Hobcaw Studio_Part 1

Hobcaw Studio Fall 2017

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Contents Section 1 | RFP 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6|

Introduction Background Institute history Site overview Existing facilities Project narrative

Section 2 | Forest Industry 1| 2| 3| 4| 4|

Forests Forest Products Building With Wood Mass Timber Light Wood Framing

Section 3 | Studio 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 4| 5| 6| 4| 5| 6|

Overview Studio Culture Lab Team 1 Lab Team 2 Lab Team 3 Lab Team 4 Lab 5 Housing Team 1: Housing Team 2: Housing Team 3: Housing Team 4: Final Reviews

Entry Clemson Baruch Debordeau

Section 4 | Winning Proposals 1| BICEFS 50th Anniversary 2| Research Support Building Proposal 3| Housing Proposal

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Piedmont Clemson University

Midlands

PeeDee

Georgetown

Coastal

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Charleston

Georgetown

Hobcaw Barony

Winyah Bay Mud Bay

1 Atlantic Ocean

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RFP | Introduction

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Clambank Inlet

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View From Clambank Tower

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View From Tar Kiln Swamp Boardwalk 12

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Longleaf Pines

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Introduction | Overview 16

Located at the historic Barony at Hobcaw in Georgetown, South Carolina, Clemson’s Baruch Institute for Coastal Ecologies and Forest Science (BICEFS) will celebrate its 50th anniversary in 2018. This provides an opportune time to reflect on the past work of the Institute and also to look ahead and chart a path forward. New and renovated facilities within the last ten years have greatly expanded the capabilities of BICEFS researchers and educators. However, there is still a need for additional laboratory and support space. There is also a need for additional onsite housing, which is necessary for expanding the summer intern program.

BICEFS and its supporters from the Wallace F. Pate Foundation are seeking proposals for new and renovated laboratory facilities and new onsite housing. Along with this, they are seeking coordinated site design strategies that tie everything together and best support and enhance the sensitive ecosystems surrounding the BICEFS home at Hobcaw. These parties have approached Clemson and its Community Research + Design Center (CR+DC) for design proposals, which will provide a basis for fundraising and a starting point for future professional design work.

This present document aims to record important background information and other parameters of influence, such that design teams have a foundation to critically and creatively respond to the needs of BICEFS. This includes relevant historical and geographical information about the Hobcaw site. It includes a history of BICEFS itself, as well as a look at the current research and personnel. It also includes overviews of the existing facilities and site features. This document does not include detailed programming information for new facilities and site features. Those steps will fall to the design teams themselves in a “predesign� stage.

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RFP | Background

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Hobcaw House

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Belle Baruch House

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Friendfield VIllage

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Friendfield VIllage

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Background | Hobcaw Barony history 28

A 16,000 acre research reserve, Hobcaw Barony is one of the few undeveloped tracts on the Waccamaw Neck. The Native Americans called it “hobcaw,” meaning between the waters. In 1718, the land became a colonial land grant or barony. Sold and subdivided into plantations, the land was part of profitable rice production until the beginning of the 20th century.

Bernard M. Baruch, Wall Street financier and adviser to presidents, purchased the property in 1905 for use as a winter hunting retreat. After 50 years, he sold all the land to his daughter Belle Baruch. At the time of her death in 1964, she created a foundation to manage the land as an outdoor laboratory for the colleges and universities in South Carolina.

Although privately owned, Hobcaw Barony provides staff-guided access through tours and programs offered by the foundation and universities.

Early History (Pre 1700s) Local native cultures are reflected in the names of surrounding rivers and places. Sampit, Pee Dee, Winyah, and Waccamaw are known area tribes. Waccamaw means “coming and going” in reference to the river’s tidal changes. Another Waccamaw tribal word, “hobcaw” means between the waters. Local tribes used the Waccamaw peninsula seasonally and harvested wild game from the forests and seafood from the marshes. Shell “middens,” or native people’s trash heaps, exist today as marsh islands and lend evidence to archaeologists who study native culture.

In 1521, the Waccamaw may have been the first natives to have encountered Europeans. Explorers Francisco Gordillo and Pedro de Quejo took several Waccamaw tribe members to Spain. Stories of gold, silver and gargantuan warriors led the Spanish back to the present day Carolina coast in 1526. With 600 settlers, horses, hogs, and intentions to create the first permanent settlement in North America, Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon may have chosen Hobcaw Barony’s bluff on Winyah Bay. After a few months, 150 remaining settlers left the failed settlement and returned to Hispaniola.

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Colonial History In 1670, the English created the first permanent settlement in Carolina at Charles Towne. By 1716, an English/native American trading post had been established at Hobcaw Barony. Within a few years the English were also exporting enslaved Native Americans.

Pushed north by the early 18th century, local tribes merged with others and yet, members of the Waccamaw have banded together and preserved their heritage as a SC state recognized tribe and created tribal grounds on ancestral homeland in neighboring Horry County.

By 1711, Hobcaw Point was surveyed and named Hobcaw Barony, one of 10 colonial baronies bestowed by English King George I in 1718. John Lord Carteret, one of 10 Lords Proprietors, received Hobcaw Barony, but sold the undeveloped land in 1730. Divided and subdivided into a number of individual plantations, most of Hobcaw Barony’s new boundary lines ran from the river to the sea, across the Waccamaw Neck.

Plantations The plantation system was established in the agricultural Southern colonies and quickly became dependent on slave labor, first from Barbados and then primarily from West Africa. By 1736, Georgetown was an official port of entry. Early exports included naval stores, salt, animal hides, pickled beef and salted or smoked pork. Export crops included citrus fruits, wine, grapes, tobacco, cotton, corn, indigo and rice.

By the mid-19th century, Waccamaw River plantations averaged 1000 acres and 100 slaves. By 1850, Georgetown District was the world’s second largest producer of “Carolina Gold” rice and nearly 85% of the area population was black. Enslaved Africans’ knowledge of tidal cultivation of rice, skills and strengths in diverse areas of plantation work resulted in millions of pounds of rice produced annually in the Georgetown District.

After emancipation, many former slaves and their descendants remained on lowcountry plantations. Rice production continued until the early 20th century and low wages were offset by subsistence farming, employee housing and food from the woods and waters. Several former slave villages at Hobcaw Barony were occupied until after World War II.

http://hobcawbarony.org/about-hobcaw/history/

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https://www.clemson.edu/public/baruch/

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In 1670, the English created the first permanent settlement in Carolina at Charles Towne.

By 1716, an English/Native American trading post had been established at Hobcaw Barony.

Within a few years the English were also exporting enslaved Native Americans.

1521

As early as 1737, an established ferry operated from the bluff that carried naval stores from the plantations to Georgetown. The term “naval stores� has come to refer to the many forest products required by the wooden ship industry such as pitch for caulking, and heavy timbers for mast and spars.

1718 1716

Local native cultures are reflected in the names of surrounding rivers and places. Sampit, Pee Dee, Winyah, and Waccamaw are known area tribes.

Background | Timeline 32

1737

John, Lord Carteret, one of the eight Lords Proprietors, claimed 12,000 acres on the Waccamaw Neck. His land became known as Hobcaw Barony.

Belle Wilcox Baruch (1899-1964), raised in New York, was the oldest of Bernard and Annie's three children. Beginning in 1904, when her parents purchased the land, Belle and her family would visit Hobcaw Barony each winter, where she spent many hours riding, hunting and exploring the property. An excellent hunter, Belle hunted duck and other wildlife until their populations dwindled, but stalked feral hogs until the end of her life.

In this Christmas 1935 photo, Belle Baruch (wearing camellia and nandina corsage) joins family, staff and friends on the Hobcaw dock, shortly after her father agreed to sell her 5000 acres of the barony's northern end.

Bernard Mannes Baruch (1870-1965) was born in Camden, SC. His father had been a Jewish immigrant to SC and served as a medical officer in the American Civil War. His mother was a SC native and daughter of a Jewish plantation owner. After Reconstruction, Bernard's parents moved the family to NYC and Bernard graduated from City College of NY in 1881. He began his career on Wall Street as an errand boy at a stock brokerage firm and became a Wall Street millionaire by age 30. In 1905 Bernard purchased Hobcaw Barony.

1865

1932 1905

The plantation system was established in the agricultural Southern colonies and quickly became dependent on slave labor, first from Barbados and then primarily from West Africa. By 1736, Georgetown was an official port of entry. Early exports included naval stores, salt, animal hides, pickled beef and salted or smoked pork. Export crops included citrus fruits, wine, grapes, tobacco, cotton, corn, indigo and rice.

1935

Bernard Baruch advised seven U.S. Presidents and other foreign dignitaries. He became a lifelong friend of Winston Churchill, who frequently visited Hobcaw Barony for vacation. In 1932, Winston Churchill arrives at Hobcaw Barony after recuperating in the Bahamas from being struck by a car in New York City.

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At the time of her death in 1964, Belle Baruch solely owned all 16,000 acres of the barony. Her will created a trust for the property which established a foundation, named trustees and made clear her wishes for the land in perpetuity. An outdoor laboratory, Hobcaw Barony is managed with Belle's vision for an opportunity to study coastal plain ecosystems in a relatively undisturbed environment. Her unique gift to scientists and educators is often called "Belle's legacy."

1944

November 14, Clemson University and the Belle W. Baruch Foundation agreed to establish a research institute at Hobcaw Barony, called Belle W. Baruch Institute of Forestry and Marine Biology.

1965 1968

1964

One of the seven U.S. Presidents that Bernard Baruch advised during his life was President Franklin Roosevelt, who became a lifelong friend of the Baruch family. Bernard invited the President to convalesce at Hobcaw B a r o n y d u r i n g Wo r l d Wa r I I . H e accepted the invitation and vacations at Hobcaw Barony for 4 weeks, his longest vacation in all four terms of his presidency.

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Clemson’s first research begins in 1965 with "An Interim Plan of Forest Management for The Belle W. Baruch Foundation Property in Georgetown, South Carolina," which was completed in December 1966.

Hurricane Hugo devastates Hobcaw Barony. With an eight to 14 foot storm surge, the University of South Carolina's Marine Laboratory was destroyed.

Clemson University's newly dedicated laboratory building remained unscathed.

This devastating storm also caused loss of red cockaded woodpecker habitat, as well as millions of dollars in timber damage.

2014

1982 1989

Bellefield Nature Center opens for public programming and the establishment of educational programs offered to K-12 students.

The 50th anniversary of the Belle W. Baruch Foundation.

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Bernard Baruch and daughter Belle, 1957

Background | Belle W. Baruch Foundation 36

The Belle W. Baruch Foundation is a private nonprofit foundation created through the vision of Belle Wilcox Baruch. Established as a trust at her death in 1964, the foundation’s primary mission is to conserve Hobcaw Barony’s unique natural and cultural resources for research and education.

Today the Belle W. Baruch Foundation is the sole owner of Hobcaw Barony, the privately owned research reserve located on the coast near Georgetown, South Carolina. Hobcaw Barony’s 16,000 acres encompass a rich diversity of every common ecosystem found on the South Carolina coast, making this an unparalleled site for research in the environmental sciences. In addition, over 70 cultural sites on the plantation including cemeteries, slave cabins, and the Baruch’s homes all provide a time capsule for educators.

Currently, as many as twelve trustees serve on the board and are responsible for all ownership decisions.

Oversight for the trust is provided by the State of South Carolina Attorney General’s Office and the Probate Court of Richland County, South Carolina. Additionally, the South Carolina Secretary of State has oversight responsibility for charitable activities of the foundation in South Carolina.

http://hobcawbarony.org/about-hobcaw/

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Research Hobcaw Barony has been dedicated to research by South Carolina’s institutions of higher education for over five decades. Belle Baruch provided through her will that the mission of Hobcaw Barony be “teaching and/or research in forestry, marine biology, and the care and propagation of wild life and flora and fauna in South Carolina, in connection with colleges and/or universities in the State of South Carolina” (Last Will and Testament, Belle W. Baruch).

Today Hobcaw Barony hosts researchers from over twenty colleges and universities, including students and faculty from many of South Carolina’s public and private institutions. While Belle ensured the property would provide a natural laboratory for all of South Carolina’s schools, she did direct that “the college or colleges or universities in South Carolina, shall be selected from time to time by the Trustees.” Under this authority, the Trustees have entered long-term research agreements with the University of South Carolina and Clemson University to create permanent research institutes located on Hobcaw Barony.

The mission of the University of South Carolina Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Sciences is “to conduct research and support education to improve the management of marine and coastal resources and advance basic science for the well-being of people and their environment.” The Institution maintains the Baruch Marine Field Laboratory on Hobcaw Barony. More information on the Institute and the research they perform can be found at www.baruch.sc.edu.

The mission of the Clemson University Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science is “to conduct research and education programs focused on the ecology and management of the natural resources of the coastal region of South Carolina for the betterment of the state’s citizens.” The Institute maintains certified laboratory and teaching facilities on Hobcaw Barony. More information on the research performed by the Institute can be found at www.clemson.edu/public/rec/baruch/.

Background | Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science 38

As more people and businesses move to South Carolina's coast, more natural lands are being converted to urban uses. Scientists at the Baruch Institute have studied the coastal environment for nearly 40 years, including the environmental impact of changing land-use patterns, coastal natural resource conservation, forestry, water quality and watershed management.

The research provides information to help public policy decision-makers manage growth issues so the state's coastal environment can be preserved for future generations. The Clemson scientists at Baruch have memoranda of understanding with public and private organizations that grants access to more than 80,000 acres of coastal lands for collaborative research and education programs.

The 16,000-acre Hobcaw Barony offers research opportunities for faculty and students in an ecological reserve of forests, high-salinity marsh estuaries, and brackish and freshwater marshes. Research is enhanced by cooperative programs with the US Environmental Protection Agency, US Geological Survey, US Department of Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA-NRCS, Kennedy Waterfowl and Wetlands Center, SC Sea Grant, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, US Forest Service, SCDHEC State Revolving Fund, Pee Dee Research and Education Endowment, Frances Bunnelle Foundation, and National Audubon Society.

http://hobcawbarony.org/research/

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RFP | Institute History

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Experiments At The Deer Pen

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BICEFS The Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science is located on the Hobcaw Barony, a 16,000 acre tract of undeveloped land along the Waccamaw Neck. In 1718 the land became a colonial land grant and was sold to be further subdivided into plantations. These plantations were profitable in the production of rice until beginning of the 20th century. In 1905 Benard Baruch, a Wall Street financer and advisor to presidents, purchased the land to be used as a winter hunting retreat. He sold the land 50 years later to his daughter Belle Baruch. Upon her death in 1964, Belle created a foundation to continue managing and conserve the property for future generations. She also invited the local colleges and universities of South Carolina to to use the land as an outdoor laboratory. This invitation resulted in the creation of the Belle W. Baruch Professorship of Forestry at Clemson in 1965. The Baruch lab was established in 1968 to take better advantage of the facilities at Hobcaw. Clemson assumed responsibility for conducting research and education in forestry, wildlife science, and beach stabilization at the property. Donald Hook was appointed as the Institute director in 1973 and more scientists joined the staff in 1974 and 1975, establishing a resident program at the lab. In 1975 a tripartite agreement was made between Clemson, University of South Carolina, and the Hobcaw Foundation further solidifying the earlier arrangements made in Belle's will and between the two schools. This agreement between Clemson and USC spelled out a working relationship and responsibilities of the labs on Hobcaw.

The facilities at Baruch provides Clemson with unique research opportunities in a coastal environment with high salinity estuary marshes, brackish water, and freshwater swamps. Topics of research deal with issues such as environmental impacts for changing land use patterns, costal resource conservation, maintaining water quality, and forest and watershed management. The researchers provide information about these studies to the public and policy makers to aid in making decisions about land use and urban growth.

https://www.clemson.edu/public/baruch/about.html

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Research Scientists at the Baruch Institute study coastal forested, riparian and wetland ecosystems, including wildlife, forestry, biogeochemistry, hydrology, microbiology, and sediment transport. Studies include environmental chemistry and toxicology, water quality, fluvial geomorphology, low impact development practices, stormwater treatment, and landscape ecology to help commercial developers preserve the area’s fragile ecosystems. In addition, the institute offers educational seminars for school groups and the public on the coastal environment and the importance of wise management of natural resources.

https://www.clemson.edu/public/baruch/research.html

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RFP | Site Overview

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View From Hobcaw House

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Pond Behind Education Building

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Clemson University

Piedmont

PeeDee Midlands Georgetown

Coastal Charleston

Site overview | Geography 54

Georgetown

Hobcaw Barony Winyah Bay

Mud Bay

Atlantic Ocean

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1 Hobcaw Barony Visitor Center

2 Baruch Institute for Marine & Coastal Sciences (University of South Carolina)

3 Observation tower 4 Friendfield Village 5 Hobcaw House Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science (Clemson University)

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Ocean Hwy

N Boundary Rd

Crab H a

Kings

ll Rd

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Clam Bank Rd

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Winyah Bay

Hob caw Rd

Belle field

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Friendship Rdvillage

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Reserve Swamp

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North Atlantic Ocean

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Hob·caw /'Häbkô/

"between the waters"

Winyah Bay

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Hobcaw House

Forest

Marsh

Altantic Ocean

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BICEFS Ocean Hwy 60

Clemson

Forest

Island

Mud Bay 61

AC

SB

BS

Alex Chow

Skip Van Bloem

Bo Song

Research Interests: Studying the budgets and chemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in source water. Understanding the influences of watershed disturbance on DOM exports affecting downstream biogeochemical processes and drinking water quality.

Research Interests: Disturbance ecology; ecophysiology, particularly wind stress physiology in trees; effects of invasive species on ecosystem function; long term forest community dynamics; tropical ecology.

Research Interests: All her projects has been involving in how disturbances affecting forest landscapes, and how forest/ landscapes response to these disturbance. These disturbances include hurricanes, sea level rise, fires, southern pine beetles, forest management, and urban development.

Professor

Associate Professor

Associate Professor

WC

DH

AJ

Dan Hitchcock

William Conner

Ani Jayakaran

Research Interests: Ecological engineering and design, sustainable environment, water resources, vegetated treatment systems (constructed wetlands, buffers, phytoremediation), low impact development (LID), green infrastructure, coastal hydrology, climate change.

Research Interests: F r e s h a n d S a l t Wa t e r F o r e s t e d Wetlands, Wetland Management, Wetland Creation and Restoration, Effects of Man and Nature on Natural Environments, Dendrochronology, Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, Estuarine/Upland Connections, Changing Land-Use Impacts on Natural Systems, Historical Ecology

Research Interests: Wa t e r r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t , low impact development, urban stormwater, fluvial geomorphology.

Associate Professor

Professor

TR

Adjunct Associate Professor

JD

Thomas R. Rainwater

Research Scientist / Wildlife Research Coordinator Research Interests: Research Scientist and Wildlife Research Coordinator. Much of his recent research has focused on the impacts of environmental pollution, habitat alteration, and over-exploitation on endangered crocodilians and turtles in the United States, Central America, Asia, and

TO

Jamie Duberstein

Dr. Tom O'Halloran

Research Interests: Investigating the relationships between vegetative communities, microtopography, hydrology, soils, and wildlife in tidal freshwater and oligohaline marshes, tidal freshwater forested wetlands, and non-tidal forested wetlands.

Research Interests: Landscape Ecology, Biometeorology, Forestry: carbon sequestration and cycling, albedo radiative forcing from disturbances and land management, biofuels, biogenic volatile organic carbon (BVOCs) and aerosols, new particle formation, coastal carbon cycling.

Research Assistant Professor

Assistant Professor

Africa.

The above biographies represent a portion of the researchers at BICEFS.

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WC BS TO Winyah Bay

WC BS AC WC AC

DH

Friendship village

DH TO

WC

BS WC AC

Reserve Swamp

TR

Mud Bay

North Atlantic Ocean

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UPIC Summer Intern Program Annually the University Professional Internship and Co-op (UPIC) program provides over 600 paid, on campus internships for Clemson University undergraduate students. The UPIC program is a leader in the creation of a campus-wide culture that involves students partaking in meaningful and relevant developmental experiences. Students have the opportunity to work alongside Clemson University faculty and staff gaining professional work experience in their field of interest and study.

Name: Micheal Aglett Major: Bio Engineering Year: Senior Hometown: Murrells Inlet, SC

Name: Luke Hatfield Major: Environmental-Natural Resources Year: Senior Hometown: Irmo, SC

Name: Molly Davis Major: Biosystems Engineering Year: Senior Hometown: Charleston, SC

Name: Natalia Arbelaez Major: Chemical Engineering Year: Senior Hometown: Greenville, SC

https://career.sites.clemson.edu/internship_programs/UPIC_program/students/

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Name: Sean Byre Major: Wildlife and Fisheries Biology Year: Senior Hometown: Conway, SC

Name: Joseph Carr Major: Bio. Science & Chemistry Year: Senior Hometown: Patt, NJ

Name: Stephen Borthayre Major: Microbiology Year: Senior Hometown: Mooresville, NC

Name: Matthew Finlayson Major: Environmental Engineering Year: Senior Hometown: Charleston, SC

Name: Hunter Robinson Major: Bio. Sci. with Toxicology Emphasis & Minor in Chemistry Year: Senior Hometown: Greenville, SC

Name: Emily Gottberg Major: Biosystems Engineering Year: Senior Hometown: East Grand Forks, MN

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Clemson University

Piedmont

PeeDee Midlands Georgetown

Coastal Charleston

Site overview | Geography 66

Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science (Clemson University)

Georgetown

Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science (Clemson University)

Hobcaw Barony Winyah Bay

Mud Bay

Atlantic Ocean

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RFP | Existing Facilities

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BICEFS Education Building

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Ocean Hwy

Hobcaw Rd

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2 1 To Hobcaw House

1. Education building 2. BICEF laboratory 3. Cottage

Existing Facilities | Facilities Overview 74

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100'

From a facilities standpoint, Clemson’s Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science (BICEFS) consists of three primary buildings, plus an assortment of support structures. Of the three principal facilities, two are devoted to academic programs and the third is a residential cottage. The academic buildings were the subjects of a $5 million appropriation set aside by the South Carolina General Assembly in 2006 to “improve and expand the Belle W. Baruch Institute's capabilities to support the growing need for coastal environmental research” 1. This ultimately resulted in a new 12,000 sf conference and education facility , plus a refurbished laboratory facility2. The laboratory renovations were completed in 2008 and the new education building was completed in 20083. The residential cottage was also completed in 20144. It helped to meet a critical need for onsite housing and currently serves ten student interns each summer, as well as the occasional graduate student or visiting researcher during the school year.

In addition to these facilities, the 2006 bid-set drawings called for two other structures. One was an outdoor pavilion, set in the wooded area to the south of the new education building. The other was a workshop and storage shed, located to the east of the education building. Both of these additional structures were ultimately omitted for budgetary reasons.

Each of the principal BICEFS facilities is detailed in the following pages. In addition to the relevant floor plans, programming, and special features, there are also user analyses of each facility’s strengths and weaknesses.

1 Online Resource: https://www.clemson.edu/public/baruch/facilities.html. Accessed 7/5/2017.

2 BICEPS webpage reports 12,000sf. The architect’s webpage reports 10,575sf. http://www.ls3p.com/portfolio-item/baruch-institue-coastalecology-forest-science-clemson-university/ 3 The architect for both academic projects was the Charleston, SC office of LS3P. The landscape architect was Seamon Whiteside out of Mount Pleasant, SC 4 The architect for the residential cottage was McCleskey and Associates out of Hilton Head, SC. The landscape architect was Seamon Whiteside, once again.

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Ocean Hwy

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2 1 To Hobcaw House

1. Education building 2. BICEF laboratory 3. Cottage

Existing Facilities | Landscape Overview 76

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The red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW), endemic to pine forests of the southern United States, was declared an endangered species in 1970. The birds live in family groups with only a single breeding pair per group and defend territories of less than 100 ac to over 250 ac. The decline in the range and numbers of RCW, which resulted in its being listed as endangered, was paralleled by a decline in the management of pine stands for long natural rotations. RCWs require large old live pine trees for nesting and roosting and prefer large pine trees for foraging. Stands of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) are the preferred habitat of RCWs for both nesting and foraging. During intermittent studies of RCW populations on Hobcaw Forest, all known cavity trees were marked.

Because of the potential for harass and/or harm under the definition of 'take' in the Endangered Species Act, the following activities require concurrence and/or a permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

• • • • •

Removing any red-cockaded woodpecker cavity tree, through cutting, bulldozing, or any other activity.

Damaging an active cavity tree which results in the death of that tree.

Using insecticides on any standing pine tree.

Constructing roads and utility rights-of-way within a cluster.

Construction of facilities including, but not limited to, buildings, campgrounds, recreational developments, residential dwellings, and industrial or business complexes.

• Planting of shrubs and/or ornamental plants that will exceed 2.1 m (7 ft) in height within 15.24 m (50 ft) of active and inactive cavity trees. If cavities are 3.05 m (10 ft) or less in height, planting any shrubs within 15.24 m (50 ft) of cavity trees may adversely affect red-cockaded woodpeckers.

Construction equipment and construction material cannot be stored within 61 m (200 ft) of cavity trees. Landscaping within clusters should be accomplished with hand tools or lightweight power equipment rather than tractor mounted equipment.

The above text is quoted from “Natural Recovery of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Trees after Hurricane Hugo” (2002)

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RCW Cavity trees locations 50 feet radii

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200 feet radii

RCW Cavity trees locations including 50’ and 200’ radii

Development restriction section

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BICEFS section

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RCW Cavity trees locations 50 feet radii 0

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200 feet radii

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Existing Facilities | Education Building 84

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1. Office 2. Restroom 3. Smart Classroom 4. Multipurposed Meeting room 5. Conference

Education Building: 1st Floor

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Education Building: 2nd Floor

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6. MECH 7. Work Room 8. Break Room 9. Kitchen

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The BICEFS education building was built to house classroom and conferencing spaces, as well as faculty and directors’ offices. In addition to its core academic functions, it serves as a center for outreach. It regularly hosts outside groups, ranging from extension agents to foundation guests to members of the public. With its conferencing technologies, this facility also serves as a point of connection to researchers around the region and beyond. Some of its key features include: • • • • • •

Smart classroom for videoconferencing and distance education (434 sf) Small conference room (470 sf) Large multipurpose room for workshops, symposia, and other events (approx. 1,375 sf) Full kitchen adjacent to multipurpose room (150 sf) 17 total offices for resident faculty, admin staff, program directors, and institute director Break room / social hub (172 sf)

The building is LEED Certified1 , featuring carefully selected materials and energy-efficient HVAC systems.

Additionally, it was sited to respect the flight path of the nearby red cockaded woodpeckers.

One missed opportunity with this building is its underdeveloped rear deck on the north side. As noted by the BICEFS director, this could be an excellent extension of the multipurpose room, if only it was covered and screened in. Better usage of this deck would also help call attention to the constructed wetland demonstration area located south of the offices.

There have also been problems with birds flying into the glass of this building. This is a point of concern, and future building / renovations should consider measures for protecting the birds.

1 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a sustainable building certification program overseen by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC).

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Existing Facilities | BICEFS Laboratory Building 88

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OFFICE

ENTRY

SENSOR LAB

COVERED WALK

BICEFS LAB floor plan

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Lab building front view

Lab space

Field equipment, storage and freezer

Lab space

Lab Space

Lab building kitchen/break room

The BICEFS laboratory building houses three dedicated laboratories, critical conditioning and storage and spaces, as well as office space for research faculty and graduate students. The lab facility is at the center of much of the research at BICEFS, with collected samples coming in routinely for processing and closer inspection. The uses of the various spaces have evolved since the time of the renovation and will require closer study prior to any reorganization. Additionally, the east wing of the building is set for expansion. The planned open-air work area will provide much needed space for sample sorting and project staging. This addition should be taken into account in the course of future planning. The key features of the lab building include: • • • • • • • • •

Plant and Soil lab (672 sf) Instrument lab / Organics lab (220 sf) Coliform lab (479 sf) Biogeochemistry lab (680 sf). This converted space was completed in 2016.

7 dedicated offices Kitchen and lounge area Small shop space converted from previous reception area (approx. 175 sf) Graduate study attic contains desk space for graduate students.

From west to east, the auxiliary wing contains spaces for hydrology, wildlife, and lab support. Lab support includes refrigerated storage and drying ovens, among other storage.

The facility’s laboratory equipment includes: • Beckman Coulter LS13-320 Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer • IDEXX – Quanti-Tray Sealer for Total Coliform, E.Coli and Enterococci • SYSTEA – Easy Chem Descreet Analyzer • Shimadzu RF-5301 PC Spectrofluorophotometer with Panorama2 software • Shimadzu UV-1800 Spectrophotometer • Shimadzu TOC-V CPN Total Organic Carbon Analyzer with ASI-V Autosampler • Shimadzu TNM-1 Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit • Shimadzu SSM-5000A Solid Sample Module A preliminary list of the lab building’s strengths and weaknesses is included below.

STRENGTHS • The faculty and students with office space in this building enjoy close proximity to their work in the labs.

• The existing labs are generally well-equipped.

WEAKNESSES • There is not enough lab space to support the BICEFS research load. The recommended amount of lab space per scientist is 475sf. Currently BICEFS has only 260 sf per scientist.

• Laboratory counter space is limited (in particular, in the instruments/organics lab) • Overall refrigerated storage and conditioning space is limited.

• Limited maneuverability when moving large items in and out • Graduate study attic is a less-than-ideal environment, with minimal natural light and zero views to the outside.

• Shop space is limited and shop activities are loud. Likewise storage space is limited. Taken together, there continues to be a need for a dedicated “dirty work” facility, which could also include showers and laundry. No desk space for summer interns that is outside of the labs 91

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Existing Facilities | Cottage 92

100'

Cottage Floor Plan

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Cottage front view

Cottage porch

Cottage living room

Cottage kitchen room

Cottage bedroom

Cottage bathroom

The BICEFS residential cottage features four bedrooms, each with a capacity of four beds (two sets of bunks). This yields a maximum capacity of sixteen residents. That being said, the Clemson University fire marshal has capped the capacity at ten residents, and this currently stands as the practical limit on summer interns that can be housed onsite. However, ongoing BICEFS research projects could support more summer interns, and a total of sixteen is a realistic goal. Beyond summer interns, onsite housing is useful for hosting visiting researchers and also serves as temporary housing for graduate students in transition.

The key features of the existing residential cottage are as follows: • • • • • • • • • •

4 bedrooms (209 sf each, including closets) Screened east porch – concrete slab on grade (273 sf) Combined living and dining room (436 sf) Kitchen (114 sf) 1 accessible bathroom (w/ two sinks, single toilet, and single shower) 1 additional bathroom (w/ two sinks, single toilet, and single shower) Utility room (56 sf) Storage room (47 sf) Open west porch – slab on grade (216 sf) Gravel parking area to the north

A preliminary list of the cottage’s strengths and weaknesses is included below.

STRENGTHS • Spacious and open core (w/ living, dining, kitchen, porches) forms an effective social hub.

• Bedrooms and closets are adequately sized.

• Excellent proximity to BICEFS lab and education building WEAKNESSES • Frequent morning traffic jams at each bathroom • Occupants desire a mudroom / “dirty” storage space • Poor acoustical isolation at bedrooms

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RFP | Project Narrative

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Project Brief

Project Narrative | Overview 100

Hobcaw Studio Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science (BICEFS) Project Location Address: Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Hobcaw Barony, Georgetown, SC 29440

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BICEFS Campus Site Design

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Project Scope and Objectives: The primary project objective is to create a comprehensive Campus Site Plan for Clemson’s Belle W Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science. The natural environment will make an extraordinary context for the Master Plan study. Other neighbors, adjacent academic institutions/students and The Baruch Foundation (with its tours and continuing education opportunities), will also have an impact on the Campus Site Plan for studio’s work at Baruch. Therefore, the Campus Site Plan solution will need to identify the land that the Baruch Foundation allocates for Clemson’s Institute (and any restrictions places on the campus by the Baruch Foundation or any other governing bodies), the Programmatic needs of Clemson’s Institute (for the near future and the long term), the relationship between future buildings and existing buildings, the interaction between the Institute (its campus and people) and its neighbors (environment, neighboring academic institutions/students, and Baruch Foundation), and the best build and management solutions to accommodate these needs considering the Baruch Institute's mission to support sustainable resource management and to set an example and the standard in sustainability.

Additional objectives include: • Potential phasing of the campus development, implementation and management strategies • Identifying settings for the additional housing buildings and additional research support buildings • Development of ‘connections’ of the exterior spaces and buildings with the environments and campus neighbors • Designs and scheduling cognizant of existing expectations Environmental Health and Safety and from non-Clemson entities, including the Baruch Foundation (land owner) and US Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered Species program.

Timeline: Options presented in late September 2017 so that other studios can draw from this. Final plan by end of fall semester 2017. Presentation materials finalized by January 15, 2018.

Project stakeholders: Faculty, staff, and students of Baruch Institute. Visiting scientists and students from other institutions. Clemson and other classes of various sizes. Baruch Institute Pate Foundation. Donors and supporters of research in the low country. Baruch Foundation.

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BICEFS Research Support Building

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Project Scope and Objectives: The project is to design a research support building for The Belle W Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science. This facility would include lab-type space, student and staff office space, sample storage/archive areas, sample preparation/processing, and a carpentry / workshop space. The building siting will be established through the initial site investigation and research phase. Pre-design work will be to establish a space (sf) program with the various user groups; professors, scientists and technicians.

Attention should be given to future growth/expansion of the building (see BICEFS strategic plan). The functional connectivity of the uses/spaces to existing infrastructure should also be addressed and documented. Initial construction cost budget, based on the program and cost projections (compiled from other similar projects) should be considered. Additional objectives include: • Determine existing lab space functionality, challenges, constraints, needs, areas for improvement • Develop a conceptual approach that responds to the sensitive and complex environmental systems and constraints • Consider best construction, materials, and implementation practices Building designs and scheduling must be cognizant of existing expectations Environmental Health and Safety and from non-Clemson entities, including the Baruch Foundation (land owner) and US Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered Species program.

Timeline: Options presented in late September 2017 so that other studios can draw from this. Final plan by end of fall semester 2017. Presentation materials finalized by January 15, 2018.

Project stakeholders: Faculty, staff, and students of Baruch Institute. Visiting scientists and students from other institutions. Clemson and other classes of various sizes. Baruch Institute Pate Foundation. Donors and supporters of research in the low country. Baruch Foundation.

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BICEFS Housing

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Project Scope and Objectives: The project is to design housing for students, visiting scientists, and guests studying at The Belle W Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science. The building siting will be established through the initial site investigation and research phase. The initial work will be to establish a space (sf) program based on conversations the Institute’s Director and current/recent student/users. Attention should be given to address the student’s need for private/quiet spaces and social/interaction spaces as well as the variety of students served (grad students, undergrads, post docs, etc). In additional to the functional/social issues addressed within the housing building, attention should be given to the connectivity with students staying in existing housing (and at neighboring academic institutions), connectivity with the nearby learning spaces, and connectivity with the environment within which the building is located. With the assistance of the Campus Site Plan, attention should be given to future growth housing needs of the campus and possible ‘connections.’

Timeline: Options presented in late September 2017 so that other studios can draw from this. Final plan by end of fall semester 2017. Presentation materials finalized by January 15, 2018.

Project stakeholders: Faculty, staff, and students of Baruch Institute. Visiting scientists and students from other institutions. Clemson and other classes of various sizes. Baruch Institute Pate Foundation. Donors and supporters of research in the low country. Baruch Foundation.

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SCHEDULE Our work on the BICEFS projects described in this document will extend over the entire 2017-18 academic year. Planning, design, and initial documentation / presentation will occur in the Fall as part of Studio Hobcaw. Further documentation plus extended research questions (TBD) will extend into the Spring, and will be completed by a smaller project team of faculty and student assistants.

Studio Hobcaw will be comprised of three studio sections. Each of these sections will focus on one of the three BICEFS projects. The three sections and their subject foci are outlined below: SECTION 1 | Landscape Architecture | 8-10 students | Professor: Paul Russell Key Topics: Coastal ecologies, land use, site design, master planning Products: Detailed site design proposals and implementation strategies produced in concert with the facility designs from Studios 2 and 3.

SECTION 2 | Architecture | 8-10 students | Professor: Dustin Albright Key Topics: Research laboratories, faculty and student offices, forest ecologies, forest products, massive timber panel construction Products: Detailed design proposals and predictive energy analyses for a new laboratory facility at the Baruch Institute. Also concepts for the future uses and arrangement of the existing lab facility.

SECTION 3 | Architecture | 8-10 students | Professor: Dan Harding Key Topics: Coastal housing and vernacular precedents, material culture, housing for a student community, coastal materials and construction methods Products: Detailed design proposals for new student housing at Clemson’s Baruch Institute. These could likewise serve as prototypes for sustainable housing in the region, and across sensitive coastal landscapes.

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The work of these sections will be closely coordinated and organized within three project phases. Each of these phases is described below and illustrated in the following pages.

PHASE 1: Conceptual Designs (8/25/17 – 9/25/17) The first phase will involve detailed typological, site, and material research followed by conceptual design proposals, and will build upon a detailed site visit to BICEFS during the first full week. The students in each Studio will work individually throughout this stage, leading to 8-10 design initial site design proposals (Section 1), 8-10 laboratory proposals (Section 2), and 8-10 housing proposals (Section 3).

At the conclusion of Phase 1, these proposals will be carefully reviewed by the project faculty and our BICEFS client representative, Dr. Skip Van Bloem. Three proposals from each Studio will be selected to move forward to Phase 2.

PHASE 2: Project Development (9/26/17 – 10/30/17) For the second phase, each of the Studios will be divided into three teams. Each team will work to advance and develop one of the conceptual design schemes green-lighted at the end of Phase 1. This will lead to three robust schematic design proposals per Studio. These proposals will again be reviewed by project faculty and Dr. Van Bloem. The associated feedback will prepare students for the final phase.

PHASE 3: Project Resolution and Documentation (10/31/17 – 12/8/17) The third phase will entail interdisciplinary project resolution and a culminating design competition.

The Studio sections will be blended for this phase, leading to three integrated design proposals – each consisting of site design, laboratories and housing. These three final proposals will be presented at the end of the semester in a competition format. Dr. Van Bloem will lead the selection of a winning proposal.

The winning design proposal will be showcased during the BICEFS 50th Anniversary commemoration in January 2018. This event is intended to celebrate the remarkable BICEFS history while also casting a vision for its future growth and flourishing. The site and facilities proposals from the Hobcaw Studio will provide key infrastructure goals around which to plan and raise funds.

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PHASE 1:

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN (Individual Work)

SITE DESIGN

LAB

(Research Support)

REVIEW 1

HOUSING

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REVIEW 2

PHASE 3:

PROJECT RESOLUTION (Intergrated Teams)

REVIEW 3

PHASE 2:

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT (Small Group)

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Forest Industry | Forests

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Forest Industry | Research

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The Hobcaw Studio began the semester with a research component addressing material and cultural contexts. Students then presented this research to BICEFS faculty and staff during the first site visit in August. The research was focused on Forestry and the forest products industry because of their vital connections to the landscape and economy of South Carolina, the ecological and forest research of BICEFS, and the wood design research taking place at Clemson. As a studio, we set out to perform this research because it was important to let BICEFS know that we were knowledgeable of the work that they do and the impact it has. We also felt it important to share with BICEFS our additional research on local southern housing typologies that contributed insipration for our architectural and landscape design proposals.

This front-end information gathered by the studio also supports a research agenda within the School of Architecture and the the Wood Utilization + Design Institute (WU+D). Working on this project with BICEFS provided the opportunity for the School of Architecture and the WU+D Institute to support and apply their respective research areas, including massive timber construction, and innovative light wood framing solutions.

The research we gathered as a group also served to provide a groundwork that made our site visits even more informative. When we arrived on site, we had a basis of understanding that set our frame beyond the limits of the Hobcaw Barony, and instead on the impacts that the ecology has on entire ecosystems and global industry. When we visited the site, it completed the picture, giving us a hands on knowledge and sense of nature that provided lasting connections to the research we performed. It gave us all a humble understanding of the importance of BICEFS and its value to Clemson University and the state of South Carolina."

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Forest Zones | Forest Ownership: Regional Scale 120

Private Forest

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State Forests: Private Forest

Public Forest Non-Forest

Sand Hills State Forest Manchester State Forest Harbison State Forest Poe Creek State Forest Wee Tee State Forest National Forests: Sumter National Forest Francis Marion National Forest

Forest Zones | Forest Ownership: State Scale 122

88%

63%

137,400

of South Carolina’s forestland is privately owned

of private forests are family-owned

acres owned by the forest industries

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Clemson University

PIEDMONT

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COASTAL

Forest Zones | S.C. Foresty Commission Divisions 124

WEST UNIT Clemson University

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Forest Zones | S.C. Foresty Commission Certified Planters & Mills 126

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COASTAL

Wood Mills 129

Pine Forest and Maritime Forest Upland, Supratidal, Forested, Mixed

Dune and Maritime Shrub Upland, Supratidal, Herbaceous, Grassland

Forest Industry | Hobcaw Barony Habitat Types 130

High Marsh Estuarine, Supratidal, Scrubshrub, Emergent, Persistent

Low Marsh Estuarine, Intertidal,Emergent, Persistent

Estuarine Beach Marine, Intertidal, Unconsolidated, Sand

Intertidal/Subtidal Channels and Flats Estuarine, Intertidal, Unconsolidated, Mud

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Longleaf Pine Pinus palustris

Forests | Tree Species in Hobcaw Barony 132

Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda

Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum

Water Tupelo Nyssa aquatica

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Pinaceae Family: Longleaf Pine, Shortleaf Pine, Loblolly Pine & Pond

Cupressaceae Family: Red Cedar Juniper & Southern Red Cedar

Pine

Typical Forest Morphology Fifty-two arborescent species occur in Hobcaw Forest, with the ridges dominated by either long- leaf pine with some shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Miller) occurring on older ridges, or by a mixture of oaks (Quercus L.) and hickories (Carya Nuttall). Inter-ridge areas are flat and support a mixture of loblolly pine, pond pine, or longleaf pine. Ephem- eral streams drain inter-ridge areas and are bordered by forests of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), ash (Fraxinus L.), elm (Ulmus L.) and black- gum (Nyssa sylvatica var sylvatica Marshall). [1]

Forest Industry | Species 134

Taxodiaceae Family: Bald Cypress & Pond Cypress

[1]: C. A. Gresham, T. M. Williams and D. J. Lipscomb, authors. 1991. Hurricane Hugo Wind Damage to Southeastern U.S. Coastal Forest Tree Species. Biotropica, Vol. 23, No. 4, Part A. Special Issue: Ecosystem, Plant, and Animal Responses to Hurricanes in the Caribbean (Dec., 1991), pp. 420-426

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Fagacaeae Family: Live oak, Water oak, Swamp chestnut oak, Sand post oak, Cherrybark, Turkey oak, Laurel oak

Juglandaceae Family: Hickory

Representative Forest Species Pine forest habitat occurs at the upland edge of North Inlet and the northern edge of Winyah Bay. The pine forest is dominated by Pinus taeda, but Quercus virginiana and Sabal palmetto also occur. Understory species include Myrica cerifera, Sabal minor, and Ilex vomitoria. Maritime forest occurs on protected parts of old, stabilized dunes and beach ridges on North Island and is dominated by Quercus virginiana, Pinus taeda, Sabal palmetto, Juniperus virginiana, and Myrica cerifera. [1]

Forest Industry | Species 136

[1]: Allen, D.M., W.B. Allen, R.F. Feller, and J.S. Plunket, editors. 2014. Site Profile of the North Inlet – Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. North Inlet – Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. Georgetown, S.C. 432 pp.

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Longleaf Pine Pinus palustris, commonly known as the longleaf pine, is a pine native to the southeastern United States, found along the coastal plain from eastern Texas to southeast Virginia, extending into northern and central Florida. It reaches a height of 30–35 m (98–115 ft) and a diameter of 0.7 m (28 in). In the past, they reportedly grew to 47 m (154 ft) with a diameter of 1.2 m (47 in). [1] USES Timbers, Naval stores, Lumber, Pulp LIFE STAGES OF THE LONGLEAF PINE Longleaf pine is the longest lived of the southern pine species. Throughout most of its range, individual longleaf pines can reach 250 years in age (with trees in excess of 450 years old having been documented).

To reach that point of old age the life history of longleaf pine can be described in several stages. However, due to the large occurrence of small scale disturbances, the forest as a whole is at all times transitioning through at least one of these stages of growth simultaneously. Research has shown that although a longleaf forest looks like and is defined as an "old-growth" stand (i.e., large, scattered, old trees) it still has approximately 2/3 of its trees less than 50 years old.

HARVESTING AGE 30 - 41 years

Forest Industry | Species 138

[1], [2]: Pinus palustris From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Pinus_palustris [3]: Life Stages of the Longleaf Pine, https://longleafalliance.org/what-is-longleaf/the-tree/ life-stages/lifestages of-the-longleaf-pin

Shortleaf Pine Pinus echinata, the shortleaf pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern United States from southern most New York State, south to northern Florida, west to eastern Oklahoma, and southwest to eastern Texas.

The tree is variable in form, sometimes straight, sometimes crooked, with an irregular crown. This tree reaches heights of 20–30 metres (65–100 ft) with a trunk diameter of 0.5–0.9 metres (1 ft 8 in–2 ft 11 in). The leaves are needle-like, in fascicles (bundles) of two and three mixed together, and from 7–11 cm (2 3⁄4–4 1⁄4 in) long. The cones are 4–7 cm (1 1⁄2–2 3⁄4 in) long, with thin scales with a transverse keel and a short prickle. They open at maturity but are persistent. Shortleaf pine seedlings develop a persistent J-shaped crook near the ground surface. Axillary and other buds form near the crook and initiate growth if the upper stem is killed by fire or is severed. [1] USES Majority of Softwood sourse, Wood pulp, Plywood Veneer, Lumber

[3]

LIFE STAGES OF THE SHORTLEAF PINE Shortleaf pine feeder roots are smaller and more abundant in the upper few inches of the soil than loblolly.

It is considered windfirm thanks to a deep taproot and extensive lateral roots. Shortleaf pine exhibits slow annual growth rate during its first 10–20 years. By age 20, its growth rate becomes close to that of loblolly pine and around age 50 is greater. The steady growth rate and the species greater lifespan favor long rotations. [4] Harvesting Age 20 - 40 years

[1], [3]: Pinus echinata From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_echinata [2]: South Carolina, 2006 Forest Inventory & Analysis Factsheet [4]: Silvics of Shortleaf Pine, http://shortleafpine.net/why-shortleaf/silvics

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Oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus (stone oaks), as well as in those of unrelated species such as Grevillea robusta (silky oaks) and the Casuarinaceae (she-oaks). The genus Quercus is native to the Northern Hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in the Americas, Asia, Europe, and North Africa. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, while Mexico has 160 species of which 109 are endemic. The second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species. [1] USES Majority of Hardwood sourse.

[2]

LIFE STAGES OF OAKS An oak tree can live for more than 1000 years and goes through many changes in its life cycle.[3] A mature tree can grow up to 45 meters tall and can spread almost as wide. At 700 years old the oak has reached old age. It produces fewer acorns and only grows very slowly. At 1000 years old, the oak is nearing the end of its life. Every oak tree starts life as an acorn, each acorn contains just one seed.

Forest Industry | Species 140

[1]: Oaks From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak [2]: South Carolina, 2006 Forest Inventory & Analysis Factsheet [3]: Life Cycle of Oak Trees, https://www.hunker.com/12000166/life-cycle-of-oak-trees

Hickory Tree Hickory is a type of tree, comprising the genus Carya. The genus includes 17 to 19 species. Five or six species are native to China, Indochina, and India (State of Assam), as many as 12 are native to the United States, four are found in Mexico, and two to four are from Canada.

Hickories are deciduous trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are wind-pollinated and self-incompatible. The fruit is a globose or oval nut, 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (0.59–1.18 in) diameter, enclosed in a four-valved husk, which splits open at maturity. The nut shell is thick and bony in most species, and thin in a few, notably the pecan (C. illinoinensis); it is divided into two halves, which split apart when the seed germinates.[1] USES Majority of Hardwood sourse.

[2]

LIFE STAGES OF HICKORIES Hickories reach maturity and start producing seeds at around 40 years old. The average lifespan is 150 200 years, but some longer-lived ones can continue to produce seeds until age 300. [4]

[1]: Hickory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hichory [2]: South Carolina, 2006 Forest Inventory & Analysis Factsheet [4]: Silvics of Shortleaf Pine, http://shortleafpine.net/why-shortleaf/silvics

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THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY Sustainable Forestry Forest Productivity and Health Protection of Water Resources Protection of Biological Diversity Aesthetics and Recreation Protection of Special Sites Responsible Fiber Sourcing Practices in North America Avoidance of Controversial Sources including Illegal Logging in Offshore Fiber Sourcing Legal Compliance Research Training and Education Public Involvement Transparency Continual Improvement METHODS OF HARVESTING How should the landowner harvest the timber? Mistakes made within the planning and implementation of the harvests can be costly. Before harvesting, a landowner should know the market, the value and the different species of trees.

Clearcut Harvest This allows for rapid regeneration, and seedlings are directly exposed with sunlight Selection Harvest Reduces the competition in the forest and removes the poor quality trees Seedtree/Shelterwood Harvest Used for natural reforestation, removing the majority of the timber Thinning Harvest Reduces competition like Selection Harvesting, improves forest health, and enhance wildlife habitat, income at an early age, increasing the value of the future harvest.

http://www.sustainable-environment.org

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RCW Cavity trees locations 50 feet radii

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RCW Cavity trees locations including 50’ and 200’ radii

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100'

200 feet radii

PROTECTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PRACTICES For example, having a federally known or listed endangered animal species on the landowner's property will directly impact the management of the timberland, cost, etc., which goes back to the types of harvesting.

Which also includes: • • •

Providing an abundant variety of tree species Leaving mast producing trees as rich sources Protecting snags and den trees for nesting

Development restriction section

http://www.sustainable-environment.org

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Only 10% of the Worlds Forests are Certified

Europe and Russia

North and Central America Asia

Africa

South America

Oceania

PEFC Certified FSC Certified Non Certified

Forest Industry | Forest Certifying Agencies 146

August 2011

SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative) - SFI Inc. is an independent, nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting sustainable forest management. Works with conservation groups, local communities, resource professionals, landowners, and countless other organizations and individuals who share our passion for responsible forest management.

FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) - An international non-profit, multi-stakeholder organization established in 1993 to promote responsible management of the world’s forests.

ATFS (American Tree Farm System) - The largest and oldest woodland certification system in America. specializes in certifying private forests, primarily those held by individuals and families and currently certifies over 24 million acres (110,000 km²) of forestland.

PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) - International nonprofit, non-governmental organization dedicated to promoting Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) through independent third-party certification.

CSA (Canadian Standards Association) - A global provider of testing, inspection and certification services for products from a wide range of market sectors, and a leader in safety and environmental certification for Canada and the US.

Dangel, Ulrich. Turning point in timber construction: a new economy. Basel, Birkhäuser, 2017.

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Forest Industry | SFI 148

SFI PRINCIPLES To practice sustainable forestry to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs by practicing a land stewardship ethic that integrates reforestation and the managing, growing, nurturing and harvesting of trees for useful products and ecosystem services such as the conservation of soil, air and water quality, carbon, biological diversity, wildlife and aquatic habitats, recreation and aesthetics Principles include: Sustainable Forestry, Forest Productivity and Health, Protection of Water Resources, Protection of Biological Diversity, Aesthetics and Recreation, Protection of Special Sites, Responsible Fiber Sourcing Practices in North America, Legal Compliance, Research, Training and Education, Community Involvement and Social Responsibility, Transparency, Avoidance of Controversial Sources including Illegal Logging in Offshore Fiber Sourcing

http://www.sfiprogram.org

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Chain of Custody Certificates Held in North America

5000

FSC SFI 4000

3000

2000

1000

Canada, Mexico & Others

United States

North American Total

August 2011

Forest Industry | SFI & FSC 150

THE CLEMSON UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENTAL FOREST The Clemson University Experimental Forest will be able to sell its harvested timber in a wider range of green construction markets after its forest management practices were certified to be sustainable by a third-party group of experts.

The forest’s 17,500 acres are among 103,000 acres of South Carolina timberland to be certified sustainable through a years-long process overseen by the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI).

September 25, 2013

http://newsstand.clemson.edu/mediarelations/experimental-forest-certified-as-sustainable/ Dangel, Ulrich. Turning point in timber construction: a new economy. Basel, Birkhäuser, 2017.

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Forest Industry | South Carolina Laws 152

SOUTH CAROLINA LAWS SC H 4766 (2008) Requires state agencies and public school districts to develop energy conservation plans for a goal of a 20 percent reduction in energy use by 2020. Agencies and districts are required to implement all energy saving improvements that are cost-effective over a five-year time horizon. The energy reduction goals do not apply to buildings designed, constructed and maintained under Sustainable Construction Act of 2007.

These requirements do not apply to institutions of higher learning smaller than 10,000 square feet or buildings designed for athletics or research. Each agency and school district is required to submit annual reports detailing their programs and accomplishments to the State Energy Office.

S.C. Code Ann. §48-52-10 et seq.

The “Sustainable Construction Act of 2007� requires all major facility projects in the state to be designed, constructed and, at a minimum, attain two globes under the Green Globes rating system or the LEED Silver standard. All major facility projects in the state must be analyzed using (a) a life cycle cost analysis approach, comparing the cost and benefits of designing, constructing, maintaining and operating the facility at the LEED Silver standard or the two globes standard, or better, with certification; (b) normal industry and regulatory standards as applicable; or (c) some standard between the two that causes the project to be designed and constructed in a manner that achieves the lowest 30-year life cycle cost. The program does not apply to a public kindergarten, elementary school, middle school, secondary school, junior high school or high school.

http://www.scstatehouse.gov

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Forest Industry | LEED 154

USBGC - LEED MR Credit 5: Regional Materials, 1-2 points “Use building materials or products that have been extracted, harvested or recovered, as well as manufactured, within 500 miles of the project site for a minimum of 10% or 20%, based on cost, of the total materials value.”

MR Credit 7: Certified Wood, 1 point MR Credit 7: Certified Wood, 1 point “Use a minimum of 50% (based on cost) of wood-based materials and products that are certified in accordance with the Forest Stewardship Council’s (FSC) principles and criteria, for wood building components.” Reward of another point if 95% of the wood carries the FSC label.

On April 5, 2016, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) released a pilot Alternative Compliance Path (ACP) for wood and paper products to include Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), American Tree Farm System (ATFS), Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) standards to achieve a point in the “certified wood” ACP under LEED 2009 and achieve a point in the “sourcing of raw materials” ACP under LEED v4.

https://new.usgbc.org

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Costs of Certification

$10,000 Single Farm 2500 acres

$35,000 / $350 each 100 Member Group 5,000 - 50,000 acres

$120,000+ / $3 each 40,000 Member Group 2 million acres

+ Government Subsodies =

Direct Costs

Forest Industry | Cost of Certification 156

COMPLIANCE COSTS OF CERTIFICATON • • • • • • • • •

Retaining a percentage of trees to function for wildlife habitat rather than cutting everything Setting buffers along stream channels or wetlands to protect water quality Reserving some areas to protect endangered wildlife and plants Using fewer chemical pesticides and tolerating ingrowth of some natural herbs, shrubs or trees Fixing gullies so they don’t wash out roads Communicating with neighbors about property boundaries or anticipated harvests Installing safety precautions like gates or signs when appropriate Getting a forest management plan and forest inventory Keeping records of harvests or a journal of management work

http://www.sfiprogram.org

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1956 $5.86/ton

Forest Industry | Globalization 158

2010 $0.16/ton

GLOBALIZATION In 1956 it cost $5.86/ton to load and unload a cargo ship by hand. Today, using containers, it may cost 16 cents or less per ton. Railroads can move a ton of freight 423 miles on a single gallon of fuel. (Al Schuler, USDA Forest Service, 2008) Together, factors related to globalization like those described above are causing declines in U.S. timber harvests and prices that peaked in 1990's but have been falling since.

Companies striving to counter these trends are employing a number of strategies including building global relationships and aggressively developing branding, product identity and product value. They are adding new services to differentiate their products, and the provision of certified products is one of the fastest growing changes.

http://www.fao.org

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Forest Industry | Harvest Stages 160

HARVEST STAGES Stage I : Felling “Fell” verb (transitive) to cut or knock down: to fell a tree, to fell an opponent. This is typically carried out in winter because there is less moisture, and less moisture means a lighter tree, making for more economic transport. Only mature trees selected for harvest, younger trees are left to mature. Felled trees are replaced with sapling, making practice more sustainable. Felling is typically done with gas chainsaws or tractors with large clippers. Branches are cut off trees and logs are cut to sizes more convenient to transport.

Logs are then transported, typically by trucks, to sawmill. In some parts of the country rivers are used to transport logs to mills.

Stage 2: Debarking & Storage “Debark” verb (used with object) to remove the bark from (a log). Debarking has become typical practice in order to keep equipment from damage. Typically done with large grinders or high pressure water jets. Bark is used in some mills as fuel for furnaces or sold as garden mulch. Debarked logs are stored in a clearing until needed at sawmil, which allows time for extra moisture to evaporate. While in storage logs are sorted based on size and species to be later cut.

Stage 3: Conversion “Conversion” noun, the act of converting logs into timber by being sawn. Logs are cut using circular saws and bandsaws, first broken down into rough cuts, optimal patterns for forming standard lumber sizes. The cut patterns vary on log size, species, and use. Two typical cut patterns are Through & Through (1) and Quarter (2). The rough cuts are later resawn to standard sizes and planed into lumber. Cut lumber is then sorted and graded based on quality, grain direction, knots and defects, and appearance Stage 4: Seasoning “Seasoning” noun, The act of drying cut lumber. Wood is either air dried or kiln dried. Seasoning the wood removes all excess moisture, making it less likely to warp. Unseasoned timber is called green and is much harder to work with. After seasoning, timber is inspected for defects which are then removed by trimming.

Examples of defects include split end and loose knots

1

2

https://www.aswm.org/pdf_lib/2_boardwalk_6_26_06.pdf

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Forest Industry | Forest Products

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The South provides ample access to fast-growing, quality wood fiber that is managed on private lands and is therefore not subject to much of the overbearing regulation.

Forest Industry | South Carolina Industry 164

SOUTH CAROLINA FORESTRY ECONOMIC IMPACT The forest industry in South Carolina produces $18 billion annually and is responsible for 90,624 jobs from 25.6 million tons of wood. Wood is the number one harvested crop in the state and is top in the manufactuing center, providing in 1.5 billion dollars in exports annually. Forests currently occupy 67 percent or 13 million acres of the land area in South Carolina, with 54% hardwoods at 6.8 million acres and 46% are softwoods at 5.9 million acres. The primary products are pulp, paper, poles, OSB and plywood panels and secondary products of Cabinetry, Millwork, Composite Panels, Flooring, Furniture, and Log Homes.

http://newsstand.clemson.edu/mediarelations/use-wood-for-sustainable-construction-in-south-carolina/ http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t05c025.php https://www.bcgov.net/departments/Public-Safety/building-codes/2012%20South%20Carolina%20Code%20Modifications.pdf

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Canfor Southern Pine Co. Started in 1930’ is now one of the largest producers of sustainable lumber, paper, and pulp. Purpose To be the global leader in supplying diverse and innovative, quality wood-based products to our highly valued customers.

Supplies specialty Lumber, Engineered Wood Products , Pulp, Paper, Energy Products, Pellets.

Builders First Source The company generated over $6 billion in revenue in 2015 and currently operates approximately 400 locations in 40 states, with a market presence in 74 of the top 100 Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States. Wood Trusses, Engineered Wood Products, Windows Wall Panels Synboard , Doors.

Hood Distribution Hood Industries is a blend of manufacturing and distribution concerns that include plywood and lumber manufacturing plants, and fourteen specialty wood product distribution operations. Hood Industries supports responsible forest management and is SFI certified in its manufacturing operations and FSC Chain of Custody (CoC) certified in the Distribution Division. Supplies Milling Service, Hardware, Moulding, Plywood, Domestic Lumber, Mill Work, FSC.

Forest Industry | Product Distribution 166

SOUTH CAROLINA

http://www.georgetowncountysc.org/building/ http://www.awc.org/pdf/education/des/ReThinkMag-DES515A-MultistoryWoodConstruction-140210.pdf http://www.tastimber.tas.gov.au/SusArticle_View.aspx?articleid=71

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Forest Industry | Building With Wood

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CLT Manufactering Facility: Current CLT Manufactering Facility: Future

CLT panel

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MASS TIMBER

Solid Sawn vs. Engineered Lumber Engineered wood, also called composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of fixation. This method has been used for generations but has been gaining popularity in the last twenty years due to its benefits. It offers benefits such higher load-carrying abilities compared to solid wood of the same dimension due to uniform and predictable structural properties. Engineered lumber benefits the forest industry by promoting shorter growth cycles. Wood products like lumber, CLT and other mass timber systems continue to store carbon long after the tree was harvested. Furthermore, steel, concrete and brick manufacturing, transport and assembly account for 20 to 30 percent of global fossil fuel consumption. Substituting wood for these materials cuts fossil fuel consumption, stores rather than releases carbon and promotes forest retention.

As the world continues to grapple with challenging questions about climate change and the interaction of humans with our environment, forests and forest products will become an ever more important part of the solution.

Manufacturers Research and development for CLT began in the early 1990s in Europe with the first production facilities in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Pilot construction projects and national and international technical approvals followed with CLT entering the building market in 2005-2010, first in niche markets and later for industrial production. Today, CLT is an established, albeit new, product, with aound 625,000 m3 of CLT was produced in 2014, having approximately 90% produced in Europe. While production is still most concentrated in the European countries, the interest in CLT is growing elsewhere, including North America, Japan, Australia, China, Chile and New Zealand. In the United States there are manufacturing facilites in in Oregon with DR Johnson, Montana with Smartlam and Alabama with International Beams. Katerra has plans to open a faciliity in Washington in 2018 with plans for another facility in the Southeast in the near future.

The Future When the housing bubble of the 2000s burst and the Great Recession drastically reduced housing starts, sawmills closed or reduced output, and demand for sawtimber used to manufactuer lumber dramatically declined. In response to reduced demand, landowners delayed sawtimber harvest in order to maximize the return on their investment, creating imbalances in the age class distribution of forests. This in turn has led to a build-up of sawtimber inventories as supply has outpaced demand. More widespread adoption of CLT and other forms of mass timber in building applications has the potential to stimulate lumber production and provide new outlets for underutilized sawtimber. Currently, there are no CLT manufacturing facilities in the U.S. South though research is currently underway to demonstrate the feasibility of Southern Yellow Pine for use in CLT and the results so far are promising.

https://blog.forest2market.com/clt-and-other-mass-timber-systems-gaining-ground-in-us https://www.apawood.org/manufacturer-directory?c=9

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Type IV Building Construction under IBC

Elements of Type IV: • Heavy Timber construction • Exterior walls are constructed of non-combustible material and interior elements are constructed of solid of laminated wood without concealed spaces • More wood is used for construction than any other single application • The progression of most popular uses of wood goes from home building to residential upkeep to repair and finally goes to non-residential construction Type IV Building Construction under IBC Most commonly built: • Residential properties; housing developments • Multi-family housing • Multi-story wood framing is becoming increasingly popular

172

Timber vs. Lumber • Timber is dominantly considered as the wood that is still attached to the ground whereas lumber is no longer standing on the ground • Timber is widely accepted as the wood with its bark still on whereas lumber no lon-ger has the wooden bark • Timber is the word used to refer to wooden boards in the U.K. and Australia while lumber is the wooden board for the American and Canadian denomination Construction • The generally larger spaces between the frames enable greater flexibility in placing and relocating windows and doors during and after construction, with less concern over structural implications and the need for heavy lintels • Use of sustainable materials, such as local wood, contributes to a lower carbon foot-print and lower cost to the environment.

• -insulation • With SIPs, structures often cost less than half as much to heat and cool as stick-built/ fiberglass structures • With SIPs, HVAC systems can be sized smaller, costing less, and still have higher SEER ratings (higher efficiency) • Less waste on job-site during construction

Lumber

TImber

https://www.clemson.edu/public/baruch/research.html

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BUILDING WITH WOOD: RISKS Water Damage Sources of Moisture:

• • • • • •

Rainwater Surface water Ground water Plumbing water Indoor & outdoor sources of humidity Sewer water

Symptoms: • Growth of wood-decaying molds • Insect infestations • Peeling paint Health Implications: • Upper respiratory (nasal and throat) symptoms.

• Cough/Wheeze • Asthma symptoms Expenses: • Health costs • Berkeley Lab estimates the annual asthma-related medical costs attributable to exposures to mold are approximately $3.5 billion in the U.S. • Construction/ Building costs • Absenteeism due to illnesses such as asthma.

• Reduced productivity due to moisture-related health and comfort problems.

• Increased insurance risk, repair and replacement costs • Loss of use of building spaces Solutions/Prevention: • Drain water away from the building • Use or change the landscape to divert water • Storm water runoff system • Avoid enclosing wet materials • Protect moisture-sensitive materials during transport and construction

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Termites • • • • •

More prominent in southern states Warmer temperatures Wood = Food Need a constant source of moisture Establish themselves in buildings through the ground, not through the lumber

Other Wood-Inhabiting Insects: • Large wood-boring beetles • Powder-post beetles • Wood wasps • Carpenter ants Solutions/Prevention: • Initially build to completely prevent their access • Foundations should be constructed with treated wood, or other solid materials that the insects cannot enter • Wood that is not treated, should be kept away from the ground • Untreated posts should rest on concrete piers • Avoid moisture condensation on floor joists and subflooring • Waterproof membrane

Fire Forestry Commission firefighters respond to more than 3,000 wildland fires burning about 20,000 acres per year; 98% of the wildland fires are caused by human activities. Fire departments respond to more than 20,000 grass, brush, woods, or rubbish fires per year.

Heavy Timber Minimum Member Size (IBC Table 602.4) One Hour Fire Resistive Timber Construction: • 1.42 in../hr char rate.

• Reduction of strength and stiffness for 1.5 in. ahead of char • 8 factor used to account for reduction of strength and stiffness.

• Accounts for design to ultimate strength ratio.

• Ignores increased rate of charring at corners • Minimum nominal width = 6 inches • Connections and fastenings supporting members shall be protected for equivalent fire resistance.

• Replace one core lamination with an extra tension lamination.

• Glued-laminated timber members shall be marked Fire-rated

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1

Pine Forest

2

Transported

3

Lumber Yard

4

Cut To Size

5

Light Wood Framing

Building with Wood | The Sourcing Process 176

LIGHT WOOD FRAMING The Sourcing Process The sourcing of light wood framing begins with the harvesting of trees from responsibly managed forests.

Harvested trees are transported to a local lumber yard where they are cut to size by industrial saw machines depending on the needed size. Dimensional lumber emerges from the saw machine where it is treated, stacked, and sold for construction purposes.

The sourcing process can and should be an opportunity for environmental awareness. Lumber should be sourced from local, professionally managed forests approved by the Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI) or other sustainable forest management services. Transporting the lumber to a local lumber yard additionally reduces travel time and thus CO2 and other harmful emissions.

Forrest Products Laboratory. “History of Yard Lumber Size Standards.� Department of Agriculture, 1964.

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Lumber Sizing After timber is cut down, sized into lumber, and transported, it is used for construction purposes. One of the most important concepts in light wood framing construction is lumber sizing and the difference between actual lumber size and nominal lumber size.

Nominal vs. Actual Sizing • • • • • •

Lumber is referred to by its dimensions - for example, a 2" x 4" - this is its nominal sizing Nominal sizing refers to the name for the lumber only Due to the process of cutting lumber to size, the lumber is not actually equal to its nominal size Actual Sizing refers to the lumber's actual size While it is called a 2" x 4", the piece of lumber is actualy 1.5" x 3.5" Errors in the understanding of nominal vs actual lumber size can lead to construction mistakes and structural inaccuracies • Lumber Sizing is determined by the American Softwood Lumber Standards, under the United States Department of Commerce

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Mechanical vs. Joinery Connections During construction, light wood framing systems can be assembled using a variety of connection systems.

These connection systems can be grouped under two categories, mechanical connections and joinery connections.

Mechancial Connections: Mechanical connections consist of any manufactured connection system. Mechanical connections range from simple nails to more complicated shear plates and other proprietary items. These connections are generally added in after the wood is cut making them a less customizable method for light wood framing construction.

Joinery Connections: Joinery connections are also known as carpentry connections and are created by cutting notches, holes, tongues, or other interlocking joints into wood members. In a properly designed joinery connection, there is sufficient interlocking, tightening of connections and friction due to the self-weight and supplementary support from walls, buttresses and adjacent buildings to design for both gravity and lateral forces associated with wind or seismic events.

Mortisse and Tennon Joint

American Lumber Standard Committee, “American Softwood Lumber Standard,� 2015 ed. Department of Commerce.

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Balloon Framing Once wood pieces are delivered to a construction site, they are assembled today using two primary light wood framing systems, balloon framing and platform framing. Balloon framing, which originated in the 1830's is the older construction system.

Advantages

Disadvantages

• Greater Resistance to Wind Loads • Fewer Post-Construction issues

• Greater Fire Hazard • More expensive wood members

180

Platform Framing Platform framing eventually superseded balloon framing and is the primary light wood framing construction system today. Its smaller members make it the safer, cheaper, faster, and more fire-resistant method of construction.

Advantages

Disadvantages

• Easier to construct • Floors act as fire stoppers

• Greater Post-Construction issues

American Wood Council. “Wood Frame Construction Manual for One- and Two- Family Dwellings,” 2015

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Flood Loads

Flood Loads

Snow Loads

Water Loads

Wind Loads

Seismic Loads

Building with Wood | Live Loads 182

Live Loads Light wood framing systems and their connection joints come under a wide variety of structural challenges.

These challenges can be categorized as live and dead loads. While dead loads are limited to the weight of materials and building inhabitants, live loads are far more dynamic and diverse. Live loads can come in the form of rain, snow, floods, wind, and earthquakes. Light wood framing systems need to be designed to handle both these live and dead loads.

Design Considerations Water Loads: • • • • •

Raise Structure above potential flood zones ADA accessibility to raised floor platforms Wood rotting and warping Freezing and thawing Thermal Bridging from frozen members

Wind Loads: • Connection load transfers • The building diaphram Seismic Loads: • The higher the number of connections the greater the risk of load transfer failure • Compression and Tension strength

American Wood Council. “Wood Frame Construction Manual for One- and Two- Family Dwellings,” 2015

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1

Create Design via Computer

2

Use 3 Axis CNC Router

3

Assemble Cut Pieces

Building with Wood | Sim[PLY] 184

Sim[PLY] Sim[PLY] is a patent-pending light wood framing system developed by faculty and students at Clemson University. Sim[PLY] was developed through an iterative design process over the course of numerous design studios. A need for an alternative, high-performance light wood framing system was discovered by Clemson design students and faculty as they worked on the Indigo Pine House, Clemson's submission to the 2015 Solar Decathalon Competition, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. The students and faculty endeavored to create a structural system that is more energy efficient, safer, and easy to assemble and disassemble.

The Sim[PLY] design process uses high-tech design and fabrication techniques on low-tech materials and construction methods. Members are drawn in a CAD program and transferred to a 3-axis CNC routing machine. From there 3/4" thick plywood sheets are cut and the pieces are flat-packed and shipped to the construction site. These members are assembled using metal zip ties and without any nails, nail guns, saws, or their associated power sources.

R39 Rating Wall Cavity Insulation Rating Using Two 5.5” Cellulose Batts 135 mph Wind D-2

Tested Wind Speed Resistance

Tested Seismic Category Performance

4’ x 8’ x 3/4”

Basic Plywood Sheet Sizing

Flat Pack Shipping

For Easy Transportation

Pre-Labeled and Fabricated

For Easy Assembly and Systems Coordination

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Sim[PLY] System Assembly

Sim[PLY] System Perspective

Building with Wood | Sim[PLY] 186

Sim[PLY] System Fabrication

Solar Decathalon Clemson University School of Architecture developed the Sim[PLY] system as a design solution to the Solar Decathalon design competition. The system was created so that it could be designed and fabricated in Clemson, shipped across the country, and assembled and disassembled in ten days.

Since the solar decathalon, Sim[PLY] has been used on other housing projects, pavillions, and indoor instillations. Students and faculty continue to experiment with and strengthen the system.

Albright, Dustin, et al. “Sim[PLY]: Enabling Sustainable Human-Centered Construction Through Prefabricated Plywood Components.� Sustainable Futures Conference

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Ball Joint - Wall to Rim Connection

Tilt-UP Wall Connection - Wall Stud to Floor Joist

Z-Joint Connection - Wall Header

S-Joint Connection - Floor Joist Connection

Building with Wood | Sim[PLY] 188

Slot Connection - Floor Joists, Roof Rafters, etc.

Double Notch Connections - Floor Joists

Single Notch Connection - Window Boxes & Edge Flanges

Joint Types The Sim[PLY] system is predicated around a taxonomy of repeatable joints that serve to connect different framing elements. These joints utilize both mechanical and carpentry connections. The connections utilize friction, self-weight, and interlocking, supported by metal cable ties, all working together to allow the system to withstand hurricane level winds and category D2 seismic activity.

Albright, Dustin, et al. “Assembling the Digital House by Hand: Lessons from Deep Engagement and Guiding the Experimental Impulse.” Technology Architecture + Design, 1 May 2017, pp. 92–106.

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Building with Wood | Southern Typologies

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A Modern Interpretation of the Dog Trot Style

Building with Wood | Southern Typologies 192

The Dog Trot Style House The Dog Trot style house is believed to have originated in the Southern Appalachian Mountains during America's early development. Traditionally the dog trot style consisted of two cabins, one containing the living space and one containing the private space, each with a fireplace for warmth. The center breezeway is covered and allows for natural ventilation.

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A Modern Interpretation of the Shotgun Style House

Building with Wood | Southern Typologies 194

The Shotgun Style House The Shotgun Style House is a traditionally southern style house, usually narrow and rectangular.

Circulation and threshold's are typically aligned along a common axis on either side of the rectangle. The name, shot gun, is derived from this circulation plan as owners were said to be able to shoot their shotgun from their front door to their backdoor without hitting any walls. This simple floor plan strategy allows for the most efficient floor plan and the least amount of circulation space.

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A Traditional Charleston Single House

Building with Wood | Southern Typologies 196

The Charleston Single House The Single House originated in Charleston, SC. The house has a narrow face, usually the width of a single room. The House extends multiple rooms back into its lot. A stacked porch and exterior circulation space usually occupies one of the side facades, typically the southern or western facade. The Charleston Single House originated due to the traditionally narrow lot sizes in the city. This allowed the owner to extend their home as far back into the site as needed.

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