Final Major Project - Tackling forest fires and their impact on the ecosystem

Forest Fire Prevention Connor MacDonald Final Major Project 1

Acknowledgements

I would like to wholeheartedly thank all of my tutors: Mark Jones, Alan Manley, Alison Messenger, Tomasz Dyl, Simon Foster and Gordan Brand for the dedication they have put into the course and in me these past few years to become the best designer and businessman that I can be. As well as a special thanks to family, friends, and classmates for helping me to keep moving forward during my uni course and help push me throughout. It has been a tireless journey, but the outcome is a high quality one, Thank You!

2

Contact Information Connor James MacDonald connorjamesmacdonald99@gmail.com

3

Synopsis

With 4.7 million acres burned in 2019, and approximately 340,000 people dying each year by smoke caused by forest fires. Local businesses, conservationists, and governments are all hoping to identify a solution to reduce these high numbers.

Whilst each of these sectors will be committed to reducing the amount of land lost each year by forest fires, the reasoning behind this varies for each.

Local businesses, such as farmers are constantly working around ways to protect their livelihood from fire damage because with one forest fire, entire farms can be destroyed and livelihoods subsequently ruined; any method to minimise this risk would be beneficial to them both financially and socially.

Conservationists like the WWF will be entirely dedicated to finding a solution to minimising the amount of damage to the ecosystem and the wildlife within it; as a non-profit organisation, a technology that can be built and used long term to protect the wildlife will be their focus.

Governments carry economic risk because large forest fires not only damage the wider economy, but they also damage local economies and the homes and lives of its citizens, and it’s because of this that they need to find a solution to minimise the effects that forest fires are constantly having on them.

To solve all of these issues, The FRS MoPro Systems has been designed; it is a multi-step system targeted towards combatting the damage caused by forest fires and improving the efficiency of the methods and tactics surrounding combatting a forest fire.

Research showed that there has been minimal development in the forest fire product field, and the firefighters were using archaic tooling that has not been improved upon since there invention, over 100 years ago. To solve this issue, MoPro Systems was designed, and its made up of three integral components: the ‘Living Tower’, the MoDrone, and the ProPlough; these each play a different role in helping to combat the spread of the forest fire.

The ‘Living Tower’ is placed systematically around high-risk forest fire locations, and they monitor the area surrounding them for smoke or flames protruding the forest canopies. Once smoke is detected, it will autonomously send out the MoDrone to that location; the MoDrone will hover above the smoke location and send a live camera and thermal feed to a control centre, along with weather data such as humidity, wind speed, and wind direction. The control centre will then analyse this data and determine whether the smoke comes from a threat, such as a growing forest fire, and if it is a threat, it will transfer the live feed and data to the local fire department. The fire department will then use the live feed and data to determine a plan of attack; a key method of combatting fire is through control lines, and when a control line is required, they will bring in the ProPlough. The ProPlough is a new and effective way to dig control lines into the ground to stop the fire from spreading further.

This integrated system provides an opportunity to minimise damage to farmers' livelihoods, save the species and habitats of animals, and improve the economic instability caused by randomly placed forest fires around the globe.

4

5

Contents

1.0 Problem statement

2.0 Project Aims and Objectives

10

3.0 Objectives Overview

12

4.0 Project Planner

14

5.0 Secondary Research

16

- 5.01 What is a forest fire and a wildfire?

- 5.02 Fire spread - 5.03 Effects of uncontrolled forest/wildfires - 5.04 Are goverments pro-forest fire?

- 5.05 What does the firefighter uniform consist of?

- 5.06 What does the firefighter uniform consist of?

- 5.07 Firefighter uniform properties - 5.08 Firefighter prevention equipment - 5.09 Firefighter weight load - 5.10 Tools and equipment - 5.11 Forest fire detection - 5.12 Early warning systems - 5.13 Stakeholders - 5.14 Local economy impact - 5.15 Mental effects from firefighting - 5.16 Prevention Methods

6.0 Primary Research

6

8

- 6.01 Interview 1 - Hampshire - 6.02 Interview 2 - Dorset - 6.03 Interview 3 - Cambridge - 6.04 Questionairre - UK - 6.05 Interview 4 -USA - 6.06 Research Summary

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62

7.0 Design Process - 7.01 Design specification - 7.02 Design process overview - 7.03 Summary of concepts - 7.04 Summary of concepts - Conclusion - 7.05 Competitor Review - Aesthetic

64 66 68 70 73 74

8.0 Further Research - 8.01 Pylon designs - 8.02 Weather detection - 8.03 Lithium ion batteries - 8.04 Flight paths

76 78 79 80 81

9.0 Proof of Concept - Part 2 - 9.01 Human interaction 1 - 9.02 Technical feasability 1 - 9.03 Technical feasability 2 - 9.04 Technical feasability 3 - 9.05 Technical feasability 4 - 9.06 Communication 1 - 9.07 Communication 2 - 9.08 Plough Usage 1

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98

10.0 User Interfacing - 10.01 Task analysis list: Operating the motorised hand tractor - 10.02 Task analysis summary - 10.03 Ergonomics of the motorised hand tractor - 10.04 Competitor ergonomic analysis - 10.05 Ergonomics of the body - 10.06 Hand grip and orientation - 10.07 Handle redesign specification - 10.08 Design Envelope - 10.09 Plough flap collision issue - 10.10 Handle redesign for 5th and 95th percentile adjustments

100 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

11.0 Design Development

112 114 118

12.0 Product Specification

120 122

13.0 Design for Manufacture

124 126 127 128 129 130 132 134 136 138 140 141 142 143

- 11.01 CAD development - 11.02 Final design

- 12.01 Product specification - FRS MoPro Systems

- 13.01 Manufacturing introduction - 13.02 Exploded drawing - ProPlough - 13.03 Exploded drawing -MoDrone - 13.04 Exploded drawing - Living Tower - 13.05 Material selection - 13.06 Material selection - Overview - 13.07 Material selection - Steel - 13.08 Material selection - Polypropelyne - 13.09 Additional Costs - 13.10 GA drawing - MoDrone - 13.11 GA drawing - Living Tower - 13.12 GA drawing - ProPlough - 13.13 Component Drawings

14.0 Marketing

- 14.01 Marketing introduction - 14.02 Target market - Personas - 14.03 Target market - Personas - 14.04 Target market - Scenario - 14.05 Situational awareness - PESTLE - 14.06 PESTLE - Political - 14.07 PESTLE - Environmental - 14.08 PESTLE - Social - 14.09 PESTLE - Technological - 14.10 PESTLE - Legal

7

144 146 147 148 149 151 152 153 154 155 156

- 14.11 PESTLE - Economical - 14.12 Ansoff matrix - 14.13 SWOT analysis - 14.14 Marketing mix - 14.15 Competitor Review - Marketing - 14.16 Market analysis - 14.17 Product positioning - 14.18 Product life cycle - 14.19 Product - Boston matrix - 14.20 Commercial viability - Break even analysis - 14.21 Commercial viability - Product price - 14.22 Product promotions - 14.23 Legal requirements - Legislation - 14.24 Legal requirements - Standards - 14.25 Legal requirements - Testing required - 14.26 Intellectual Properties - 14.27 Route to market - Overview - 14.28 Route to market - 14.29 Marketing Overview

157 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192

15.0 Design Process - 15.01 Hero image - 15.02 In context - 15.03 Sequence of use - 15.04 Key features - Living tower - 15.05 Tower construction - 15.06 Key features - MoDrone - 15.07 Key features - ProPlough

194 196 197 198 200 202 204 206

16.0 Reflective Practice - 16.01 Reflective practice

208 210

17.0 References

212

18.0 Appendices

220

1.0

Problem Statement Globally, forest fires occur “an average of 67,000 times a year and burn an average of 7.0 million acres.”

(Fas.org, 2019). A forest fire is an “uncontrolled fire occurring in vegetation more than 6 feet in height.”

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019). With such high quantities of forest fires occurring every year, firefighters are struggling to keep up with demand and minimise loss of wildlife and land.

The general problems come down to three main issues: a lack of detection systems in place globally, inefficient methods of communication of key data for the firefighters, and a significant lack in the development of firefighter tools and equipment. These issues result in more land being destroyed before the fire has been identified; once identified, it takes too long for knowledge of the speed and direction of the fire to reach the firefighters and then a slow down in the ability to combat the fire due to archaic tooling and a lack of development in all vital equipment. The lead of the Hampshire fire rescue service claimed that “detection systems consist solely of civilians phoning in and alerting the emergency services of the fire”. Without detection systems, it is unknown how many acres of damage could have been saved if there were efficient detection systems in place.

The specific problem is that the overall practice of identifying and dealing with a forest fire globally is inefficient, leading to the combatting of fires to be far slower and subsequently creating more land being damaged as a result of this inefficiency.

(Fas.org, 2019) (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019)

8

The result of ineffective methods to prevent and reduce damage from forest fires is shown in both a country and statewide economic view as well as the view of the individual. When a forest fire occurs, it causes individuals and families to lose their homes and livelihoods. But as well as this, on a larger scale, it causes large scale economic and financial issues for the local area and businesses because the damage must be repaired and livelihood must be restored.

9

Kiefer, YK. 2019. [Online]. [20/11/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/VgyOdsz_ISM

2.0

Project Aim & Objectives

Aim: To prevent and reduce forest fires and their impact on the environment

Objectives: Identify the following issues using quantitative primary research alongside secondary research - Identify the locations that forest fires have been most prevalent - Understand the cause and effect of forest fires - Understand the current methods and processes used when tackling different forest fires - Use the research to help focus the project where the design/design process can address problems and improve the usability of current solutions.

-Understand what firefighters’ perception on the current methods on tackling forest fires are and how they think it could be improved - Design a product/service/system that will improve efficiency when dealing with forest fires and reduce the amount of land destroyed Produce an in-depth design specification prompted heavily from initial requirements shown within the research.

Find a solution using a design process -

Explore and develop a variety of concepts until a singular product becomes the chosen product

-

Vigorously test the chosen product to ensure the product meets the design specification

- Illustrate the chosen product through the use of CAD and prototypes to give a detailed understanding of the products functions.

Document all aspect of the process and design journey taken

10

11

Tower, JT. 2016. [Online]. [20/11/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/89PFnHKg8HE

3.0

Objectives Overview Detailed Objectives:

Identify the following issues using quantitative primary research alongside secondary research - Identify the locations that forest fires have been most prevalent • Geographic forest fire hot spots-secondary research into why these places are so prominent • What towns and counties are affected the most by forest fires? (This can help with any possible marketing targeting for consumer-based products) • What time of year do these forest fires often occur?

• What systems are in place in these high-risk areas?

- Understand the cause and effect of forest fires • What conditions cause fire spread • What are causes of death within forest fires? (May hint to an area of limiting forest fire deaths for animals and humans.)

• What is the biggest cause for forest fires?

• What slows forest fire spread? – (Both natural and manmade products may assist in this) • What is affected by forest fire damage? – (Secondary research on forest fire damage data) - Understand the current methods and processes used when tackling different forest fires • Current Council and firefighters process to deal with forest fires – Visit a fire station and interview firefighters • What tools are used by the firefighters and how are the carried, used and maintained? – (Questionnaire aimed at firefighters and through interviews) • What dangers are involved within the current methods of prevention of forest fires, and how can these dangers be resolved? – (Gain an understanding through interviewing) - Use the research to help focus the project where the design/design process can address problems and improve the usability of current solutions.

• What areas within the detection, prevention and reduction of forest fires can be addressed and improved?

– (Secondary research on these areas will help give a decision) • Identify the key issues within these areas and search for methods to solve them with the help of the quantitative data produced through the interviews and questionnaires of the firefighters.

12

-Understand what firefighters’ perception on the current methods on tackling forest fires are and how they think it could be improved • What do firefighters think is wrong with how they combat forest fires? – (Understood through interviews with firefighters and questionnaires) - Design a product/service/system that will improve efficiency when dealing with forest fires and reduce the amount of land destroyed • Understand what needs to change when fighting forest fires to limit land damage • Through understanding of forest fire location history and speed of damage can an improved product be developed Produce an in-depth design specification prompted heavily from initial requirements shown within the research.

• Secondary research and quantitative research combined for improved design specification Find a solution using a design process -Exploring and developing a variety of concepts until a singular product becomes the chosen product • Creation of concepts with concept selection – primary research backing up concepts, secondary research input and proof of concept • Developing the chosen concept – Ergonomics, CAD form models -Vigorously test the chosen product to ensure the product meets the design specification • Task analysis, user testing, physical Test models to prove the product fits best for its design specification -Illustrate the chosen product through the use of CAD and prototypes to give a detailed understanding of the products functions.

• Hero Image, Features board, Sequence of use board to show the design and how it solves the issue Document all aspect of the process and design journey taken • Design an InDesign document, which goes through all the work needed to create the final product while linking the project together.

13

4.0

14

Project Planner

Throughout this project, the project planner changed a great deal due to a variety of circumstances. Firstly, a few sections of the project took longer than originally expected, such as the design for manufacture, proof of concept, and the user interfacing sections. This was because there was a higher level of detail needed for these sections and this caused more independent studying and one to one’s with lecturers to complete these sections As well as this, during this year of the project, the world is facing a global pandemic; this caused the university to be closed; this limited software and equipment for some time and the deadline had to be moved backward by one month. Due to this occurring, the project planner had to be completely recalculated to make up for the extra time as well as removing areas of the project that can no longer be complete. For further information on the progression of the planner throughout the project, see the Appendices.

15

5.0 Secondary Research

5.01

What is a forest fire and a wildfire?

The terms wildfire and forest fire are well known although they have very different meanings. The term wildfire describes “a fire that is burning strongly and out of control on an area of grass or bushes in the countryside”(Dictionary.cambridge.org, 2019). Wildfires are still very dangerous and can cause a lot of damage, as wildfires can impact water sources and animal habitats. However, wildfires don’t cause as much damage to the environment as rapidly as forest fires, this is due to the increase in fuel and increased tree height associated with the forest environment.

A forest fire is an “uncontrolled fire occurring in vegetation more than 6 feet in height.”

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019). This height enables crown fires which is where the fire moves from tree top to tree top allowing a rapid destruction path; makes the fire harder to attack and increases the severity of the fire.

Both severe fire types have different methods and tactics to combat it, although even with these tactics there are areas of the prevention process that could be improved upon to make tackling fires more efficient. This research should show where the flaws within forest fire tactics or tools are located and then a new product can be reached, which in turn reduces fire spread.

(Dictionary.cambridge. org, 2019) (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019)

18

19

Stewart, WS. 2016. [Online]. [20/11/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/rYWz3Q88P8g

5.02

Fire Spread What conditions cause a fire?

To cause a fire you ultimately need three components: fuel, oxygen and heat. These components form the fire triangle and are fundamental in creating and stopping a fire, as without one of these components, the fire will die.

However, there is also a fire triangle, predominantly used by firefighters to determine the speed of the fire, these factors include fuel, weather and topography. (Working on Fire, 2019) What are the main causes for wildfires?

“Only ten to 15 percent of wildfires occur on their own in nature. The other 85 to 90 percent result from human causes, including unattended camp and debris fires, discarded cigarettes, and arson.” With such an infrequent number of wildfires coming from natural reasons, it creates the issue whether detection is key in monitoring where fire starts, focused primarily on areas where high civilian traffic is located. (Working on Fire, 2019) What delays fire from spreading?

(Working on Fire, 2019) (HowStuffWorks, 2019)

The ability to kill a fire varies in difficulty depending on the size of the fire, although even large fires can be combatted in a variety of ways to delay it from spreading further. The fire can be delayed through a firebreak which is “to provide an area of reduced fuel load which will reduce the intensity of a fire and therefore allow for more effective combating and to also serve as a line from which a back burn can be started.” (Working on Fire, 2019) The firebreak could be a natural lack of fuel as well as a river, but the use of firebreaks is not always effective, so another way to delay a fire and extinguish it quickly can be through the method of aerial assault; this may include air tankers which “are often used to drop thousands of gallons of water and retardant onto fires. The red stuff that you often see being dropped from planes and helicopters is a chemical retardant that contains phosphate fertilizer, which helps to slow and cool down the fire.” (HowStuffWorks, 2019) What expedites the fire?

“Fires can travel quickly: up to 6 miles-per-hour in forests and up to 14 miles-per-hour in grasslands. If you have an upward-slope to your terrain, the flames can travel even faster; an extra 10 degrees of slope will double the speed of your fire.” This does not consider the impact wind has on the speed of a fire as wind increases the supply of oxygen, which results in the fire burning more rapidly. It also removes the surface fuel moisture, which increases the drying of the fuel. Air pressure will push flames, sparks and firebrands into new fuel. By pushing the flames closer to the fuel in front of the fire, the fuel is preheated quicker because of the increased radiant heat discussed previously.

(HowStuffWorks, 2019)

20

21

Popovic, AP. 2017. [Online]. [20/11/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/zZkMki0yH6I

5.03

Effect of uncontrolled forestfire/wildfire Causes of Death A large issue with forest fires and wildfires becoming uncontrollable is the effect this has on the local area; this can include both animal and human life being in danger from smoke inhalation and fire damage as well as the loss of habitat from the fire. Forest fires cause “animals to have very few choices. They can try to hide by burrowing or going into water.”

But “a lot of animals will die, from flames, heat from the flames, or smoke inhalation.” (Ec.europa.eu, 2019) Animal/ Human Death Count With “Smoke from forest fires killing approximately 340,000 people each year,” (Ec.europa.eu, 2019) it is vital for something to change for this figure to lower; especially because this figure does not include deaths from forest fires that are not smoke related. However, smoke is one of the key factors behind forest fire deaths with “effects of heat (i.e. heat shock), or the inhalation of hot air/ gases, possibly related to the initiation of a vagally-mediated ‘reflex’ cardiac arrest following the stimulation of nerve endings in the pharynx/larynx” as another key issue. (Forensicmed.co.uk, 2019)

(Ec.europa.eu, 2019) (Forensicmed.co.uk, 2019) (Global News, 2019) (Fas.org, 2019)

22

It is often difficult to know how many animals die yearly from forest fires due to the inability of understanding the before and after on all fires. However, in the recent Bolivia fires “more than two million wild animals have been consumed by record-breaking wildfires in Bolivia, leaving experts to fear “irreversible” damage.” (Global News, 2019). This is just a singular example of the damage caused by forest fires and does not consider all the other forest fires happening around the globe.

Lizardo, BL. 2019. [Online]. [20/11/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/icrhAD-qidc

Acres Destroyed “Over the past 10 years, there was an average of 67,000 wildfires annually and an average of 7.0 million acres burned annually.” This will continue for many years to come and possibly become worse; this is shown because as of October 3rd. 2019 there has been 40,581 wildfires; witht 4.4 million acres destroyed. With forest fires becoming rapid enough they have come onto the world stage as a severe issue for both humans, animals and the planet. (Fas.org, 2019)

Benefits of Forest Fires As damaging as forest fires can seem, they have many benefits for the environment and habitats it destroys in the long fun.

With many habitats needing fires as a natural reset to the wildlife that exists there. This is shown as “a year-old forest will have a different set of plants and animals living in it than a forest that’s 40 years old.”

A great example where forest fires can be a good thing is seen by the Kirtland’s warbler as “These small songbirds from Michigan nest only in young jack pine forests. But the pines’ cones only release their seeds in a fire. So, without fire, much of the birds’ nesting habitat has been eliminated.”

23

Francis,JF. 2018. [Online]. [20/11/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/S9NQnIV4zOI/info

5.04

(Why it’s been so lucrative to destroy the Amazon rainforest, 2020)

24 24

Are Governments pro-forest fire

Even though the global aim is to reduce forest fires, the recent events in the amazon have caused concern for some governments and its citizens to be placing economic growth over the environment. This is shown through “farmers, ranchers, miners, and loggers having extracted tremendous value from clearing the rainforest.”

As well as “one of the biggest drivers of deforestation being cattle ranching. Brazil is now the world’s largest beef exporter. In 2018, these exports generated $6.7 billion for the country’s economy.” Alongside this “Brazil is also the second-largest producer of soybeans in the world.” This level of economic growth being attributed to the destruction of the forests causes concern on the ability for the world to put the environment first. (Why it’s been so lucrative to destroy the Amazon rainforest, 2020)

“Deforestation has increased nearly 30 percent between August 2018 and through July 2019 compared to the 12 months prior.”

Through this small time frame there has been a “cleared area spanning 9,762 square kilometers (3,769 square miles).” This is an incredible quantity of lost forest; with such a large proportion on jungle in such a small array of countries, it could become difficult to limit such catastrophic losses.

(Why it’s been so lucrative to destroy the Amazon rainforest, 2020)

25

Francis,JF. 2018. [Online]. [20/11/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/S9NQnIV4zOI/info

5.05

What does the firefighter uniform consist of?

The Tunic A key equipment for firefighters is the helmet because this protects the head from fire; any falling debree and keeps the user visible in the smoke.

The “helmets are designed to be durable, long-lasting, impact absorbent, protective and as lightweight as possible.”(NSW, 2019).

Boots

(NSW, 2019) (FireRescue1, 2019) (London-fire.gov.uk, 2019)

26 26

Boots “have a dual density cushioned rubber sole which reduces the boot weight and provides orthotic superiority, greater ankle support and reduces skeletal impact related injuries.” (NSW, 2019).

This enables firefighters to keep there feet safe from burning while fighting wildfires and enabling them to comfortably walk through terrain.

Helmet A key equipment for firefighters is the helmet because this protects the head from fire; any falling debree and keeps the user visible in the smoke. The “helmets are designed to be durable, long-lasting, impact absorbent, protective and as lightweight as possible.”(NSW, 2019).

Flash Hoods “The hood covers the exposed areas of the body that are not covered by the coat collar.” “Interface areas are for the critical gaps in the ensemble where burns can readily occur if not properly protected. Therefore, the correct selection and use of the protective hood is essential for completing the envelope of protection in this critical head-neck interface area.” (FireRescue1, 2019).

Breathing Aparatus The breathing aparatuses “are lightweight and very easy to use and service.” There are “rwo types in use: normal duration, which are carried on all frontline fire engines, and extended duration, which are carried on Fire Rescue Units.” Newer breathing apparatus allows crews to interact while wearing it; the latest breathing apparatus is lightweight and easy to use and sets are carried on all frontline fire engines.” •(London-fire.gov.uk, 2019)

27

5.06

What does the firefighter uniform consist of?

Wet Weather Clothing The use of “wet weather gear is often needed for hazardous materials and rescue incidents in bad weather, as well as when assistance is provided to the State Emergency Service during a storm or flood.” (NSW, 2019). This is another layer to protect the firefighters from the elements.

Bushfire Jacker

(NSW, 2019)

28

“The bushfire jacket is designed primarily for bushfire fighting applications. The jacket is lightweight, comfortable and affords the wearer moderate levels of both radiant and thermal protection, while minimising the possibility of heat stress.” (NSW, 2019). This would be an integral part of the firefighters uniform while fighting forest and wildfires.

Overtrousers The overtrouser is a basic but important part of the firefighters uniform; as suggested it fits over the trousers of the firefighter and adds further protection to the user.

(NSW, 2019).

Cold and Extreme Climate Clothing “Firefighters who work in Alpine areas such as the Snowy Mountains require clothing more suitable to their environment. To meet these extremely cold conditions firefighters have additional clothing items which provide thermal comfort including heavy weight socks, longer and substantially warmer coats, heavier weight pullovers and in some circumstances, fur lined caps.� This would be especially common with forest fires in the USA. (NSW, 2019).

29

5.07

Firefighter Uniform Properties The firefighter uniform is predominantly needed to protect the user when in a fire, but the gear they wear does far more than simply protect them from fire it also helps them in a variety of other ways.

Most of the materials of the uniforms used are fire retardant; this is where it is “having the ability or tendency to slow up or halt the spread of fire (as by providing insulation).” (Merriam-webster.com, 2019).

This is the most important aspect of the uniform as it must protect every aspect of the firefighter from the fire itself. Therefore, the uniform is layered up with different clothing protecting different sections as this enables no skin left on show when fully geared up. “The thermal performance properties of firefighters’ protective clothing are primarily based on the thermal comfort properties such as air permeability, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal absorptivity, water vapour permeability, and water vapour resistance.” (Dergipark.org.tr, 2019).

Each section of the uniform is specifically designed; even though all the parts of the uniform has key components such as fire retardant, lightweight and impact absorbent many parts have a very specific design to suit the firefighter.

(Merriam-webster.com, 2019) (Dergipark.org.tr, 2019)

30

This is shown through the shoe design as it is “made of rubber material. These boots have a steal toe covering to protect the toes of the firefighters; the shank in the sole is very thick and made of steel to protect the firefighters if they step on sharp objects such as nails. The boots have rubber handles at the top in order to help the firefighter pull the boots on very quickly.” This design enables the shoe to be as safe and fast wearing as possible.

31

Barnaby,AB. 2016. [Online]. [02/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/n3FM6tfn9XQ

5.08

Firefighter Prevention Equipment

The most important piece of equipment that firefighters carry is there breathing apparatus as this enables them to breathe between 31-47 minutes depending on the model. There are two types of breathing apparatuses; the first is the standard duration breathing apparatus (SDBA) which “has only one cylinder – all firefighters are trained to use SDBA and all fire engines carry them. The set weighs about 15kgs. If a firefighter is breathing normally an SDBA should get 31 minutes of air. But, if the firefighter is working hard and breathing really hard, the cylinder won’t necessarily last that long.”

Then there is the extended duration breathing apparatus (EDBA); this has two cylinders and “they weigh a bit more than an SDBA - 23kgs. If a firefighter is breathing normally an EDBA they should get 47 minutes of air. But, if the firefighter is breathing heavily, the cylinder won’t necessarily last for 47 minutes. EDBA is usually brought out when firefighters have to travel longer distances using breathing apparatus.”

(London-fire.gov.uk, 2019).

(London-fire.gov.uk, 2019) (Ife.org.uk, 2019) (Mockenhaupt, 2019)

32

Another vital tool for forest firefighters is the personal shelter which can be used when firefighters are trapped and unable to outrun the fire. This consists first to “Unzip the carrying case, pull out the shelter, and shake it open. Step into it, pull it over your head, and lie down with your face close to the ground, where the air is cleanest and coolest.

Use your elbows, knees, and feet to pin the shelter down against winds created by the fire that might top 60 mph.” (Mockenhaupt, 2019). However, this tool does not always work shown from a forest fire in Yarnell, 2013 as 19 firefighters died. (Ife.org.uk, 2019)

33

Rivera,HR. 2017. [Online]. [02/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/vwnjyKznYC0

5.09

Firefighter Weight Load The weight a forest firefighter must hold will vary depending on the division they are in when fighting the fire, but one higher classed firefighter would be the smokejumpers who’s “gear and tools weigh up to 115 pounds per person. Smokejumpers must be able to carry this gear to the nearest trail, road, or helispot after suppressing the fire. This may be a distance of 10 miles or more in rough terrain.” (Fs.fed.us, 2019).

This is a minimum weight because other divisions may require more or different tools that may weight more. This is shown because “the total weight of a firefighter’s PPE depends on the tools needed for the job, but basic PPE (helmet, hood, pants, coat, gloves, boots and air pack) weighs about 45 pounds.”

(The Haddams-Killingworth, CT Patch, 2019) (Fs.fed.us, 2019) (The Haddams-Killingworth, CT Patch, 2019)

Heike,JH. 2019. [Online]. [02/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/WhB4_INHprY

34

35

Kuo,BK. 2017. [Online]. [02/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/Sy3-Si2xPpQ

5.10

Tools and Equipment Pulaski The pulaski tool “is used in multipurpose wildland firefighting by combining the axe and adze in one individual device;” this product is predominantly used for cutting wood as well as creating firebreaks. The weight of the axe can vary depending on the user, although it normally weights around 5 pounds as heavier axe’s are more commonly used as it then has more power to cut through wood and dirt. The Pulaski tool is commonly hand help at all times are they are very few fixtures that keep it attached to the user when they are working. (Parker, 2019)

Macleod rake hoe The Macleod rake hoe is commonly used to help with control lines, digging out the undergrowth and cutting wood if necessary with the sharpened hoe on the other side; the tool weighs roughly 6 pounds so is slightly heavier then the Pulaski. However, “because of its large and sharp head, the McLeod is an awkward tool to transport and store, and is often considered undesirable. Some McLeod tools are made with a removable blade to partially mitigate this problem. Ideally it is carried with the tines pointing toward the ground for safety, with a sheath over the cutting edge. The mass distribution makes it difficult to carry in this orientation consistently.”

(Db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net, 2019)

(Parker, 2019) (Db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net, 2019) (Actionsealtite.com, 2019) (Torch, 2019) (Wildfire Today, 2019) (Lexico Dictionaries | English, 2019)

36

Lay flat hose The lay flat hose is used to transfer liquid at high pressure into a fire; this is commonly used within forest and wildfires but can also be used in house fires, although the “lay flat hose is only used for delivery of fluids and not for any suction applications, as the hose has no rigid reinforcements that would enable it to retain its shape under suction.” It is an extremely light product when carrying around and is commonly brought along with the fire trucks. (Actionsealtite.com, 2019)

Beaters Beaters are the most common tooling for firefighters when tackling wildfires and small scale forest fires as they are “an instrument for extinguishing a fire by beating it down repeatedly, typically consisting of a wide flap of leather or other material attached to a long handle.” (Lexico Dictionaries | English, 2019) They pat the fires out by taking away all oxygen to the fire and supressing the fire. These vary in weight and are often carried by hand similar to the Pulaski tool.

Leaf blowers Leaf blowers, also known as “Forces Air Firefighting Units (FAFU) are large scale leaf blowers that can: force air into the fire, cooling down the flammable gases so they wont ignite, dilutes the gases and pushes other flammable gases away. They are help up by a backpack that must be word and can be rather heavy. (Wildfire Today, 2019)

Drip torches “A drip torch is a device which is used to set fires for the purpose of conducting controlled burns or establishing firebreaks while fighting fires. These devices are used by professional firefighters and by people such as woodsmen who have received training in how to use a drip torch properly.” Drip torches are used alongside a variety of fire retardant gear to ensure the user does not burn themselves as the drip torch is attached to the user by a strap that goes around their body. (Torch, 2019)

37

Seaman,AS. 2017. [Online]. [02/12/2018]. https://unsplash.com/photos/dXIbjd8pdPo

5.11

Forest Fire Detection There are many ways to detect a forest fire, although many of them have flaws within the system; a product that can consistently detect a forest fire from the moment it begins and also tracking its continuous location has not yet been created and put into fruition. The main methods of locating forest fires are through visual detection by someone noticing the smoke, while other more technical methods consist of security location cameras, watch towers and satellites.

“Satellite images gathered by two main satellites launched for forest fire detection purposes, the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR), launched in 1998, and the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), launched in 1999, have been used. Unfortunately, these satellites can provide images of the regions of the earth every two days and that is a long time for fire scanning; besides the quality of satellite images can be affected by weather conditions” (SAGE Journals, 2019). The use of satellites have their limits but they can be effective, this is similar with the use of watch towers which keep watchers up on the towers 24/7 to look out for fires manually; this clearly a long method to complete as someone must always be up on the tower instead of an automated system.

Another up and coming method of detecting fires is through Adele systems which is where it detects “what is visible from the monitoring location that smoke detected by ADELIE (Automatic fire detection and forest fires) gives the alert. This phase is called automatic fire detection and forest fires. The operator then alerted, remote camera survey question and ensures that the nature of the detection. It locates on the basemap location of the fire and notify the operational centre which implements control measures. 5 minutes have elapsed since the start of the fire.” (Paratronic.info, 2019). This enables continuous monitoring of the fire from the perspective of the cameras, although this only enables fire to be monitored when it is in view of the camera.

(SAGE Journals, 2019) (Paratronic.info, 2019)

38

Overall, detection of fires seems to be an area that could be improved upon within the forest fighting industry as it does not currently have a near foolproof detection plan; this should be the aim when designing a detection system.

39

Durbaum,ND. 2015. [Online]. [07/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/PXGvsl0jQcE

5.12

Early warning systems

Early warning systems within the UK are extremely minimal, with firefighters relying mostly on the public eye to spot and alert the authorities of the fire that may be occurring. There are mild systems such as satellite imaging as spoken about previously. However, within the UK, the ability to use the satellite needs to be activated and it’s not a live stream of the fire growth but merely a photo once a day.

Another early warning system is Cellnex who currently has only one situated in wales; “Vulcano is an automated system specially designed for surveillance, automatic detection and monitoring of fires in the forest environment. It works autonomously around the clock under adverse environmental conditions such as dim light or darkness, fog, haze or smoke.” This would improve the radius of detection and predict its growth which currently is not available. Flame speeds will inevitably affect the radius of damage a fire creates, and these flames can vary depending on a variety of factors such as the elevation of the ground and the fuel it has to follow but “rolling flames travel up to 14 miles an hour, which converts to about a four-minute mile pace and can overtake the average human in minutes. An average of 72,400 wildfires cleared an average of 7 million acres of U.S. land each year since 2000, double the number of acres scorched by wildfires in the 1990s.” This shows the difficulty of outrunning a fire in many circumstances; depending on the fire behaviour which often correlates to the elevation of the ground this could cause a faster or closer movement rate. (Nationalgeographic.com, 2019) When a fire is started at the base of a slope it becomes “more intense. This is due in part to the fire remaining in alignment with the slope for a longer period; this allows the fire more time to heat up the fuel and air in the fire’s path. A fire moving upslope will generally increase in speed and intensity, as it progresses up the gradient, the steeper the slope the faster the acceleration.”

(Nationalgeographic.com, 2019)

40

Then when going downhill “the process is almost reversed with a widening of the gap between the available fuel and the fire, the movement of the fire will slow, and its intensity will reduce.” This enables firefighters to establish the rough size and speed of the fire and understand how it may grow depending on the terrain around it.

41

Holgersson,CH. 2017. [Online]. [07/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/zgCuQYRCsZQ

5.13

Stakeholders When a forest fire occurs, there are 4 main stakeholders: firefighters, Local authorities, community, and businesses; all of these are heavily impacted when a fire ravages through the local area. Firefighters are a key stakeholder as they are the frontline on combating the forest fires, they are affected both physically and mentally as they combat the blaze with some losing their life through this. The local authorities must ensure that as much of the local community is safe; this includes the safety of the people, the buildings and the local economy. They must expand resources to help all those in the surrounding areas while also attempting to maintain a working community. This is shown as they must help those around them while their own homes may also have been impacted. This stretches the workforce and causes areas to be moved aside while helping during the fire, this can cause long term effects on the community as certain areas are destroyed or problems occur.

Community is one of the most heavily affected during a forest fire as they often lose their possessions, homes and sometimes their lives. The community may include farmers who will lose there crops, home and livelihood as well as civilians who lose their home and worldy possesions. Though being amid a forest fire could cause the community to suffer physically through the damage to their homes, economy, and lifestyle as well as mentally with the community having to go through this. They will have to rebuild or relocate to a new area which can have a long-term effect on the population of the community and surrounding areas.

Finally, the businesses can cause a crippling effect on the local economy during a forest fire; this can be shown through the long-term effects when a forest fire occurs. When a business is destroyed through a fire it will affect the owners of the business, but it will also affect the employers who work there. Through the destroyed business will cause the increase in unemployment within the community as they can no longer work, this then can cause a detrimental effect on the local economy.

42

43

Wurth,KW. 2017. [Online]. [07/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/UbGYPMbMYP8

5.14

Local economy impact

The local economy is impacted most through the destruction of property and businesses as the fire spreads.

Businesses shutting down and people moving out of the community will cause a hit to the financial situation of there local economy as this will cause more people to become homeless and jobless; this then causes less money to go into the local economy.

However, even though forest fires can cause many issues, it can also be beneficial because while “Both local employment and average wages in affected counties increased when large wildfires occurred. Although the roughly one percent increase in employment and wages may appear marginal, it’s enough to make a difference in local unemployment rates.� (Firescience.gov, 2019).

Overall, the economy can suffer due to the lack of jobs; loss of housing and a rise in homelessness.

However, there can be benefits during a fire coming from the suppression fund coming from the government.

When they distribute funds to rebuild, labor workers have improved wages during this time and the overall wage in the area increases during this time.

(Firescience.gov, 2019)

44

45

Reichmuth,DR. 2016. [Online]. [07/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/rOhxayzwwvA

5.15

Mental effects from firefighting

Mental issues are extremely common within firefighters; especially forest fire-based firefighters with “103 firefighters and 140 police officers who took their own lives in 2017,” it is becoming an increasing issue. The effects of being a firefighter are already physically difficult as “the risk of a heart attack is much higher and at a younger age for wildland firefighters. It is a result of triggering the fight-or-flight reaction for prolonged periods of time while performing an intense number of physical tasks.” The mental and physical issues which come along with being a firefighter are an area constantly being understood further. (Resources to Recover, 2019).

After a forest fire, it is not just the firefighters who are suffering from mental health, the community often suffers alongside them with “one-third of the adult survivors of California wildfires in 2003 suffered depression and one-quarter suffered PTSD.” (The Guardian, 2019). This can cause long term issues within the community as the suffering won’t end and this can affect their workability.

(Resources to Recover, 2019).

(The Guardian, 2019)

46

47

Betts,CB. 2018. [Online]. [07/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/QK6Iwzd5MhE

5.16

Prevention Methods Control Lines Control lines is the most common method of wildfire suppression and it involved having a boundary, man made or natural, that inhibits the fire from moving forward; this is often done through the use of the Pulaski tool to dig a break around the fire and removing all fuel elements from this area. This is an effective way of controlling the fire but is heavily dependant on weather and the scale of the fire; this is due to the fires ability to jump over the control line if it is large enough or if the wind throws burning embers over into the other side.

Burning Out Burning outs are typically used with the use of a drip torch; this is where a torch drips lit fuel onto the floor causing a calculated burn and then in turn stops the fire moving any further forward because the controlled burn will destroy any left over fuel to feed the fire. This can be an effective but dangerous method as it can go wrong and cause further burning if not controlled properly.

Backburn A backburn is a larger scale method of a burning out as this is where a whole section of land is purposefully burnt in the direction of the original fire so that it can destroy all fuel in between the control lines and inevitably kill the fire by taking away its fuel. This method is done using a drip torch and similar to burning outs can be effective when done correctly.

Flanking (10 Strategies Firefighters Use to Fight Wildfires, 2020) (Fs.fed.us, 2019) (Mentalfloss.com, 2019)

Flanking is mostly used on smaller scale fires and this is where the firefighters will go behind the fire into already burned off sections and attack the fire from behind while slowly working around the perimeter of the fire so that it can slowly be tackled. This is commonly using beaters and water to attack the fire and can be very efficient on smaller fires but becomes an issue when they are larger scale fires.

Hot Spotting Hot spotting is often completed by a singular set of trained firefighters as it is focused on the most active and dangerous part of the fire; the firefighters will go into areas believed to be the next area that the fire will move to and attempt stop the fire at that point.

Tools such as beaters and Macleod rake hoe is very commonly used during these methods of prevention.

(10 Strategies Firefighters Use to Fight Wildfires, 2020)

48

Knock Down The knock down is used when a possible hot spot areas needs to be supressed immediately to make sure the fire does not get any larger; the fire is supressed through a combination of dirt, water or retardant. This method is not greatly efficient if not completed in the correct time frame as the fire will burn through the knock down if its not completed or the fire is too large.

Cold Trailing Cold trailing is only begun when the fire is currently being attacked from the front and sides; this enables firefighters to trail the blaze and put out any smaller fires or hot embers to make sure they do not fly up with the wind a cause a fire elsewhere. Beaters is the tool of choice when cold trailing as it keeps firefighters away while quickly extinguishing the fire.

Aerial Attack The use of aerial attack can be from a helicopter that pick up buckets of water from a near by water source and then systematically drop it over the fire, as well as large planes that can drop a variety of items. A common item to drop is a mix between foam and water to create an effective barrier to spread over the fire and insulates the fuel to stop anything burning further.

Fireline Explosives Fireline explosives are commonly used to improve efficiency when the fire needs to be contained quickly and it Is a great way to break up dense brush and fallen trees. “Explosives can also be used to fell trees whose spread might help a fire jump across a control line�.

Mop-up A mop up is when firefighters go back and clean up along the control line to stop any loose embers causing another fire; this can sometimes go alongside burnouts as it is necessary for all fire to be extinguished before moving forward.

(Fs.fed.us, 2019) (Mentalfloss.com, 2019)

49

6.0 Primary Research

Interview 2 Dorset FRS Interview 1Hampshire FRS

Questionairre

Interview 3 Cambridge FRS

Interview 4USA

6.01

Interview 1: Hampshire Hypothesis

The premise for this interview was to determine what the opinions of the wildfire and rescue team are concerning the problems they face when combatting a wildfire, whilst also backing up the secondary research previously gathered. By the interview bringing up points similar to the secondary research, this would show the secondary research is a reliable source. Shown by the secondary research a key area of improvement could be the under-developed toolings and the difficulty to detect forest fires effectively. This interview should shed a light on whether these are issues or not within Hampshire.

Summary The first interview was the Hampshire Lead in Wildfire and Rescue based in Eastleigh; the interview was completed informally and was located in the Hampshire Fire Rescue Service station HQ. Due to the interview being completed in the cafeteria it was not recorded and notes of the conversation were written during the interview and this caused the conversation to be more casual and free-flowing during the interview.

During the interview, 3 main areas of interest came up: lack of fire detection systems, the importance of tactics because of lack of tooling improvements and the everchanging tactics compared to location.

Through the interview, it became clear that there were minimal to no detection systems that he was aware of and that the main methods of detection were through public 999 calls. This seemed to be quite a big issue because through an example he gave of the Saddle worth Moor fire in Manchester, it would have been helpful to have pre-detection systems in place near important spots such as the main water source of Manchester which the fire nearly impacted.

Through secondary research, it was clear that tools needed significant improvement considering there have been minimal developments since many were invented over one hundred years ago. The beater, are large metal poles with a plastic paddle ending, was shown to be an extremely common tool in Hampshire alongside a few others although many could have significant room for improvement.

Depending on location, wind and fire direction, the tactics used can vary a great deal which is why the firefighters often rely on tactics equally to gear. This shows that tactics need to be considered when designing a product.

For the full interview see Appendix B

52

53

Kerensa,BK. 2017. [Online]. [02/12/2019]. https://unsplash.com/photos/j-MPRQOJfVU

6.02

Interview 2: Dorset Hypothesis

This interview aims to obtain a better understanding of the issues surrounding forest fires; how these issues may be location based and why these issues are in dorset and not in other interviews such as hampshire. By understansding these areas, it is then possible to notice key issues when tackling a forest fire that occur no matter the location. With the Hampshire interview focusing on three main areas: lack of fire detection systems, the importance of tactics because of lack of tooling improvements and the everchanging tactics compared to location. It will be interesting to understand if these issues also occur in Dorset.

The second interview was a firefighter from the Dorset area with over 20 years of experience; the interview was completed over the phone in a rather informal manor and overall having a chat and trying to understand further information from his perspective on what was currently understood from the secondary research and first interview.

During the interview some common points were brought up that further backed up all aspects of what was noticed during the first interview and secondary research with another major concern being a lack of water.

The interviewer agreed that detection systems and tooling need redesigning and improving with the interviewer stating “Fire breaks can be very arduous work.� Showing that due to efficiency and exhaustion levels, certain tools are used less due to inefficiency.

The interview went on to state how a lack of water is a key problem when combating fires because current fire trucks are not allowed off road and the ones that can don’t hold water that will last longer than 20 minutes. Another key issue is keeping the pressure up when moving water from a water source to the fire.

For the full interview see Appendix C

54

55

Yamkasikorn, SY. 2020. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/nVYEechGqqM

6.03

Interview 3: Cambridge Hypothesis This interview aims to further understand and correlate the issues that surround the forest fire tackling methods nationally. By interviewing three seperate locations: Hampshire, Dorset and Cambridge, it enables a better understanding of these national issues. If this interview follows the previous, it is to be assumed that the key issues would yet again be lack of fire detection systems, the importance of tactics because of lack of tooling improvements and the everchanging tactics compared to location

The third interview was with a firefighter from Cambridge fire rescue service who has also been working for over 20 years. The interview was completed over the phone in a formal completed format. The questions were sent to him before the interview for him to know his answers and then I asked the questions during the interview and noted down the answers.

Some key areas were brought up during the interview with an important one being a need for an increase in public awareness and safety precautions for the public.

This was shown as he stated that “we are seeing extreme temperatures more regularly and as such need to be able to respond most appropriately and beneficially, both for our Firefighters and members of the public who we aim to protect.� With lack of tooling it begged the question whether tooling improvements could be made that can be used by all stakeholders: Firefighters, farmers and civilians.

56

57

Gomez Angel, RGA. 2020. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/tYkorzbajoQ

6.04

Questionairre: UK Hypothesis

This questionnaire aims to understand in further detail the issues currently being faced by firefighters when combating forest and wildfires; locate the key tooling and systems that cause this issue and then compare this back to my other primary and secondary research to make sure the findings are consistent through a variety of sources. It is to be hypothesised that the questionaiiree should follow on to what was brought up in the interviews and solidfy the findings so far.

Designing a questionnaire aimed at firefighters was proven to be quite difficult due to the pool of people who could answer was limited to firefighters only. This pool was then dilated further when the firefighters needed experience in wildfire or forest fire suppression also. To ensure the questionnaire could be reached by as many firefighters who have experience in wildfires and forest fires as possible it was passed along to the Hampshire wildfire and rescue lead who is a common contact throughout the duration of the project. The Hampshire firefighter then passed it along to his Hampshire and USA colleagues as well as posted it into a firefighter group so that it can maximise spread.

So far, the questionnaire has obtained 20 responses from firefighters around the UK as well as parts of the US. When looking into the current participants it is noticeable that a lot of them are long term firefighters with over 10 years of experience; this is very helpful because it means that the most experienced people are replying to the questionnaire and their input will be more valuable than new firefighters. However, due to the questionnaire having minimal participants due to the small pool of people who can answer, it becomes difficult to understand the validity of the findings due to the small pool of people, but this could be combated with the experience of those who have participated.

58

When trying to understand the interest and needs for detection systems, it has become clear that the majority believe there is not a vital need for detections, however, there is a lack of detection systems globally, so something in place would be helpful. Although the participants believe adapting to Europe’s approach to detection would be suitable for the UK. This correlates well to my interviews as there was a common theme that detection is useful but not the priority.

Some interesting individual points come up during the questionnaire, such as one participant that was in Scotland and spoke of there use of wildfire prediction programmes that are something that needs to be researched further. Although many don’t necessarily agree with detections being paramount, few believe it is vital in many rural areas as it becomes difficult detecting fires in areas where there is minimal human contact.

When trying to understand what firefighters see as being the issues they face when they do their job, it was noticeable that three key issues stood out. The first and the most common issue is how exhausting it is to use many of the tools they use today; this further backs up both primary and secondary research as there has been a common theme that tools used by firefighters are outdated and difficult to use. The second issue is the difficulty getting vehicles to certain fires as many vehicles used are limited by certain terrain and this fits into the final issue which is getting water to the fire sight as the vehicles that hold the water cannot get to the fire. The issue with vehicles and water has also been prevalent in my interviews with other firefighters so it seems to be a large-scale issue.

When looking into firefighters’ opinions on giving the stakeholders such as civilians and farmers knowledge end tooling to combat wildfires, it was clear that the overall majority believed with the right training that this would be a useful asset to have. This correlates nicely to the secondary and primary research as this has been a consistent opinion throughout. Some believe this could put them into danger however, others have combatted these arguments by allowing people to be trained only if they want to be.

Another vital point that was made during the interviews was how difficult water is to obtain when attacking a fire although this is not considered an issue everywhere with the majority saying water is not much of an issue. This seems to vary depending on the location of the fire fighter as each location has more or less water spots.

Overall, the key points being made during the questionaiire were outdated tooling, poor detection and water gathering systems and a necessity for civilain and stakeholder training and help. These areas becoming more or less significicant depending on the area,however, they all are key problems nationally and globally.

59

6.05

Interview 4 : USA Hypothesis

This interview aims to further understand and correlate the issues that surround the forest fire tackling methods nationally. By interviewing three seperate locations: Hampshire, Dorset and Cambridge, it enables a better understanding of these national issues. If this interview follows the previous, it is to be assumed that the key issues would yet again be lack of fire detection systems, the importance of tactics because of lack of tooling improvements and the everchanging tactics compared to location.

The fourth and final interview was with a lead firefighter from the United States of America fire rescue service who has also been working for over 20 years. The interview was completed over an email exchange in a formal format. The questions were sent to him through the Hampshire Fire Rescue Service contact and then he replied to each question. Shown in Appendices.

A key point the firefighter made was focusing on weather preidictions, as he picked up on the importance of this when he spoke of “The first thing I want to know is what the weather is like in the spot that the fire is happening.

Winds and relative humidity are first things to know as they affect the fire behaviour the most.”

He then went on to say “Weather prediction tools are also key to successful and safe firefighting. The weather will determine if you can make a direct assault on the fire, or if you need to set up an indirect operation to catch the fire in a different location.” This was a common point through the design, as well as the premise that yet again the only real detection systems include: callling the authroities, fire lookouts and video surveilance systems.

Overall, the interview with the US based firefighter shed a light on both the lack of detection systems globally, but also a need for improved communication and detection of the weather and fire direction.

60

61

Sdralias, FS. 2018. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/V6e2PJf6mxU

6.06

Research Summary

To begin the journey of gathering an understanding of the issues facing forest fires, both quantitative primary and secondary research has been used to navigate the understanding of the problem at hand; that is how to prevent and reduce forest fires and their impact on the environment. A problem as large as the global issues being faced by forest fires enables an ability to gain a deep insight into the current methods of combatting forest fires and the issues that come with these current methods.

The majority of research gathered was conducted through secondary research and focused on gaining a better understanding of the current issues being faced when combatting forest fires, the figures surrounding the impact of these fires and the tactics and tools firefighters use to combat this. The research concluded that the main issues surrounding forest fires boil down to three main areas: un-evolved tooling, lack of detection systems and lack of water gathering methods. Due to the successful identification of these three main issues, these problems will be carried forward in the concept and development pages to create a product that can either modernise tooling, create detection systems or enable water to get to the site faster.

The variety of opinions that could be obtained during the primary research stage was limited due to the niche number of firefighters that were available to discuss the current issues they face in their field; because of this, the interviews focused on regions that quantity of people. These regions included: Cambridge, Hampshire, Dorset, and the USA.

62

63

Sdralias, FS. 2018. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/V6e2PJf6mxU

7.0 Design Process

Design Specification

Developments

Concepts

User Interfacing

Proof of Concept

7.01

Design Specification

A design Specification is “Essential qualitative and quantitative characteristic that set criteria (such as performance requirements, dimensions, weight, reliability, ruggedness) to be satisfied in designing a component, device, product, or system� (What is design specification? definition and meaning, 2020).

The aim of this design specification is to help create requirements within the design process to stop the designer from moving too far from what they are attempting to solve; in this case, it would mean ensuring the design can improve the detection, prevention and overall impact of forest fires.

(What is design specification? definition and meaning, 2020)

66

67

Target Market

The Target Market will be aimed at all firefighters working in the field that can vary from 18 up to 55 years old as the product will improve the accuracy and efficiency of the user fighting forest fires.

Functions

A product or series of products that enable the tackling and monitoring of forest fires to improve efficiency and enable less damage to be caused by each fire as it can be seen too and contained more effectively.

Materials

To ensure the products are fit for such hazardous conditions created in and surrounding a forest fire, the product must have carefully selected materials that match the properties required to survive in that climate.

Ergonomic Sizes

Due to the designs being focused heavily on improving efficiency, the ergonomic sizings must be closely monitored and assessed to ensure the product is as efficiently used as possible.

Manufaturing Processes

The manufacturing process must not be too complicated and difficult to mass-produce since many of these systems/ products will need to be designed in large quantities to tackle the fire effectively.

Cost

Due to the product being manufactured for the Fire Rescue Service, the cost must be as low as possible to enable it to be able to be sold to as many government bodies as possible.

Aesthetic

The aesthetic of the design needs to work parallel with the function of the product because function and efficiency come before aesthetics

Product Life Cycle

The Product Life Cycle should be a lifetime, however, with the products being used in such harsh conditions, they may need to be repaired or renewed after 5+ years.

Quality Assurance

The product must go through accurate testing to ensure a high quality of manufacturing that entails the product from not breaking under necessary stress.

Health & Safety

The health and safety regulations will be considered throughout the design process to enable the product to not endanger the firefighters when in use in treacherous terrain.

Project Planning

Microsoft Project Planner will be used throughout the project to ensure the project is kept on track throughout.

7.02

Design Process Overview Conclusion:

Firefighters are set in their ways when using tactics and tooling and this means that any further improvent on their current systems may have pushback untill the benefits can be shown.

There is alot to be improved upon when combatting a fire and the methods surrounding tackling the fire as very little design development has occured in this sector of the market.

The design process overview goes over the steps that were taken to go from a preliminary hypothesis of the issues surrounding forest fires and how these issues are shown through the media today, all the way up to forming a specification and creating a product that solves the problem of the inefficiency of tackling forest fires.

Key Findings:

• • • •

There is a lack of detection systems globaly.

Firefighting tools are underdeveloped.

There is no method for civilians to combat the fire.

Tactics are more important to firefighting than tooling.

Hypothesis: There will be a variety of areas within fire fighting design that needs to be improved, due to a lack of advancements in this field of design.

68

Conclusion:

Key Findings: • •

•

There is near to no detection systems in the UK or globally for forest fires.

Tooling has not been improved, but fire fighters are stuck in there ways with the tactics using these tools.

Use of civilians is a debatable topic.

Hypothesis:

The primary research should further back up the lack of design improvement shown in the secondary research.

Hypothesis:

Key Findings:

A variety of design ideas will be created focusing on three main headers: Detection, Prevention and Defence.

Hypothesis:

The concepts can be further developed and turned into the final design idea.

Hypothesis:

The final design can now be fully refined and developed into a working product idea.

•

Key Findings: •

Although the first three concepts work well seperatelty, the idea of combining all, or of some of them may work.

Key Findings: •

•

69

There is alot to be developed in terms of detection and improving tooling, this will be a focal point in the concepts.

A great deal of proof of concept is necessary and redesign is needed to ensure this product works.

The system must be outlined.

Conclusion:

After the first set of concepts were completed, it was clear that the scope of ideas was incredibly varied and needed to be filtered down.

Numerical selection process with colleagues

Conclusion:

Although, the concepts had been further narrowed, input was needed on where to move forward on the final development of the product.

Conclusion:

The design has now been almost completely developed and it is now at the point where constant feedback from the fireighters and lecturers is necessary to finalise the product.

Numerical selection process using firefighter opinions

Fire fighter and lecturer opinons the finalisation of the design.

Secondary Conclusion: After the numerical selection process, the concepts got narrowed down to four key products for further concept development.

Secondary Conclusion:

After the numerical selection process, the concept developments have been filtered down onto one final design idea that can be now be developed.

Secondary Conclusion:

After completing all stages. The final product has now been fully designed and can progress into its final 3D form.

7.03

Summary of Concepts A concept review is where several concepts are selected to move forward into the reviewing process and are matched against some areas based on the design specification, these include: aesthetic, improve efficiency and ergonomic design; the products are then rated on these criteria to bring out the best-matched designs and will move forward into the further concept development phase.

The table on the right shows the results on the opinions of a series of firefighters, when asked to rate each product against different categories. These numbers were averaged out and a final number was created out of 35. To see the concepts selected, this can be located in the Drawing Portfolio; in the portfolio a selection of concepts has been generated focused on prevention and detection of forest fires, minimising damage and maximising water usage.

When focusing on the highest rated designs it boils down to four key concepts. Concept 3, an autonomous monitoring drone that is placed on specialised farms around high-risk areas and focuses on the detection and monitoring of forest fires. Concept 4, an unmanned ground detection vehicle that would disperse into areas where wildfires or forest fires are more likely to occur; they would have charging stations and would continuously rotate around these areas and gather information on humidity, temperature, and smoke levels, as well as gather intel on areas that have high levels of vegetation that may need to be cut down. Concept 5, a portable plough, that efficiently cuts control lines to prohibit the fire from moving forward any further. Finally, there is concept 6, an autonomous quad bike design that implements the previous three designs into it.

These four concepts will move forward into the next concept development stage, shown in the drawing portfolio, after further concept development, the final four designs will be shown back to the main firefighter contacts to move the design into one final product to focus upon.

70

1

2

3

4

5

Aesthetic

3

2

4

5

2

Minimise Damage

5

3

4

4

5

5

5

5

3

5

3

4

2

4

5

4

2

5

5

4

Prevention Ability

0

0

3

5

5

Detection Ability Total

5

5

5

4

0

25

19

28

30

26

Improve Efficiency Reduce Land Destroyed Ergonomic Design

Rating

1 5 (Lowest) - (Highest)

71

6

7

8

9

Aesthetic

3

1

2

3

Minimise Damage

5

2

5

5

5

5

0

2

5

5

5

3

3

4

2

3

Prevention Ability

5

0

2

3

Detection Ability Total

5

0

0

0

26

17

16

19

Improve Efficiency Reduce Land Destroyed Ergonomic Design

Rating

1 5 (Lowest) - (Highest)

72

7.04

Summary of Concepts - Conclusion

When going through the Numerical Selection Process, four key concepts stood out among the rest. These included a drone detection and monitoring system, a ground date gatherer and monitor, a portable plough and a quad bike fitted design that implements the first three designs. Due to this, the next step is to further conceptualise each of the first three ideas and their key components, whilst also referring back to the possibility of implementing this into a vehicle of some kind. From there, these designs can be shown to the target market and see what they believe the best option would be to help finalise the idea and develop that further.

73

7.05

Competitor Review: Aesthetic

During this page, the focus will be on understanding and executing a competitor analysis/review. “A competitive analysis is a strategy where you identify major competitors and research their products, sales, and marketing strategies. By doing this, you can create solid business strategies that improve upon your competitors.� (White, 2020). A competitor review enables a business to understand all aspects of how the competition operates and then the positives and negatives of the competition can be analysed and subsequently implemented into the business to give it a push ahead of the competition.

The competitor review involves two other companies that have close links to MoPro Systems: Aerones firefighter drone and Flygildi the bird drone. Aerones is a large quadcopter drone that can attach a hose and an electric wire to the drone and spray water onto hard to reach places that the fire has gained access too.

Whereas, the Flygildi is a drone with the aesthetic shape of a bird and can easily blend into the environment and record the ground below.

(The firefighting drone that can lift you into the air., 2020) (Meet the drone that looks and flies like a bird., 2020).

(White, 2020)

74

Although both of the competitors bring a new technology that MoPro Systems does not, they overall are not as well rounded as MoPro Systems. The use of Aerones Is effective, however, in comparison to, MoPro Systems, it does not have as many functions and as high quality of an aesthetic. Whereas, the Flygildi, has the aesthetic and good detection ability, but even then, there is not a system around it to make the product continuous. MoPro Systems have the advantage over the competition in many ways, except the pricing, as it is far higher than all other competitors. The product must balance between cost and what is given to the customer in the long term from that initial payment.

Factors

Price

Efficiency

Biomimicry Orientated

Detection Ability

Prevention Ability

Data Gathering Usage

Aesthetic

75

MoPro Systems

Aerones

Flygildi

8.0 Further Research

8.01

(Architects Turn Iceland’s Boring Electricity Pylons Into Giant Human Statues, 2020)

78

Pylon Designs A key architectural invention that has been brought up in the coming years is the creation of giant human statues that is a creative way to create electric pylons. These pylons create an aesthetic look instead of the current industrial design. “It is envisioned that these one hundred and fifty foot tall, modern caryatids will take on a quiet authority, belonging to their landscape yet serving the people, silently transporting electricity across all terrain, day and night, sunshine or snow.” (Architects Turn Iceland’s Boring Electricity Pylons Into Giant Human Statues, 2020)

8.02

Weather Detection Anemometer

One method of weather detection is through an Anemometer, that measures wind speeds.”

A vane anemometer, combines a propeller and a tail on the same axis to obtain accurate and precise wind speed and direction measurements from the same instrument. Wind speed is determined using a rev counter which is then converted to wind speed.

(McFadden, Bergan and Lang, 2020)

Thermometer

Another method of tempurature detection is through a thermometer. This is “A means of converting changes in temperature to a numerical value. These are visible scales on older analog thermometers to digital readouts on modern ones.”

(McFadden, Bergan and Lang, 2020)

Hygrometer

(McFadden, Bergan and Lang, 2020)

“Hygrometers are tools used to measure the humidity or air moisture content in the watmosphere, soil or indoors.” and “Modern hygrometers tend to be digital versions as they are more reliable and accurate. They use electronic sensors to detect changes in relative humidity and convert it to an easily readable numerical value.”

(McFadden, Bergan and Lang, 2020)

WindSocks

“Windsocks are another relatively simple, yet very important weather instrument. They tend to form a cone made of fabric and are designed to provide a means of indicating the direction and approximate speed of the wind.”

(McFadden, Bergan and Lang, 2020)

79

8.03

Lithium Ion Batteries

One new technology that has recently been discovered is the “lithium metal battery. The quadcopter flew 70 percent longer than the one powered by a lithium-ion battery.” With a normal drone flying on average of 30 minutes, this technology allows for drones to now fly over an hour before it needs to recharge; this would then also increase its range. As well as this, the lithium metal battery is also far safer than the current lithium ion batteries as it is non-flammable; the flammability of lithium ions was a major issues when manufacturing and using them. “It’s also chemically very robust and stable, it allows us to use much more energy dense materials inside the battery to cut down a lot of the excess weight in the cell.” (Lithium-Ion Batteries Aren’t Good Enough for Electric Flight. But Maybe Lithium-Metal Is., 2020)

(Lithium-Ion Batteries Aren’t Good Enough for Electric Flight. But Maybe Lithium-Metal Is., 2020)

80

8.04

Flight Paths

When looking into the range a drone can handle, it is rather limited due to the amount of energy that can be held in the battery packs of the drone. However, with the everyday drone currently able to reach a range of 8km, this allows for improvement. With the use of new lithium battery technologies, the drone time can be doubled to one hour; this would give the assumption that the range could then increase to 16km.

With each drone having a single charge and a backup charged battery, this allows for extra distance to be covered if necessary, as well as a backup of energy to return to its tower if the first battery fails. This makes it clear that to maximise efficiency, the living towers would have a radius of 16km to monitor and this would mean other towers must be placed in locations that minimise or eliminate blind spots in the forest. (Dji.com, 2020)

(Dji.com, 2020)

81

9.0 Proof of Concept Part 2

82

83

Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/ authors/ddara" title="dDara">dDara</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/" title="Flaticon"> www. flaticon.com</a>

9.01

Human Interaction 1

Fire Fighters reaction time to a scene

This page focuses on the proof of concept of all aspects of the final design that orientate around the need for human interaction. Human interaction must work at every point of the system for it to work effectively.

(How Fast Do Firefighters Respond? You’ll Soon Find Out, 2020).

84

When combatting a fire in general, the firefighters must get to the scene as fast as possible to allow for immediate preventative methods to be implemented. Shown from data gathered in 2014 “firefighters on average of 1 minute, 15 seconds to get ready, and 4 minutes, 2 seconds to reach their destination citywide.” (How Fast Do Firefighters Respond? You’ll Soon Find Out, 2020).

By enabling a fire control tower with the drone located on top that can create a live feed for the firefighters to look at on route. This can enable the firefighters to react even faster in determining whether they have a use for the plough; whether it would work effectively on the terrain and where it is best to start the use of the plough given the speed and direction of the wind.

Control Centres & Monitoring Systems

Ploughâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to work effectively.

It is important to understand whether the ability to have control centres and monitoring systems available for use would be effective as this is a key aspect of the entire design system. The use of control centres is already used within the use of 999 callers as well as 111. This could be adapted in three ways: add the control centre as part of the 999 callerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role, create a new monitoring station for fire control so fire control and fire stations take control of the monitoring systems and make them the first port of call. Or use the monitoring systems already in place globally, including the USA. These systems have lookouts that monitor for smoke similar to the drone tower.

It is vital to make sure the plough would work when in a range of terrains, the plough must function effectively for the entire system to work to prevent and reduce forest fire spread. The plough is already in the market, it can be displayed as a product that can work on a variety of terrain and angles of terrain; this can be clearly shown in the task analysis of the original product.

By ensuring the control centre and monitoring systems can work effectively, it allows for the entire system to operate seamlessly in detecting forest fires early into the spread of the fire.

85

With the further development of the handles, it ensures the product works for all users as well making the product more effective and ergonomically friendly since it is now designed to work with the body when pushing it forward instead of causing damage to the body.

9.02

Technical Feasability 1

Smoke Detectors This page focuses on the proof of concept of all aspects of the final design. Through understanding the technical feasability of all parts of the product, it allows a better understanding whether the product would work in the real world.

(J. FERN´ANDEZ-BERNI, 2008) (Thermal Imaging Fire Detection System | Smoke Detector Cameras, 2020)

86

The ability to detect smoke is part of the foundations of the entire forest fire detection and prevention system, the smoke detectors would be incorporated into the Drone Tower and are the primary targeting software to identify the key locations where a forest fire may occur.

Shown through a recent study, the use of smoke detection within forest fire prevention is a new technology that has yet to be implemented into a product. The system is “capable of detecting smoke at the very beginning of a forest fire with a precise spatial resolution. The system is based on a wireless vision sensor network.

Each sensor monitors a small area of vegetation by running on-site a tailored vision algorithm to detect the presence of smoke.” (J. FERN´ANDEZ-BERNI, 2008).

By implementing this technology into the Drone Tower, it will allow the tower to accurately detect smoke from a distance and send a drone out when necessary; by doing so, this will help prevent the rapid spread of fire and increase the detection rate.

Fire Detectors

Autonomous Drone Sensors

Alongside smoke detectors, fire detectors can also help achieve a high rate of detection using the drone tower due to the state of the art technology being used; by integrating both smoke and fire detections and bringing the information together it gives for a more accurate reading.

Autonomous Drone Sensors are extremely important in allowing the entire system to work; this is because the drone must be able to autonomously fly to and hover over existing fires to provide a live feed and data. The technology for this is already in use with the use of government drones being used for army use but also with today’s improved technology “Autonomous drones can fly under GPS-aided navigation. These are autonomous programmed flights with GPS way-points.”

Fire can be detected in a variety of ways, but one main way is through thermal imaging. “As well as giving us the ability to analyse heat sources, this data can also be processed by the system itself, allowing for an automated reaction where appropriate. By detecting subtle changes in temperature, thermal imaging fire detection systems react to any areas where temperatures are increasing rapidly, reaching dangerous levels or where embers are developing in pockets not visible to other methods of fire detection.” (Thermal Imaging Fire Detection System | Smoke Detector Cameras, 2020) By implementing this new technology into the Drone Tower, it allows for highly accurate detection systems, that will then improve the detection and prevention of forest fires and the scale that they could spread to.

87

The technology is already around for a drone to be fully autonomous, it simply needs to be introduced into a system and utilised effectively; this is where the drone tower and fire detection systems come in as this will work well with the drone and help prevent fire spread.

9.03

Technical Feasability 2

Thermal Cameras One of the main cameras inside the drone will be the thermal drone, as it allows the firefighters to swap from a normal camera mode to the thermal mode. This allows the firefighters to understand the hottest spots of the fire and when working alongside the wind speed and direction, it also allows the firefighters to understand how it is best to approach the fire most cautiously.

Thermal cameras have been around for many years and are integrated into a variety of drones for both consumers and the military. The ability to implement this feature into the drones would increase the cost of the product due to the price of the part.

(MaxiMet GMX200 Wind Speed and Direction Sensor with Compass, 2020)

88

Drone Cameras

Wind Direction and Speed Detection

Alongside the thermal camera, there will also be a HD 4K camera, this allows the firefighters to swap from a normal image to a thermal image to maximise the information gathered by the drone. With current products and technologies like the Go-Pro, the ability to obtain high-quality recording in a small product is easy in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market.

A key piece of data identified in the primary research was that there were three key pieces of data a firefighter needed when approaching a forest fire: wind speed, wind direction, and humidity. A benefit of the drone system is that it will show a live feed of the fire as well as present these three key data points. The technology to find out this data is already on the market. This is shown with the â&#x20AC;&#x153;MaxiMet GMX200, an ultrasonic wind speed and direction sensor with an electronic compass. This enables the unit to provide apparent wind measurements, average speed and direction together with WMO averages and gust data are also provided. Add GPS to provide true wind and other features.â&#x20AC;?

(MaxiMet GMX200 Wind Speed and Direction Sensor with Compass, 2020)

This allows for the drone to easily hold both the drone camera and thermal camera in one area to detect forest fires and send the live feed to the control centre and then the firefighters.

This feature enables the drone to work out wind direction and speed live as they move towards the fire and it comes together using one designated product that would be attached to the drone.

89

9.04

Technical Feasability 3

Hygrometer A key piece of data identified in the primary research was that there were three key pieces of data a firefighter needed when approaching a forest fire: wind speed, wind direction, and humidity. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hygrometers, or humidity meters, are devices for measuring the level of water vapour (also known as relative humidity, RH) in the atmosphere or other gases.â&#x20AC;? (Hygrometers | Humidity Meter | Fisher Scientific, 2020) This type of product is already used in a variety of industries making it very easy to be brought into a drone as the size of the product is already relatively small. This allows the firefighters to obtain this information consistently.

(Hygrometers | Humidity Meter | Fisher Scientific, 2020) (Mearian, 2020)

90

Wireless Charging Pad There are a variety of methods to wirelessly charge a product, however, one of the more used methods is through a magnetic loop antenna. â&#x20AC;&#x153;A magnetic loop antenna (copper coil) is used to create an oscillating magnetic field, which can create a current in one or more receiver antennas. If the appropriate capacitance is added so that the loops resonate at the same frequency, the amount of induced current in the receivers increases.â&#x20AC;? (Mearian, 2020) By adding this to the product, it enables an easy method of charging the drone from the energy supplied by the solar panels. The coil would be located in both the drone itself, as well as the drone tower stand to allow it to charge inbetween flights. By having a wireless charging pad, it enables the drone to not need a physical connection and limits the likelihood of weathering issues.

91

GPS The GPS that would be installed into the drone as well as the drone tower, enables it to be constantly monitored; it helps orientate the drone in the direction it needs to be going and shows the location of fires through the droneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s GPS coordinates.

The use of GPS has been around for many years and now can require very small components to detect the GPS location of a user.

A great example of this would be the ability to have GPS on mobile phones. Allowing it to easily be installed into the drone without sizing or costing issues.

9.05

Technical Feasability 4

Solar Panels The use of solar panels on the drone tower allows the tower and drone to be completely seperate from the rest of the system when powered as it has its own power supply. This makes it easier for the product to be build as it no longer needs energy cables being placed in hard to reach areas of the forests. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Solar panel manufacturers rate solar output in watts. As a rule of thumb, a rating of 15 watts delivers about 3,600 coulombs (1 AH) per hour of direct sunlight.â&#x20AC;? (Everything You Need to Know About Solar Chargers | BatteryStuff, 2020). This enables enough power to be created to continiuiously charge the drone as well as store excess power into battery packs that will be used in emergency situations.

The use of Solar panels have been around for many years and are both durable and long lasting, making them perfectly suited for the drone tower.

(Everything You Need to Know About Solar Chargers | BatteryStuff, 2020)

92

Thermometer

Battery Life

A simple but necessary technology that must go into the drone is a thermometer. A thermometer is “an instrument for measuring and indicating temperature;” by having a thermometer in the drone, it allows it to measure its internal heat. The internal heat of the drone is very important because since it will be hovering over the fire, it must readjust it’s height depending on the level of heat it is attracting from the fire, as to not overheat the drone and cause it to become faulty and stop working completely.

An important aspect of the drone is the battery life it can hold when in flight. “Some drones can fly for longer than the above range like the DJI Mavic 2 Zoom that can fly for 31 minutes.” This is a very low flight time so to create a longer flight time, the best method would be to either increase the battery size; increase the charging speed and add more than one drone on each tower to enable the drones to rotate from charging to flying to allow for constant visual without a fault in the drones falling.

93

9.06

Communication 1

Live Camera from the Drone This page focuses on the proof of concept of all aspects of the final design.

Through understanding the communication feasability of all parts of the product, it allows a better understanding whether the product would work in the real world.

Having cameras attached to the drone is one of the key aspects of the use of the drone as these cameras provide a live feed to both the control centre and the fire department to help assess what issues are presented form this fire. The use of both thermal and normal camera mode, allows the firefighters to understand how to position the ground crew to areas with minimal risk of increased heat and damage.

The use of a live camera on a drone has been used within government systems for many years in the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. However, in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technology, it can be completed in a variety of ways such as being sent through the internet or directly to a computer. As â&#x20AC;&#x153;Streaming live from a drone just involves getting the video signal over to one of those services.â&#x20AC;? (Cheng, 2020) This technology is very clearly possible already and could easily be implemented into the design without a great deal of added cost or time.

(Cheng, 2020)

94

Drone Data

Tower to Drone Communication

The ability to send over key data such as the wind speed and direction, as well as the current humidity is the second most vital part of the entire design, alongside the live camera feed. Research has shown that these data points have shown to be extremely valuable to firefighters and enable them to make a quick decision as to how to initially tackle the fire.

The ability to have communication between the tower and the drone itself is very important, as this enables the system to stay autonomous throughout the beginning stages.

The method of transferring the drone data live would work in parallel to the methods used in sending a live camera feed. These two key parts of drones will be sent through the Wi-Fi device or directly to a single screen.

95

This method of communication through machine to machine technology has been used in a variety of different uses and products globally. This is the ability for two or more products to talk to each other through personal connections or wifi allowing them to co-ordinate methods of going about certain tasks. This works very well with the firefighter system as the tower can communicate to the drones and then the drones can communicate with each other.

9.07

Communication 2

Transference of Live Feed One crucial aspect of the system is the ability of the control centre to judge the severity of the fire that has been detected and then, if necessary, pass along the live drone feed and data form the drone to the closest firefighting station. For this to occur, the technology must be around to send the live feed to a separate device; if the live feed was transferred continuously through the internet, then that would mean it could be further forwarded to the firefighters and offer a real time overview of the dangers.

(A firefighterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s guide to communicating via twoway portable radios, 2020)

96

Firefighter Communication

Drone to Drone

A key component in all firefighting is the ability to communicate between firefighters; this is especially true when communicating to the firefighting crew on how to successfully plough the oncoming fire, shown by the live drone feed, in a safe method.

Another vital aspect of the overall design is the ability for the drones to communicate amongst each other to maximise the amount of data being transferred to the firefighters.

A key method used most often is “the two-way portable radio is an integral part of Firefighting and operational safety. If there is ever a moment of equality in the fire service, it is when the microphone of a two-way radio is keyed. Critical information and important updates know no rank during an emergency. For this reason, all firefighters must be proficient in the use of two-way portable radio.” (A firefighter’s guide to communicating via two-way portable radios, 2020)

This method of technology is integrated into a variety of areas of both the design and in technologies today, shown previously when looking into the proof of concept for the drone to tower communication.

With the current technology of the two-way radio, it means that all communication about the fire being shown on the drones’ live feed can be easily communicated by all levels of the fire department.

97

The use of wireless communication allows for the drones to communicate with each other on a variety of issues, such as direction and location of the fire, battery power and when drones need to rotate to maximise the live feed.

9.08

Plough Usage 1

Attatching the Plough to the Trailer This page focuses on the proof of concept of all aspects of the final design.

Through understanding the Plough Usage. It allows a better understanding whether the product would work in the real world.

(Motorised hand tractor Jansen MGT-270, 2020)

98

Another key area that must be checked in whether the plough would effectively fit onto the back of a trailer to then be moved towards the fire site, as this would be the fastest method to move the product to the site because it would be constantly mobile.

The product would be dimensioned as a 1400mm x 630mm; this is far lower than the size of a normal car that would commonly have trailers to move them, this shows that the product would easily fit on all trailers no matter the size.

Efficiency when using the Plough The plough will be used to quickly dig up control lines along the incoming border of a forest fire that was identified by the drone tower and drone camera. The original method when creating a control line was the use a Pulaski tool; due to the plough being electronically powered and with the added design refinement on the handles to make it more ergonomic, this design will be far more efficient than the original design.

This design has shown to work through the task analysis of the product as well as the product research as it is already a manufactured product. This shows that it would work as a concept. (Motorised hand tractor Jansen MGT-270, 2020).

99

10.0 User Interface

10.01

Task Analysis List: Operating the Motorised Hand Tractor

1. He walks towards the front of the hand tractor and bends over to pull the ignition cord to begin the engine 2. He walks to the back of the tractor and grabs the left handle 3. He then bends down and pulls the right release mechanism to allow him to move 4. He struggles to pull the mechanism and attempts it for the second time.

5. Pushing down on the left trigger on the handle, the wheels begin to rotate 6. He walks forward on a flat surface 7. He releases the trigger and rolls the product down the hill 8. Pulls out the right mechanism to unlock the cutter 9. Pulls the right mechanism to put the product in gear 10. He holds down the safety button and the trigger and it turns on and starts rotating 11. He pushes it up the hill whilst also holding the trigger 12. He releases the trigger and rotates the product to face down the hill.

102

10.02

Task Analysis Summary

Issue: One issue shown through the task analysis was the difficulty to move the product in various terrains without dragging the body and feet behind the product so they do not step on the product.

Posture Problems: There were several posture problems during this stage of the task analysis including upper body and back being inclining forward with a slight bend of the knees to not collide with the product, causing staggering of the feet.

Solutions: A key solution to this issue would be to design fully adjustable handles with new and safe activation methods. This is because if designed properly, it would help the user push the product more effectively and keep them in a more neutral position.

Issue: The second major issue shown through the task analysis was the difficulty to push the product forward on any forward terrain such as flat or uphill terrain.

Posture Problems: There were several posture problems during this stage of the task analysis, including back and upper body is severely inclined forward with legs extremely bent and holding a lot of force. The arms are stretched forward putting heavy pressure on the wristsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and shoulders.

Solutions: Similar to the first solution, with improved handles to the product, the use? could stand in a more efficient and ergonomic position to allow them to push the product forward with less strain on their legs and arms.

Fire Fighter Interview After the completion of the task analysis, the analysed product was then sent to the fire fighter who then spoke gave his ideas about why this product might not work in a fire fighting scenario. It is really important to get this information because from a designer point of view, this product solved many issues already facing firefighters today and so there must be a clear reason as to why they are currently not using this product.

103

When interviewing the firefighter, his main comment was, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;I can see it is a very useful piece of kit and would be great to make a fire break. If you had a few of them working together and you had time to plan ahead and know exactly which way the fire will travel then it would be useful. But as I stated before the main problem to consider is wind speed/fire spread you have to act quickly so putting firefighters to work with water and beaters is the best and quickest optionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The feedback was better than expected as it proved that this design could work if it had the ability to know what the speed and direction of the fire was, perhaps on a live map. This requirement is met with the use of the drone and tower, demonstrating that the idea as a whole would work effectively for its intended purpose.

10.03

Ergonomics of the Motorised Hand Tractor During this page, the focus is on understanding what the current dimensions of the product are. The task analysis showed that the lack of room to walk forward and the height of the handles were the key issues; both of these issues were fixed through adjustable handles. This next step focuses on understanding what the current dimensions of the product are and how this compares to the 5th and 95th percentiles as well what other products are offering in the same field. From this, a design envelope can be created and the correct measurements can be found.

Measurements A. Length of handle grip: 138mm B. Distance from the floor to the handle base: 975.15mm C. Length of the first part of the handle: 377.46mm D. Length of the second part of the handle: 420.87mm E. Stride Distance-Flap up: 368.84 F. Stride Distance-Flap down: 166.73 G. Fulcrum point to the handle: 1193.32

104

10.04

Competitor Ergonomic Analysis

Blue Ridge is a cordless lawn mower prides itself on having an ergonomically designed handle.

With the handle being curved, it enables the user to hold any point along the handle that best fits them . This choice improves the amount of people who can use this product ergonomically.

Measurements Distance from floor to handle base: 844.53mm Stride distance: 412mm Length of the handle bar: 611mm Length of handle grip: 103mm Type of handle bar Single hand holders with wrap around support.

Distance from floor to handle base: 900mmm Stride distance: 317mm Length of the handle bar: 839.61mm Length of handle grip: 100mm Type of handle bar: Curved handle bar

Hillvert Electric tiller has a product usage very similar to the motorised hand tractor, although this design is smaller scale and garden focused.

The handles come out from both side and enable an easy pushing motion. However, this design does not account for as large of a range of ergonomic percentiles.

The Sherpa Power Barrel has two singular handles and both having slightly different technical functions. However, due to the products focus being the ability to life the wheelbarrow up, this design makes this the most effective design to use.

105

Measurements

Measurements Distance from floor to handle base: 894.78mm Stride distance: 465mm Length of the handle bar: 802.71mm Length of handle grip: 200mm Type of handle bar: Two singular handles

10.05

Ergonomics of the body To understand the best method of gripping onto a product, the product must follow a few rules. “Force is exerted most effectively when hand and handle interact in compression rather than shear. Hence, it is better to exert a thrust perpendicular to the axis of a cylindrical handle than along the axis. If the latter is necessary a knob on the end will give extra purchase. All sharp edges or other surface features, which cause pressure hot spots when gripped, should be eliminated.”

This shows a hand must fit effectively around the diameter of the product for the best force to be held.

As well as this, a neutral wrist position would also allow further force to be exerted. Shown in the figure on the right. (Pheasant and Haslegrave, n.d.)

When understanding the body and how it would interact with the plough system, it is important to understand the measurements that need to be taken into account during the design process.

(Pheasant and Haslegrave, n.d.)

(What Are The Three Types Of Grip | Fitness Classes in Raleigh NC, 2020)

The main dimensions that must be taken into account is stature to ensure any person between the 5th and 95th percentile can use the product at their height.

Standing elbow height also needs to be considered because it is at this pivoting position that most of the force will be exerted to push the product forward.

Another key point to look into is stride length, there is minimal data on stride length because it is extremely varied depending on a variety of variables. The 50th percentile of a stride is 787.4mm. With the 5th percentile range being at around 457.2mm and the 95th being around 850mm. (Pheasant and Haslegrave, n.d.)

Another key areas to focus on when gripping and pushing a product is the type of grips that can be used as there are three main grips: crush grip, pinch grip and support grip. Crush grips are mostly used for crushing products or handshakes, pinch grips focus on using the finger and thumb to hold something and finally the support grip would be used “when you have to hold onto something for long periods of time”; this would be the grip used when working on a plough machine. (What Are The Three Types Of Grip | Fitness Classes in Raleigh NC, 2020) Body Dimension

Male: 5 th

Male: 95 th

Female: 5 th

Female: 95th

Standing Heights 1

Stature

1625

1855

1595

1710

2

Standing Eye Height

1515

1745

1405

1610

3

Standing Shoulder Height:

1315

1535

1215

1405

4

Standing Elbow Height

1005

1180

930

1085

5

Standing Knuckle Height:

690

825

660

780

Sitting Heights 6

Sitting Shoulder Height

540

645

505

610

7

Sitting Scapular Height

405

480

380

450

8

Sitting Lumbar Height

195

285

195

265

9

Sitting Sacral Height

125

200

130

200

10

Sitting Height

340

970

795

365

Hands 11

Hand Length

175

205

160

190

12

Hand Breadth Metacarpal

78

95

69

83

13

Hand Breadth Across Thumb

97

114

84

99

14

Index Finger Thickness

17

21

14

18

15

Hand Thickness Metacarpal

27

38

24

33

16`

Hand Thickness Across Thumb

44

58

40

50

17

Index Finger Breadth

19

23

16

20

Body Width

106

18

Shoulder Breadth Bideltoid

420

510

355

435

19

Chest Breadth

275

345

235

295

20

Hip Breadth

310

405

310

435

10.06

(Grip Strength Training Exercises for Building Crush, Pinch & Support Grip Strength, 2020).

107

Handle Grip and Orientation

As shown in the previous page, the grip that works best when using the plough would be the support grip; this is the â&#x20AC;&#x153;most common type of grip strength. It is used when holding on to something such as a hammer or a suitcase, (...) developing this strength enables you to maintain a solid hold.â&#x20AC;? (Grip Strength Training Exercises for Building Crush, Pinch & Support Grip Strength, 2020).

Guided by the research gathered, the handle must fit into two possible hand positions. The first being shown on the right, with the hand at a neutral position, and with minimal bend to the elbow to disperse the force being put onto the handle. This establishes that when designing the product it must have a vertical design aspect on it for the user to push forward both effectively and ergonomically. This design would work best if the handles were separate and did not join in one long curve unlike the design below.

The second hand position that would keep the user at a neutral position would be the position shown on the left. With the handle being curved into one long bar, this enables the user to pick and choose where they decide to place their hand that best fits them. However, even though they can choose the hand placement, it still gives the user a neutral hand position when pushing the product. This design correlates similarly to shopping carts that use the same premise; these products are well known for its ergonomic design.

10.07

108

Handle Redesign Specification Target Market

The Target Market will be aimed at all firefighters working on doing control lines that have ages vary from 18 up to 55 years old and can be both male and female in the design of the product.

Functions

The handle must be fitted and designed in a way that it is accessable in a neutral and comfortable position to all users. This includes anyone in the 5th to 95th percentile range.

Materials

To ensure the products are fit for such hazardous conditions created in and surrounding a forest fire, the product must have carefully selected materials that match the properties required to survive in that climate.

Ergonomic Sizes

The handle must match all ergonomic sizes of all users. whilst also allowing users to push the product with maximum force.

Manufaturing

The manufacturing process must not be too complicated and difficult to mass-produce since many of these systems/ products will need to be designed in large quantities to tackle the fire effectively.

Cost

Due to the product being manufactured for the Fire Rescue Service, the cost must be as low as possible to enable it to be able to be sold to as many government bodies as possible.

Aesthetic

The handle will need to fit with the aesthetic of the current product and also designed to maximise efficiency of use and keeping ergonomics in mind throughout the design process.

Product Life Cycle

The Product Life Cycle should be a lifetime. However, with the products being used in such harsh conditions, they may need to be repaired or renewed after 5+ years.

Quality Assurance

The product must go through accurate testing to ensure a high quality of manufacturing that entails the product from not breaking under necessary stress.

Health & Safety

The health and safety regulations will be considered throughout the design process to enable the product to not endanger the firefighters when in use in treacherous terrain.

Project Planning

Microsoft Project Planner will be used throughout the project to ensure the project is kept on track throughout.

10.08

Design Envelope Plough Dimensions

Current Plough Body Dimensions Dimensions (mm) 44.47 Maximum Grip Diameter 138 Hand Breadth (Metacarpal) N/A Forward Grip Reach 138 Shoulder Breadth (Biacromial) 368.84 Stride

Numerical Body Dimensions (mm) 43

Critical Percentile (%) 5th

Male/Female Female

38

95th

Male

845

95th

Male

440

95th

Male

850

95th

Male

N/A

Elbow Height

1195

95th

Male

N/A

Elbow Height

940

5th

Female

N/A

Hand Length

159

5th

Female

Button Press Distance

313.25

Thumb Length

40

5th

Female

Reaching for levers

445.82

Knuckle Height

5th

Female

Handle Diameter Handle Grip Width Handle Reach Handle Depth Handle to Cutter Length Maximum heigh of handles Minimum heigh of handles Break Distance

109

Plough Flap Collision Issue

1.

10.09

As shown in the figure below, when the 95th percentile is using the product, there is a severe collision between the stride length and the plough flap, this causes the user to walk in an unergonomic position; this causes damage to the body over time as well as making the product less efficient to use.

As shown in the figure above, when the 5th percentile is using the product, there is a severe collision between the stride length and the plough flap. This shows it occurring on both the 5th and 95th percentile and wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t work for most of the users, this creates a poor ergonomic design.

110

10.10

Handle Redesign for 5th and 95th percentile adjustments.

As shown in the 5th percentile figure above, the user can successfully stride forward without colliding with the plough flap, thus enabling an easy pushing method.

In this example these is no extensions or adjustments being used but it solely using the normal frame to move the product along.

As shown in the 95th percentile figure below, the user can successfully stride forward without colliding with the plough flap enabling an easy pushing method. This design has extended at areas marked 1 and 2. These adjustments can be slowly modified on both sections to enable any user from the 5th up to the 95th to use the product successfully without ergonomic issues.

1.

2.

111

11.0 Design Development

11.01

CAD Development A key focus is understanding the form and manufacturing of the drone and looking into the specific mechanics of the product.

This is vital as its a key part of ensuring the product can be effectively manufactured and put together. Areas of focus are on the form, imaging, data gathering and transmission of data, as these form the foundations of FRS MoPro Systems.

The next stage looked into how the design would focus around the living tower and keeping it as biomimetic as possible with the surrounding aesthetic. Another focus was allowing as much energy to be brought in from the solar panels to operate the product.

114

Understanding the brandings of each individual product, as well as the system is integral in creating a longstanding brand and relationship. Through research and redesign, the overall system name was phrased as FRS MoPro Systems. With the individual names being MoDrone, Living Tower and ProPlough.

Another key focus is around how the drones will charge and stay up on the tower with minimal to no human intervention; by adding a wireless charging point as well as a roofing for the product, it allows for an improved design.

115

The next stage of the development of the tower was understanding how the tower would stand through all conditions. The final design idea focuses on using reinforced concrete and bolts to hold the main structure, as well as side concrete anchors to keep the tower from swaying during high wind speeds.

The final step of the concept development process, focused on finalising the product and brandings of the entire systems.

116

A key aspect around designing the handles focused on the ergonomic design of them; this can be shown in the user interface section.

The first focus of the plough after the handle was the overall main frame of the product to ensure that the entire product can fit together and the mechanisms work effectively.

117

11.02

Final Designs FRS MoPro Systems focuses on three sections: the living tower, the MoDrone and the ProPlough.

The Living Towers would be placed in specific locations across a high risk forest to allow full coverage of the forest. These towers automatically detect the landscape for smoke and signs of fire; when smoke is detected, the drone that sits on top is sent over to the smoke.

The MoDrone sends a live camera feed and thermal feed, as well as wind humidity, speed and direction to a control centre where they manually check if the fire is a threat. If the fire is found to be a threat, the feed and data will be transferred to the nearby firefighters who will then use the live feed and data to determine whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the best approach. The number one use of deterring forest fires is through the use of control lines, and this is where the plough can then be accessed.

The ProPlough, when used effectively, can plough through fields at speeds far faster than the current Pulaski tool that is used and this can enable the fire to be tackled and dealt with at a much faster rate.

118

119

12.00 Product Specification

12.01

Product Specification - FRS MoPro Systems

The FRS MoPro Systems can be used globally with a variety of different applications and is suited for a range of consumers from large government bodies, integrating the systems nationwide, down to local farmers who intend to use the simpler products to manage fires around their land. The FRS MoPro Systems are an accumulation of three key products: the living tower, the MoDrone and the ProPlough; these three products can work individually or as one whole ecosystem of products. The MoDrone is stationed on top of the Living Tower; when the Living Tower detects symptoms of a fire in its horizon, such as smoke or flames perching through the canopy, then the MoDrone will be autonomously sent over to this location. When the MoDrone is stationed above the possible forest fire site, it sends a live feed of normal imaging, thermal imaging and data on the wind speed and direction, as well as humidity to the forest fire control centre. The control centre will look at the image and data provided and determine whether this is a threat of a forest fire, or if it is a false alarm such as campers. If the control centre determines it to be a threat, the live feed and data from the MoDrone will be transferred to the local fire department, where they will use this information, to plan how to tackle the fire. If a control line is required to minimise forest damage and fire spread, the fire department will launch the ProPlough; this is a series of portable ploughs that will be used to quickly remove all fuel from the ground in front of the path of the fire, leading to the fire to stop spreading.

The FRS MoPro Systems is the first of its kind and a leader in the push for better developed products for the firefighting service.

There is not a singular product globally that can monitor and protect large forest landscape as effectively as MoPro Systems.

The pricing for this one of a kind system comes down to three main packages: the deluxe system package, the locals package and the individual package. The individuals package focuses on the individual consumers such as farmers who aim to protect their land.

This would include a single MoDrone that is linked to the firefighting service to enable the farmer to quickly send for help if they detect a fire and a two year warranty and this package would cost £4500.

The locals package will then focus on a smaller scale system, aiming to protect certain acres of land that could be deemed valuable for locals, habitats or agriculture; possible consumers could include large business owners or conservationists. This package includes four MoDrones, one Living Tower and a control centre that is linked to the firefighting service locally. This package will not only include a 5 year warranty, it will also include a subscription fee to allow MoProSystems to constantly house and monitor the control centre. The overall charge of this package would be £530,000 with a £10,000 a year subscription fee; if the client would like to add more towers to their package, for greater land coverage, this would increase the price by £150,000.

The final deluxe package focuses on MoPro Systems having an integral part in this clients system for the life time of the product.

Which is why this system includes: 40 MoDrones, 10 Living Towers, one Large control centre, 10 ProPloughs, and a lifetime guarantee and warrantee. This would come at a fixed cost of £2.8 million and with an annual subscription fee of £100,000, to allow for consistent maintenance.

122

For a consumer to achieve one of these packages, they must first sign the proposal and then transfer a 25% upfront payment cost, and at this point, MoPro System engineers will come onto the site to determine what is best for each individual client and will move forward on the project from there; for more information they can also see the terms and conditions demonstrated in the Appendices.

Technical Details • • • • • • • • • •

Vehicle Name: ProPlough Drive: Petrol engine Gears: 4 forward and 3 reverse Transmission: Chain Differential lock: yes (can be disabled) Tank capacity: 5 L Device drive: Power take off (P.T.O) - can be disabled Fuel type: Petrol Dimensions: 140x63x115 cm (LxWxH) Dimensions of packaging: 120x80x92 cm (LxWxH)

• • • • • • • •

Vehicle Name: MoDrone Drive: Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Gears: Autonomous Driving Transmission: Automatic Device Drive: Power Take-off Fuel Type: Electric Dimensions: Weight: 31kg

Materials Information • • • • • •

Stainless Steel PolyPropelyne Steel PET HDPE Copper

123

Health and Safety A key factor when producing and selling these systems, is ensuring a high level of health and safety checks, and this is why the entire system will be checked that they meet health and safety regulations. The products will also have multiple checks when they are manufactured and built into a working system, to ensure the system will not fail.

13.0 Design for Manufacture Part 6

13.01

Manufacturing Introduction

During this section, the main focus will be around understanding the details of the system, with the main focuses being on materials, costing and manufacturing processes. By going through these areas, it can be determined what will be the best fit for the product when it comes to the durability of the materials, the price increase on the product to account for the obtaining of the materials and manufacturing. As well as improve the understanding of how the business can operate with all of this in place and whether the business and market it is focusing on is viable.

126

13.02 Exploded Drawing ProPlough

Plough Shell Top Bar Handles Trigger

Adjustment Handles Adjustment Handles

Main Attachment Structure Engine Engine Shell Engine Front Rack

127

Cultivator Flap Cultivator Flap Cultivator Wheel Axel Wheel Wheel Rim

13.03 Exploded Drawing MoDrone Drone Top

Main Body Top Wind/Humidity Monitor

Rotator Pin Rotator Rotator Arms

Drone Bottom

Under Lighting Camera Drone Feet

Camera Protector

128

Charging Coil

13.04 Exploded Drawing Living Tower

Solar Panel Branches Battery

Solar Panels Sensors Drone Landing Pad

Solar Panels Bird Bath

Stability Line Beam Attachment

Metal Stand Base Reinforcement

Stability Lines

Concrete Anchor Point Concrete Base

129

13.05

Material Selection Materials

Material Components

Manufacturing Process Material/ Process Reasoning 130

Stainless Steel

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Rotator Pins Rotators Metal Bolts Metal Stand Stability Lines Adjustment Handle Wheel Axel Engine Front Rack Engine Main Attachment Structure Cultivator Handle Cultivator/Plough Attachment

Welding, Blanking and Die Casting, Pressing

The use of stainless steel has a number of benefits, as it is an extremely aesthetic and versatile material. It is both durable and great for outdoors, due to its lack of ability to rust. This helps keep the aesthetic and the strength of the product. Welding and Blanking would be the key methods as its low cost and gives a sleek finish.

Silicon • • •

Top Handle Bars Wheels Plough Adjustment Handles

Injection Moulding

The use of Silicon provides both good insulation as well as grip/traction.

Silicon can be a handy attachment to a handle as it provides an easier grip to the product. Injection moulding is perfect for Silicon as it can be injection moulded onto a previously made part, making the product even more secure.

PolyPropelyne • • • • • • • • • •

Drone Top Rotator Arms Middle Frame Thermal Camera Holder Drone Bottom Drone Landpad Drone Wireless Charger Trigger Trigger Holder Plough Shell

Injection Moulding

The use of PolyPropelyne is perfect for the drone and plough because it is highly fire proof and insulating. This provides it the perfect properties to withstand a forest fire environment. The use of Injection Moulding will be the key method of manufacture for these products because it will be a lower cost when manufacturing large scale, and it give a clean and smooth finish.

Steel • • • • • • • • • • •

Main Steel Beam Wind/Humidity Sensor Transmitter Bird Bath Stability Line Connector Stability Line Beam Attachment Solar Panel Connector Solar Panel Branches Sensor Top Sensor Bottom Cultivator

Welding, Blanking and Die Casting,

Steel is extremely similar to stainless steel, however, it lacks a high quality Aesthetic.

However, it has the highest strength to weight ratio; this makes it perfect for construction.

Since steel is so similar to stainless steel, it will also follow the same methods of manufacturing.

131

Copper • •

Wireless Charging Coil Wireing

Extrusion

The use of copper is required to allow for efficient energy transfer when wireless charging from the Living Tower to the MoDrone. Copper is often extruded to make the wiring effective, and since this is its key use, extrusion is the only process that is needed.

ABS Plastic

Concrete • •

Main Concrete Base Side Concrete Anchors

Pouring (Bought In) Concrete is durable and cheap to install, by pouring it into the ground, it will become extremely heavy and durable, and allows the poles to stay upright without movement from wind or external factors. The method of concrete is relatively simple, as it focuses on pouring the concrete into the hole; it is the metal, frame within the hole that reinforces the concrete.

• • • • • • • •

Sensors Under Lighting Drone Feet Lithium Battery Pack Solar Panel Cultivator Shell External Shell Attachment Cultivator Flap

Vaccuum forming, Injection Moulding Similarly to PolyPropelyne, ABS has a high resistance to heat and it has a high insulator ability. This allows it to work for areas where high energy or kinetic energy can hit it and not cause heat damage. A key method for manufacturing of ABS would be through vaccum forming and injection moulding, as it creates a clean finish and can be produced in high quantities for low costs. Once tooling costs are paid for.

13.06

Material Selection - Overview

In the next few pages, the focus is on what main materials are best suited to the products within the system. To accurately understand what materials would be most suitable in general, the graph on the right was plotted; this focused on melting point and price because the system must be cost-effective to manufacture whilst also ensuring its key function, to work in a fire, can be completed and that is why it must have a high melting point.

The four main materials that would make up the entire system are Steel, Stainless Steel, PolyPropelyne, and Concrete. When plotting some of these materials onto the graph, it is clear they all pass the first stage of whether these materials would fit the requirements for the product. They all contain an extremely high melting point of over 200 degrees Celcius and have a cost lower than ÂŁ10/Kg.

132

133

13.07

Material Selection - Steel

This graph looks into all materials and compares the price of the product to the density of the product. By doing this, it shows the variety of materials that could be selected for the products as it needs to be lightweight and at a good price to keep the costs to manufacture low. A key material that stands out is Stainless Steel Honeycomb, as this has a low density, making it lightweight and great for manufacture. However, as well as this, it also has a low price on the material.

134

This graph also highlights the level of tensile strength that stainless steel has within it, and as the graph explains.

The tensile strength for stainless steel is very high; although it can degrade, it takes a long time for this to occur, making it a perfectly suited material for the application of the Living Tower and MoDrone.

This table accurately shows the level of durability stainless steel has to a variety of outside factors. Key areas of durability the product must endure are UV radiation, flammability and fresh water . This is because the product will constantly be sat outside where rain and sun damage could be an issue, and it is also used to combat fires, so it must be resistant to fire.

Shown by the table, the use of stainless steel matches all of these qualities. It is a non-flammable material and it has excellent UV radiation and fresh water durability.

135

13.08

Material Selection - PolyPropelyne

This graph looks into specifically where PolyPropelyne fits into its ability to resist water damage over long periods, relative to its price. This is because this system will be out in the natural environment for its entire life cycle; this means that it must be weather proof because otherwise the material will not be suitable for this product.

136

This table accurately shows the level of durability PolyPropelyne has to a variety of outside factors. Key areas of durability the product must have are UV Radiation,flammability and fresh water. This is because the product will constantly be sat outside where rain and sun damage could be an issue, and it is used to combat fires, so it must be resistant to fire.

Also, since the use of PolyPropelyne will be used on the underside of the MoDrone, it must be as flame-resistant as possible since it will get the most heat when flying over the fires.

Shown by the table, the use of PolyPropelyne matches most of these qualities. It is rated excellent in its durability of all water sources and although it is poor in the UV radiation section, this is not an issue as it will not be placed in areas that are heavily hit by sunlight.

Finally, it is also self-extinguishing which works perfectly for its application of being directly above the heat.

137

13.09

Additional Costs Additional Costs When creating a business and manufacturing the products to sell, there is a number of fixed costs that is accumulated during this process. These can include tooling costs, labour costs and shipping costs. When designing a product, especially a system as large as FRS MoPro Systems, there is a large amount of costs that go into creating the tools for injection moulding, casting and others. As well as this, the price to afford employees to oversee the manufacturing of the products and then having these products be shipped through boats or planes can cost a significant amount.

Total Costs Due to the scale of the entire system, the ability to accurately understand the costings of each individual product is not entirely possible, due to the bespoke nature of the design and system. The system costings will vary depending on the product and scale of manufacture.

138

139

Appel, JA. 2019. [Online]. [04/05/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/NeTPASr-bmQ

2

3

5

9

12

13

7

1 6

4

10

13.10

11

8

18

12

11

17

14

13

15

19

16

8 7

10

9 6

5

2

3

4 1

13.11

1 2 3

4

16 8 10

15

11

14 12

7

17 18

6 5

20

9 13

13.12

19

13.13

Component Drawings

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Matt

Following the General Arrangement Drawings, a key focus must also be on the individual components of the products, as this enables manufacturers to be able to collect all of these drawings and successfully recreate and build each individual component. To show a demonstration of components being created, the components of the Living Drone Tower has been created; this can be seen in the appendices.

143

14.0 Marketing

144

Marketing

Markting Review

Legal

SWAT PESTLE

145

Commercial Viability

14.01

Marketing Introduction

In this marketing section, the focus will be on understanding how the FRS MoPro Systems will move into the market, create a profit and move forward into long term income stability for the company. Through looking into how this business can be a success, there will also be a focus into past methodologies that can be used to improve the way a business operates and help it reflect and succeed. The methodologies include: Maslowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hierarchy of Needs, Ansoff Matrix, Boston matrix as well as many others. By the end of this marketing section, there should be a detailed approach laid out as to how this business will succeed and improve when launching its first product.

146

Nic, N. 2017. [Online]. [23/04/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/MAgPyHRO0AA

14.02

Target Market - Persona

A key focus when looking into the market that the product is being implemented into, is to investigate the persona of the consumer and the customer. The persona is understanding what segments of the market would be interested in the products being sold; this could include: age, gender, household income, etc. “Creating buyer personas (…) is an essential step in segmenting a market.

Personas help marketers identify the needs, characteristics, and desires of different groups of prospects” (Exchange.cim.co.uk, 2020). To enable a well-developed persona of a product or company it must be properly segmented. Segmentation is “The division of the market place into distinct subgroups or segments, each characterised by particular tastes and requiring a specific marketing mix.” (Marketingexpert.cim.co.uk, 2020).

One of the main methods of identifying a user’s persona is through the use of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, life style stages, social class and where they live (ACORN). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is the most vital method of segmentation for FRS MoPro Systems as it “reflects a linear pattern of growth depicted in a direct pyramidal order of ascension.”

(The Theory of Self-Actualization, 2020) By reflecting on where someone is within their life it allows a business to understand what they may be looking for next in their life, and then aim their advertising to those who best fit that level. FRS MoPro Systems fits the second necessary need of safety, this shows how highly required this system is; this also allows for easier marketing as it’s a necessary product.

(Exchange.cim.co.uk, 2020) (Marketingexpert.cim. co.uk, 2020) (The Theory of Self-Actualization, 2020)

147

The other areas that can be looked into for segmentation is the life cycle stages of someone’s life such as whether they are married or not and have kids. Another area to look into is the social class of the user, as this could change their perception of cost and whether they would be able to pay for a product.

Finally you can look into what location someone is located in, also known as ACORN (Achievers, Urban Properties, Comfortably Off, Moderate Means and Hard Pressed), as this can show what locations would be better to be marketed towards.

14.03

Target Market - Persona The persona behind the FRS MoPro Systems is less orientated around the segmentation of the user and more focused upon the segmentation of the buyer; this is due to the product functioning as a B2B (Business to Business) product. This is any “Business that sells products or provides services to other businesses.”.

(Marketing Terms, 2020).

This means that the persona would not focus on the usual personal buyer, but would focus the attention to a few key areas: the suppliers of the current firefighter service equipment, individual fire departments as well as the government to aim for national implementation of the product.

To accurately segment this niche market of business to business transactions, it is important to understand the unique selling point of the product. What psychological factors would determine their decision to move forward in the implementation of the product? Which buying role is the product aiming to impress? And how does this product become a key part of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? This is “a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up.”

(McLeod S, 2020) FRS MoPro Systems is a multifaceted system that integrates into all services of the fire department; monitors and detects issues regarding nature and wildlife on a possible national stage, whilst improving the efficiency and management of loss of land due to forest fires. This product is focused on helping the buyer to understand that this integration of the MoPro System would improve the environment and save wildlife, communities and the economy from possible destruction at different levels. These key psychological factors can be reasons for why this product is vital for their company, as this follows into how this system could be seen as a ‘Safety Need’ when looking at Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as it would provide immense safety to a number of stakeholders.

(Marketing Terms, 2020) (McLeod S, 2020)

148

14.04

Target Market - Scenario Understanding the scenario that the product is being implemented into allows the company to better focus the product design and marketing channel, a scenario is “a description of possible actions or events in the future.”

(Dictionary.cambridge.org, 2020). When the scenario is obtained, the product can be designed and marketed around who the consumers and customers are.

“Over the past 10 years, there were an average of 67,000 wildfires annually and an average of 7.0 million acres burned annually;” (WildfireStats, 2020) these figures are expected to rise with time. The world is now seeing how little the world has in place to detect and combat these fires, which is where the need for FRS MoPro Systems begins. The FRS MoPro System begins with the living tower. The living tower is a cluster of detection towers that are spread out over high-risk forest fire locations; on top of these towers is a smoke and fire detection system and when a fire is spotted, the MoDrone is activated. The MoDrone is a drone fitted with live camera technology, infrared cameras, wind and humidity detection; the drone will fly to the possible fire location and send all of the drone’s data to a control centre. An employee at the control centre will then look at the footage and the data, and determine whether it is a forest fire or not. If a forest fire is identified, this data will be passed along to the firefighters who will then use the data given to prepare a plan of attack. If it is required, the firefighters will then deploy the ploughs that will create control lines around the fire to decrease the spreading rate of the fire.

(Dictionary.cambridge. org, 2020) (WildfireStats, 2020)

149

150

H Tong, DH.T. 2017. [Online]. [15/04/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/dND3d2rPVc8

14.05

(Marketingexpert.cim. co.uk, 2020)

151

Situational Awareness - PESTLE

Political Environmental Social T echnology L egal Economical

To enable a greater understanding of the market; how the market affects the business and how this may affect the product range of the organisation, a closer look at the macro environment of the market is necessary. This is focused on looking into â&#x20AC;&#x153;the external factors which affect an organisationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s planning and performance and are beyond its control. It includes factors such as socio-economic, legal and technological change. These include Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal.â&#x20AC;?

(Marketingexpert.cim.co.uk, 2020). By understanding all these areas, this enables the organisation to make predictive moves on expansion methods in the company; it also enables products to be launched or held back depending on market movements.

14.06

PESTLE - Political Strengths/ Threats

Reference

With locations like Australia being consistently hit by forest fires and natural disasters, politicians are trying to ensure the impact on the local economy is as minimal as possible, as the amount of money that is being required to spend will lower their budget.

This is a threat because with the government having smaller budgets, they may not afford the high costs for a fully integrated MoPro System.

(HuffPost is now a part of Verizon Media, 2020)

With forest fires becoming a rising issue globally, there will be a knock-on effect with increased health worries as the forest fires become worse; if those with respiratory diseases begin to suffer due to the forest fires, then the government would feel it is necessary to begin implementing new technologies to stop or slow down fire spread, that would, in turn, minimise damage to health.

This is a strength to MoPro systems because as the government becomes pushed to find a solution to improve the health of its citizens, it can pay for systems such as the MoPro system to implement into their country.

(How Wildfires Affect Our Health, 2020)

3. Protecting peoples livelihoods.

Similarly to the issues surrounding the health of its citizens, another key issue that the government will need to sort out is implementing safeguards to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s livelihoods from the loss of homes to jobs.

This is a strength because similarly to health, this will push the government to buy MoPro Systems as a method of savings its citizenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s livelihood.

(FAO - News Article: Protecting forests to preserve livelihoods, 2020)

4. Shipping of materials

Within the UK, there are significant issues surrounding Brexit and the possible implications it may have on global importing and exporting; these issues may lead to difficulty moving resources around, as well as increase the price of doing so.

This is a threat because, with possible issues with importing and exporting, it could become high cost or difficult to move materials necessary to build MoPro Systems products.

(How will Brexit affect UK imports and exports?, 2020)

Point 1. Size of Government Budgets

2. A political focus on the health of those effected (respiratory diseases)

152

Evidence

14.07

153

PESTLE - Environmental Point

Evidence

Strengths/ Threats

Reference

1. Accelerates global warming

With forest fires becoming more and more prominent each year, the increase in CO2 emissions is causing a detrimental effect on the acceleration of global warming in the atmosphere.

This is a strength for MoPro Systems, as this increased threat to the earth would help push forward the MoPro system, as it is the most effective and only monitoring and protection system on the market.

2. Forest fires are increasing, causing more land damage

This increase in land damage is severely affecting the landscape and the agriculture that survives there, with around “7.0 million acres” being destroyed each year.

(WildfireStats, 2020)

This is a strength for MoPro Systems as this further reinforces the need for systems such as MoPros. The system can be implemented and limit the loss of land and damage to agriculture.

3. Damage to the wildlife

As forest fires are increasing its damage range each year, wildlife is becoming greatly effected, as well as more deaths being attributed to forest fires, whole species are going extinct.

This is a strength for MoPro systems because as further wildlife suffer, the need for forest fire management and prevention increases; this is where MoPro systems are required.

Factcheck: How global warming has increased US wildfires | Carbon Brief, 2020))

4. Restarts the environement (such as controlled fires make a blank canvas to rebegin)

Although forest fires are overall a detriment to society and the ecosystem, there are benefits of forest fires, such as creating a blank canvas for the ecosystem to restart at the beginning.

This is a threat to MoPro Systems because without the need to prevent these forest fires, it will lower the group of possible buyers who require the companies services.

(Asher, 2020)

Climate Change Is Accelerating, Bringing World ‘Dangerously Close’ to Irreversible Change, 2020)

Factcheck: How global warming has increased US wildfires | Carbon Brief, 2020))

14.08

154

PESTLE - Social Point 1. Loss of homes

Evidence As forest fires increase, there is an increase in homes that are lost to the fires; this causes an increase in homelessness and local refugees as people struggle to find homes for the foreseeable future.

Strengths/ Threats This is a strength for MoPro Systems because an increase in homelessness requires a solution, and this solution can come from preventing the fire in the first place.

2. Poor health

Civilians and citizens will be worrying about their health during forest fires as there is an increase in smoke inhalation as well as causing issues with underlying health conditions.

This is a strength because the health of the citizens is the biggest issue, and this will put pressure on local authorities and the governments to find a solution to help with their health.

3. Loss of life

A key social issue focuses on the loss of life that occurs when forest fire moves towards a community; this loss of life is an area that must be monitored and stopped as much as possible.

4. Electricity disruption

When a forest fire occurs, it can very often hit This is a strength for MoPro Systems as electricity polls and cause massive damage to the the system can help use the live feed to infrastructure of the local towns, even when they may restrict this from happening. not be directly hit by the fire.

This is a strength because by implementing monitoring and prevention system, this will give firefighters and civilians more time to react to an up and coming issue; this, in turn, minimises loss of life.

Reference (Doerr and SantĂ­n, 2016)

(How Smoke from Forest Fires Can Affect Your Health -, 2020)

Factcheck: How global warming has increased US wildfires | Carbon Brief, 2020))

(Mass power cut in California to prevent wildfires, 2020)

14.09

155

PESTLE - Technological Point

Reference

Evidence

Strengths/ Threats

1. Unadvanced technologies

A key issue is that the technology within the forest fire field is severely underdeveloped; this causes products used to not be as efficient as they could be.

An example being the use of a Pulaski tool which has not been reinvented since 1911.

This is a threat because it shows the fire department or government globally is not willing to advance the technology needed, so a jump to an entire system may be too big for them.

2. Internet Infrastructure

Although communication is vital within the firefighting field, the use of communication is still underdeveloped with the use of walkie talkies and the occasional built-in speaker.

This is a strength as this is an opportunity for MoPro systems to develop a new product for them as well as creating another example of where their technology is underdeveloped.

(Have you remembered to fit compliant firefightersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; radios... GARD, 2020)

3. Death due to poor respiratory systems

The current respiratory systems used by firefighters have not been modified for many years and can only be used for 30-40 minutes at a time and when the fire moves direction at increased speed, they may not have time to react.

This is a strength because, with MoPro Systems, the live feed would enable firefighters to systematically move around to minimise the need for respiratory systems.

Factcheck: How global warming has increased US wildfires | Carbon Brief, 2020))

4. Development on aerial assaluts of fires

One area that has been significantly developed is the aerial assaults on fires, as they can increase the size of planes used and hit the fires with extreme accuracy.

This is a threat because this developed technology may cause all other systems and new products to be overlooked as the budget is being spent on the planes.

(P2Firetool.com, 2020)

(NPR Choice page, 2020)

14.10

PESTLE - Legal Point 1. Lack of funding for firefighting

Evidence Funding globally has often been lower or equal for firefighters alongside all other natural disaster issues, the lack of funding for firefighters causes difficulty to obtain better equipment.

With political pressure to find methods to 2. Lawsuits to government from fire improve the livelihood and save the lives of its citizens, the possibility of lawsuits could be a possibility.

Reference

This is a threat because this lack of funding may mean that the system is too expensive for them to invest in.

(reporters, 2020)

This is a threat because once a system is implemented, any failures or issues with the system could make the company liable to damages.

(Newburger, 2020)

Legislation that was brought in to focus on monitoring forests and their likelihood of fires were brought in within the European Union in 2005.

This is a threat as it is a direct competitor to MoPro Systems, although the legislation never came fully into force so this could mean that a new system could look better in comparison.

(Forest Focus - Environment - European Commission, 2020).emp

4.. Employment laws Due to forest fires causing mass economical issues and a large number of businesses being destroyed and put under because of it, this means that employment laws must be modified to ensure the citizens are safe. However, this could be solved if the forest fires are prevented.

This is a threat because it is a direct competitor to MoPro Systems, although the legislation never came fully into force, this could mean that a new system could look better in comparison.

(People out of work due to fires can get jobless benefits, even if self-employed, 2020)

3.Forest Focus establishes monitoring of fires

156

Strengths/ Threats

14.11

157

PESTLE - Economical Point 1 Business disruption in cities

Evidence With large forest fires effecting transport, electricity as well as customer stream, businesses can fail both in and surrounding a forest fire, causing a massive disruption in business and the economy.

Strengths/ Threats This is a strength to MoPro systems because this is another reason why identifying and neutralising a fire as fast as possible, using the MoPro system is required.

Reference (The Impact of Wildfires on Business is Enormous | Are You Ready?, 2020)

2 Issues with tourism

When large forest fires are occuring within a country, tourism will becoming massivly reduced because they do not want to be hit and impacted by the fire; this will cause tourism to drop.

This is a strength to MoPro Systems (Boustras and Boukas, because the economic impact that not 2013) tackling these forest fires effectivly will have on the company is far greater than the cost to implement and manage the MoPro Systems.

3 Farmers in rural areas are heavily effected

The economic impact that occurs when farmers cannot harvest their crops because their livlihood has been destroyed by the fires is very large because the government will then need to help the famrers to get insurance back from there lost possessions.

This is a strength to MoPro Systems because by implementing the system, it would minimise the need for insurance payouts on farmers.

4. Increase in home insurance and living costs

As forest fires take out neighbourhoods, this causes a very large insurance payout as thousands of homes could be lost and then this also would cause a knock on effect and lower the land value as it has been destroyed.

This is a strength to MoPro Systems because the economic issues surrounding insurance premiums and the pirce of land going down causes a need for the systems to be integrated.

(How Wildfires Impact the Agriculture Industry | AgAmerica, 2020)

(Wildfires are inevitable â&#x20AC;&#x201C; increasing home losses, fatalities and costs are not, 2020)

14.12

Ansoff Matrix

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ansoff Matrix, or otherwise known as Product-Market Expansion Grid, is a strategic planning tool, developed by Igor Ansoff, to help firms chalk out strategy for product and market growth. It is a business analysis technique that is very useful in identifying growth opportunities.â&#x20AC;? (What is Ansoff Matrix? definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2020). The use of the Ansoff Matrix is useful for businesses to identify where they will be placing their product within the market, and what the likelihood of success is for the product.

When bringing a new product to an existing market, it is a far lower risk than a new product to a new market.

Market Penetration

Market Penetration is the method of bringing an existing product to an existing market, or changing the approach of marketing for that product to increase sales and revenue. This section focuses on maximising profit for as long as possible and extending the product life cycle curve of the product.

Product Development is the method of bringing a new product to an existing market to try and create a new revenue stream from a market that the company is already within. The benefit of this is that the company will have already gained access to key components of getting into the market, as they have been there before.

A few examples of how the FRS MoPro Systems could integrate into this market would be through a low-cost trial run, rebranding at a new price point for smaller locations in the same market or give out promotional deals alongside the system.

A few examples of how the FRS MoPro Systems could integrate into this market with the new product would be through further research and development, implementation of new technology or partnerships with companies.

By allowing countries and fire departments to test out the system at a lower price to the market value for a set amount of time, this would allow them to learn the benefits of the system and move into a lifelong contract after the trial has ended because at this point they would have seen first-hand the benefits the system could have.

(What is Ansoff Matrix? definition and meaning Business Jargons, 2020) (Product Diversification, 2020)

158

Product Development

Then by rebranding the system to a lower price; alongside simpler product solutions, this would enable the product to be integrated into smaller stakeholder and farming communities within this market as the price would be lowered to enable them to afford the low-cost product.

A final option that may be used is to add promotional deals to the systems when going to buy this product. An example is to buy one fire tower and get the second onehalf price; this allows the buyer to pay for a higher quantity of products but for a lower price, this would increase sales and revenue.

Through further research and development, the product can be improved further and made more efficient and seamless in the design journey, this can then be turned into a mark 2 for the original product and an overall improved system.

As technology evolves, the system could be redesigned and improved with new technologies, this could be from the detection systems, the drones, as well as an evolution in technology to remove the step of the control centre.

Finally, by partnering with existing companies that could further advance the product, this can enable the product to separate into a new stage of its design as it focuses its design into the integration of the new companies existing products, and this would then create a larger system.

Market Development

Market Development is the method of bringing an existing product to a new market, as this would allow the company to start the product life cycle again in a new market with minimal change in efforts; by restarting the product life cycle, they will, in turn, restart the level of profit and income they generate.

A few examples of how the FRS MoPro Systems could integrate into this new market would be through placing the product into a new country, creating a new use for the product as well as giving it a new target market.

By moving the product into a new company, it not only restart the product life cycle again, but it also allows for a completely new income for the company, as the product has then become global.

The MoPro System could move from a smaller scale within the UK, to a larger scale of Australia and the USA.

Diversification

Diversification is the most difficult section to move into as there is uncertainty as to how the product will do, this is where a company creates a new product and places this product into a new market. This allows a company to drastically change what product line they would like to bring out because the product can be anything.

There are two main methods of diversification; these are related and unrelated. A company that is focusing on unrelated diversification is “when companies have no previous industry nor market experience this strategy is called Unrelated diversification.” Whereas, “related diversification describes how companies stay in a market with which they have some familiarity.” However, because the FRS MoPro Systems are in a market that has yet to be tapped, this product would mostly fit into this diversification as a whole, whereas, areas of the system such as the drone technologies focus more on market development. (Product Diversification, 2020)

Another method of changing the market could be to implement the existing product into a new use; an example of this could be by modifying the detection systems to be used in remote locations and can detect people in danger so that the coastguard or rescue teams can come to help them.

Finally, the company could implement the product to a new target market, an example of this would be to integrate the design into a new department of the government or to smaller farmers who would like a way to protect their livelihood.

159

(ansoff matrx - Bing, 2020)

14.13

SWOT Analysis

SWOT is â&#x20AC;&#x153;a method of analysis that examines a companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Often used as part of the development process for a marketing plan, or to feed the results of a marketing audit back into a revised plan.â&#x20AC;?

(Marketingexpert.cim.co.uk, 2020). The use of a SWOT analysis can also be used on products and how they can be implemented into the market instead of businesses to allow a better understanding of what needs to be improved and how a product could be better developed.

(Marketingexpert.cim. co.uk, 2020)

160

Opportunity 1. New Markets Globally 2. Expanding needs within Industry 3. Re-occuring sales 4. Multiple sectors to move into

Threat 1. Funding Limitations 2. Consistent Usage Concerns 3. Scale of Production 4. Export Limitations -Brexit

161

Strengths

Weaknesses

1. No Competition 2. First Detection and Prevention Product on the market 3. It can be integrated globally 4. Use on both locals and firefighter use.

1. High break even point 2. High initial cost 3. the whole system cannot be used 100% of the time.

4. Non UK suppliers

SO

S1O1-Expansion globally within USA and Australia S2O2-Gap in the market S3O3-Consistent annual profit S404-Multifaceted profit streams

ST

S1T1-Domination of the market should help funding issues S2T2-Vigrouous testing allows for a safe product.

S3T3-Global integration allows for improved efficiency when scaled up S4T4-A focus on locals and UK can be focused on first -strong association

OW

W1O1-Profit moves over the break even point W2O2-Necessary service will outweigh the cost to integrate it.

W3O3-Although the system use varies, sales will continue W4O4-Non UK supplies will help with non UK implementations of the product.

WT

W1T1-Focus on marketing effectively to maximise revenue.

W2T2-High cost comes from high testing in research and development, minimising usage concerns W3T3-Buyers can choose what parts of the system would be most effective to them.

W4T4-Negotiate prices with offsoar suppliers

14.14

Marketing Mix

People

(Marketingexpert.cim. co.uk, 2020)

162

Marke Mi

A key part of looking into the route to market is to focus on the marketing mix. Marketing Mix is “the combination of marketing inputs that affect customer motivation and behaviour. These inputs traditionally encompass four controllable variables ‘the 4Ps’: product, price, promotion, and place. The list has subsequently been extended to 7Ps, the additions being people, process and ‘physical evidence’.” When this information can be understood, and a plan is created, it enables the business to work efficiently and strategically when moving a product to market. (Marketingexpert.cim.co.uk, 2020)

The company relies heavily on the people to ensure the systems can be manufactured, fitted and tested to make sure every product is at its highest quality, because othewise lives could be at risk if the product fails. This is why the company takes a caring approach by allowing employees to have flexible hours, career advancement programs and ensuring all companies are happy with working.

Product

The product should be able to detect and help prevent and minimise the spread of forest fires over large areas; by considering the users, it should also help keep firefighters safer when combatting the fire.

Place

The product will be available to buy online on the company website as well as on the fire fighter website. The product would be bought directly from the company and then it would be constructed on site to ensure the whole system is fitted properly.

eting ix Promotion Process Physical Evidence

The buyer will obtain a working control centre, a multifunctioning detection and prevention tower and drone as well as the plough. Alongside this, they will also obtain insurance on the product and 3 annual services on the product each year to ensure the product is at maximum efficiency.

163

Price

The FRS MoPro Systems is a first of its kind and there is nothing like it on the market currently; due to the product The entire service from the moment of being one of a kind the product will be at transaction will be customer facing and focused on building the product fit for the an increased price to allow for the breakeven point to be met. The entire buyer. Working alongside the buyer, the system can be bought for ÂŁ530,000; this system will be constructed in locations includes one tower, drones and the directed by the company, but set by the control centre, but once the initial system buyer. This joint method of constructing the system allows it to be as effective as is built, each tower added is ÂŁ150,000. possible, whilst also keeping the buyer as This price is because to build and happy as possible with their purchase; as construct a tower costs around ÂŁ120,000 and this is not including the extra well as this, the product will have benefits the MoPro System gives. consistent checkups to ensure the (Academy, 2020) product is constantly fit for purpose.

The three main methods of promotion for the FRS MoPro Systems will be through social media, Directed advertising at select groups and emotional environmental advertising.

The use of social media will focus on reaching those who are affected by the forest fires, as this is to enable these stakeholders to persuade the buyers to buy the product.

Then the main method of promotions will be through direct advertisement to the organisations who will most likely buy into the system such as the government or fire departments.

The final promotion will focus on the emotional environmental advertising, by focusing on the damage fire causes to animals and wildlife, it can persuade charities to buy the product or to encourage charities to endorse the products for local government to use.

14.15

Competitor Review: Marketing

A key focus when looking into the competition is understanding the different positions of the market. There are four common positions a company can be within: market leaders, challengers, followers, and niche groups.

These four positions take up the market. The market leaders have dominant control of the entire market and are leading in sales and revenue, then the followers are often another large company that is very close to being a market leader with a similar product, but is not yet dominating the market. Followers will be making a good revenue, but not enough to match or move pass the market leader; the followers will then have similar products to the market leader and competitors but on a much smaller scale, they will make a lower revenue, and these products are often at a far lower quality than the larger market leader. Finally, you have a niche group who have a product of the same type as every other market, however, their product is only meant to be marketed to a singular type of group; this means that their revenue is small as the stream is so specific.

When looking into FRS MoPro Systems and the competitors it holds, it is very different from the normal marketing positions because it does not have many competitors that follow them since the system is the first of its kind, so no other company has yet to take ownership of the market. Due to this issue, the closest market area that could be researched would be the companies that make firefighting equipment. Although, even fire equipment is sourced from a variety of different businesses so there is no market leader within the industry.

164

165

Annadale, RA. 2016. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/7e2pe9wjL9M

14.16

Market Analysis

“Market analysis is a large part of market research and an important component of a business plan; business founders document their business idea in writing; during the market analysis, a specific market is considered.

With the help of the results displayed, companies can identify the opportunities and risks of that market. The target group forms the basis of the market analysis.” (IONOS Startupguide, 2020). The use of the market analysis enables the business plan to be further reinforced and enables data and statistics to be used to show what the market’s interests are and how the product would do in the market.

During the primary and secondary research, it is clear that there are three key market entrances for MoPro Systems: fire departments, agriculture workers and environmentalists. Each group would find benefits in individual aspects of the system as well as the entire system.

Fire fighters would be the largest market to enter into, because they would be backed by the government which would allow them to have an increased funding to afford the entire system. As well as this the system is made with firefighters in mind and shown from the competitor analysis, there is currently no product like this at the moment. A key issue surrounding implementation of the fire fighters is that it would be a very drastic technology change for firefighters and it may need to be slowly implemented to slow down the need for drastic changes.

Agriculture workers such as farmers lose their livelihood when a forest fire takes over their home as they lose their home and their crops; it is because of this that farmers are a low income market that could benefit from the system. This is because the farmers would then be able to have an added level of detection and protection to their farm. However, a significant issue raised when working with farmers is that the cost of the entire system would be far too high for them to afford, although, smaller versions and parts of the systems could be implemented at a lower price.

(IONOS Startupguide, 2020) (Fears entire species of plants and animals lost to bushfires, 2020)

166

Environmentalists are constantly trying to preserve the land and the animals living on them and this is becoming a global effort. As more and more forest fires begin and become larger, the global stage is noticing the affect these fires are having on the animals. Recent forest fires in Australia create “concerns that entire species of plants and animals may have been wiped out by bushfires following estimations that 480 million animals may die as a result of the crisis.” (Fears entire species of plants and animals lost to bushfires, 2020).

There is an opportunity here to bring conservationists and environmentalists in, to help fund the system so that it can be implemented into the forests. However, an issue with having funding from conservationists is that they won’t necessarily hold the land to begin bringing the system onto it, causing other parties to get involved to and the overall price to increase.

167

14.17

Product Positioning

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Product positioning is a form of marketing that presents the benefits of your product to a particular target audience. Through market research and focus groups, marketers can determine which audience to target based on favourable responses to the product.â&#x20AC;? (Shopify, 2020). This can be invaluable because by targeting a specific audience to market the product at, it will increase the sales for the product because the focus on marketing is more select, this would then increase the return on investment (ROI).

As shown by the figure on the right, the current competition are spread out amongst the four quadrants, with a large part of them focusing on high quality and high cost; this is most likely due to the products for fires having to be vigorously testing and as such , put at a high price. Although the FMP MoPro System is a higher price, it brings in several different solutions within one package. This includes: drones, drone towers, control centres and ploughs; this allows the overall system to cost a higher price because in comparison to the other competitors, the product idea is uniquely different and is a niche in the market.

(Shopify, 2020)

168

High Price

Fire CCTV

Satellite Imaging

FRS MoPro Drone Fire Tower

Flygildi

Low Quality High Quality

Aerones

Low Price 169

14.18

Product Life Cycle

The product life cycle is “the progress of a product from the inception of the idea, via the main period of sales, to its eventual decline. The product life cycle is sometimes divided into four stages, which are: Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline.” Understanding the product life cycle enables a business to implement the correct approaches to stop the product from moving into the decline stage. This could be through using an upgrade of a product, a redevelopment of the initial product or a completely new product.

At the beginning is the introduction stage; this is where the product has only just come onto the market and the key focus is to create attention around the product to allow for sales to start to occur, the sales should continue to increase with either a sales, marketing or product led approach to push towards the growing aspect of the graph.

The next stage is the growth stage, this is “the period with the sharpest increase in sales. It includes a significant boost in market presence, the addition of new product features, and a greater emphasis on positioning relative to the competition.” The growth stage is heavily focused on not just “seeking ways of getting consumers to try the product,” but also to get “them to prefer the brand.”

The next stage on the product life cycle is the maturity phase. The maturity stage will vary from company to company as the size of the stage will vary depending on quantity of sales and the length at the dominant competitor position. The maturity stage will continue for a set amount of time until gradually, the competitors will start taking customers back and it will begin the final stage.

(Gleason, 2020)

170

The final stage focuses on the decline of the product. “The decline phase begins as product sales and profits shrink. Still, an effective marketing effort can make a decline more gradual, giving a company more time to pivot to its next effort.” If a company can create a new entrance strategy shown from one of the Ansoff Matrix’s sections, then the company can revive itself from decline for a bit longer.

(Gleason, 2020).

171

14.19

Product - Boston Matrix The Boston Matrix is “a product portfolio evaluation tool developed by the Boston Consulting Group. The more recent matrix categorises products into one of four classifications based on market growth and market share. The four classifications are Cash cow – low growth, high market share, Star – high growth, high market share, Problem child – high growth, low market share, and Dog – low growth, low market share.”

(Marketingexpert.cim.co.uk, 2020). This allows a business to understand where they stand in the market and can then implement new methods to move them into a better class or maintain their position as a cash cow.

When comparing FRS MoPro Systems to the Boston Matrix it is clear that the system would fit into the star section, this is because stars are “competing in markets where they are strong compared with the competition. Often Stars need heavy investment to sustain growth. Eventually, growth will slow and, assuming they keep their market share, Stars will become Cash Cows.” MoPro Systems involves heavy investment and funding to start building the system up. However, when the system is in place, the company will start having consistent income; this consistent income would then move it into the cash cow sector.

(Marketingexpert.cim. co.uk, 2020)

172

Question Mark

Stars

Flygildi

Market Growth Rate

FRS MoPro Systems Aerones

Dogs

Cash Cow

Fire CCTV Satellite Imaging

Fire Tower

173

Low

Relative Market Share

High

14.20

Commercial Viability - Break Even Analysis The “break-even analysis entails the calculation and examination of the margin of safety for an entity based on the revenues collected and associated costs.” This allows the business owner to understand what the fixed costs amount to within the business, as well as estimate how many products must be sold to break even on the money spent.

As shown from the graph on the right, the break-even point for the FRS MoPro System is at 3.5; this means that the system would need to be sold a total of 4 times to go over the break-even point, and after this point, a profit can be made. To initially work out the break-even point, three numbers were needed: the fixed costs, sales price per unit and then manufacturing cost. The fixed cost is the amount of money needed to pay for all consistent and necessary bills; this amounted to £600,000. The sales price shows how much the product per unit would be retailing for, which would be for £230,000 and then this would be reduced by the price for manufacturing; this is £60,000, so the total for the lower fraction would be £170,000. When the fixed cost is divided by this number, the break-even point can be worked out as 3.5.

£600,000

Fixed Cost Total Sales Revenue x Manufacturing cost £230,000

174

£60,000

£170,000

3.5

£230,000

£600,000

175

14.21

Commercial Viability - Product Price A key area when designing and launching a product is to create a price point that maximises profit, whilst also being at a fair price point that the customer will pay for. To understand what price to follow, the business needs to understand what the costings are for materials, production, and distribution per product and then add on a profit margin. This is vital in a business because if the product price is too high, the sales will be minimal and that would lower the profit for the company; when the product price is too low, there will be a high number of sales, but the profit gained will only slightly come over the fixed costs, causing the product to only slightly break even.

There are an array of different pricing strategies that can be utilised to effectively bring in buyers whilst also keeping profits at a good level, to make sure the break-even point is met and then exceeded. These could include penetration pricing, predatory pricing, premium pricing, value-based pricing, and many others. The main pricing strategy that will be used for MoPro Systems will be value-based pricing; this is â&#x20AC;&#x153;a business strategy in which a company sets prices and promotes products based on the value consumers perceive a service or good to have.â&#x20AC;? (What Is Value-Based Pricing & Marketing?, 2020) Due to the nature of the product, the company must be careful to mark the price at a value that is high enough to enable a break-even point because the size of the system and the production to make it, is very large. So by following the value-based pricing, whilst also keeping in mind the manufacturing costs, the pricing can vary depending on what consumer group it is targeting and what pricing would be at the peak of their pricing level.

This will enable an increased profit and also ensure a consistent flow of consumers to buy the products or systems.

(What Is Value-Based Pricing & Marketing?, 2020)

176

When looking into the pricing for FRS MoPro Systems, there will be multiple tiers within the pricing depending on what the customer is hoping to achieve with the product. The lowest level of pricing will be for locals who may want drone technology for them to look after their farms. This would be a singular payment package of £4500 per drone and charging station; this would also come with a 2-year warranty to allow smaller issues to be fixed, allows online support for the farmers to get help on using the product as well as a direct link from the farmers to the firefighters to enable them to alert the firefighters if necessary on fires in their area.

The second payment package would be for a focus on wildlife rescue and habitat preservation as this package would include the drones, a drone tower, and a small control centre. This product would be privately funded not from the government-led teams such as the fire rescue service and would look more at wildlife funding as this would be priced at £530,000 for four drones, a singular drone tower, and a control centre; the cost would also include the labouring and building costs to put up the entire system.

This package can be further added onto by adding more towers and more drones; this would give an added price of £150,000 and with each extra tower added onto the sale, the cost will lower as a promotional offer.

The final package and the most costly package would entail every aspect of the entire system, it would also include an annual subscription fee after the system is built to allow for the MoPro Systems to be monitored externally and constantly ensuring it is at maximum efficiency. The overall price would be £2.8 million upfront costs with £100,000 annual subscription; this product would include: 10 drone towers, 40 drones, one large control centre, and 10 ploughs as well as the entire construction of the product in locations directed by both the company and client.

By adding these three packages, it allows for multiple different customer groups to come forward and pay for the service at levels that suit them and the funding they can obtain, whilst also keeping the prices at a level that would keep the company in profit, but not to a level that competition could start up and take the market.

177

Pricings Drone: £3000 Drone Tower: £20,000 Control Centre Staff: £24,000 Control Centre Rent: £6500 Ploughs: £1600 Contruction and Upkeep Tower construction: £100,000 Control centre Contruction: £20,000 System Upkeep: £70,000 Profit Pricings Package 1: £4500 (1x Drone) Package 2: £530,000 (4x Drones, 1x Drone Tower, 1x Control Centre) Package 3: £2,800,000 (40x Drones, 10x Drone Towers, 1x Large Control Centre, 10x Ploughs, Constant Maintenance) These profit margins do not include the loss of income to marketing, company staffing or money going back into the business ect.

14.22

Product Promotion â&#x20AC;&#x153;Product Promotion means disseminating the information about the product, product line, brand, and company to the prospective buyers with the intent to generate sales and develop brand loyalty.â&#x20AC;? (Business Jargons, 2020). If a business can successfully promote the product in the correct avenues, then sales can increase exponentially; profit increases and the business have a better financial year. Therefore, promotion is key to all products.

The three main methods of promotion for the FRS MoPro Systems will be through social media, Directed advertising at select groups and emotional environmental advertising. Due to the nature of the system, the method of promotion is specific to the stakeholders that it affects; this means that the areas that need to be promoted are specific to this product.

(Business Jargons, 2020)

The first main method is through social media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and other social media platforms, the product can be advertised and showcased in areas where forest fires are more prevalent; although this advertisement will not necessarily reach the buyers, it will reach those who are affected, the stakeholders, so they can bring the idea forward to the buyers.

The use of direct advertising can be used, this can be where the product is showcased to key people who could eventually buy the product. Examples of this could be government bodies, fire departments, and farmers.

Finally, through a push in advertising in general, with a focus on the benefits the product would cause for both land and animals, it would improve the Public relations of the company due to the good nature of the company.

This could potentially persuade wildlife foundations to take an interest in the product and be a buyer to save the animals.

178

179

Chavanelle, JC. 2017. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/G1jLY0KAW4Q

14.23

Legal Requirements - Legislation When launching a new product, it is important to check up on any legislation that may impact the launch of the product. The legislation is “a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament”.

These laws can impact the launch of products in a variety of ways, it may: change the requirements to bring a product to market, change the methods of manufacturing or a restriction of certain materials, etc. A business needs to understand and keep up to date with legislation as this can massively impact all stages of the business. (Dictionary.cambridge.org, 2020)

There is very little legislation being brought in around the preservation of habitats and the reduction of forest fire spread, with the main legislation, Forest Focus, being aimed “To establish a Community scheme for harmonised, broad-based, comprehensive and long-term monitoring of European forest ecosystems.” This legislation aims to “implement forest monitoring activities, in particular in the following areas: monitoring and protection of forests against atmospheric pollution; monitoring and protection of forests against fires; monitoring of biodiversity, climate change, carbon sequestration, and soils and it also supports the establishment of forest fire prevention measures.” (Forest Focus - Environment - European Commission, 2020)

(Dictionary.cambridge. org, 2020) (Forest Focus - Environment - European Commission, 2020)

180

181

Paskevic, AS. 2015. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/YjVa-F9P9kk

14.24

Legal Requirements - Standards When a business is set up “there are minimum standards that every business must follow to ensure the comfort and safety of everyone at work. The basic requirements are to carry out a risk assessment, provide certain basic comforts, and put up certain notices and signs required by law.” These are just a few of many requirements necessary for a business to operate and without these, in place, the business would not operate correctly. (Duport.co.uk, 2020)

When starting up a product and a company, a key requirement for the business is to ensure it has the fundamentals of the business set up and verified with the government, as to ensure the business is above board amongst all of its taxes and meeting all of the legislations and guidelines required for the business. But as well as this, all products must be certified with a CE certificate, a certificate used for all products within the EU market. By obtaining this CE mark, it shows “that the manufacturer has checked that these products meet EU safety, health or environmental requirements, is an indicator of a product’s compliance with EU legislation and allows the free movement of products within the European market”. (CE marking, 2020)

(Duport.co.uk, 2020) (CE marking, 2020)

182

183

Serrano, AS. 2016. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/hjwKMkehBco

14.25

Legal Requirements - Testing Required Businesses must meet testing requirements as the “law requires manufacturers and importers to test many consumer products for compliance with consumer product safety requirements. Based on passing test results, the manufacturer or importer must certify the consumer product as compliant with the applicable consumer product safety requirements in a written or electronic certificate. Certificates are required to accompany the applicable product or shipment of products covered by the certificate”. (CPSC.gov, 2020). Without these tests, the business can no longer launch their product until the safety and testing criteria are met.

There are 3 main testing requirements needed for the FRS MoPro Systems: WEEE Directive, RoHS directive, and checking the product for safety regulations.

The product must follow the ‘general product safety regulation of 2005; this focuses on four key general safety rules. No producer shall place a product on the market unless the product is safe, No producer shall offer or agree to place a product on the market or expose or possess a product for placing on the market unless the product is safe, No producer shall offer or agree to supply a product or expose or possess a product for supply unless the product is a safe product and no producer shall supply a product unless the product is safe. (The General Product Safety Regulations 2005, 2020).

(CPSC.gov, 2020) (The General Product Safety Regulations 2005, 2020).

(Waste electronic equipment - Environment European Commission, 2020) (Electrical and electronic waste - Environment European Commission, 2020).

184

The next main regulation it must follow is the WEEE Directive; “The Directive provided for the creation of collection schemes where consumers return their WEEE free of charge. These schemes aim to increase the recycling of WEEE and/or re-use.” “WEEE is a complex mixture of materials and components that because of their hazardous content, and if not properly managed, can cause major environmental and health problems.”

(Waste electronic equipment - Environment - European Commission, 2020) This directive follows on the RoHS (Resistance of Hazardous Substances), “The RoHS and WEEE directives on electrical and electronic equipment were recast in 2011 and 2012 to tackle the fast increasing waste stream of such products. The aim is to increase the amount of waste EEE that is appropriately treated and to reduce the volume that goes to disposal.” (Electrical and electronic waste - Environment - European Commission, 2020).

185

Meyer, CM. 2016. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/jKU2NneZAbI

14.26

Intellectual Properties Intellectual Properties

FRS MoPro Systems Rights

“Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names, and images used in commerce.” This makes it very important when creating a business because it is important to take intellectual property into consideration when creating a product because the use of intellectual properties allows for companies and individuals to have recognition for the product they have built and created and improve the ability for research and development to thrive. (Types of intellectual property, 2020)

The MoPro System design would be part of intellectual property because the system itself is not like anything on the market; this means that it would have the ability to be protected.

Patent Patenting is where an inventor brings forward a plan to the government to obtain “the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years.” This focuses on the inventor actively pushing to keep a design part specific to their product. (Definition of patent | Dictionary.com, 2020)

Copyright (Duport.co.uk, 2020) (CE marking, 2020)

186

Copyrighting is “the exclusive right to make copies, license, and otherwise exploit a literary, musical, or artistic work, whether printed, audio, video, etc.: works granted such right by law on or after January 1, 1978, are protected for the lifetime of the author or creator and a period of 70 years after his or her death.” The use of the copyright is vital when producing a product because it stops any possible company from taking the creator's ideas and making money off of their design.

(Definition of copyright | Dictionary.com, 2020.

The name and branding of the product would also have its rights because the design and product brand will link to this product.

The colouring and style of the product have rights, however, these rights will be held by the firefighters whose colours are being used when in operation.

The natural design of the living tower, its unique design message is not like any other antenna or mast.

The curvaceous design and shape of the body of the drone, this aesthetic design shows elegance but durability and helps

187

Flynt, LF. 2017. [Online]. [09/03/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/9jErXqFwAYs

14.27

Route to Market - Overview

Overall, the route to market focuses on rather alternate methods than the typical product going to the market, because the product has a variety of buyers, from farmers to conservationists, but the largest buyer will be from both national and local government. Due to these unique buyer profiles, the product must move into the market, in a method that draws the attention of these three buyers; since the system is new to the market with no other competitors, it creates greater pressure for the company to actively persuade the buyers to look into and buy the system.

Advertising will be focused on civilians, direct advertising to local governments and fire departments, as well as pushing the emotional issues surrounding forest fires to conservationists to persuade them into buying systems to save habitats and species. This allows multiple routes to be explored on how to specifically advertise to each market; because the system cannot be inspected by the customers, it will have a trial period for interested government bodies as well as have exceptional visual examples of how the product would be integrated and used.

The system will be focused around direct sales for all system-related sales; this means that any system sales arriving from the government, fire departments or conservationists will be paid for and organised directly with the company, as this allows for the product and system to be fitted and customised depending on the buyerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s request. Then any individual drones will be sold on Amazon and other drone sites to enable a second revenue stream.

188

189

Iven, WI. 2015. [Online]. [22/04/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/gcsNOsPEXfs

14.28

Route to Market Route to Market – Advertising Strategy An advertising strategy is vital when understanding the route to market because it is important to advertise effectively. Advertising is the “Promotion of a product, service, or message by an identified sponsor using paid-for media.” (Marketingexpert.cim.co.uk, 2020). The aim when advertising is to have a high ROI (Return on Investment), meaning that the profit made is greater than the money spent on the advertising per customer; if a company can advertise correctly, it makes for a highly profitable return on investment.

Route to Market – Promotional Costings Promotional costings are necessary when taking a product to market because for sales to occur, customers and consumers must know of the product’s existence. “A promotion expense is cost companies incur to market their products or services to consumers. Promotion expenses range from giveaways, free samples, or other promotional gimmicks to help boost sales and revenue.” (Investopedia, 2020). This is useful to the company if implemented correctly, as it will initially boost sales on the launch date. Due to this, the main promotional costings will focus on trial periods for customers to try certain parts of the product and see if they wish to buy the full set and to what level. Due to the size of the system, it is not possible to do the same promotional offers as smaller products such as giveaways.

Route to Market – Public Relations

(Marketingexpert.cim. co.uk, 2020) (Investopedia, 2020)

190

A simple but key part of a business is the public relations; this is “The function or activity that aims to establish and protect the reputation of a company or brand, and to create mutual understanding between the organisation and the segments of the public with whom it needs to communicate.” (Marketingexpert.cim.co.uk, 2020). The use of good public relations causes an increase in sales through word of mouth and reviews causing more people to buy the product. The use of PR will continue throughout the progression of the business to ensure a good relationship between the company and its stakeholders.

191

Iven, WI. 2015. [Online]. [22/04/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/gcsNOsPEXfs

14.29

Marketing Overview

Throughout the marketing section, the main focus has been on three key areas, the route the market, the advertising methods behind the product and how the world impacts the product, as this was shown through the use of PESTLE. The FRS MoPro Syetems is the first of its kind on the global market, with a long life cycle and a product that can be integrated quickly into locations around the globe, to provide safe monitoring and prevention systems for forests all over. Due to the large amount of stakeholders and possible buyers of the system and its constituent parts, the advertising can be focused on both civilian, conservationists and government bodies; by peaking their interest, it will help improve the growth of the product as it begins its route to market.

Since the product includes a onetime installation, continued growth and income will come from maintaining the larger contracts in conservations and government funding, whilst also selling smaller versions of the product and system to individuals and communities who would like a simpler version of the larger scale system.

To improve the product, over time, the buyer can upgrade the equipment to make it more functional for the job and improve the efficiency of the system, this will both improve revenue and also make the product more efficient, which in turn allows for greater safety when combating forest fires.

As the product moves through the product life cycle, improvements and new upgrades of the product will be made to continually make this better; the profit can move back into research and development, to keep the product thriving. As the business gains growth, it can start diversifying into new products and systems within the health and emergency service sectors and grow as a company as well as further improve the communities of those who would be effected by a global increase in forest fires.

192

193

Iven, WI. 2015. [Online]. [22/04/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/jyoSxjUE22g

15.0 Design Proposal Part 7

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

16.0 Reflective Practice

16.01

Reflective Practice

Overall, the project stayed to a consistently high quality; this was due to time management and the ability to not stop in a section until it was at the best standard, and this normally involved multiple reattempts and feedback from the specialised lecturer to improve upon the work. The ability to time manage the workload was constantly changing within this project as sections such as manufacturing and proof of concept took longer than initially expected; another key reason is due to the current global pandemic, plenty of changes to locations and deadlines occurred which meant a great deal of manoeuvring was necessary to keep the time management in order. This was shown with the removal of the physical model from the brief and overall the brief was less hands on throughout the user interfacing, testing and modelling stages.

A key area that was extremely positive in the project was the level of freedom there was to set your own boundaries and understand what was required instead of looking into set areas for a grade. This enabled me to fully understand all aspects of the brief and take control of the project and lead it into the direction I intended. It also pushed me to look into designing a socially beneficial product and market it, instead of the commercial product thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sole intention is to make money. The FRS MoPro Systems intention is to save lives and improve the efficiency of tackling a forest fire. This shows me that when searching for future jobs, it is important that it is not a job with a lot of boundaries and there is a high level of independence when working because this working style suits me best. As well as being a job where I can create a beneficial improvement into an area of the world and this could be within a business or more socially; this can be backed up within the work completed in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Preparation for Employmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; unit.

When looking back onto the final major project, there are a few areas that could be improved upon within the product such as further development in the technology, because this could make it more efficient, as well as making the product lower in cost because due to the current scale of the product, it would require a high level of initial funding to build a system this large. I also noticed I struggled on the design for manufacturing section of the project because materials and manufacturing processes is not an area I feel most comfortable in; this caused difficulty when trying to understand how to cost a system this large that will leave room for profit, whilst paying for all of the fixed costs. However, through working alongside lecturers as well as independent studying on the issues I faced, a good quality level of work was still produced within the manufacturing section.

If there was more time on the project, I would focus my time on improving the use of materials and manufacturing processes used to lower the cost as much as possible and then after the costing is low, the next stage would be to understand how to improve upon the technology to improve its efficiency. The aim for the future of the system would be to first implement this product globally into all high-risk forest fire locations and then the next development stage would begin; this will focus on making the drones have a longer battery life, so they can fly for longer, as well as enabling the drone to autonomously detect a forest fire and send it straight to the fire department, as this would cut out the requirement for a manned control centre.

FRS MoPro Systems is a tool that can provide safety to residents, animals, and the local ecosystem by improving the efficiency and data transference when combatting a forest fire. Hopefully, through the implementation of this product globally, it can save lives, save the ecosystem, and help the world.

210

211

Bss, JB. 2020. [Online]. [08/05/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/VW-pFREtl0k

17.0 References

212

213

Academy, P., 2020. Marketing Theories - The 7Ps Of The Marketing Mix. [online] Professionalacademy.com. Available at: <https://www.professionalacademy.com/blogs-and-advice/marketing-theories---the-marketing-mix---from-4-p-s-to-7-p-s> [Accessed 16 April 2020].

Actionsealtite.com. (2019). Lay Flat Hose| Various Lengths & ID/NB | Action Sealtite. [online] Available at: https://www.actionsealtite.com/hose/ lay-flat-hose [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

Batterystuff.com. 2020. Everything You Need To Know About Solar Chargers | Batterystuff. [online] Available at: <https://www.batterystuff.com/ kb/articles/solar-articles/solar-info.html> [Accessed 7 April 2020].

Ansoffmatrix.com. 2020. Product Diversification. [online] Available at: <https://www.ansoffmatrix.com/diversification/> [Accessed 23 April 2020].

BusinessDictionary.com. 2020. What Is Design Specification? Definition And Meaning. [online] Available at: <http://www.businessdictionary. com/definition/design-specification.html> [Accessed 17 March 2020].

Business Jargons. 2020. What Is Ansoff Matrix? Definition And Meaning - Business Jargons. [online] Available at: <https://businessjargons. com/ansoff-matrix.html> [Accessed 23 April 2020].

Business Jargons. (2020). What is Product Promotion? definition and meaning - Business Jargons. [online] Available at: https://businessjargons.com/product-promotion.html [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Cancer Institute, NCI. 2020. [Online].[07/05/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/XNtFXcSgLB8 CG, CG. 2018. [Online].[07/05/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/er7EeL-4MqQ CPSC.gov. (2020). Testing & Certification. [online] Available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Testing-Certification [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Crossfitinvoke.com. 2020. What Are The Three Types Of Grip | Fitness Classes In Raleigh NC. [online] Available at: <http://www.crossfitinvoke. com/three-types-grip/> [Accessed 24 March 2020].

Db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net. (2019). [online] Available at: https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/McLeod_(tool) [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

Dergipark.org.tr. (2019). [online] Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/221174 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Dictionary.cambridge.org. (2020). LEGISLATION | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/legislation [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Dictionary.cambridge.org. (2020). SCENARIO | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge. org/dictionary/english/scenario [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

214

Dictionary.cambridge.org. (2019). WILDFIRE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge. org/dictionary/english/wildfire [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019].

Duport.co.uk. (2020). health and safety minimum standards. [online] Available at: https://www.duport.co.uk/advisor/legal/health-safety/minimum-standards.php [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Ec.europa.eu. (2019). [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/294na2_en.pdf [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019].

Ec.europa.eu. 2020. Electrical And Electronic Waste - Environment - European Commission. [online] Available at: <https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/rohs_eee/index_en.htm> [Accessed 22 April 2020].

Ec.europa.eu. 2020. Forest Focus - Environment - European Commission. [online] Available at: <https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/ forests/ffocus.htm> [Accessed 22 April 2020].

Ec.europa.eu. 2020. Waste Electronic Equipment - Environment - European Commission. [online] Available at: <https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/index_en.htm> [Accessed 22 April 2020].

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Forest fire. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/forest-fire [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019].

Exchange.cim.co.uk. (2020). How to build a better buyer persona | CIM. [online] Available at: https://exchange.cim.co.uk/blog/how-to-build-abetter-buyer-persona/ [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Fas.org. (2019). [online] Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IF10244.pdf [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019].

Fas.org. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IF10244.pdf> [Accessed 15 April 2020].

NewsComAu. 2020. Fears Entire Species Of Plants And Animals Lost To Bushfires. [online] Available at: <https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/half-a-billion-animals-perish-in-bushfires/news-story/b316adb4f3af7b1c8464cf186ab9f52c> [Accessed 16 April 2020].

FireRescue1. (2019). Understanding and using protective hoods. [online] Available at: https://www.firerescue1.com/fire-products/hoods/articles/ understanding-and-using-protective-hoods-s8vdeVfn4kqXJAIX/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

FireRescue1. 2020. A Firefighterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Guide To Communicating Via Two-Way Portable Radios. [online] Available at: <https://www.firerescue1. com/fire-products/communications/radios/articles/a-firefighters-guide-to-communicating-via-two-way-portable-radios-w7HsUVneNKPZh0Fu/> [Accessed 12 April 2020].

Firescience.gov. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.firescience.gov/projects/09-1-10-3/project/09-1-10-3_final_report.pdf [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].

Fishersci.co.uk. 2020. Hygrometers | Humidity Meter | Fisher Scientific. [online] Available at: <https://www.fishersci.co.uk/gb/en/products/ I9C8L6S0/hygrometers.html> [Accessed 7 April 2020].

215

Forensicmed.co.uk. (2019). cause of death in fires :: www.forensicmed.co.uk. [online] Available at: http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/pathology/firedeaths/cause-of-death-in-fires/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019].

Fs.fed.us. (2019). Fire Terminology. [online] Available at: https://www.fs.fed.us/nwacfire/home/terminology.html [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

Fs.fed.us. (2019). McCall Smokejumper Physical Requirements | US Forest Service. [online] Available at: https://www.fs.fed.us/science-technology/fire/smokejumpers/mccall/physical [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Gleason, D., 2020. Product Lifecycle Marketing: What Matters Most At Every Stage | CXL. [online] CXL. Available at: <https://cxl.com/blog/ product-lifecycle-marketing/> [Accessed 16 April 2020].

Global News. (2019). ‘Damage is irreversible’: More than 2 million wild animals die in Bolivia wildfires. [online] Available at: https://globalnews. ca/news/5955184/animals-dead-bolivia-fires/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019].

GOV.UK. 2020. CE Marking. [online] Available at: <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ce-marking> [Accessed 22 April 2020].

Gutierrez, FG. 2018. [Online].[07/05/2020].

HowStuffWorks. (2019). How Wildfires Work. [online] Available at: https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/wildfire4.htm [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019].

Ife.org.uk. (2019). 2013 - Yarnell Hill Fire. [online] Available at: https://www.ife.org.uk/Incidents-of-interest/2013-yarnell-hill-fire/38779 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Investopedia. (2020). Promotion Expense. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/promotion-expense.asp [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020] IONOS Startupguide. (2020). Market analysis: definition. [online] Available at: https://www.ionos.co.uk/startupguide/grow-your-business/market-analysis-definition/ [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Jarvis, PJ. 2013. [Online].[07/05/2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/6J--NXulQCs Jansen Mailorder. 2020. Jansen Mailorder. [online] Available at: <https://www.jansen-versand.com/terms-and-conditions> [Accessed 29 April 2020].

J. FERN´ANDEZ-BERNI, 2008. A Vision-based Monitoring System For Very Early Automatic Detection Of Forest Fires. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 119, 161–170 King of the Gym. 2020. Grip Strength Training Exercises For Building Crush, Pinch & Support Grip Strength. [online] Available at: <https://www. kingofthegym.com/grip-strength-training/> [Accessed 25 March 2020].

216

Legislation.gov.uk. 2020. The General Product Safety Regulations 2005. [online] Available at: <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1803/ regulation/5/made> [Accessed 22 April 2020].

Lexico Dictionaries | English. (2019). Fire Beater | Definition of Fire Beater by Lexico. [online] Available at: https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/ fire_beater [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

London-fire.gov.uk. (2019). A brief history of our breathing apparatus. [online] Available at: https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/museum/history-and-stories/a-brief-history-of-our-breathing-apparatus/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

London-fire.gov.uk. (2019). Breathing Apparatus (BA). [online] Available at: https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/about-us/services-and-facilities/vehicles-and-equipment/breathing-apparatus-ba/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Marketingexpert.cim.co.uk. (2020). Marketing glossary | CIM Marketing Expert. [online] Available at: https://marketingexpert.cim.co.uk/glossary/#Macro-environment [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Marketing Terms. (2020). What is B2B? - Definition & Information. [online] Available at: https://www.marketingterms.com/dictionary/b2b/ [Accessed 15 Apr. 2020].

McFadden, C., Bergan, B. and Lang, F., 2020. 15+ Weather Forecast Instruments And Inventions That Helped Define How We Predict The Weather. [online] Interestingengineering.com. Available at: <https://interestingengineering.com/15-weather-forecast-instruments-and-inventions-that-helped-define-how-we-predict-the-weather> [Accessed 11 May 2020]. https://unsplash.com/photos/19m9mn2vHKE Mcleod S, 2020. Simplypsychology.org. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html> [Accessed 15 April 2020].

Mearian, L., 2020. Wireless Charging Explained: What Is It And How Does It Work?. [online] Computerworld. Available at: <https://www.computerworld.com/article/3235176/wireless-charging-explained-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work.html> [Accessed 7 April 2020].

Mentalfloss.com. (2019). 10 Strategies Firefighters Use to Fight Wildfires. [online] Available at: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57094/10-strategies-fighting-wildfires [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

Merriam-webster.com. (2019). Definition of FIRE-RETARDANT. [online] Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fire-retardant [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Mockenhaupt, B. (2019). What It Feels Like to Lie Face Down and Let a Wildfire Burn Over You. [online] The Atlantic. Available at: https://www. theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/05/fire-shelters/371421/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Nationalgeographic.com. (2019). California fires are raging: Get the facts on wildfires. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic. com/environment/natural-disasters/wildfires/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

NSW, F. (2019). Uniforms and equipment. [online] Fire and Rescue NSW. Available at: https://www.fire.nsw.gov.au/page.php?id=164 [Accessed 29 Nov. 2019].

217

Omniinstruments.co.uk. 2020. Maximet GMX200 Wind Speed And Direction Sensor With Compass. [online] Available at: <https://www.omniinstruments.co.uk/weather-stations-and-instruments/wind-speed-and-direction-sensors/gmx200-weather-station.html> [Accessed 7 April 2020].

Paratronic.info. (2019). Automatic fire detection and forest fires - Paratronic. [online] Available at: http://www.paratronic.info/uk/contenus/actualite.php?IDL=6&IDA=33 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Parker, E. (2019). Best Pulaski Axe | Absolute Guide for Choosing the Best - Tools Freak. [online] Tools Freak. Available at: https://www.toolsfreak.com/best-pulaski-axe/ [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

Pheasant, S. and Haslegrave, C., n.d. Bodyspace.

Psychology Today. 2020. The Theory Of Self-Actualization. [online] Available at: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-and-psychopathology/201308/the-theory-self-actualization> [Accessed 23 April 2020].

Red Bull. 2020. The Firefighting Drone That Can Lift You Into The Air.. [online] Available at: <https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/aerones-firedrone> [Accessed 16 April 2020].

Red Bull. 2020. Meet The Drone That Looks And Flies Like A Bird.. [online] Available at: <https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/silent-flyer-robotic-bird-drone-interview> [Accessed 16 April 2020].

Resources To Recover. (2019). Going Up in Flames: Wildland Firefighters and Mental Health. [online] Available at: https://www.rtor. org/2019/01/08/wildland-firefighters-and-mental-health/ [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].

SAGE Journals. (2019). A Review on Forest Fire Detection Techniques - Ahmad A. A. Alkhatib, 2014. [online] Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1155/2014/597368 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Sherman Oaks, CA Patch. 2020. How Fast Do Firefighters Respond? You’ll Soon Find Out. [online] Available at: <https://patch.com/california/ shermanoaks/how-fast-do-firefighters-respond-youll-soon-find-out> [Accessed 6 April 2020].

Shopify. (2020). Product Positioning Definition - What is Product Positioning. [online] Available at: https://www.shopify.co.uk/encyclopedia/product-positioning [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Smallbusiness.chron.com. 2020. What Is Value-Based Pricing & Marketing?. [online] Available at: <https://smallbusiness.chron.com/valuebased-pricing-marketing-23141.html> [Accessed 23 April 2020]. the Guardian. (2019). After the wildfire: treating the mental health crisis triggered by climate change. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/26/climate-change-mental-health-wildfires-santa-rosa [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].

The Haddams-Killingworth, CT Patch. (2019). What’s It Weigh? Firefighter gear, piece by piece. [online] Available at: https://patch.com/connecticut/thehaddams-killingworth/bp--whats-it-weigh-firefighter-gear-piece-by-piece [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

218

Torch, D. (2019). Drip Torch - Safequip. [online] Safequip. Available at: http://www.safequip.co.za/product/drip-torch/ [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

Ukfrs.com. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.ukfrs.com/sites/default/files/2017-09/Fire%20and%20Rescue%20Service%20Wildfire%20 Operational%20Guidance_0.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Ukfrs.com. (2019). Wildfires | NOG. [online] Available at: https://www.ukfrs.com/guidance/wildfires?bundle=control_measure&id=14416&parent=14449 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

Vox. 2020. Why It’S Been So Lucrative To Destroy The Amazon Rainforest. [online] Available at: <https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/8/30/20835091/amazon-rainforest-fire-wildfire-bolsonaro> [Accessed 20 May 2020].

White, C. (2020). What’s a Competitive Analysis & How Do You Conduct One?. [online] Blog.hubspot.com. Available at: https://blog.hubspot. com/marketing/competitive-analysis-kit [Accessed 3 Mar. 2020].

Wildfire Today. (2019). Leaf blower as a firefighting tool - Wildfire Today. [online] Available at: https://wildfiretoday.com/2015/07/07/leaf-bloweras-a-firefighting-tool/ [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

Wipo.int. 2020. Types Of Intellectual Property. [online] Available at: <https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/> [Accessed 22 April 2020].

Working on Fire. (2019). Firebreaks reduce the intensity of a fire. [online] Available at: http://workingonfire.com/integrated-fire-management/ reduction/fire-breaks/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019]. www.dictionary.com. 2020. Definition Of Copyright | Dictionary.Com. [online] Available at: <https://www.dictionary.com/browse/copyright> [Accessed 22 April 2020]. www.dictionary.com. 2020. Definition Of Patent | Dictionary.Com. [online] Available at: <https://www.dictionary.com/browse/patent?s=t> [Accessed 22 April 2020].

219

18.0 Appendices

18.01

Project Planner - Version 1

This shows the first update of the project planner that outlines the key sections that the project ahead.

This project planner was made October 7th, 2019.

222

223

18.02

Project Planner - Version 2

This shows the second updated version of the project planner that outlines every section that must be completed to finish the project in time for the April 24th deadline.

This project planner was made December 12th, 2019.

224

225

18.03

Project Planner - Version 3

This shows the final updated version of the project planner that adds in the changes brought about This project planner was made March 13th, 2020, when the university closed down. It has then been continually updated and followed along the entire project process.

226

227

18.04

Ethics Clearance Procedures Ethical clearance for research and innovation projects Project status

Status

Approved

Your application has been approved by the General Ethics Standing Panel. You may continue with your project.

Conditions applying to all research and innovation projects All sensitive data must be held in a confidential and secure place and destroyed on completion of the project or associated assessment results being confirmed. Anonymity and privacy should be guaranteed. You should ensure that it is not possible to identify an individual from the data you collect. The data should only be used for the purposes it was collected.

Informed consent should be obtained where appropriate and participants should have the right to withdraw without explanation.

The approval given applies only to the submission to which it relates. If you change your research, then you are required to resubmit for approval.

Evidence of any specific ethical requirements will be sought in the outputs from the project.

Please remember that a breach of Southampton Solent University ethics procedures is considered as academic misconduct (2L: Student Academic Misconduct, 11.x; 4L: Procedure relating to academic misconduct in Postgraduate Research Degrees, 4.iv; Staff Disciplinary Procedure: Appendix 4).

Actions Date

Who

29/11/2019 11:14:00 Alan Manley

Action

Comments

Supervisor approved

29/11/2019 11:09:00 Connor Macdonald Principal investigator submitted

Ethical clearance for research and innovation projects Project status

Status

Approved

Your application has been approved by the General Ethics Standing Panel. You may continue with your project.

Conditions applying to all research and innovation projects All sensitive data must be held in a confidential and secure place and destroyed on completion of the project or associated assessment results being confirmed. Anonymity and privacy should be guaranteed. You should ensure that it is not possible to identify an individual from the data you collect. The data should only be used for the purposes it was collected.

Informed consent should be obtained where appropriate and participants should have the right to withdraw without explanation.

The approval given applies only to the submission to which it relates. If you change your research, then you are required to resubmit for approval.

Evidence of any specific ethical requirements will be sought in the outputs from the project.

Please remember that a breach of Southampton Solent University ethics procedures is considered as academic misconduct (2L: Student Academic Misconduct, 11.x; 4L: Procedure relating to academic misconduct in Postgraduate Research Degrees, 4.iv; Staff Disciplinary Procedure: Appendix 4).

Actions Date

Who

05/11/2019 17:00:00 Alan Manley

Action Supervisor approved

05/11/2019 16:54:00 Connor Macdonald Principal investigator submitted

228

Comments

18.05 Interview 1 - Hampshire Fire Rescue Services Q1. What are the key forest fires that occur within the UK that you have been a part of?

A. Forest fires are not common in the UK. Wildfires are the most common fire that occurs within the UK. Forest fires donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t happen as often. The last large forest fire was in Swinley forest at Royal Berkshire, this was in 2011 and destroyed between 700-800 acres. Whereas in the USA a mega fire counts as 100,000 acres of burning or destroyed land.

Q2. With wildfires being the main issue within the UK, What are wildfires?

A. - - - - -

Wildfires count if they attribute to at least one of the following Any that burn over a hector of land (2 and a half acres).

Require 4 or more resources An incident that has a duration of 6 hours or more The fire has a sustained flame length of 1 and a half meters It poses a substantial risk to life, property or the environment.

Q3. You said that a fire is to be considered a wildfire if it â&#x20AC;&#x153;requires 4 or more resourcesâ&#x20AC;?. What counts as a resource?

A.

There is typically 4 people to a singular resource, so 10 resources would vary from 40/50 people responding.

Q4. Do you have any examples of severe wildfires within the UK? A. A big incident I was involved in was the Saddleworth Moor fire up towards Manchester, it was a countryside wildfire which was getting closer to the main water supply for Manchester. To make sure carbon from the fire damage did not get into the supplies it was directed to pass into gullies. This filtered the carbon out and stopped it getting into the water. There have been a few studies done on this fire since it occurred in 2018.

Q5. When approaching this fire at Saddleworth Moor, what tools and tactic were used to tackle it?

A. The main tools we use in most fires in the UK are beaters, water and helicopters. However, in this specific example we used beaters, helicopters and also had trackers drag water along the fields, soaking the grass in front of the fire.

Q6. How do beaters and helicopters work to stop the fire?

A. The beaters are simple tools, they are large metal poles with a plastic paddle ending. They are used to beat down the fire to stop it, this is very common within wildfires due to the smaller flame. The helicopters are flown above the flames and drop buckets of water onto the flames.

229

Q7… (Pause) A. Other methods of controlling a fire is through Control lines which is a line cut into the ground. This stops the fire in its tracks assuming it isn’t high enough to jump over the control line.

In the US, its very common for the use of drip torches and flare guns to systematically set certain areas of land alight. *The interviewer then proceeded to pass along some useful resources that would help to understand all the tools and tactics used within firefighters when attacking a wildfire. These resources include the Wildfire NOG (Natural Operational Guidelines), as well as the fire and rescue wildlife operational guidance.

Q8. Within these fire scenarios, how are you alerted of a fire? Is there any detection system in place?

A. There are minimal detection methods used within the UK. Its mostly alerted to us through 999 calls. The issue does come from hidden countryside’s. But no system is currently is place. In the US, the use of fire towers is extremely common. Someone always stays up on the tower 24/7, there job is to spot fires and call it in. *The interviewer then proceeded to use my pen and pad that was being used to take notes and wrote down information which he felt would be useful to learn to understand how a fire is tackled, shown below is his exact written work.

-Prevention/ (Preparation) -Firewise programme (North America -Surrey FRS?) -Prescribed burning to reduce fuel load -Detection -European programme of early detection of forest fires utilising satellite imagery -EU government?

230

-FireFighting -Pulaski tool UK - Maclead Rakehoe - “Lay flat” hoe UK – Beaters Aus/UK – “leaf blowers” -Drip torches (Back burning) -Aerial ignition -Incendiary ping pong balls -Aerial firefighting operation -Hotshot teams – ground based -Smoke jumpers – Fly in -Heli Rappel Teams – Fly in -Researchers -Julie Mc Murrow -John Dodt • rum

England and Wales Wildfire Fo-

Wildfire conference - Cardiff 21/22 November £155 - Wildfire Behaviour – Kings College, UK - Pau Costa Foundation

18.06 Interview 2 - Dorset Fire Rescue Services I: So you have been a firefighter for about 20+ years then have you?

A: About 23 yeah.

I: What experience do you have within wildfires?

A: I work in Dorset and Wiltshire so over the years I have been to a fair few, what we call heat fires as they are not classed as wildfires. They are not like Australia and California sized fires.

I: So are they more hectare fires so are quite small fires?

A:Yeah. Yeah. Well they can cover a really big area and can go from anything from a few fire engines and attendings to 20.

I: So when I was speaking to other firefighters from Hampshire to Cambridge I noticed a few trends. Would you say beaters or control lines are quite common in your area also?

A: Yeah. Yeah I: Are you aware in your district of there is any focus on detection of wildfires or is it more focused on the public eye calling it in?

A: I am not aware of any detection systems in place really as it is more the public eye. Its actually normally people walking there dogs actually. Early hours in the morning with people walking their dogs noticing these types of things. We used to have patrols on bikes and things but Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m not sure why they scaled that down a bit.

I: Within wildfires and forest fires. Do you believe that stakeholders so farmers protecting there crops and people protecting there homes. Do they often have tools themselves to protect it themselves?

A: Um. Not really no, no. You can go into the forest sometimes and see farmers using beats which is a bit of hard rubber attached to a pole.

And sometimes they will have hose pipes but nothing like what we have no.

I: So its pretty minimal apart from the beaters and the hose pipe?

A: Yeah. Beaters are normally the first line of defence really as water is a big issue for us. You go to areas there is not a lot of water and we have certain cars to get to certain areas but getting the water to the fire is the biggest issue

231

I: Oh thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interesting, ive not heard of this issue. So a lack of water is a big issue for you then?

A: Yeah. Our fire engines are not allowed off road, then we have off road appliances which carry the same amount of water, then land rovers which go down to that and then you have people with beaters to try and make a firebreak.

I: Would you personally think of any issues that could be occurring within the prevention, reduction, combating wildfires? This could be from detection methods to tooling efficiency to gear improvements.

A: Generally within this area are arson mostly. Its rare to have accidental fires like from barbeques that set fire to the grass. But a lot over the years have been arson.

I: The reason I ask when talking to you, Hampshire and Cambridge is a common thing I have noticed is the tools you use are very efficient but the beaters were first invented over 100 years ago and are still being used today. I just want to know how efficient they can be? I believe control lines take multiple people to do?

A: =so generally beaters and water are the main things. We stay away from firebreaks as the wind can blow the fire to jump over the gap anyway. You have to work on the edged to stop it spreading.

So hose reels we use if we have the off-road truck there can last 20 minutes so it depends on the area. How big it is. Where the nearest water supply is. But its usually the case that what we do is a water relay or shuttle so we have one fire engine a mile away and then have intermediate hoses in between to pump the pressure up and then you have the fire engine closest which will fight the fire.

I: so the aim is to maximise the amount of water you can use?

A: Yeah. Yeah. Maximise the pressure as you want the pressure high. If you are a mile away with a mile a hose you need fire engines in between to pump the pressure up. If not we have water carriers that hold about 10 000 litres that can be dumped into dams and fire engines can fill up from the dams I: OH I SEE. So that is more aerial support is it> A: In the county we have water carriers and off road appliances but as far as i know there are no detection system.

I: So just two things. Um. So from start to finish, You have public eye then send out set amount of people. Is there a preliminary person who goes and checks it to understand how many they need?

A: Normally um. Depending. What information fire control get will determine who they send out. Then if the officer in charge which is normally the first officer in the fire engine shows up will then ask for more so they may ask for 10 pumps because its massive. Depending on senior officers might turn up and take over and its there responsibility to take over.

I: So when arriving at the fire. Is there no real way of determining the size. Is there any aerial methods you use to understand the size of the fire?

A: Not really. The police sometimes get involved and bring helicopters with the fire officer and look but mostly its just guessing it from the ground really. Unless they get helicopters up. They have drones now in the service to get drones up.

232

I: I was thinking to get a helicopter in the air would be quite difficult but with one person who can use a drone with a wide angle would be a lot easier.

A:Yeah this is all new really with just the last few years.

I: Just to go back to the fire engines and keeping the pressure up, just to make sure I understand that. The hose was a mile long?

A: It’s just an example. If a hose is a mile away then you do a water shuttle, so you spread fire engines out every 14 trucks size roughly. The average hose length for supplying water is about 25 metres long and it’s a 70mm hose so its getting water from a hose or hydrant. If there is a water source near by we can suck water up from there. We have hard suctions so they are like a big straw that they use atmospheric pressure to draw water into the fire engine.

I:So the fire engine will come to the river as its local and suck up the water and then drive to where the water is needed. And they rotate around the get the water?

A: You would have one fire engine by the water drawing the water up and then he would be attached to a number of fire engines to keep the pressure up.

I: So it is like one long line then?

A:: Yeah so that’s what we call a water relay. It keeps the pressure on relay, so it keeps pressure throughout. You want to keep the pressure at around 7 bar I: You must need quite a few fire engines to do that then to keep pushing it through?

A: This all depends on the situation.

I: So there are no products that could increase the pressure without the use of the fire engine?

A: No not really. What I forgot to say was that we do have a light portable pump which are not light at all so basically it’s an engine that’s the same as the pump in a fire engine. So if you cant drive to a river you can walk with the light portable pump.

I: Are the light portable pumps able to keep pressure up and replace the use of the fire engine if needed> A: Yeah but it will never be to the level that the fire engines can do it at.

233

18.07

Interview 3 - Cambridge Fire Rescue Services 1)How long have you been a firefighter?

21 years

2)Within your department, do you focus on detection at all when it comes to wildfires? Has this ever been something that has been brought up when thinking about how to combat wildfires based more within the country possibly?

We donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any detection ourselves, we rely on our partner agencies e.g. Environment Agency, Park Rangers (National Trust) 3)As someone with experience with combating wildfires. Could you give any areas within prevention, reducing and combating wildfires that could be improved? This can vary from detection methods, to tooling efficiency or improvements within the gear you wear?

Unfortunately the PPE we wear is required for most incidents we attend due to its Fire retardant nature. Crews can remove tunics when fighting fires as long as the Incident Commander deems it safe to do so. Otherwise crews are kept very well hydrated throughout the incident. We target specific areas through our website during summer periods, for example reminding members of the public not to discard bbqs into rubbish bins and to be careful when discarding cigarettes. We have also held meeting s with local agricultural workers to remind them of the need to utilise on site water bowsers if they have them, to work in conjunction with Combines, Tractors when they are working to be able to have a fast response, only if safe to do so, whilst still calling for our attendance 4)Another thing I have noticed when speaking to the Hampshire service is that the key attack methods when combatting a wildfire is through the use of beaters and using control lines. Does your unit also use these methods when combating the wildfires? We use beaters and Hose Reels, this gives u quick response as the Hose Reel is quickly deployable and withstands high temperatures which is needed when being dragged along hot ground. Larger Jets will be used when the incident is more protracted and over larger areas.

5)If you do use these methods, what are your opinions on these methods?

In CFRS I feel these methods are the best available to us at the moment, we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to many fortunately and as such the equipment is adequate for our job The reason I ask this question is because as a designer looking into the firefighting world the tools you use such as the Pulaski tool for control lines is an extremely efficient tool. However, with it being made in 1911, is there a more efficient methods that can be manufactured? If there is.

What has stopped previous designers from making this tool? That is what I am trying to understand.

I had never heard of this tool, having researched it following your question it does look a very good piece of kit, when needed, cutting away at trees and bushes is very important and a sometimes very strenuous piece of work. We sometimes utilise what is called a Hilti Tool which is a battery powered saw, this is very good and easy to get to work,. Other than that its back to a good old fashioned Axe. 6)Is there anything else you would like to add that you think would be helpful for me to know?

234

I think research into this subject on new bits of equipment and Firefighting techniques would be very beneficial due to the changing climate, we are seeing extreme temperatures more regularly and as such need to be able to respond in the most appropriate and beneficial way, both for our Firefighters and members of the public who we aim to protect

18.08

Interview 4 - USA •

How long have they been a forest based firefighter?

I have been a structural firefighter with responsibilities that included fighting wildfire for twenty years •

What roles have they done when combating a forest fire?

Have served as a firefighter, engine boss, task force/strike team leader, division supervisor, structure protection group supervisor, operations section chief and incident commander on various incidents from small single unit fires to large type one (national priority) incidents.

•

When they get the call about a forest fire, is there any one thing they want to know about the fire?

The first thing I want to know is what the weather is like in the spot that the fire is happening. Winds and relative humidity are first things to know as they affect the fire behaviour the most.

•

What are the main detection methods used within the US?

The primary detection method for our region is people seeing the smoke and calling 911 to report it. We also utilize fire lookouts. These are specially trained people who utilize tower like structures, generally set on mountain tops whose whole job is to scan the horizon for smoke columns. Additionally we utilize remote detection cameras. These are video surveillance systems with software designed to detect the signature of a smoke column. When it detects the column it reports it to an operator assigned to monitor the system.

•

What are the top 3 tools that they use when combating a larger scale forest fire?

The first tool is education, training, and experience. The best tool on the fire line is that three pound lump of jelly between your ears. Engage it and be smart about fighting the fire.

Weather prediction tools are also key to successful and safe firefighting. The weather will determine if you can make a direct assault on the fire, or if you need to set up an indirect operation to catch the fire in a different location.

Communication devices such as two-way radios are also essential to coordinate actions on the fire-line. Uncoordinated actions and lack of situational awareness are good ways to get firefighters killed.

235

18.09

236

Task Analysis Component Component Nu. Description

Photo

Green DifficultyEasy Colour Body Position Coding

Amber DifficultyMedium Difficulty

Red DifficultyHard Solution

1

Ignition Cord

Upper body and back inclined forward and a slight bend of the knees to reach the product

Bending over can cause dam- Turn the design into age as well as the extension of electric powered or the wrist. make a push to start ability on the handles.

2

Clasps Left Handle

A mild arch of the back and upper body with a slight bend in the knees.

No difficulty holding the handle

N/A

3

Pulls the right release mechanism

A mild arch of the back and upper body with a slight bend in the knees.

Minimal difficulty except having enough force to pull the lever into the correct location

Make the levers higher up and easier to move.

4

Pulls release mechanism a second time

A mild arch of the back and upper body with a slight bend in the knees.

Minimal difficulty except having enough force to pull the lever into the correct location

Make the levers higher up and easier to move.

Component Component Nu. Description

237

Photo

Green DifficultyEasy

Amber DifficultyMedium

Colour Body Position Coding

Difficulty

Red DifficultyHard Solution

5

Pushes on left trigger

Standing up straight. No back strain or discomfort while walking.

No difficulty doing this.

N/A However, it must be made clear that in the re-design, the trigger must be thought about in the design.

6

Holds handles and walks forward.

Standing up straight. No back strain or discomfort while walking. However, staggering of the feet whilst walking.

the users stride is greater than the distance of the handle to the product; this means the user is holding back as to not step on the product.

7

Releases the trigger, still holding onto the handle.

There is no back strain or discomfort. However, the knees have slight bending and there is a clear strain on the harms to contain the product moving forward.

Mild struggle moving his Longer and ajustable hand away to come off the handles for better grip trigger whilst also holding on. and control.

8

Walks down hill

Upper body and back inclined forward with a slight bend of the knees to not collide with the product, causing staggering of the feet.

Extreme difficulty walking down the hill as the participant is trying not to step on the product and hold it at the same time.

By making more adjustable handles, the user could adjust it to fit his stride length.

Adjustable and movable handles to be used for each individual person.

Component Component Nu. Description

238

Photo

Green DifficultyEasy

Amber DifficultyMedium

Colour Body Position Coding

Difficulty

Solution N/A

Red DifficultyHard

9

Pulls right mechanism into correct gear

Standing up straight. No back strain or discomfort while pulling the mechanism.

No difficulty doing this

10

Holds down safety button and trigger to start product

Standing up straight. No back strain or discomfort while activating the product.

No difficulty doing this.

N/A However, it must be made clear that in the re-design, the trigger must be thought about in the design.

11

Holds trigger and pushes product up the hill

Back and upper body is severly inclined forward with legs extremely bent and holding alot of force. The arms are stretched forward putting heavy pressure on the wrists amd shoulders.

Because the handles are poorly designed, the user must put alot of force on his arms and legs to move the product.

Make the handles adjustable for a variety of heights and sizes to allow the user to use the bar to push instead of having heavy strain on the legs and arms.

12

Releases the trigger and roatates product.

Standing up straight. No back strain or discomfort wilst rotating the product.

No difficulty doing this

N/A

18.10

239

Component Drawings

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

240

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Matt

241

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Matt

242

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Matt

243

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Matt

244

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Matt

245

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

246

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Matt

247

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

248

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

249

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

250

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Matt

251

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

252

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

253

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

254

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

255

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

256

NOTES: 1. Draft angles not to exceed 1.5 degrees U.S.O 2. All undimensioned radii 0.2mm 3. Remove sharp edges and corners U.S.O 4. 'S' denotes sharp 5. All dimensions to be taken from split line U.S.O 6. All dimensions to be checked and approved by prior to manufacture 7. Feed gate position to be positioned in consultation with A SENSE OF FORM 8. Nominal wall thickness=3mm U.S.O 9. Finish=Smooth

257

18.11

Terms & Conditions

1) Right of Rescission 1.1 Consumers are on principle granted the right of rescission. 1.2 Please refer to the seller’s cancellation policy for details pertaining to the right of rescission.

2) Pricing and Terms of Payment 2.1 Unless otherwise specified in the product description, the prices specified are total prices including statutory sales tax. Any additional delivery and shipping costs are listed separated under the respective product description. 2.2 Deliveries to countries outside the European Union may be subject to additional fees not due to the seller and payable by the customer. These include e.g. remittance fees charged by credit institutions (e.g. transfer fees, foreign currency fees) or import fees or taxes (e.g. duties). Such fees pertaining to remittance may also apply to deliveries to countries within the European Union where the customer remits payment from a country outside of the European Union. 2.3 The customer is offered various payment options as specified in the seller’s online shop. 2.4 For cash in advance, payment is due promptly upon conclusion of contract. 2.5 When using a payment method offered

by PayPal, payment is processed through the payment service provider PayPal (Europe) S.à.r.l. et Cie, S.C.A., 22-24 Boulevard Royal, L-2449 Luxembourg (hereinafter: “PayPal”), subject to the PayPal user agreement, available at https://www.paypal.com/de/ webapps/mpp/ua/useragreement-full or - in the event that the customer does not have a PayPal account – subject to the conditions applicable for payment without PayPal account, available at https://www.paypal.com/de/webapps/mpp/ua/privacywax-full.

3) Terms of Delivery and Sale 3.1 Goods are delivered to the delivery address specified by the customer unless otherwise agreed. The delivery address specified during the seller’s order processing is material for processing the transaction. 3.2 For goods delivered via carrier, delivery is “free kerbside”, so to the public kerb closest to the delivery address specified unless otherwise specified in the shipping information in the seller’s online shop or unless otherwise agreed. 3.3 In the event that the carrier returns the despatched goods to the seller due to inability to deliver, the customer shall bear the costs of failed delivery. This does not apply if the customer effectively exercises his right of rescission, if he did not cause the circumstances resulting in the inability to deliver, or if he was temporarily unable to accept the service offered unless notified of the service by the seller within a reasonable period. 3.4 In the event of collection by the customer, the seller will first notify the customer of the goods ordered being ready for collection via e-mail. After receiving this e-mail, the customer may collect the goods at the seller’s place of business as agreed with the seller. In this case, no shipping charges will apply.

4) Retention of Title In the event that the seller provides advance performance, he reserves ownership in the goods delivered until the purchase price owed is paid in full.

5) Liability for Defects (Warranty) 5.1 In the event that the goods purchased are defective, the provisions of statutory liability for defects apply. 5.2 Notwithstanding this, the statute of limitations for claims for defects for used goods is one year from the time goods are delivered to the customer.

The statute of limitations will not be reduced to one year for goods used for a structure according to their typical use and causing its defectiveness,

258

for damages arising from injury to life, body or health, resulting from the seller’s wilful or negligent breach of duties or wilful or negligent breach of duties by the seller’s legal representative or agent, for other damages due to the seller’s wilful or grossly negligent breach of duties or wilful or grossly negligent breach of duties by a legal representative or agent of the user, as well as in the event that the seller fraudulently concealed the defect.

5.3 The customer is requested to file a claim against the carrier for goods delivered with obvious transport damage and to notify the seller.

Failure to do so does not affect his legal or contractual rights for defects.

6) Applicable Law All legal relationships between the parties are subject to the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany under exclusion of the Laws on the International Sale of Goods. For consumers this choice of law only applies in this respect if this does not deprive the consumer of the protection granted by mandatory provisions law of the country in which the consumer typically resides.

7) Jurisdiction If the customer acts as a merchant, legal entity under public law, or special fund under public law with registered office within the sovereign territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, the exclusive place of jurisdiction for any disputes arising from this agreement is the seller’s place of business. If the customer’s registered office is located outside the sovereign territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, the seller’s place of business is the exclusive place of jurisdiction for any disputes arising from this agreement provided that the agreement or claims arising from the contract can be attributed to the professional or business activities of the customer. In these cases, the seller will in any case be entitled to appeal to the court having jurisdiction over the customer’s registered office.

8) Information Regarding Online Dispute Resolution During the first quarter of 2016, the EU Commission will provide an internet platform to settle disputes online (so-called “ODR platform”). The ODR platform is intended as a place to settle out of court disputes pertaining to contractual obligations arising from online contracts of sale.

The ODR platform will be made available under the link: http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr (Jansen Mailorder, 2020)

259

260