Portfolio Kale Chinmay Unit5

Architectural Design 3 Unit 5: Liveable Urbanism Semester 2 Chinmay Kale C1919063

06

Contents 1. Introduction to waste issues

4. Proposal development

Liveability and waste management

01

Textile building precedent

Thematic review of waste management

02

Design development

14-16

Plans

17-19

2. Waste systems in Kochi Kochi: Scale of waste Waste in Kochi The Kudumbashree Kochi: Current waste management systems

Spatial arrangement 03 04 05 06

3. Design proposal Manifesto brief and criteria Urban strategy

07 08-09

Catalyst site context

10

Scheme outline

11

Banana textile manufacturing

12

13

20

Canal elevation

21-22

Sections

23-24

Perspective views

25

Interior views

26

01 Introduction to waste issues

01

Liveability and waste management Liveability criteria

Increasing global annual waste High relevance

Energy

Reduced

Wastewater

management

supply

pollution

management

Economy and

Governess

employment

Education

Public open space

Health

Identity and

Housing and

culture

infrastructure

Transport &

Safety and

Assured water

mobility

security

supply

Mixed land use & compactness

Increase Criteria relevance to project

Solid waste

70% 2

à

Billion tons (2016)

93%

3.4 Billion tons (2050)

Waste in low income countries is dumped in landfills

Low relevance Key challenges and enablers of 'Liveability' for Indian cities

Waste management Issues in India

151

Mayors surveyed globally by the UNDP said:

•

Generic municipal laws: Little detail provided

‘Waste disposal and treatment was the second most

•

Lack of a coherent central structure to address the issues

serious issue after unemployment in urban areas.’

•

Most recycling done by rag pickers and informal workers- many are children. High percentage infected with gastrointestinal diseases. This contributes to social marginalisation of people.

33%

Waste not collected by city

•

High disease outbreaks, water pollution and release of greenhouse gases.

•

Major waste issues in slums with no official address and services.

•

Greater waste density with different composition varying from developed world.

•

Different climate types. Leads to large deterioration of equipment.

1.

The Word Bank. 2018. Global Waste to Grow by 70 Percent by 2050 Unless Urgent Action is Taken: World Bank Report. [online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/09/20/global-waste-to-grow-by-70-percent-by-2050-unless-urgentaction-is-taken-world-bank-report

•

Low calorific value of Indian household waste 700-1000kcal difficult to incinerate.

2.

Thakur, P. and Panda, A., 2019. Liveability of Indian cities: Turning urban legend into reality. [online] Teriin.org. Available at: https://www.teriin.org/article/liveability-indian-cities-turning-urban-legend-reality

3.

Zhu, D., Asnani, P. and Zurbrügg, C., 2008. Improving municipal solid waste management in India. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Institute, pp.3-15,25-40.

councils In India

Thematic review of waste management

02

The issue of waste management poses multi-layered challenges. It involves stakeholders of local community, their health and wellbeing and economics. They need sustainable systems with consideration to environment and ecology.

02 Waste systems in Kochi

03

Kochi: Scale of waste Bhramapuram landfill Size

110

Untreated Waste

Landfill emits toxic gases like CO, NOX, SOX, HC1 , Chlorinated hydrocarbons and Ammonia.

78

Landfills are the 3rd largest source of methane 21x more potent than CO2

acres = 55 Football pitches

= 20 x

Tons per day (TPD)

Out of 74 wards

60

Waste dumped here each day

64

Wards have issues of open dumping

Tons = 32 x SUVs

Out of 74 wards Total of waste

99,750

69

Tons

Wards have issues of garbage clogging drains

Wards with issues of garbage in drainage.

Wards with issues of open dumping.

Wards without issues of garbage in drainage.

Wards without issues of open dumping.

The garbage renders many drains ineffective. This can worsen the issues of flooding and water pollution outbreaks.

Kochi faces significant challenges of littering and safe waste recovery and disposal. This can lead to disease and ground contamination.

1.

Chammany, T., 2011. C I T Y S A N I TAT I O N P L A N F O R K O C H I. [online] Kochi: Corporation of Cochin, pp.12-14. Available at: https://www.mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/CSP_Brochure_Kochi.pdf

2.

K S, A., P Kunnel, A., R, A., Latheef, A. and Hari, B., 2021. Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kochi City. IJERT, 9(6), pp.64-65

Waste in Kochi

Ernakulum market area

Ernakulum market storage

04

High rise apartments and warehouses

400

76

350

72 9

As such littering was widespread in areas with higher footfall namely public transport nodes like train bus stations. However, the highest frequency was around the market area. This area had not only the largest footfall but the greatest density of vendors which is likely to generate more rubbish.

2

2

2

0 2 2

5

0 2 2

3

0 2 2

0 2 2

0 2 2

Total waste generation (TPD)

x 10000

80

Kochi has and will continue to experience mass population growth. This along with the increase in the overall wealth and affluence has led to the growth of waste generation.

Population

450

0 39

84

0 37

500

0 31 2 0 33 2 0 35

88

7

550

1

92

0 19

600

2

Waste (TPD)

Population vs waste generation

Population

Projections 2039 Population

900,000

Ernakulum Junction train station

TPD Waste by 2039

Broadway market+ marine drive

584

KSRTC central bus station

Area for waste management Public bin

(Hectares)

Maharaja’s college

Waste heap cluster

2071:10550 2051:9960 2031:8850

Ernakulam C Cabin train station

2011: 7750

0

250

500

1.

Vishnudas, S., 2016. Waste Footprint of Kochi City, Kerala – An Analysis. [online] Kochi: ReasearchGate, pp.390-392. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304246974_Waste_Footprint_of_Kochi_ City_Kerala_-_An_Analysis>

05

The Kudumbashree Introduction The Kudumbashree is Kerela’s State Poverty Eradication Mission.

It means "prosperity of the family" in Malayalam.

It was founded by the state socialist party and Inaugurated in November 1998 by then Indian Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Issues faced by Kudumbashree waste collectors

52%

long and tiring shifts

are paid

Waste collectors in Kochi “Kudumbashree differs from conventional programmes in that it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money, but also as the deprivation of basic rights. The poor need to find a collective voice to help claim these rights.”

The Kudumbashree provide a crucial door-to-door waste collection service . In fact, most urban areas in Kerela have a large informal sector of waste collection within which various groups of Kudumbashree have differential access to various types of wastes.

The benefit of the door-to-door collection system is the extensive waste segregation system with separation before transportation and processing. This makes it much easier for the Cochin Corporation to organize their recycling efforts.

The Kudumbashree retrieve paper, plastics, rags, metals or everything that possesses intrinsic value and sell the reusable items to middlemen for onward processing.

Composting of bio-degradable waste is yet another task carried out by the Kudumbashree in Ernakulam district.

₹3000

cramped and unsanitary conditions

or less per month

Women are often paid less than men

87% Live in slums and informal settlements

ill-treatment and social stigmatisation

Health Issue survey Physical Ailments

Mental Depression

None

no

Other

yes 0

Backpains head ac hes

5

10

15

Survey taken of 50 waste collectors

Skin disease 0

5

10

15

20

Despite improved welfare, the Kudumbashree face many health issues as they are overworked in often hazardous environments.

This was exasperated during the covid outbreak where workers faced more risks and social isolation.

20

= 2 waste collectors

1.

1.) International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review, 2014. IMPACT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY ON WOMEN WASTE WORKERS IN COMPOSTING – A CASE STUDY OF ERNAKULAM. 1(2), pp.130-137.

2.

2.) Special Report – Kudumbashree: Women power unleashed. 2015. [video] Directed by N. Vyas. Sansad TV.

06

Kochi: current waste management systems Waste sources 226 dry

66%

Compost sold to farmers

Refuse derived fuel facility (not currently operational)

Domestic 100 wet 21%

Commercial

Collection

Accumulation

Transportation

Disposal

Windrow composting

3%

Institutional

collected 6%

Road and drain sweeping

generated

12

2%

Construction and demolition

250

314

326

Kudumbashree waste collectors

Total of 500 handcarts used

55 lorries transport waste each day

Designated collection centres city wide

Uncollected

Bhramapuram plant

64

Landfill 15 miles from Kochi city

2%

Clinical

t Paid 150 rupees per household each month

Waste from 150 houses per day each.

Key Issues: •

Insufficient lorries to handle waste

•

Delays or absence lead to accumulations of waste

99750 tons

Recyclable waste often sold informally

Operational Scale Refuse compactors

13 Collection handcarts

500 Trucks

70

Waste collection distribution Kudumbashree workers

281 Corporation workers

1003

Other 11% Plastics 9% Paper 5% Metals 1% Textiles 3% Glass 1% Organic Waste 70%

Daily waste deficit Tons per day

78 1.

K S, A., P Kunnel, A., R, A., Latheef, A. and Hari, B., 2021. Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kochi City. IJERT, 9(6), pp.64-66.

2.

Subramony, S., 2020. Baseline study for solid waste management in Kochi. Project – IUC: Sustainable and innovative cities and region. [online] Vilnius: International Urban Cooperation, pp.20-21. Available at: <https://iuc.eu/fileadmin/templates/iuc/lib/iuc_resource//tools/push_resource_file_reso urce.php?uid=96xpgdMI>

03 Design Proposal

07

Manifesto brief & criteria

3Es

Ensure profitability

Establish locality

Embrace small scale industry

Sustainable waste management practices can only occur if stakeholders be it the governing council, street vendors or local manufacturers have a sizeable incentive to alter their current behavior and practices.

To better treat waste in the Ernakulam market area, it is vital to reduce Kochi’s dependency on centralized out of town waste disposal sites like Bhramapuram. This is best achieved through encouraging a more local waste management processes.

Kochi and along with many other Indian cities already have a well-established informal waste recycling industry that collect various forms of high value recyclables including plastics, paper and glass.

In a capitalist society, the greatest incentive is always monetary. Hence any intervention or system should be able to be financially viable with it profiting all the stakeholders involved in its operation.

This will help reduce the logistical challenges of sending several garbage trucks each day between the plant and city along with the associated issues of emissions, congestion and fuel costs.

Local schemes can be more small scale and in person, which better involves the community.

Greater participation by locals in the process means they will take a more active role in keeping the city clean.

Additionally, there are many traditional and smallscale techniques for reusing organic waste from banana leaf plates, to newspaper packaging.

Empowerment groups like the Kudumbashree implement these factors with waste collection, local crafts and supporting local entrepreneurs, particularly women.

Brief To reduce the quantity of waste in Ernakulam by creating a localised upcycling plant and sustainable waste management practices by local vendors and upgrading key infrastructure to minimise the impact of garbage on residents’ quality of life.

08

Urban strategy Market Road will be converted in to a one-way street. The Market Road will become a shared road serves for cyclists and pedestrians in the daytime. In the early morning and the evening, it will be opened for delivery trucks. The walking environment will be improved by increasing pedestrian facilities and enlarge the pavement to half width of the road.

Pavement materials are changed from concrete slabs to pavers. Greenery is increased by placing trees and bushes on the pavements.

Lower Kuttapayi Road

Issues in the site

Junction of Market Road and Basin Road

Map made by Junqing Wang

09

Urban strategy Perspective of intervention The street food zone has planters to filter greywater and microplastics from drains. Picnic benches allow pedestrians to relax under the canopy and consume food or beverage from the adjacent street food vendors. Segregated bins are placed in between to allow effective and convenient waste disposal.

Redeveloped Kuttpayi road (South section) The pavement consists of recycled brick pavers in the centre with tiles on the edges. In between concrete drains on either sides carry rainwater to prevent flooding on the streets. Gravel is placed below to gradually drain water into the earth below allowing the groundwater to be replenished.

10

Catalyst site context Site overview

Key features

1

The catalyst site is an open plot used largely for dumping waste from the surrounding areas.

2

A. The narrow alley to the Southeast is often use to collect packaging waste which is sold informally to traders for recycling.

The plot lies at a key node with it nestled between market Road to the East, Market Canal to the West and the major vegetable markets on Basin road directly South.

B. Kuttapayi road has numerous small banana wholesalers across the length of the site.

They often throw large quantities of banana on the plot behind.

The proximity to many local businesses offers a good opportunity for waste collection and upcycling to create a circular economy in the market.

Site video: Ernakulam Market waste site 3

2

A

1

t rke Ma

4

3

d. roa

4

B

d. roa ayi tap Kut

l. ana k et c Mar

5

5

ad. o r in Bas

1:500 site plan

11

Scheme outline

The scheme includes local vendors, traders and restaurants to develop a circular economy. It will leverage existing informal networks to upcycle waste developing local cottage industries.

Banana Wholesalers

Vendors & restaurants

Fruit and Veg sellers

Organic waste

Plastic packaging sorted & baled

Biogas tanks

Sold to local recycling traders

Banana leaves

Banana stem peels (packaging)

Harvested rainwater for dying

Disposable plates & bowls

Fibres extracted and woven

Compost

Nutrient fertilizer

Cooking gas Banana Textiles (rugs, mats, bags etc).

Farmers

“I produce very little plastic and packaging waste and any bananas I don’t sell; I take home for later consumption. The main waste was the banana byproducts in the form of the thick stem and leaves.”

-Banana seller in the temporary market

Solar PV panels for electricity

Excess sold to grid

12

Banana textile manufacturing

1.

2.

The banana stems are cut in half and into pieces, around 90cm long.

4.

The banana fibers are left out in the sun for around 48 hours to dry

3.

The cut stem are peeled into long thin sheaths.

5.

Long, rope like fibers are squeezed from the sheaths into long using an extractor.

6.

Dye is added to the fibers if color is required in the final product.

The banana fibers are finally woven by hand with a giant loom.

1.

Steele, S., 2019. What is banana fibre and how do you make textiles from it?. [online] The Sustainable Fashion Collective. Available at: <https://www.the-sustainable-fashioncollective.com/2019/06/03/what-is-banana-fibre-and-how-do-you-make-textiles-from-it>

2.

Youtube.com. 2020. Banana Fiber Extraction Machine by UNIFAB India Solutions. [online] Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzTmX_-LCJs&list=LL&index=6>

04 Proposal Development

13

Textile building precedent Giant Textile Ltd. is a factory complex comprised of a Production Facility building, Utility building, Bonded Warehouse and ETP. The industry is for knitting, dyeing and finishing.

Giant Textile Ltd. Location: Baniachala, Gazipur Architects: Rahat M. Niaz, Faisal Billah, Nadia Afroz Year: 2011-12

Most of the construction consists of simple locally source bricks. The ‘Pre-engineered system meant construction only took 9 months.

The shape of the roof helps increase airflow, which improves airflow in and around the building. Hence, along with the height of the building, the entire space is naturally ventilated.

Total site area

The open plan layout makes the area feel more spacious and makes it easier to arrange equipment over the building area.

Building footprint

5.6 acre ~553,012 sqft The building serves as a factory complex for knitting, dyeing and finishing textiles. It consists of a: • Production facility • Utility building • Warehouse

14

Design development

R e te

ntion

o f ex

isting

d Courtyar walkway

sh o p s Perm

eabl e bu

The western elevation of the building is the most permeable as it opens up to Market canal offering a relatively quiet and more pleasant experience.

As a result, the weaving studios on the West façade have extensive perforated screens providing natural ventilation. Cooler air from the canal side can permeate into the space.

This contrasts with the market facing elevation that has limited openings with large horizontal louvres that provide extensive shading against the afternoon sun.

ilding front age Spa ce vege s maint a tabl e ma ined for rket vend ors

16

Design development

First floor plan

Conceptual section sketch

Ground floor plan

This design was the first major iteration of the proposal as it merged the various functions into a general spatial arrangement based on the distinct processes .

From this design, the scheme was taken forward based on aspects such as rationalising the complex roof construction and the potential addition of an extra floor to facilitate a better customer experience of the manufacturing process.

15

Design development Materiality

Biogas tank The biogas tank had a custom design with a taller and slightly leaner profile. This allows it to fit on the narrow site footprint while still having a high volume. It also adds a distinct feature to the alleyway behind the site.

Perforated concrete walls would enable natural ventilation to occur within the manufacturing spaces while maintaining a degree of privacy and separation

Clay brick is an abundant local material with excellent thermal properties durability weathering making it ideal for a factory construction. It also has an distinctive texture that fits well in the market context.

Factory window Factory windows use thick mullions along with darker leaded frames in a rectangular grid pattern as they have good durability.

Corrugated steel is a lightweight and cheap material that is easy to install and maintain. This makes it suitable for the large roof spans over the open plan factory floor.

Fibre drying

To dry large quantities of fiber along the length of the terrace a special drying rail system was created where fibers could be strung on each module and the modules could be pushed along in a circular system improving circulation efficiency

17

Plans: ground floor

1 24

25

24 15

19

7

25

4

2

3

6

20 25 26

12

18

16 17 5

27 13

5 5

13 8 10

14

23 14 9

22

21

11 12

1. Plastic bailing unit 2. Organic waste collection 3. Banana fibre extraction 4. Leaf plate assembly 5. Biogas tank 6. Staff entrance 7. Courtyard walkway 8. Bottling plant 9. Staff area 10.Weaving area 11. Loom / Storage area 12.Banana wholesaler 13.Fruit stall 14.Vegetable stall 15.Banana leaf plate wholesaler 16.Men’s changing room 17. Women’s changing room 18.Organic waste processing 19.Plant room 20.Storage area 21.Men’s W/C 22.Women’s W/C 23.Store room 24.Rinsing buckets 25.Service elevator 26.Disabled elevator 27.Customer reception

1:250

18

Plans: first floor

2

3 1 3 9

3

8 7

14

4 5

10

5 6

5

11

13 12

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Dyeing area Drying terrace Service elevator Water tank Biogas tank Gas pressurising & treatment plant 7. Yarn roller 8. Yarn spinning and storage 9. Bridge 10.Mezzanine 11. W/C 12.Printer / Storage area 13.Design studio 14.Disabled elevator

1:250

19

Plans: second floor

10

11 2 9

1

5

4 3

6 8

7

1. Water tank 2. Office space 3. Shop 4. Exhibition space 5. Sheet roller 6. Store room 7. Men’s W/C 8. Women’s W/C 9. Disabled elevator 10.Presentation area 11. Bridge

1:250

20

Spatial arrangement

The factory’s arrangement was based on the series of manufacturing processes. Most of the space, especially on the ground floor was taken by industrial use, with the main factory floor consisting of waste material collection and machine equipment.

The first floor was kept mostly open with double height spaces existing above the factory and weaving area to allow natural light and ventilation to occur. Key spaces here include the dyeing and spinning area as well as an open air drying terrace on the factory while there is design studio on the east side of the weavers building.

The second floor in contrast is dedicated for primarily public use with a large floating floor for the textile shop and exhibition space and a long visitors gantry that diagonally spans the factory.

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Services like toilets were mostly contained and stacked on the North East of the weavers building to allow easier installation and maintenance of plumbing systems.

Canal elevation

West elevation from Market canal

22

23

Sections

6

1

3

5 4

2

West sectional view through factory and exhibition space

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Dyeing area Factory floor Spinning looms Weaving area Sheet rollers Shop & exhibition

24

Sections B A

B A

B. South section view through factory area A. South section view through exhibition space

Perspective views

25

North west isometric view of factory from above market canal South West isometric view of weaving and textile shop building

Interior views

26

Second floor textile shop West view from the first floor design studio