the of a woman described suitcases. They contained as having long dark hair, The woman had a small face, brown eyes jewellery, a watch, free prescription glasses, and small ears. They a broken umbrella clothes, several wigs, in multiple informed the police but and some bottles money beside her currencies, a comb and when the police came hairbrush, cosmetics, they saw that labels on teaspoons and tube of the woman’s clothes had been cut off and distinctive markings eczema cream. Again the labels had on her belongings had been scratched been removed, including a prescription away as if to prevent her from being sticker on the eczema cream. Why identified. And the remains of a pair of should she carry wigs? Was she a spy? boots and nylon stockings were near her body. The body lay across multiple The police asked many stores in Norway rocks, the face and hair burnt. It seemed if they recognized any of the packaging. as if she had been thrown back onto No stores could find a match. Also a the flames. The woman had jewellery, coded note was found in a suitcase. A a watch, a broken umbrella and some bag from Oscar Rørtvedt’s footwear bottles beside her. Strangely she was was also found. The police went to  Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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dis The po c s ove lic Be uitca red e Sta rgen ses two tio at n Rai be depa lug lway be lieve rtme gage lo ng d to nt wo ed to have ma n the

Image: Bergen State Achives

The woman stood out to him because she took an unnaturally long time to choose her boots

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This woman did not want to be identified – from the labels removed to the disguise in her bag and the different names she used. Who was this woman? An eye-witness account says that she was once seen talking to two German navy personnel, one of them an officer. Later on the woman was seen observing a military test in Norway. The note encrypted in code now has been revealed: it is a record of the places she visited. She travelled from Paris to Stavanger.

the store where the owner’s son, Rolf Rørtvedt, remembered selling a pair of rubber boots to a woman of the same Perhaps her death is the biggest mystery of all. Smoke was description. The woman found inside her lungs, stood out to him because The woman was she took an unnaturally buried in 1971, but suggesting she was alive long time to choose her many years later while burning, and a samples from trace of petrol was also boots. She had a foreign the woman’s jaw accent.

Furthermore, were sent for DNA found. The woman died testing from carbon monoxide a garlic smell came poisoning but ample from the woman. It was unusual during this time for foreigners amounts of sleeping pills were also found in her body. Had someone forced to be in Norway. her to ingest all of them? However, this With this description, the police were still does not make sense. Why would able to trace the woman to St. Svithun anyone walk up to Isdalen Valley and kill Hotel. The woman traveled alone, herself there? Or why would someone unnatural for this time. The name force her to go up there?

Fenella Lorch was written in the hotel documents. However, Fenella Lorch was Image: Bergen State Achives only one of her many names: Genevieve Lancier from Louvain, Claudia Tilt from Brussels, Claudia Nielson from Ghent, Alexia Zarne-Merchez from Ljubljana, Vera Jarle from Antwerp, Fenella Lorch and Elisabeth Leenhouwfr. Why would someone have seven names?

Police dis of what tributed the wom sh abroad b e may have look an's fingerprints ut she ha e a s never b d like, to severa nd sketches l police fo een iden tified rces

Newspapers reported: 'Th e woman in Isdalen had at least six different aliases.'

Image: Bergens Tidendes

When th is woma somewh ere must n died, someon e have mis sed her

The woman was buried in 1971, and the case was closed, but many years later it reopened and samples from the woman’s jaw were sent for DNA testing.

The results revealed that she had a European background.

Unsolved cases like this must be solved so that the woman may rest in her own country and so that her own family can mourn her passing. When this woman died, someone somewhere must have missed her. Someone must know her.

Surely it is not right to just leave it unsolved. This could happen to anyone.

This case has fascinated me from the beginning and I hope you now feel the same. It is depressing that this case has never been solved, so I wrote this article to explain the problem of unsolved cases. I came to know about this case through a podcast on BBC Sounds. If you have never listened to Podcasts before then you are truly missing out.

If you wish to listen to the podcast on The Isdal Woman visit: https://www. bbc.co.uk/programmes/p060ms2h 

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s w a P Of f ! s dal of puppy farm an sc e th s se po ex Frederik Jensen

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Puppy farms are hidden and secretive. Bitches are kept in cramped, despicable con ditions in breeding sheds just to breed litter after litter. Th ey are not shown any lov e or care.

B

ritain is a nation of animal lovers.

A 2016 poll showed that 52% of adults own a pet and most – 42% – own a dog. But if you are one of those many dog owners, do you know where your new puppy came from?

Was it from a reputable breeder, did you adopt it from your local animal shelter, or did you, like so many unsuspecting prospective owners, innocently perpetuate suffering on a grand scale?

ling ugg ap m s n og pyy Pup ngs d egall a l he g n il t t the nspor make o a t r t s ds of pie pup ousan year th nds a pou

Puppy farms are hidden and secretive.

Bitches are kept in cramped, despicable Dog-loving families are often unaware conditions in breeding sheds just to that their little bundle of fluff came breed litter after litter. They are not from a puppy farm. shown any love or care.

With the high demand The puppies are usually In August 2018 for designer dogs ever infected with parasites the government announced that increasing, puppy farms that cause vomiting, third-party puppy have become a lucrative dehydration and sales in England business for people diarrhoea, and most have would be banned whose sole intent is to to be seen by a vet shortly make a lot of money and after they have been take advantage of hopeful owners. The handed over to their unsuspecting new welfare of the dogs is not their priority. owner.

There are over 400,000 farmed puppies sold in Britain each year. The sellers lie about breed and health, and even pretend they have been raised in a loving family home rather than on a filthy farm. Puppy-smuggling gangs dognap then illegally transport the puppies to make thousands of pounds a year feeding off a craze for designer dogs.

In August 2018 the government announced that third-party puppy sales in England would be banned, meaning puppy buyers would have to deal directly with a breeder or rehoming centre. Anyone selling three or more litters a year now needs a licence, and breeders are only able to sell puppies they have actually bred, while online sellers have to publish their licence number.

There are over 400,000 farmed puppies sold in Britain each year but sel lers lie about breed and health.

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Puppie s raised should be in a cl safe ean, enviro and happy n they a ment wher e re pro v with e nrichm ided ent

Also, sales of puppies under eight weeks old are banned. Animal shelters and rescue centres are not included in the regulations and can quite easily be set up by someone wishing to continue this terrible practice. These also need to be regulated.

These new laws will not stop puppy farms from operating but They are a step forward

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r homework at we do ou ders th re su n e bree We must m reputable o fr ly n o y u and b

These new laws will not stop puppy farms from operating. They are a step forward, but the farming is a big money-making business and these criminals will always find ways to continue. As an animal-loving country, we need to do our part when it comes to choosing a puppy. We must ensure that we do our homework and buy only from reputable breeders, and we need to do what we can to ensure that from the moment these puppies are brought into this world they are treated with the respect and kindness they deserve.

Anyone s e now nee lling three or m ore litte ds a lice rs nc able to s ell puppie e and breeders a year are s they ha ve actuall only y bred

oving og-l re D y Man ilies a fam unaware n le ofte heir litt f t uf that le of fl a d n m bu fro came y farm pupp

#

GOO D

ta u wan is o y o S re y? He pupp o do it t how ! right A go od b reed

find a happy, healthy pupp y: DO: 1. Your resear ch - know wh at you want and what suits your lifestyle 2. Look for a breeder thro ugh the Kennel Club Assured Bree der Scheme; ask at local training and breed clubs 3. Narrow do wn a list of breeders an visit them - th d e best usuall y have a waiting list an d will be happ y for you to meet thei r dogs even before they have puppies available 4. check rele vant health testing paperwork an d proof of dn a 5. Make sure you see the pu ppies with their Mum

er w ill: 1. Ha ve an in-de bree pth k d nowl 2. As edge k abo of th u whet eir her y t you and ou w owne y o ur lif ill b r e to ear c 2. En espo cour nsibl heck a e ofte ge yo n u to v read and deve y to lop a isit your g pupp o to bond 3. Pr y its n befo ovide e re it w home lifet a co is nt im advic e guaran ract of sale e tee o an f sup 4. Ma port d a ke su and re al worm l e clea d, well-f their pu ppies n, he althy ed and r 5. Pr aised are envir ovide in a onme toys lots nt and of en p l r a ic y are 6. As hmen k as t suc they you to ke h as love ep in the p you w touc h-r uppy ill emem just b as m uch a er s

DON’T: 1. Just take th e first puppy you see remember if it does’t feel right walk away 2. Choose a br eed that does not suit you just beca use you like how it looks 3. Forget to consider resc ues: older dogs are just as cute as pu ppies and there ar e thousands in shelters across the co untry

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All

Washed Up

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nning ime is ru t t a h t s n warns u o s e e G d Edwar anet lastic pl p r u o r fo

out

P

lastic in the oceans is a huge problem that will come back to haunt us by destroying sea life. This ecological disaster will break up the food chain by reducing different species, such as the seagull and even the penguin.

Other animals, such as turtles, are being wiped out. We manufacture 300 million tons of plastic each year and half of it is single use. The time has come to tackle this issue.

We recycle only half the plastic we produce and the rest gets sent to landfill and finds its way into the sea. Plastic is virtually indestructible, so dumping it in the oceans will kill the planet and ruin our lives. Plastic parts in sea water become smaller and smaller but they do not disappear. They turn into microplastic, which is too small to see with the naked human eye, but small fishes, such as seahorses, think it’s plankton and die. Ultimately, this will destroy our source of fresh fish upon which 70% of humans rely for their protein. Dozens of pieces of plastic are found in dead seabirds, and some have consumed over one hundred.

In the past ten years we have manufactured ten times more plastic than in the previous century. Packaging, the largest single-use plastic of all, accounts for about 40% of total usage, and yearly 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide, more than one million a minute, when the average ‘useful life’ of a plastic bag is just fifteen minutes. According to the Container Recycling Institute, 100 billion plastic bottles were sold in the US alone in 2014, which is 315 bottles per person, and 14% of all litter comes from drink containers.

When you count up caps and labels too, this percentage is even higher.

“

The damage is catastrophic. Only one in a thousand turtles survives youth but then six out of seven are affected by plastic. Loggerheads and leather backs are two such species already under threat from poaching, but now they are critically endangered by getting tangled in discarded fishing gear or mistaking plastic for food because plastic bags can look like jellyfish. And litter on the beach can be a hazard to female turtles when they come to lay eggs and to baby turtles who find their way to the sea blocked. Next time you throw a crisp packet into the bin, think of the damage you are doing to the oceans. As Sir David Attenborough claims, ‘We have to act. We have to try and clear up some of the appalling damage we have done to the ocean…and that is going to require positive action.’ 

We could be known as the generation that changed the world for the better if we stop plastic pollution

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It is not just animals at risk from plastic pollution. When plastic bags are caught on coral reefs, waves catch the plastic bag and uproot the coral, obliterating the reef branch by branch. Soon the Earth will be one big rubbish bin, the legacy of a doomed generation.

Let’s act now, starting with our everyday lives. If you see a used water bottle on the ground, clean it up and reuse it, or at least recycle it. If you possess oneuse plastic, give it a different purpose as a toy or container. You don’t have to throw it way.

Think carefully about how you use plastic. Perhaps for a snack at school you could take a reusable box instead of a plastic bag.

We could be known as the generation that changed the world for the better if we stop plastic pollution. We could be known as the saviours of the planet. Anyone can help: at work; at school; even on holiday. You can make a difference anywhere. Fight for the oceans. Fight for the planet. Dr. Sylvia Earle says, ‘No water, no life, no blue, no green.’ And she’s right. Think carefull

End of the Road

ixed as m h l teral s of drivers t a C y omas the da

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out gs ab in l e e f ed mber u n g bein

y about how

you use plast

ic

A

lready in Tokyo, Japan, driverless taxis will transport athletes from venue to venue at the 2020 Summer Olympics. They are already taking passengers around the city but there have been many arguments about safety.

For example, bad weather could confuse the sensors in the road and increase the likelihood of crashes, and this could reduce the number of people who use the cabs in June when the weather becomes worse. And drivers are worried about getting their cab’s on-board computer hacked, since computer security is not yet up to scratch. Also, many elderly people who need help to get into the vehicle or put their bags in the boot will have difficulty if they are on their own. And if a passenger needed to go to hospital quickly, there would be a problem because the taxis will not be allowed to break the speed limit.

The Scottish will be, it seems, the first to encounter new driverless buses, since its government claims they will work efficiently from 2021. Already in Scotland, business has spent 4.35 million pounds on five single-decker buses carrying 42 passengers on a ten-minute journey to Waverley Station in the capital.

Unlike taxi drivers, who need to look for another job, bus drivers will be needed to keep everything in order, and jump into drive mode if need be.

In time not millions but billions of pounds will be spent on these world-changing projects but we hope that the new public transport services will be shaped to suit all those who want to benefit.

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n e ofte Peopl joyment n e e mistak appiness, for h give them can which ong idea of the wr g happy bein

Days Peter Zhu understands that happiness is about purpose and process, not product

M

any people have an empty feeling inside that cannot be filled no matter what, even by endless hours of great comedy shows. So how can we become utterly fulfilled?

People w happy ho voluntee becaus r are o ft e purpos e and c they have a en ver y sense o ontent ment f

We have got to be genuinely happy.

With the aim of becoming happy, we must achieve two things daily: experience things that give us enjoyment and give us purpose. People often mistake enjoyment for happiness, which can give them the wrong idea of being happy. Experiencing enjoyment is about feeling pleasure while not necessarily feeling any purpose, like watching comedy on the couch for hours and hours. This is very enjoyable for some, but it does not give any kind of purpose to those people, making them feel empty on the inside.

we find can a live thing lways s s enj that in our pur oymen includ e pos t efu and lne ss

easure out feeling pl ose ab is t en ym Enjo y purp arily feeling an while not necess

But being purposeful will not automatically give you any pleasure either, such as doing extra work that is optional. Even though doing more work will not be something people always enjoy, it will bring purpose to their day and will cancel out doing a pointless activity without purpose, which then gives them fulfilment – for instance, having played a video game for most of the day. The enjoyment and purposefulness will be brought together to create the overall happiness of a person’s day.

That is the basic understanding of happiness and fulfilment in general.

However, it is very hard to balance the two main aspects of happiness over long and short periods of time, because we can be overwhelmed by doing something we love or by an exhausting task at hand. Nevertheless, we can always find things in our lives that include enjoyment and purposefulness in one single activity. We can work on what we love so that we enjoy it and find purpose within it at the same time. There is also volunteer work that that will bring great purpose and enjoyment, granting us contentment, which is why people who do it are often very happy.

So we need to spend time looking to do both enjoyable and purposeful activities to accomplish happiness.

Then, at the end of the day, when we evaluate what we have done and tell ourselves that it was truly a day well spent, that is how we can be fulfilled and satisfied every single day. Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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S

E AM

E C N E R E F DIF

t omen are differen w d an en m s on ck Clara Delaney re eated the same but should be tr

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“

Feminists mainly campaign against male bigotry: women are weaker than men, women are not suited to certain jobs and women exist purely for the male gaze

E

ny ma re here a t re at The s out t tre n b o e jo do n wom ugh t d a o n th n a lth me lly, a they a ry equ theo uld in sho

veryone has heard of the feminist movement.

Its members campaign for equal Men produce a hormone called rights between men and women, and testosterone. This hormone can say we should be treated the same. promote aggression and increased But are we truly the same? Do our muscle growth, which explains why differences extend beyond our physical men tend to be stronger and more appearances, and how big a role should muscular than women. Since this these differences play in our social hormone makes men more cold and standing? Feminists mainly campaign less caring and nurturing, fewer men tend to opt for jobs in against male bigotry: teaching and social women are weaker than But should a care, but when they do men, women are not stereotype affect the way so female candidates suited to certain jobs men and women are more often chosen and women exist purely are treated? over male candidates. for the male gaze and Absolutely not!

Women, however, are making babies. naturally less forceful First, employment. There are many jobs and more caring, which is why they are out there that do not treat men and given these jobs over men. women equally, although in theory they should. In jobs such as social care This creates the stereotype of alpha male and teaching, women are vastly over- and beta female – a more antagonistic, represented, whereas in jobs involving intimidating, smarter man controlling a politics and engineering, it is men who weaker, more passive woman. But this are over-represented, particularly in is wholly incorrect. Testosterone does management roles. Now this is not not promote intelligence, only more because men are smarter than women. aggression. However, just because That theory has been statistically you are incredibly confident in your proven wrong, since men and women argument, by no means does that score, on average, the same in IQ tests. make it correct. Moreover, not having So to explain these differences, we testosterone doesn’t make you passive.

All a lack of testosterone means must look elsewhere. mentally is that your aggression isn’t amplified by a hormone.

Men and w in IQ tes omen score, on ts average, the same

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In jobs involving politics and engineering, it is men who are over-represented, particularly in management roles

Women ar less f e naturally or more c ceful and a fewer ring, and m en ten to opt d teachin for jobs in g and social care

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all boils down to men being better at focusing on one specific thing (like the road), and women being better at multitasking. What this means is Yet it is not just nature that plays a role in that some people may say a woman’s this stereotype, but society too. From a inability to focus well on one thing young age, men and women are taught makes her less smart and mentally that they are different. The boy gets to competent, which is a myth. It is untrue play outside with a football, and the girl because the opposite could also be gets to stay inside with a doll. Further argued: a man’s inability to focus well on more than one thing down the line, this can it is not just makes him less mentally be extremely damaging. nature that plays a role competent. Thus the two By this time, the boys are in stereotypes cancel themselves out. We often far more confident but society too must therefore conclude in themselves, and more because From a likely to opt for more young age, men and that men and women challenging jobs such women are taught are as competent as each that they are other. as management and different engineering, whereas the girls may not, fuelling the alpha and So equality does not mean we are all the same. Equality and diversity can cobeta stereotype. exist. Equality simply means that we are But should a stereotype affect the judged on who we are as people, not way men and women are treated? on stereotypes. It means a man should Absolutely not. You would be foolish not receive abuse for liking makeup, to base your opinion of someone on and a woman’s opinion should not be a stereotype. A stereotype many use shouted down simply because she is a to justify their attitudes is the one that woman. Diversity means diversity, and men are better drivers than women. equality means equality. While this has been proven true, it

Equality d Equality oes not mean w simply m e are all who we are as pe eans that we ar the same. e ople, no t on ster judged on eotypes

nt en viole e w t e b ink at the l s k o o l rmes Daniel A t crime len and vio

games

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“

While not gory, the premise of Fortnite is violent, the primary goal being to kill other players

For decades, behavioural scientists have sought to find out if violent games lead to aggression, lack of empathy and poor performance in school or at work, although results have been mixed. But many studies have found that people who play violent video games do indeed show aggressive behaviour: for example, the American Psychological Association (APA) policy statement of 2015.

The popularity of this game begs the question: how far does virtual violence provoke real-life violence? attention ce visual n a h n e n es ca mes Video gam te faster reaction ti ra e n and ge

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O

n 10 June 2014, 15-year-old Jared Padgett shot a 14-year old classmate then killed himself with the same weapon, an AR15 assault rifle. Inquiries into Padgett’s background revealed that he liked firstperson shooter games. Is there a link between violent crime and such violent computer games?

If you know a tween, teenager, or any avid gamer, you have probably heard about Fortnite. In the game’s ‘Battle Royale’ mode up to 100 players parachute onto a small island, scavenge for armour and weapons, then kill or hide from other players while hoping to be the lone survivor. The game’s cartoonish violence and quirky features – including costumes and custom dance moves – have attracted more than 125 million players across the globe since its release last September.

While not gory, the premise of Fortnite is violent, the primary goal being to kill other players. The popularity of this game begs the question: how far does virtual violence provoke real-life violence?

It’s a sad fact of life that aggressive behaviour too often has serious consequences. Excluding suicides, guns killed at least 15,549 people in the United States in 2017 according to data collected by Gun Violence Archive (GVA). This is a worrying statistic. What can we do? Jim Morrison, frontman of the pop group The Doors, once said whoever controls the media controls the minds, and I strongly agree. We know from market research that 100 million people’s minds are engrossed in Call of Duty, 125 million are playing Fortnite and 22.9 million Nintendo Switch consoles were sold globally since its launch on 3 March 2017. How many people do you know who play these sorts of games? Probably quite a few.

Parents can spend all day being bodyguards to their childr en

Violent gaming isn’t always a problem but if it gets out of hand it can be. For example, you might be in a gang and one person offers you a gun. This is where the influence of games could kick in. In a gaming scenario, you may have shot an online character and this is socially acceptable when it is on screen.

But what if you thought it would be fun, and similar to playing the game, if you did it for real? When you wipe out an online character it is part of the game, but in real life it is murder. We all have angry moments from time to time and some people can’t control themselves and lash out, of course, but the terrible truth is that some players learn to associate violence with pleasure.

On 26 June 2008 in New York, a group of teenagers went on a crime spree.

First, three of them mugged a man in a car park. Next, the gang strode through the streets until they found a woman in her car. After stealing a packet of her cigarettes, they smashed a van using a baseball bat. The woman called the police and they caught the teens. When they were asked about their motives, one said that an ‘all-night GTA rampage’ had inspired him to carry out mass lawbreaking.

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The good news is that research from the Centre for Educational Neuroscience suggests that ‘prosocial’ games, where the main aim is to help someone else, have a positive effect on behaviour to the same extent that violent video games have a negative effect. Another study asked different groups of participants to play the same game, Halo 2, but gave them different objectives, with either co-operative or competitive play in different scenarios. The authors found increased pro-social behaviours only in those playing co-operatively, suggesting that context rather than content might be important.

We also know that video games can enhance visual attention and generate faster reaction times.

So where does the problem lie?

‘Understanding the motivation to

15-year-old Jared Padgett shot a 14-yearold classmate then killed himself with the same weapon, an AR-15 assault rifle

play may be key to identifying some of the causes of gaming disorder,’ writes Douglas Gentile, Professor of Psychology at Iowa State University.

In a paper published in the journal Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Gentile and his colleagues interviewed college students about their videogame play, coping strategies, anxiety and symptoms of mental illnesses, including gaming disorder. Worryingly, the researchers found videogaming was widely used as a coping mechanism.

Parents can spend all day being bodyguards to their children, shielding them from the endless onslaught of harmful products and media, so let's give them help and guidance while controlling the distribution of violent games. This will not only protect children but the public too. The public health risks are too great to do otherwise. I'd rather have neighbours with empathy and full decision-making abilities. Wouldn't you?

spree on a crime age’ rs e g a n e p roup of te t GTA ram One of a g ted by an ‘all-nigh a was motiv Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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h s i n a p S Miracle 70

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Ines Vaes Somolinos marvels that the reconquest of Spain began in a little-known region

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sturias, a province in the north of Spain, is still somewhat eclipsed by Madrid and Barcelona, but it has much to tell. A wet, green and fertile part of the country, it is in many ways the ideal place for a miracle. And indeed one small event during the ‘Dark Ages’ not only shone light on this very region but shaped the history of Spain and the world beyond.

Spain suffered a terrifying invasion by a Muslim army from North Africa between 711 and 722. The Moors, as they were known, had a single purpose in mind – to take over the whole Iberian Peninsula. The Muslim invasion started on 19 July 711 when Tarik-ibn-Zihad landed at Gibraltar with a force of 7,000 Berber horsemen. He quickly dispersed his force across the Peninsula. Cities were captured and populations fled.

Mugait-al-Rumí occupied the influential city of Córdoba, while its Spanish inhabitants tried to escape however they could.

The nobles of the Kingdom of Toledo escaped to the North, taking their treasures. Some of these were only discovered by archaeologists in the 19th Century, such as The Treasure of Guarrazar that features votive crowns and gold crosses offered to the Roman Catholic Church by the Kings of the Visigoths in the Seventh Century.

When escapees crossed the Guadarrama River, via Buitrago, they sought sanctuary in hilltop fortresses. But as fortresses like Amaya fell, it seemed that nothing could stop the invasion.

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Mugait-al-Rumi’ occupied the influential city of Cordoba, while its Spanish inhabitants tried to escape Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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among efuge nding r k e e to s s surrou forced e rock r e range w e l ants naccessib n mountain t i b a h i a In lmostntabri the a r y in the Ca a sanctu

The inhabitants were forced to seek refuge among the almost inaccessible rocks surrounding Amaya, and sanctuary in the Cantabrian mountain range of Northern Spain.

Musa envied Tariq’s victories and decided to land in Spain with an even stronger army

known today as Cangas de Onís. Pelayo, or Pelagius of Astorias, had heard many rumours about the invading Moors, not least that they were unstoppable. But on no account did Don Pelayo want to lose his kingdom, so he united a few brave Asturian men and armed them with the will to win. There seemed little hope of success, but all desired to save their homeland and their way of life.

The Battle of Covadonga took place on 28 May 722 between Tariq was supported that very moment the Christian army of Don Pelayo and Muslim troops. in his conquest by a terrible storm was unleashed: The Muslim commander, treachery when local Thunder roared Alkamar (Al Qama), and the Jewish inhabitants and lightning lit up Berber Governor, Manuza, helped him capture and the dark slopes demanded surrender, and defend fortresses and the Christians knew they cities. Tariq continued his march, next capturing the city of had little hope of victory but were Astorga, before returning to Toledo to willing to die trying because on them meet his superior, the wali Musa-ibn- depended the fate of the Spanish Nusair. Musa envied Tariq’s victories peninsula. So Pelayo refused. Although and decided to land in Spain with an prayers were offered to the Virgin of even stronger army, between ten and Covadonga, they still entered combat eighteen thousand men. Now united, dispirited. they succeeded in pushing the Spanish forces back across the peninsula, until The Moors started the attack, shooting they reached its highest point, Asturias. arrows at the Christian soldiers, who Pelayo was the first Asturian King and with him the Christian Reconquest began. Before becoming monarch, Don Pelayo was a local chief of the area still

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Tariq continued hi s of Astorga, befo march, next capturing the city re returning to To le his superior, the wali Musa-ibn-Nu do to meet sair

according to legend, in this first attack something extraordinary happened: the arrows flew back into the ranks of the Moorish archers

took refuge in the stone cliffs. But according to legend, in this first attack something extraordinary happened: the arrows flew back into the ranks of the Moorish archers, killing many. Then a group of Catholic soldiers, led by Don Pelayo, advanced from a hidden cave, while others shot arrows, threw stones or rolled tree trunks onto the enemy from the Alzeba Mountain. After a short time, Alkamar, the second-in-command, fell dead. Disorder broke out and the Moorish army withdrew.

According to local legend, at that very moment a terrible storm was unleashed.

Thunder roared, lightning lit up the dark slopes and heavy rain caused mud slides that dragged rocks and trees onto the retreating Arab troops. Fighting in the mud, many Moorish soldiers slid down into the Deva River, where they drowned.

Locals still believe the Blessed Virgin caused the mountain to carry away the soldiers of Muhammad but, whether or not it was divine intervention that saved the day, The Battle of Covadonga was won.

It took nearly eigh t stronghold fell in centuries before the last Muslim 14 Boabdil) surrende 92 when Muhammad XII (King red from the Alha mbra fortress

ag r sol oup o fro diers f Cath olic ma adv whi le o hidde anced the n ca ar sto rows rs sh ve, , o tre nes or threw t et run rolle ks the d ene onto my

Some historians refer to this incident as little more than a minor skirmish, but Don Pelayo had shown to his countrymen that the Moors were not invincible. Soon The Reconquest of Spain was underway.

In 722 the Muslims occupied almost all of Spain and only the mountainous region of the North remained in the hands of the Spanish. But from this unconquered spot the Christian Kingdoms set out to reconquer their territory. From the triumph of Covadonga, in the year 722, a slow but persistent advance towards the South began, and the kingdoms of Asturias, Leon, Navarre, Portugal, Castile and Aragon all rose as one.

It took nearly eight centuries before the last Muslim stronghold fell. It was in fact 1492 when Muhammad XII (King Boabdil) surrendered from the Alhambra fortress at Granada, and Spain was Christian once again. The union of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, brought 800 years of Moorish domination of the Iberian Peninsula to an end.

This left their path clear to sponsor a sea voyage out West by a little-known Genoese sailor called Christopher Columbus. The rest, as they say, is history.

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Nick Maid ens asks if acting is all it’s made up to be

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n 2018 we were moved, shocked and entertained by blockbusting movies like Bird Box, Avengers Infinity War, Black Panther and Fantastic Beasts 2, which together raked in over $3 billion and made their lead actors richer and richer.

So why wouldn’t you want to be the next Robert Downey Jr or Sandra Bullock?

With cinema seats getting cheaper and movies improving, the number of young people who aspire to become an actor is growing. Partly they dream of fame and fortune but also they like to bring characters to life and express themselves. And not only can acting offer you a sudden sea of money and fame, but it also allows you to be your childhood hero and inspire a new generation of actors and bring joy to your audience. So acting can be a fulfilling, intensely enjoyable job, through which you can meet hundreds of new people who all share the same passion. So if you love drama would acting be the career for you?

Well, though acting can be one of the highest-paying and most fulfilling jobs, it can also destroy lives because of the culture that imbues the acting world. For example, in 2008, Heath Ledger died of a toxic combination of different drugs, a year before he won the Oscar for best supporting actor for his performance in The Dark Knight. Imagine the loss to the family and acting community as a whole.

Likewise, many other actors have suffered from drug abuse.

A recent example is Ant McPartlin (you probably know him

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Robert Downey Jr. topped the Forbes highestpaid actor list from 2012 to 2015 and is now worth over $300 million

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s ' t Le

P rete n d Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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Heath Ledger died of a toxic combination of drugs a year before he won an Oscar for his performance in the Dark Knight

better as Ant from Ant and Dec) who has been in and out of rehab throughout 2018, missing many of the TV shows he is known for hosting, such as I’m a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here.

And arguably the most famous superhero actor of all time, Robert Downey Jr., who not only topped the Forbes highest-paid actor list from 2012 to 2015, and is now worth over $300 million, was arrested in 1996 for drug and alcohol offences that continued throughout the early 2000s. He is one of the few stars who has managed to reclaim control of his life.

Due to the media, actors are constantly at the forefront of the news because everything they do is observed and critiqued, meaning that if a star commits any minor offence they

th yo e num asp ung pe ber o ir o f act e to b ple w o h e r c Par om o is of tly th growi e an ng fa e brin me bu y dre a ta gc lso m ha to racte to life rs

are immediately named. And the past doesn’t disappear. In 2017 Jack Maynard, a YouTube star, had to leave the TV show I’m a Celebrity due to racist tweets he had ‘jokingly’ made in 2011, over six years before the show. A mistake he’d long forgotten about returned to haunt him, costing him a fortune in lost wages.

So, whilst acting can be the job of a lifetime, with actors being able to star in their own fantasy whilst inspiring young people, it also means you will have to sacrifice your privacy for success. Do you really want always to be watched everywhere you go, on and off screen, just because you chose to be an actor?

‘To be or not to be?’ is a really important question.

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The Big

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art has been of great importance and value to society because it has reflected our cultural lives historically

has become so advanced that humans no longer require the skills previously needed to make complex calculations and create intricate engineering details.

However, a computer will never be able to produce original works of art, certainly not comparable with those of the masters. We need to accept the fact that, even in the 21st Century, artificial intelligence cannot make artwork as well as people do.

Ever since the first caveman made an image from clay and chalk, art has played a role in the way we think, live and look at the world aintings in sty old p mpanies u d t s ju t no . Co But ar t is It is all around us pictures in r o . s ry n e a ll g slo a ga to create tomers’ attention. ts s ti r a e hir cus rab their order to g

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ver since the first caveman made an image from clay and chalk, art has played a role in the way we think, live and look at the world. Over the centuries, art has been of great importance and value to society because it has reflected our cultural lives historically. But over the past few years, that has been subject to change. Let’s face it, the world is changing, and some are starting to doubt whether art has a place in the modern world. But their doubts are groundless.

For starters, art is what defines us as human beings. The fact that we can create things that are beautiful, rather than just functional, is something no one can take away from us. Modern technology has replaced many jobs and these days you can buy a new TV from the comfort of your own home, have your car made by a machine, and be served by a robot barman. But as great as technology can be, it lacks one human gift – creativity. Technology

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But art is not just dusty old paintings in a gallery. It is all around us. That advert you saw on TV? That involves art. That video game you're addicted to? That involves art. Companies hire artists to create slogans or pictures in order to grab their customers’ attention.

Designers, who are also artists, create beautiful car designs. Without art, the world would be bland and lacking in diversity. Would you want to live in a world devoid of creativity?

And art shapes society. Many artists have tried to provoke people into thinking differently through their art; they have used their works to get people to look at our world in a

s one

lack n be, it a c y g hnolo t as tec y As grea ift – creativit g n a m u h

A computer will ne ver be able to pr od original works of ar t, certainly not comp uce arable with those of the ma sters

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Without art, the world would be bland and lacking in diversity

fresh way. Picasso’s Guernica is a good example.

The painting illustrates the blitz bombing of Guernica, a town in Spain, by Nazi Germany and Italian warplanes, and is regarded as one of the most moving and striking anti-war paintings in history. Furthermore, newspapers use cartoon satire to ridicule leaders or political movements.

In newspapers, people can learn just as much from looking at a single cartoon as from reading a long article on the exact same topic. By doing this, artists are expressing their view and encouraging others to share theirs. It is simple. Art influences people and can bring about change.

With so much changing in our world, we need art more than ever now. We are close to losing humanity’s flare in this world, with modern technology taking over. We need something that enables us to express ourselves as human beings.

We need something that can separate us from other creatures and artificial intelligence, and that is something only human beings have ever been able to do. And that is art.

Art is not outdated, and it never will be. It affects how we think and live our lives, and we are almost nothing without it. Fred R. Barnard said in Printers' Ink back in 1927: ‘A picture is worth ten thousand words.’ And he was right.

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Many artists have tried to provoke people into thinking differently through their art Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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d e l u R

Out

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Felix Edelman charts the birth, growth and death of the greatest empire of all time

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he British Empire consisted of colonies ruled by the United Kingdom. Perhaps the origins of empire stem from Henry VII, who realised that a large navy would boost the economic fortunes of an island nation. By the 16th Century, commercial enterprises, such as the East India Company, had created a system of overseas trading posts.

At its peak the British Empire became the largest empire in history, eclipsing those of the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. The British Empire was the foremost power for over a century, encompassing a population of 412,000,000, 23% of the population of the entire globe. By 1920, it spanned over 35,500,000 square kilometres, or 24% of the globe’s surface.

In fact, this was 7% more than the second largest empire ever established in history, the Mongolian Empire. At the peak of its power, the British Empire was known, quite literally, as ‘the empire on which the sun never sets’.

British imperial strength grew as a result of technological developments. After the Industrial Revolution, new technology developed trade and industry across the globe.

Meanwhile, during the 19th Century, the British government decided to expand into Egypt and South Africa. So, between 1815 and the start of the First World War, another 26,000,000 square kilometres and 400,000,000 people were added to the possessions of the Empire due to large-scale expansions not only in Africa, but also Asia. Inventions such as the steamship and the telegraph helped to make the world a smaller place.

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Inventions such as the steamship and the telegraph helped to make the world a smaller place

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The Empire was linked by a serie s of telegraph poles known as the All Red Line , since British territories were m arked on the map in dark pink

he ugh t Altho sion of expan mpire the e t new gh to brou f life s, o s ie r way rrito its te brought o s it al nflict co

ambitions. There was a constant fear in Britain that Russia would launch an overland invasion of India. So in 1839 Britain invaded Afghanistan, but the invasion was a catastrophic failure.

So when Russia invaded part of the Balkans in 1853, Britain retaliated by joining the French to invade the Crimean Peninsula and cripple the So, by 1902, the Empire was linked by Russian naval threat to shipping in the a series of telegraph poles known as Mediterranean. The ensuing Crimean the All Red Line, since British territories War of 1854-1856 marked a resounding were marked on the map defeat for Russia, but at in dark pink.

By the start of a huge cost to the British the 20th Century, forces through disease and both Germany Although the expansion incompetence. and the United of the empire brought States had begun new ways of life to its to challenge the By the start of the 20th territories, it also brought British Empire Century, both Germany conflict. For example, and the United States had during the 19th Century, Britain and begun to challenge the British Empire Russia were vying to fill a power vacuum and its economic supremacy. Both created by the decline of the Ottoman countries had large reserves of coal and Empire, the Qajar Dynasty and the Qing iron, while oil was becoming the latest Dynasty. This rivalry, known as the Great form of ‘black gold’. Economic tension Game, was to last for almost a century. as well as military posturing between Battles were fought over Afghanistan Germany and Britain was a significant and other neighbouring territories cause of the First World War. However, in Central and Southern Asia. Russia immediately after the First World feared the commercial and military War, with the Treaty of Versailles, the inroads offered by the territories, whilst Britain was afraid of the Russians seizing ‘The Jewel in the Crown’ (India) and adding it to its vast empire in Asia.

As far as Britain was concerned, defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its unrelenting imperial

Britain was afra id of the Russia ns seizing ‘The Jewel in the Crow n’ vast empire in As (India) and adding it to its ia 82

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the by t contr New he A ibuti on ust Ze (AN alan ralia made gen ZACS) d Arm n and y e in cre rated Gall Corps ipol ate ad nat indep esire i to end ion e stat es nt

British Empire had reached the largest extent of territory it was ever to achieve, but the British declaration of war had also committed all of its colonies and dominions to a costly war of attrition in which over 2,500,000 men from the Empire served. It was their sacrifice that helped begin the end of the empire.

For example, the contribution made by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACS) in the Gallipoli Campaign generated a desire to create, from their sparsely populated colonies, independent nation states. A similar desire was forged in the minds of Canadian troops following the bloody battles of Ypres, Vimy and Passchendaele, which cost over 60,000 colonial lives.

The bloody battle s of Ypres, Vimy an cost over 60,000 d Passchendaele colonial lives

in 1 9 had 47, Ind ia b mos een B , whic rita h t v alu and in’s a p b pos opul le o ach sessio us i e inde ved n, it pen den s ce

Like in the Great War, in the Second World War the cost to the colonies was huge.

Moreover, the British colonies in the East and Southeast Asia were occupied by the Japanese. The invincibility of the British was now openly questioned.

So, although Britain, with the support of the colonies and its allies, won the Second World War, its wartime loss of territory helped accelerate the decline of the empire. India’s growing desire for autonomy gathered speed and in 1947, India, which had been Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved its independence. This began a larger decolonisation movement, by which Britain granted independence to most territories of its global empire, and we became an island nation once again.

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Wars prequels, ar St t ou ab ks in th Evan Acratopulo inals sequels and orig

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Many fans wonder wheth er Skywalker so young, cla we need the story of Anakin iming his journey is bo ring and unnecessary, while others believe it’s crucial to the creation of Darth Vader

T is ks Bin ople r a J pe Jar d by that e h t e c a h mu mh so s clai Sith k s fan e dar lot hi h p t n d io is , an d inat Lor ssass a

here is a debate among Star Wars fans. Do we really need the prequels? From Jar Jar Binks to bad CGI, there is much to despise. And in what order should we watch them? Do we need them at all?

Don’t they just get in the way of the originals? These are the questions Star Wars enthusiasts argue about to no end. Why are they hated so much, and why have their ratings decreased since their release?

Even more people think they should be watched in the order they came out in, and this seems to make most sense. For starters, when the movies first came out people didn’t have the choice of what order to watch them in so it would make sense, if that was the original way, then that is how they are supposed to be watched. Finally they are called prequels for a reason. If they were meant to watched first they would be called the originals, not the prequels.

First, Jar Jar Binks. Arguably one of the most hated movie characters of all time, he really brought down The Phantom Menace. It’s his odd-shaped head and sharp little eyes that make There are also many different views him so irritating, and let’s not get about The Phantom Menace. Many started on his voice. Many fans claim fans wonder whether we need the story of Anakin Skywalker this is a racist caricature, Star Wars films so young, claiming his although makers of the are fine the way journey is boring and film deny such a slur. they are, since unnecessary, while others There is even evidence that is the way that Jar Jar Binks has no they were written believe it’s crucial to the and that can’t be creation of Darth Vader. facial features that we find ‘ugly’, but with his bug- changed by anyone Also people speculate whether Qui-Gon Jinn like eyes and cone-shaped face it’s not surprising people find him died too early in the story, leaving unbearable. The most annoying thing young Obi Wan to guard Anakin, while of all about him is that he acts cute, but not knowing how big a responsibility many would agree he is anything but. that would be. If Qui-Gon Jinn hadn’t He is hated by people so much that fans died, and he had taught and watched claim he is the dark Sith Lord, and plot over Anakin, things might have been different. his assassination.

Next there is the order, which is the cause of much debate. Some say the prequels aren’t necessary and are so terrible they aren’t worth watching.

Others say watch them in chronological order.

So even though many hate Star Wars prequels because of their bad CGI and plot lines, I think the Star Wars films are fine the way they are, since that is the way they were written and that can’t be changed by anyone. Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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of ers ons, e n i i eng cas f he w oc ue o t e e val nd lb af wil e, on d the cal a n e pl ee te pl lo peo exam deba g in has b nger g n i n s u s you e. For nt ha r vot s. Thi he yo most w st, Fir futur rnme mit fo ction ory, t ld be ry. Ho r li ve he le ou ount you our e Go age ye o in t o w d c th e 18 entar use, e wh our 17 an iven t g d r th liam beca thos s to n o nd 6 ,a par ssed are hange ere 1 way a e bed for n u a k w c o m r c i dis erat y any f you ched re ho o wor d you t i n t b n a a ge ted sn a c tory ren a of a eel ec you f e was an in is d ur f f a m ging h r chil favo e? d ic l o t u v n n u n i m ie o a wo t of fra anc n ch s - y nied h rig rail, art i tion as de lking a f ur p nera - w a wa n o e if y ew g ildre ld on n h -o c the rand year g 99

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at peo says like ‘g ple are no they d ood’ wines t : o with a not mature g e , no they b ecome r do peopl ‘richer’ e

dy e alrea ople ar e p e h g t n : u e r Yo he futu ing; living t eriorat t e d is t n me e o c m e n to b enviro started ic t e s v a a l h p cars ilent; s d n a n a d electric g our oceans s. in r r e reatu e is litt r sea c u in o w g o in n kill we k be all n l a il m w d is l Th to ure. Tha re the fut few mo a e v a h y l h n o will is may live, so o t iety s r a ye our soc o. o t r e t N t vote ma 0 years’ time?

4 , e 0 16-y ar in 20, 3 ion of a n in e p t o f e o But th r. It’s s matte d view on old doe e in e, tra of a matur the eye m o r f e it r s u s t itne our fu o will w e. h w e n o om some rs to c for yea

y is erl eld ite. Th y e h l n t o a of imp dm ers h and ience ure. b m r c e lfis ed. xpe nse em om de, se ave e feel i excus w s , u h ay be ond ey er kno Sec ion ar se th and m annot they rove u e t p k c a era bec chang still s thin nyone h age s n gen rtly r of ta wit ize a che iou is p cades behav se cit n’t le that e rea on n o e n i e h w rs a o d ir the y do t they e cert every ure pe heir t u t l t r B on day , bu mat se ya re Not ything g. The n one inely t abu ons a u i o e r n t n n r h eve m wro ity, w . A ge does enera dge o ou r i the matu y date y and ger g ambr tain y rly es la yC cer l-b oun sel com ir sel om wi The y to an d it is d scho that . p d e y i n n r a a th s wis oof et oci ke a t llege urity ne pr e. e s s u a r in o mat alo t. T ce atu yc pla feren ersit by the y are ost m e m dif Univ hed . Th he ord stonis dents not t f x O e a he stu y are lb wil e of t lderl e v dri the

en ‘rich’ people who have be Also, there are many is can Th s. ar ye eir younger and successful in th , many ce tan ins r Fo ny things. be on account of ma . Their ion at and blossom in educ young people thrive into ms ea to follow their dr ol teachers urge them ho sc ft le ve s after they ha s. prosperous career on ss le of s int ra the const t and been freed from igh br eir ople never pursue th al But lots of these pe on rs pe have such inspiring futures, and never omises es back-flip: from pr liv eir y-toguidance again. Th da to wn do ck ba rld, right ing of stardom in the wo rk wo ded, d themselves stran d day reality. They fin an ll du me ds meet, and beco in Tesco to make en g un yo ny ma r fo e sad truth hopeless. This is th clusively ty who have relied ex cie so r members of ou es out their futur . on teachers to map

ways on’t al d e l p o , pe tead ge. Ins clusion a h it w In con e mature le, mor become come less ab ent on depend they be e r y o m and ir expir selfish hey reach the y e h t if .T , when e s others r d u l o u due c hey wo dates in ore mature t e ver. Th m r ay fo e of did get w p e u m o o r in s ged g a n a live on s t us fre h, y are j ng are u o y e elderl h t ive. , while innovat people ic and t e g r e en

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S

l future trave f o t f a r e l who assesses a Ollie Hastie options

ince the dawn of humanity, we have looked up to the stars, the endless void of possibility – gazed up and wondered what tomorrow will be like. The future holds many possibilities, not least in the form of travel technology. The technology of vehicles has advanced hugely in the last 150 years. Plane travel was uncommon 100 years ago, and helicopters hadn’t been invented. So, who knows what will be getting us from A to B safely and speedily in the next 50 to 100 years?

SpaceX and Tesla CEO, Elon Musk, proposes an intercontinental spaceship. The billionaire entrepreneur told an audience at a space industry conference in 2017 that his rocket ship, named BFR (Big Falcon Rocket), could travel from anywhere to anywhere in 88

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the world in under one hour. The rocket And that’s not all from Elon Musk, who will be able to reach top speeds of has even more ideas for travel, such 16,777 miles per hour. Musk showed a as a large cylindrical tube carrying video that projected passengers taking a futuristic pod. The pod will be a boat to a solitary floating platform surrounded by an air bubble that travels in the middle of a river in a frictionless tube, due or lake. The passengers to powerful air pumps Musk showed boarded the rocket via that push air out of the a video that a lift and then hurtled tube to create a place projected off into space. The ship of low air resistance, passengers taking orbited the Earth then a boat to a solitary nearly a vacuum. Or floating platform vertically landed on a the system will be in the middle of a platform in a different powered by magnetic river or lake continent. Whilst this levitation technology. is a potentially thrilling Because there will be vision of future travel, the idea could, no air resistance, the pod would be however, be completely absurd, able to reach speeds of 760 mph. dangerous and appallingly bad for the This ‘hyperloop’ has already received environment. Every launch would emit support from sponsors such as Virgin. an obscene noise and the fumes might Musk claims the hyperloop will be contribute rapidly to global warming. faster than trains, safer than cars and

Image: SkyTran

A to

re the ir e s au d oa Bec l be n he po t o l , i w nce able t f ista o res uld be eeds wo ch sp ph rea 760 m

Whilst revolutionary companies plan to build city-to-city and country-to-country high-speed transport links, others go for the more narrow option of inner-city transportation. Tel Aviv, for example, is set to become the first city in the world to implement the SkyTran system. This is a

Image: SkyTran

much more environmentally friendly than aircraft.

The team behind its building say they are on track to begin delivery in 2021. Will it revolutionise transport or be a complete flop? Only time will tell.

Tel bec Aviv is city ome t set t he o in to imp the w first Sky leme orld Tra n n sy t the ste m

Image: SkyTran

Image: Space Explorations Technologies Corp. - SpaceX

e to B in th g from A in m tt e e th g e f k o a m ds eople who any metho romises m ective way, and the p the Wright brothers p re tu fu ke -eff The history – li d most cost shortest an e the ones who write lb happen wil

raised, magnetic train track that carries small two-seated pods that transport passengers to specific destinations. The project, which has been co-developed with NASA and SkyTran, will tackle the problems of traffic in cities and offer a quicker alternative to trains, cars and buses. The CEO of SkyTran, Jerry Sanders, says that the system is efficient and environmentally friendly because it is powered by electricity and doesn’t release any fumes. Eventually the pods will be fitted with solar panels and become completely self-sufficient. The pods will be able to reach top speeds of 150 mph.

All of these examples have some problems, whether it be negative environmental impact or danger to our feeble bodies. But luckily they are only grains of sand on a vast beach, since the future promises many methods of getting from A to B in the shortest and most cost-effective way, and the people who make them happen will be the ones who write history – like the Wright brothers and Karl Benz.

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Global g n i n r Wa Prakash Viswanathan

is amazed at the number of ways we cause misery but sees cause for hope

War

For thousands of years war has been used for religion, or for land and money. In the years 1985 to 1994, 378,000 people died in wars each year, and World War Two cost 56.4 million lives. That is terrible. But sometimes war is fought for good purposes, such as to stop Hitler, who sought to take over the world, and sometimes it is fought for liberation from social oppression, such as the abolition of slavery in the American Civil War. People involved in war always believe that if they win they will get closer to achieving Utopia. But wouldn’t Utopia be a place where there is no violence, and does war always end well? The Iraqi war did not stop the attacks of the Middle East but increased them because ISIS was formed. People like Gandhi have achieved victory without fighting. If a war starts there will also be retaliation, which leads to an endless cycle of war. Gandhi said, ‘An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.’

In 2017 there was an estimated $1.7 trillion spent globally on war. Couldn’t this money be spent in more useful ways such as relieving poverty and ending threats such as global warming?

Corruption Currently over the

all world, especially amongst powerful people, corruption is ubiquitous. Corrupt people take most authoritative positions. You rarely get a president fighting in the interest of the country rather than himself, such as Barack Obama. Most of these positions are filled by people who are not deserving, because they are blinded by ambition

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and power so much that they’ll do anything, even cheat and in some cases kill.

Other countries such as Turkey use this technique. Turkey has a history of corruption dating back to 1998, when president Mesut Yilmaz was Donald Trump, one of the richest men arrested on charges of corruption. in America, with an estimated net The current president, Recep Tayyip worth of $3.1 billion and abundant Erdogan, is accused of corruption like fame, has abused his power and has this. Another figure of corruption is been corrupt. The US 2016 presidential Nicolás Maduro. He is considered by 50 election was allegedly rigged by Trump countries as the illegitimate President to his advantage. During the Autumn of of Venezuela with the US prohibiting 2015 Russians hacked the him from entering and democrats’ IT department.

Western societies naming To be a dictator Later on, Russia obtained him a dictator. Once he you must have a police force on 58,000 messages in the became president living your side and you course of a month. Trump standards worsened, and must control the even appealed to them in crime, hunger and poverty media a rally: ‘Russia, if you are rates shot up. Despite listening, I hope you are months of protests and able to find the 38,000 emails that are several attempts to impeach him, missing.’ This proves Trump was most Maduro retains power. Many countries likely behind the DNC [Democratic have sanctioned him but Maduro has National Committee] hacking. coalesced with extremist gangs who Trump was also allegedly assisted fight protesters on the street. Venezuela

by Cambridge Analytica, who used now suffers a crisis.

Facebook to promote Trump.

Many other countries likewise abuse To be a dictator you must have a police their people, such as Zimbabwe, force on your side and you must control which has a very high literacy rate of the media. The police force eliminates 90% but is now suffering an economic opponents and the media controls crisis. Civilians have no access to the the people’s opinions. Vladimir Putin Internet and protests are omnipresent. has been in power for nineteen years President Emmerson Mnangagwa is because despite being barred from now as bad as Robert Mugabe. keeping his position by the constitution in the third term [2012-2018] Putin Another dictator is Kim Jong Un, the managed to retain his position. In third supreme leader of a hermit Putin’s case the KGB is his police force. kingdom. Many people might argue the There are rumours Putin eliminates people of North Korea like him, but that his opponents and then runs false is just what they are taught to feel from investigations, manned by him, to the day they are born. All TVs and radios cover up the evidence and reassure the are tuned to state channels and those people everything is done. caught changing channel face harsh

punishments. Many people rely on aid agencies to eat because food is scarce.

Those who try to escape are usually killed or face brutal punishments. An Amnesty International report stated that thousands of people have been put in prison camps because they disagreed with the government. The internet is not accessible there except in the capital city, which shows only North Korea’s Olympic videos.

Pollution

Nine out of ten people breathe polluted air, according to the WHO [World Health Organization], and such pollution causes lung and heart diseases that kill seven million people each year.

Over one million seabirds and 100,000 sea mammals die each year due to sea pollution because an estimated 14 billion pounds of garbage is dumped into the ocean. Plastic pollution is the most lethal because plastic is made to be durable and threatens countless species, even us.

In London, charges are being introduced for diesel cars entering the city; this is proving effective in getting people to move to electric cars. There have also been new innovations such as hydrogen-powered cars that are also more eco-friendly than diesel cars.

There are countless inventions being made to save the planet: in poorer countries, plastic bottles are replacing light bulbs with a solar panel attached.

Scientists have created edible water blobs to reduce waste with a

biodegradable capsule made from seaweed extract. In Baltimore sea wheels have removed 999 tonnes of waste. Edible spoons and packaging are being used. Shredders can transform tires into anything. Biodegradable bags are now available too. There are countless ways we can conserve the planet; all we need to do is start signing up.

A dire consequence of global warming could be high sea levels, which have risen seven inches in the past century and will continue rising for the foreseeable future, so many cities could go the same way as Atlantis. Cities such as Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, even London, could indeed go underwater, and there could be drastic economic damage if coastal cities disappear.

Many people believe we should propose bans on airplanes, since they are the main contributor to greenhouse gases, and there will be no vacations if air travel destroys the environment.

Animal Welfare

In the United States alone, 25 million farm animals are slaughtered every day. That is a devastating statistic. If an animal kills a human being, there is news coverage in support of the human, but what about when we kill animals? Where is the evidence that humans are superior to animals, when humans are also animals?

There are numerous other reasons why animals are killed, for example leather.

Many cows are killed, even in India, even though it is illegal there to kill cattle. (They are usually poisoned or their legs are broken.) They can also be transported hundreds of kilometres in death marches and many collapse due to hunger or exhaustion so handlers rub tobacco, chilli and salt into their eyes to force them to keep moving. Or they are crammed on top of one another in trucks so that many die of suffocation or injury. Then they are mercilessly killed. In the slaughterhouse their throats are cut. But cows aren’t the only animals killed.

There are many more, such as horses, sheep, lambs, goats, pigs, zebras, bison, boars, deer, kangaroos, elephants, eels, sharks, dolphins, seals, walruses, frogs, crocodiles, lizards and snakes.

Some pigs are killed with rods rammed through their bodies. There are countless inhumane ways animals are treated, like electrocution, which is illegal only in New York.

China is one of the biggest producers of fur and rabbits and other animals are usually skinned alive. Dogs and cats are bludgeoned to death, to serve a thriving demand for their meat. In the US there are no federal laws protecting animals on fur farms. Animals do feel pain and there is no reason to eat them when there are other foods that provide the same nutrients. Most animal fur is exported from China and mislabelled for unsuspecting customers around the world.

Despite all this misery, there is hope the world will become a better place. After each war peace treaties are signed, and attempts are made to end future strife.

We are becoming more aware of the corruption in our society and we are constantly aiming to end it. There have been numerous bans against single-use plastic passed by the EU parliament and countless other countries. Awareness of the mistreatment of animals is being spread, and people are trying to take action. Let’s all take such action now. Mind’s Eye Prep | 2019

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How Much?

Sebastian Chamberl ain thinks the tech ma rket will soon open up to mid-price prod ucts

A

lmost everybody in this country knows what an iPhone is but in thirty years’ time this may not be the case. Companies like Huawei and Honor are creating phones that can already beat iPhones hands down. For example, the Huawei P20 Pro has a 40-megapixel camera, a 20-megapixel camera and an 8-megapixel telephoto lens but the iPhone XS Max has only two 12-megapixel cameras. And the P20 Pro costs £600 while the XS Max starts from £1099.

It is possible that at the WWDC (Worldwide Developers Conference) 2019, Apple will release three iPhones, rather than one or two. These will most likely be the iPhone 9 and 11, with possibly an iPhone 9 Plus or 11 Plus. It is possible Apple will make the iPhone 9 more camera-focused, with three or 92

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possibly four lenses. With regard to the iPhone 11, they might use an iPhone X-style screen but improve the overall specifications to compete with cheaper rivals.

iPhone sales declined for the first time, probably because people’s current iPhones are already so advanced there is little incentive to upgrade. Therefore, it is likely that Apple will In 2018, iPhone look to other sectors to sales declined make up the loss.

Huawei and Samsung for the first time, have just released the probably because first foldable phones.

Apple may also make people’s current These can go from a iPhones are already an Apple Watch Series so advanced typical phone size then 5, with very good fold out to something specifications, but it will similar to a small tablet. It doesn’t seem be the last one they make for a while likely they will replace tablets just yet, because the wearables market seems but it will be interesting technology to to have faded in 2019. compete with Apple even if currently very expensive.

5G is the long-awaited successor to 4G, which is what most of our phones have There will also be another new tablet. today. 5G means ‘fifth-generation’ and A tablet is larger than a phone, making boasts realistic browsing speeds up it easier to do certain tasks, but it is to seven times faster than 4G. Reports less chunky than a laptop, which lacks say this new technology could disrupt true portability like a tablet. In 2018, the way we operate digitally, from

It is not only phones that are changing in price; the whole technology market is shifting too

Hu ha aw v e f e ia th ol jus nd d ty at ab t r Sam ca le e p le su t ic n so hen al go pho as ng to me fo pho fr ne ed a th ld ne om s sm ing o s al s ut ize a im to l using social media outside the home ta ila bl r to streaming movies on the go. And a et

new name has emerged in the flurry of progress – China. We can expect to see a lot more from them very soon. They are responsible for much innovative smart home technology, and could soon dominate the market. In fact, this is starting to happen, in the case of Huawei, who have already carved out a name in mobile phones.

It is not only phones that are changing in price; the whole technology market is shifting too. For example, we are beginning to see many synthesisers (sometimes shortened to ‘synth’), which create sound and are used by almost every music producer in the world, becoming cheaper, like the Pocket Operators from Teenage Engineering.

Their mini-synths start at £49, which is cheap compared to professional, full-

sized synths, which can often cost over £5000. These top-end synths will also most likely become cheaper over time, without compromising on features.

Smart home products are also becoming cheaper. Smart bulbs like the Philips Hue, which offers its owner 16 million colours, can cost around £80 for two bulbs, but new names, like IKEA Trådfri, offer two bulbs that change their shade of white and cost only £15.

With the gap between product prices beginning to widen, there could be a period where the gap has widened so much that a new market could erupt full of middle-price tech, creating a compromise between features and price, and even making big brands like Apple obsolete in a rapidly changing world.

et mark A new rupt full de rice coul dle-p of mid creating tech, promise a com features een betw nd price a

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Beth W

est argu super es that h here t eroes are o sta a rea y for son

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All ages go to superheroes to understand the world and to get help and support. We go to superheroes because of our chaos to be amazed by their power to defeat all the enemies of the world. capism. m of es r o f a e to roes ar lows us Superhe sion orld al n w e ic im m d o erent f Their c if d iver l a e can d ar into ividual d disappe n. in io t e c l sing itary a nd where a y a sol a b s d il l v r e o us from ilities, alien w of e m so n ab ature in these e f Inhuma s n io se situat s becau ur bizarre ro film e from o h g r e in p s u is m e our s r a s teristic es. charac own liv

The difference between us and the movies allows us to switch worl ds. When our reality becom es too much to endure, we can escape to the worlds of the Marvel and DC Univers es.

Superheroes ex press our idea l selves in spit of human weak e ness. In movie s today, they are portrayed not as effortless ly marvellous icons but burd ened with amaz ing abilities an inhuman streng d ths and powers when they also experience all the things hum ans face in thei everyday lives r . Take Steve Ro gers, also know as Captain Amer n ica. He was an ordinary youn man who turned g into a superher o because of Doctor Ersk ine’s ’super-so ldier’ serum.

And Bruce Wayn e, more common ly known as Batman, is just a rich guy in a ba t suit who gives people ho pe in the night.

t ically se ycholog s p ct e e t r o a r We who p e those v l o l l a o e t r a up since we the weak eptical, c s , id a r often af raged by r discou o , d e t n u da own. the unkn

about Marvel There are many arguments vinced that one versus DC. Some are con le some people outpowers the other, whi ition. We, as pet believe there is no com l is better rve Ma t a nation, believe tha pathetic sym re mo h wit vies at making mo making at ter characters, but DC is bet s. rie dramatic sto

There a re many differen invented t by both companie superheroes known f s, includ igures s ing well uch as S SpiderM uperman an and C , Batman aptain A also ma , merica. ny othe Th r heroe AntMan, s, includ ere are The Was ing Flas p, Wolve There h h, rine, and ave als Aquama o b een man n. guys’, su y famou ch as Th s ’bad e Joker and Lok i.

oes are g uperher s , l l a th youn r Ove f us, bo o d l e l ir a t d by row favoure never g l ir il e w h t e .W se and old heroes, becau nd rever a o f n o of such y r r s a n c atio . will w gener stories e n o t t u reach o

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per School Broomwood Hall Up www.broomwood.co.uk pulo erton • Evan Acrato Beth West • Keziah Ath

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itt der Lev • Alexan t h h s ig a a k W ra Harry rall • P berlain s Catte ian Cham t s • Thoma a b e S • n a h t a Viswan

Solefield www.solefieldschool.org Ben Fountain-Barber • Edward Geeson • Daniel Armes • Daniel Vesely

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Wellesley House e.org www.wellesleyhous

St. Andrew’s Prep www.standrewsprep.co.uk

py • Pablo Gusman • Pop Gigi Dunbar-Johnson an lm Ede ix Fel • os molin Falcon • Ines Vaes So

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