TBM March 2019

www.totalboarding.co.uk MARCH / APRIL 2019

Contents

W

e have something of an enrichment and vaccination special this month. Dean Hart discusses reducing stress in the kennel environment and our new contributor and ‘’cat woman’’ Denise McGlennon tells us how to make new arrivals feel at home.

We take a look at detailed view on vaccination. Dr. Vicki Adams starts the debate on whether titre testing is a viable alternative to vaccination in the boarding environment and Patricia Naish talks about the importance of vaccinating rabbits.

With the events season upon us, we take a look at the worlds largest dog show, Crufts. Do please keep your ideas for future articles, news about your business or feedback coming. We would love to feature your kennel or cattery, so don’t be shy, contact me at editor@ totalboarding.co.uk , I am waiting to hear from you.

16

Let me show you to your room

Contents 4

Charity Focus

12 To vaccinate or not to vaccinate?

In the first of a two part series Dr. Vicki Adams MRCVS discusses the immune system and the timing of vaccination.

16 Let me show you to your room Denise McGlennon CFMG tells us how make the most of settling cats in.

20 Poodles, Podengos and Pugs! oh, my!

Becky Howe BSc. Explains different breed traits and characteristics.

24 Gentle Purr-suasion Getting to grips with fear aggressive cats.

26 Its all in the genes Two years after launch, we look at the progress of the genome project.

Editor www.totalboarding.co.uk

Editor Hayley Waters – editor@totalboarding.co.uk

James Taylor – james@cimltd.co.uk Lisa Humphrey - lisa@cimltd.co.uk T: 01795 509108

Commercial Director

Credit Facilities Manager

Mike Smith – mike@tgmpublishing.co.uk T: 01795 509110

Natalie Murray – creditcontrol@cimltd.co.uk T: 01795 509103

Design and Production

Chief Executive

Grant Waters – grant@cimltd.co.uk

John Denning – jdenning@cimltd.co.uk

© 2018 TGM Publishing Limited, The Goods Shed, Jubilee Way, Whitstable Road, Faversham, Kent ME13 8GD. No part of this magazine may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form – electronic, mechanical or physical – without express prior permission and written consent of the publisher. Contributions are invited and when not accepted will be returned only if accompanied by a fully stamped and addressed envelope. Manuscripts should be type written. No responsibility can be taken for drawings, photographs or literary contributions during transmission or in the editor’s hands. In the absence of an agreement the copyright of all contributions, literary, photographic or artistic, belongs to TGM Publishing Limited. The publisher accepts no responsibility in respect of advertisements appearing in the magazine and the opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the views of the Publisher. The Publisher cannot accept liability for any loss arising from the late appearance or non publication of any advertisement.

Total Boarding Magazine | 3

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Latest news and product round-up Third party puppy sales: Michael Gove calls for evidence on ban

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ban on third party puppy sales is to be explored by the government as part of a package of reforms to drive up animal welfare standards.

A call for evidence has been launched seeking views on a possible ban on third party sales, which would mean anyone looking to buy or adopt a dog will either deal directly with the breeder or with one of the nation’s many animal rehousing centres.

Environment Secretary Michael Gove said: ‘’We need to do everything we can to make sure the nation’s much loved pets get the right start in life. From banning the sale of underage puppies to tackling the breeding of dogs with severe genetic disorders, we are cracking down on sellers who have a total disregard for their dogs’ welfare’’.

The legislation being put before parliament today will come into force later this year, including: • Banning licensed sellers from dealing in puppies and kittens under the age of eight weeks; • Ensuring that licensed dog breeders show puppies alongside their mother before a sale is made; • Tackling the sale of weak underage puppies and the breeding of unhealthy dogs and dogs with severe genetic disorders;

4 | Total Boarding Magazine

• Introducing compulsory licensing for anyone in the business of breeding and selling dogs; • Requiring puppy sales to be completed in the presence of the new owner, preventing online sales where prospective buyers have not seen the animal first; • Insisting licensed dog breeders can only sell puppies they have bred themselves.

These plans have been widely welcomed by charities.

RSPCA deputy chief executive Chris Wainwright said: ‘’We are delighted that Defra is considering a ban on third party sales of puppies. We believe that cracking down on unscrupulous traders, who put profit ahead of animal welfare, will provide much-needed protection for prospective pet owners and puppies.

We have always said that an end to third party sales alone would not be enough to end the puppy trade crisis and we are pleased that this is being looked at alongside enhanced licensing conditions for breeders which will come into force later this year.’’

Caroline Kisko, Kennel Club Secretary, said:

‘’The Kennel Club welcomes Defra’s announcement as a crucial step forward to tackle the cruel puppy farming industry. The Kennel Club, whose own regulations explicitly ban the sale of puppies to third parties, has long called for an end to the sale of puppies in pet shops and by other third party retailers.

There is simply no way that a responsible breeder would ever sell a puppy to a pet shop or a pet dealer and we are delighted to see this issue getting the attention that it deserves.

Good breeders, such as Kennel Club Assured Breeders, always insist on speaking at length to potential puppy buyers to ensure their pups will be given good homes.’’

Launching the call for evidence on a ban, Environment Secretary Michael Gove invited all interested parties to share their views by 2 May 2019 on how this could best be introduced.

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Renewed call for firework law reform

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he RSPCA has renewed calls to restrict the private use of fireworks to particular dates in a bid to reduce the fear and distress caused to many animals throughout the year.

The plea comes as figures reveal that last year (2018), the RSPCA received its highest ever number of calls about fireworks (382) from concerned members of the public. This represents a 50% increase from 2011 (255).

In one RSPCA rescue last November, a dog spooked by fireworks had to be freed from a six-inch gap between walls in a three-hour rescue operation.

Limiting the use of fireworks to agreed traditional dates - such as Guy Fawkes/Bonfire Night, New Year’s Eve, Chinese New Year and Diwali - would be good news for animals, according to the charity’s welfare experts.

The animal charity also believes reducing the noise of fireworks

available for sale to the public, and providing more information to the public about licensed displays, could better protect animals.

The UK parliamentary debate was triggered after a petition - started by a member of public - attracted over 100,000 signatures.

Missing puss Tosha is finally back at home – an amazing ten years after he went missing without a trace.

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he ginger moggy went walkabout from Maidenbower, Crawley, in 2007 after being left in the care of a family friend while owners Natasha and David Lewington were working overseas.

He was later taken in by an elderly lady in nearby Tilgate who cared for him until she sadly passed away earlier this year.

Having been named Ginger, he was then brought into Cats Protection’s National Cat Adoption Centre, in Lewes Road, Chelwood Gate, for rehoming.

A routine microchip scan revealed the details of his original name and owners, who were overjoyed to discover he was alive and well.

Deputy Manager of Cats Protection’s National Cat Adoption Centre Karen Thompson said: “All cats that come into the centre are routinely scanned for a

6 | Total Boarding Magazine

microchip, and it’s not unusual to be able to trace owners for cats which have been missing a few months.

“However, it’s rare we find a cat that has been missing for such a long period of time. It seems that Tosha had become lost and started straying but was fortunate to have been taken in to a loving home. He has clearly spent the past decade being a much-loved pet, and while the circumstances of him coming into the centre are very sad, it’s comforting to know he can now be returned to his original owners.’’

“Tosha’s story goes to show why microchipping is so important. Had he never been microchipped we would have had no way of returning him to his home.”

Relieved owner David Lewington, who now lives in Tollgate Hill, said he was thrilled to have Tosha home.

“It was great to see him again – of course he is a lot older, a bit slower and is still getting to know us again. But we can see he’s the same old Tosha and it’s really wonderful to have him home again. We’re just so pleased we had him microchipped, otherwise we’d never have had this happy ending.”

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Latest news and product round-up Toxic shellfish cause dog deaths

Getting up close and Purr-sonal

It is ‘highly likely’ a spate of dog deaths in Norfolk and Suffolk were caused by ‘toxic shellfish.’

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he Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) has confirmed that the death of a Siberian Husky, after it ate crab at Felixstowe, Suffolk, was probably due to Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP).

IFCA said, ‘The death of a Siberian Husky after eating a shore crab at Felixstowe Ferry, Suffolk, earlier this month is highly likely to have been because of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP).’

Similar findings were made after the death of a Golden Retriever, Hattie, died after it ate fish on the beach at Cley, Norfolk, on New Years’ Eve. Mike Hamilton was walking Hattie and his Cocker Spaniel, Bramble, at Cley when they ate some fish and

8 | Total Boarding Magazine

starfish. Hattie died and Bramble became seriously ill.

PSP is caused by eating shellfish contaminated with dinoflagellate algae that produce harmful toxins. Some of these toxins are a thousand times more potent than cyanide.

There have been other cases of reported sickness in dogs and officials have advised that owners to try and ensure their animals don’t eat anything they find on the beach. If necessary they should muzzle their dogs if they think they may want to eat washed up fish.

Anyone with dogs that have become ill after consuming items on the beach should report the details to the council where the incident took place.

esearch by feline veterinary behaviour product Feliway Friends, has revealed that over 65% of owners believe their cats get on with each other, yet nearly all of those questioned owned cats that displayed signs of multi-cat tension.

Indeed, nearly two-thirds of cat owners believed their cats were either sociable or indifferent towards each other despite showing signs of disharmony which included chasing (65%), swiping paws (53%), hissing (48%), keeping a distance from one another (31%), fighting and acting aggressively (27%), staring (30%) and sitting in front of resources to block access (25%). Moreover, the cats were so stressed that they would often scratch furniture or household items (46%), hide from their housemates (26%), meow excessively (20%) or spray (17%).

Eighty per cent of pet owners allow their cats to eat and drink beside their housemates, which is known to increase multi-cat tension. Simple changes within the household, such as separating feeding areas, positioning water bowls away from the feeding areas and creating safe areas up high will help prevent disharmony, Feliway Friends says.

The product is designed to help reduce tensions and conflicts in households with more than one cat and help cats feel safe and secure, while maintaining a harmonious bond between them.

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Immunology and Vaccination Part 1 The immune system and the timing of vaccination In the first of a two-part series, Vicki J Adams,BSc DVM MSc PhD MRCVS, summarises a presentation given at the 4th ALiKC Conference 26 November 2018.

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he talk started with a general question posed to the audience: Q: Why do vets say that you should bring your pet into the practice at least once a year?

A: Is it to …

A. … give booster shot(s) B. … perform a wellness examination check C. … discuss preventive health care measures D. … all of the above Hands went up for various responses and most agreed that D was the most appropriate answer as the timing of annual examinations allows a riskbenefit assessment in terms of what is needed to keep individual pets healthy.

What happens when we vaccinate an individual animal?

The intent is to provoke an immune response to help protect the pet from severe disease (caused by the pathogenic micro-organism or antigen that we are vaccinating against). Protection comes from stimulation of lymphocytes of 2 types and is usually conferred in the form of humoral immunity involving antibodies produced by B cells and cell mediated immunity which involves T cells (Figure 1).

Figure 1. What is an antibody and what is an antigen?

The primary immune response occurs the first time that an antigen comes in contact to the immune system (Figure 2, Table 1). During this time the immune system must learn to recognise foreign antigens and how to make antibodies against them.

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Figure 1.

The major antibody class produced is immunoglobulin M (IgM) although low levels of IgG may be detected; these antibodies are of low affinity and subsequently decline. Depending on the nature of the antigen and the site of entry the primary immune response can take up to 14 days to peak and lead to the generation of memory cells with a high specificity for the inducing antigen. The secondary immune response occurs the second time (3rd, 4th, etc.) that an animal is exposed to the same antigen. At this point immunological memory has been established with the production of special lymphocytes called memory cells and the immune system can start making specific antibodies immediately.

Following further challenge with the same antigen, there is a rapid response that results in the production of IgG antibodies of increasing affinity. The affinity of the IgM antibodies remains essentially unchanged. The precise

Figure 2.

pattern of antibody production depends on the nature of the antigen, route of administration/exposure, presence or absence of vaccine adjuvant and the species of animal.

Figure 2. The primary and secondary immune responses to exposure to antigen via vaccination or infection.

The primary response tends to be made up of low affinity antibodies that are slow to build up and not very strong whilst the secondary response tends to be a stronger and faster response made up of high affinity antibodies due to the presence of memory cells

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Figure 3.

Figure 3. Antibodies detect, recognise and attach to antigens to form complexes in association with lymphocytes as well as in tissues and the bloodstream.

The timing of vaccination is important in young animals due to the presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA). MDA provide passively acquire immunity via antibodies that cross the placenta and are present in colostrum (first milk). After about 4 weeks of age, a puppy’s level of MDA drops below the protective threshold and it is during this time that a puppy’s own antibody levels are not yet fully developed. The level of MDA that remain until about 6 to 7 weeks of age are still enough to prevent a vaccine from producing an adequate immune response in

Figure 4.

puppies. We call the period of time between the point at which MDA do not confer protection up to the time that vaccination produces a protective level of immunity the window of susceptibility or the immunity gap (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Timing of vaccination in young animals.

Next issue we ask… Should Kennels + Catteries use titre testing results as “proof ” of vaccination for

boarding?

Dr Vicki Adams MRCVS is a Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Editor of the Veterinary Record Open and Acting Chief Executive, Animal Cancer Trust. Vicki has recently joined the committee of ALiKC as Veterinary Advisor.

For further information on ALIKC membership, benefits and details of the conference please visit: www.alikc.org.uk

Table 1. Major differences in the primary and secondary immune responses Primary immune response Secondary immune response Occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen second + subsequent exposure to same antigen Responding cells are Lag phase Level of antibody reaches peak in Time taken to establish immunity Antibodies produced Amount of antibody produced Antibody level Affinity of antibody to its antigen is Response appears mainly in the Thymus involvement

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naïve B- and T-cells is often longer (4 - 7 days), sometimes as long as weeks/months 7 - 10 days

memory cells is shorter (1 - 4 days) due to the presence of memory cells 3 - 5 days

longer time

shorter time

mainly IgM with a small amount of IgG

mainly IgG with small amount of IgM + sometimes IgA + IgE (allergies) usually 100 - 1000 times more antibodies

usually small amount + depends on nature of antigen declines rapidly low lymph nodes + spleen both thymus-dependent + thymus independent antigens result in a primary immune response

remains high for a longer time high bone marrow, followed by the spleen + lymph nodes only thymus-dependent antigens result in a secondary immune response

Do you own or work in Dog Kennels, Boarding Cattery, Dog Day Care or Dog Boarding?

The new Animal Activities Licensing (AAL) regulations came into effect on 1 October 2018. With this brings a number of changes, including the requirement to have clear evidence of knowledge and experience or a minimum of an OFQUAL regulated level 2 qualification in a relevant subject.

T

he new regulations will replace a number of different pieces of animal establishment regulations, namely: Boarding Establishments Act 1963, Pet Animals Act 1951, Riding Establishments Act 1968, Dog Breeding Act 1991, Performing Animals Act 1925.

From that date any businesses in England commercially trading live animals or boarding cats or dogs either during the day or overnight will need a licence issued under the new regulations, although existing licences issued under the Pet Animals Act 1951 or the Boarding Establishments Act 1963 will remain valid until they expire. The new regulations take effect on renewal or if your business is being brought into the scope of licensing for the first time.

Activities such as Commercial Dog Boarding Kennels, Commercial Cat Boarding - Catteries, Commercial Home Boarding, Commercial Dog Daycare, Commercial Dog Breeding are covered by the new legislation. Under the new regulations, staff working for Dog Kennels, Boarding Catteries, Dog Day Care or Dog Boarding must have clear evidence of knowledge and experience or a minimum of an OFQUAL regulated level 2 qualification in a relevant subject.

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during the working day.

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Time to settle

Settling a cat into a new environment can be a challenge. Cats are finicky creatures with particular needs that if not managed carefully can cause stress, unwanted behavious and even health problems. Denise McGlennon CFMG gives us some useful tips to settle in new arrivals.

I

t would be wise to consider a checklist to help you establish what you do and don’t need for the cat to settle adequately and make the boarding/ transition to new home run as smoothly as possible.

• Territory • Feeding station • Water • Sleeping area • Toileting area • Play

Territory Firstly consider how many cats are to be homed together? Remember even though cats live together doesn’t mean they will appreciate being boarded together. The space they share at home will be vastly different to the space they occupy whilst boarding. If they’re being rehomed then preparation is the key to ensuring the transition occurs with the least stress possible.

Providing suitable and sturdy ‘cat trees’ are a must. Cats view each

Cats can prefer different bowl types

and every level on the ‘cat tree’ as a separate territory, therefore multiple cats can occupy the same tree without upset, providing it is large enough to accommodate. Hiding places are also necessary. Cats will become stressed if they are exposed and have no hiding spots when they feel upset, overwhelmed or threatened, rather than having to provide even more space perhaps think of creating curtains using blankets to the second step of the cat tree. That way the cat can hide at a height and not be at risk of being cornered by other cats.

Feeding

Ultimate boredom buster

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Feeding is very important to cats in the sense of routine and quantity/quality, most cats have very discerning tastes and by that I mean they KNOW what they like. It won’t always be the most expensive but it may range between 2 or 3 different types and or brands of food. The bowls provided may differ depending on breed of cat also, shorter

faced cats may find it difficult to feed from deep bowls and prefer saucer type or a shy cat may refrain from eating from deeper bowls as they cannot watch their surroundings adequately in order to eat. If food is on offer constantly i.e. biscuits/kibble then it is important to monitor these bowls carefully as when the biscuits have a gap in the bottom of the bowl the cat usually assumes the bowl is now empty and stops eating, to ensure the biscuits are used and you are not piling new biscuits on top of old ones pull the biscuits from the sides to cover the bottom of the bowl again until all the biscuits are eaten. Where to place the bowl (s) is important also.

On the floor is ok as long as there are no other pets or children that can access the bowls. Worry over whether they can eat in peace may prevent the cat from eating or make them hide until all is quiet and then gorge all the food in one go, which could cause stomach and weight problems. Preferably the bowl should be in an area that allows the

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Things to consider when choosing a litter:

cat to eat without interruption and gives a good view of their surroundings and allow them to watch and assess their environment for possible threats.

Water Fresh, clean water is essential and will need replaced more often if the cat is fed on dry biscuits/kibble. Some cats prefer aerated water and will drink more readily from fountains rather than still water bowls. Considering how susceptible cats can be to urinary tract problems it would be wise to monitor intake carefully especially during the settling in period. Any water provided should also not be left next to food bowls. Cats are messy eaters and may drop food into the water bowl and therefore render the water soiled.

Sleeping area Cats generally prefer elevated place for sleeping or lounging. Some like to be hidden and prefer an igloo style bed.

Some prefer to see all around them.

The position, fabric, height and style of the bed all depends on the cat. Cats live in a vertical world so each height level is another territory. It is possible to create a toilet, feeding and sleeping area on one cat tree if it is big enough and there are no other cats to share it with. The only way to make sure the cat is comfortable is to observe them when they are resting and try to mimic that with their bed. Do they choose to sit on top of things? Do they like to be underneath things or hidden away? Trying to force or insist on any

Relaxed and settled

particular sleeping area for the cat may cause stress for you and them! Best to observe and adjust.

Toileting area A toileting box that is large enough for the cat is one of the most important things to take into consideration when providing a toilet area. If the box is covered can the cat comfortably squat inside? Would there be enough space for him to soil in a couple of areas during the day and still have clean litter to stand on inside? If not they may take to eliminating outside the box. What type of litter is used is an owners choice first but ultimately if the cat does not like the feel of the litter on their feet they may stop using the

Creating different levels reduces stress

18 | Total Boarding Magazine

Is the cat happy with the feel of the litter on his feet?

Does it move well enough to be dug up an moved around?

Does it have a strong odour?

All of the above will determine which litter your cat is happiest using.

And remember in multi cat households the rule of thumb is one litter tray per cat plus one extra. ie.

3 cats = 4 litter trays. That way there is no queue for the toilet!

box to avoid discomfort. The toileting area should be well away from all food , water and sleeping areas (remember cats live in a vertical world ) so as long as they are all separated there should be no problems.

Play Play is very much an overlooked factor in a cats life. Whether it is used to bond with your cat, increase their confidence within the household or to defuse a situation and de stress a cat, Play can make life run in a much smoother fashion if done regularly. Playing with the cat, using ‘fishing’ type toys where the cat pounces and catches the prey can bring an introvert out of hiding, make the shyest of cats more confident, defuse a situation between warring cats and of course provide exercise and stimulation for indoor cats. a couple of minutes a day is all that’s needed to make a huge difference to a cats wellbeing and can help a cat settle into almost any new situation and provide a release during stressful situations.

Denise McGlennon is a Certified Feline Master Groomer, co founder of UK Cat Grooming Training and owner at DMG Pet Grooming Boutique & Spa. Denise also is involves with hands on grooming training and assessing and is a crazy feline servant to 4 beautiful kitties.

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Getting to know you

We have a variety of dog breeds which have been bred through selective breeding to carry out a particular job or look a certain way. Becky Howe BSc (Hons) gives us a whistle stop tour of dog breeds and meeting their needs in a kennel environment.

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he British Kennel Club recognises 213 different dog breeds but there are also others and many cross breed commonly seen in the kennels. These 213 recognised breeds can all be placed under one of seven categories. Hound, Working, Gundog, Terrier, Utility, Pastoral, Toy. All these breeds vary in appearance and also behaviour. Some of these dogs will have behavioural traits which have been specifically bred.

For example, the Border Collie has been bred for its ability to herd and will therefore have different requirement to the Chihuahua which is intended as a companion.

Hound These are dogs that were bred and used to hunt by sight and sound. These breeds have typically been bred to work alone, hunting by sight or scent while there owners followed behind.

Therefore the breeds have been known to be independent yet still a dedicated companion whilst often needing a lot of

Although belonging to the pastoral group, the GSD but is equally happy guarding, performing rescues or working as a police dog

exercise. These dogs vary massively in appearance and range from the Beagle to the Greyhound.

Working The appearance and abilities of these

dogs vary throughout the group. These breeds were bred for specific purposes such as guarding and draft animals, and have gone on to become search and rescue dogs, military dogs and guide dogs. They are intelligent and built to be powerful workers. These include the Newfoundland, Boxer, Great Dane and Rottweiler.

Gundog

Originally bred to clear rats in confined spaces, the Yorkshire Terrier is now a popular companion dog

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These are the dogs which have been bred to work alongside their owner in order to aid in locating live animals or retrieve game which had been shot. This includes spaniels, pointers and retrievers. These are generally intelligent dogs with a great ability to work but also having a good temperament making them a loyal companion. Breeds include the English Setter, German Shorthaired Pointer, Labrador Retriever and English

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Springer Spaniel.

Terrier Terriers have mainly been bred to hunt and kill vermin ranging from rats to foxes and badgers. They would often be sent underground to get to the vermin and as a result barking has been selectively bred in some. If the dog didn’t bark, the owner wouldn’t be able to locate their dogs when they were under ground. There is a big variation in size amongst the terrier breeds.

Common breeds seen in the kennels include the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, West Highland Terrier, Border Terrier and Airedale Terrier.

Utility This group consists of a wide range of breeds, these miscellaneous breeds have all been bred for a specific purpose but don’t meet the requirements of the other categories. Due to this the purposes and abilities are different between the breeds. Commonly seen dogs in this group include the Dalmatian, Bulldog, Chow Chow and Poodle.

Toy Toy breeds have been bred overtime to be companions to us and many have been selected for their specific appearance. These dogs are smaller in size which means they can often fit into human life better in that they can often cope better in smaller living environments unlike some of the larger breeds and easier to manage, potentially meaning they can often adapt better to city life. Breeds found in the kennels will include the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Pomeranian and Yorkshire Terrier.

Pastoral In this group we find the herding dogs who have been bred to herd animals such as cattle, sheep and reindeer. These breeds are often highly intelligent, keen to work with us and have high energy levels. Breeds include the Old English Sheepdog, Border Collie and Bearded Collie.

So as our dogs have been bred for 22 | Total Boarding Magazine

Terriers can’t help looking for mischief

specific purposes they all have different needs. We now generally keep these breeds as pets and not necessarily for their intended purpose. Although this doesn’t mean they have lost their ability or desire to carry out their jobs. In the kennels it’s important to consider our dog’s needs. Would the spaniel enjoy an extra walk to check out some of those nice scents? Would the Collie like a few extra brain games to complete?

Our toy breeds are bred to be companions and therefore it is likely that these breeds may enjoy some extra company rather than an extra walk in the rain! So spending some time in their kennels or another suitable area, giving them some company and play is likely to be much appreciated.

Our pastoral breeds are likely to have a lot of energy, both physical and mental, as they are active and intelligent. This means they may benefit from an extra run around an enclosed area. These dogs often like to control movement so may enjoy a game of chase (if appropriate for the individual).

Terriers are often lively and energetic dogs and enjoy both mental and physical stimulation. They often enjoy to chase so an appropriate game with a toy would be enjoyable as well as giving them an obstacle course to explore containing tunnels, perches and small jumps.

Gundogs, dependant on the breed, will enjoy chasing, retrieving and sniffing. These are often active breeds so some time out of the kennels would be ideal. Whether this is to run around the field, retrieve a toy or follow a scent.

Gundogs: Developed to find, flush, and retrieve game

Working dogs are active and intelligent. It’s likely that they will enjoy an extra chance to stretch their legs in an enclosed area as well as a chance to play and interact with staff.

Hound breeds will be interested in scent and movement. They will all appreciate some time outside whether it’s to follow a scent or follow a moving object. Alternatively they may just like a wonder around! They are often independent but do also enjoy human company.

Even though these dogs may enjoy slightly different activities, all breeds will benefit greatly from a puzzle feeder or brain activity which they can carry out in their kennels. Dogs are also sociable animals so often really enjoy human company, whether it’s a fuss or some interactive play!

Becky Howe BSc (Hons) is a dog walker, pet sitting and dog trainer. Working with companion animals for over 8 years she has a passion for improving the quality of life for companion animals. Specifically by aiding dog owners in understanding their dogs better and helping to improve their quality of life through early socialisation and training for a happy dog.

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Fear aggressive cat? Humane handling and restraint

Y

ou may have heard of the term ‘stress stacking’. Perhaps you even suffer from it yourself. But as a human, you can generally rationalise what’s going on and choose how to deal with it. If you are a cat entering a cattery; familiarity, routine and options are taken away from you one by one. The first level of anxiety may begin with the sudden arrival of suitcases and the appearance of the dreaded pet carrier. From there on, it can go steadily downhill.

Fear aggression happens when a cat perceives a threat and is unable to change or remove itself from the situation. The degree of the threat is often related to prior experiences, with the more pain or discomfort felt in the past, the more heightened the fear aggression will be. Having an in-depth understanding of feline body postures should guide you as to how best to approach (or in some instances – leave) the cat. Signs of fear induced aggression include dilated pupils, ears flattened against the head, limbs tucked under the body, low body position, swiping with paws, hissing, spitting and growling.

Your aim as a carer is to prevent any of these signs from developing or escalating. There is plenty you can do in regard to environmental enrichment, synthetic pheromones (plug in or spray), provision of games, height and nest options (Feline Fort) so that the cat develops a positive experience during its stay with you. But what about handling? In the first instance, top opening carriers are the preferred option. Allow the cat to come out of its own accord and keep it’s bedding. This allows the cat to build up its own scent profile and helps it to feel more secure in the otherwise strange environment.

Avoid looking directly at the cat. When eye contact is necessary, blink slowly.

24 | Total Boarding Magazine

Being consistently calm and gentle and talking to the cat in a quiet tone, using its name frequently can help to build trust.

If you do have to move the cat, gently hold or cradle it against your body and stroke the facial pheromone sites - cheeks, chin, forehead and mouth.

If you are giving treatments to the cat, work around the cat allowing it to position itself. Prioritise any procedures to leave the worst to last. On occasion, there may be unfortunate instances when greater intervention is required in order to prevent the cat from endangering itself or others. This may be in an emergency such as fire, flood or escape. Gentle handling using the protection of animal handling gauntlets may be used with scruffing being a last resort. In extreme circumstances, a cat grabber can be used in rescue situations where an aggressive cat is in a confined space or out of normal reach.

For further information or advice on humane animal handling and equipment, please contact MDC on 01582 655 600 or email info@mdcexports.co.uk

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Give a dog a genome As the Give a Dog a Genone project reaches its second anniversary since launching at Crufts in 2017. Dr. Louise Burmeister of the Animal Health Trust reflects on the progress of this pioneering work so far.

Dr. Louise Burmeister freezes samples for sequencing

Were you surprised by how much interest breeds have shown in this project?

We were anxious that we would struggle to fill the original 50 places, especially as we were asking breeds to donate £1,000 each to help match the costs involved with the sequencing, so yes, most definitely!

It’s been incredible to see how many breeds are really passionate about improving their breed’s health and embracing and supporting this new project. Give a Dog a Genome is the first project of its kind in dogs, so the breeds’ willingness to try something new has been really astonishing. We were completely blown away when we not only managed to fill these 50 places very quickly, but also filled the additional 25 places very quickly, and had numerous breeds donate more money to sequence more than one dog’s DNA from their breed.

We are now, in a way, a victim of our 26 | Total Boarding Magazine

DNA is a string of A, C, G & Ts…if each was 1mm long the whole genome of each dog we sequence would stretch from Lands End to John O’Groats and back again!

own success. This project was originally planned with the resources to sequence the 50 genomes. We have ended up with 77 breeds participating in the project and a total 86 dog genomes to sequence (75 of these were match-funded by the Kennel Club Charitable Trust). In essence, we now have almost double the amount of work to do, which is part of why the original time frame for the project has slipped back a bit, but I’m pleased to say we are getting there!

Dr Burmeister, is this the future of canine genetics research?

Yes – at least it will definitely make a significant contribution to the future of canine genetics research! I’m really excited about the potential of this project. Whole genome sequencing is a fantastic method for finding disease mutations, but it can be overwhelming because it shows you all of the millions of variants in a dog’s DNA. This can

make finding that one specific mutation extremely difficult.

That is why we have spent the last two years setting up this genome bank idea. By having a large number of whole genome samples, each sample is able to act as a control for a specific disease under investigation.

This enables us to much more quickly compare the variants amongst the genomes and eliminate benign variants, in order to hone in on the one that causes the disease in question, and to create a new DNA test.

This is the premise behind Give a Dog a Genome and it is taking a long time to set up and create this genome bank – but it’s a really important part of the process. In fact, even though we haven’t yet completed sequencing all 86 samples, those that have been sequenced have already begun to contribute to other studies. Unfortunately, a common misconception about the Give a Dog a Genome project is that it is a

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quick fix for finding disease-causing mutations. There is no quick fix, and there are many factors that contribute to if and how quickly we can identify disease-causing mutations. However, by creating this genome bank we will have a powerful data resource which will help us to find new mutations more quickly and efficiently.

In order to get there we need breeders to continue to be patient and to appreciate the scale of what we’re doing. Breeders are being fantastically patient, and we are making great progress – it’s just that the task at hand is an enormous one, admittedly even more so than we anticipated at the start, but with an enormous amount of potential.

What’s the next milestone for Give a Dog a Genome?

Since we launched the project almost 2 years ago we have been very busy following up with all the breeds involved. This included engaging those breeds in a health survey to establish which diseases were most of concern to them (in order to select dog’s for sequencing who were most likely to have the biggest impact for the breed), collecting those 86 DNA samples and getting the samples sent off to the lab for sequencing.

The process of identifying the health concerns of each breed and selecting which dog to sequence has been a mammoth task, but an invaluable one. I’m pleased to say there were quite a few crossovers with projects we are already working on, such as investigations into PRA, cataracts and

28 | Total Boarding Magazine

Dr. Louise Burmeister packs samples for sequencing

epilepsy. There have also been a lot of other diseases mentioned which we haven’t investigated before, such as cancers and heart diseases. As a result, we have now been able to establish new collaborations with different research institutions around the world to make sure that the data we’re collecting at the moment is best used to help get results for those breeds. This does not mean that research breakthroughs will happen overnight – but by working with as many collaborators as possible we have got the maximum number of researchers benefiting from this sequence data, for the good of dog health.

The next steps are getting the last 20 or so DNA samples off for sequencing and once that part of the project is finalised, hopefully by Crufts 2018, we will be able to focus much, much more on the analysis side. The important thing about creating this genome bank is doing it properly in the first instance

so that it is a powerful research tool for many years to come. It was really important that we didn’t rush this initial phase and got everything done properly.

How long will the analysis take?

I’m afraid there is no easy or precise answer to this question; just downloading the sequence data for each genome from the laboratory that did the sequencing, and processing it on the computer so that it is a format that we can use, takes four to five days. Then, the actual analysis, which is done by one of our team, could take anything from a few weeks to many months per genome – and there are over 80 genomes to work with. This is a huge amount of work, so we will prioritise, and share the genomes with collaborators as much as possible.

Each genome is made up of 2.4 billion nucleotides (base pairs) of

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Give a Dog a Genome launch, Crufts 2017

DNA. If each one of those was a letter and you read those letters like a book from beginning to end it would be like reading the entire Harry Potter series over 400 times! If you think of our work as looking for one typo in 400 copies of the Harry Potter series – just for one dog – then you can start to understand the magnitude of this project.

However, the genomes we have processed and started to analyse are already proving useful data for existing disease investigations, and have helped us prove that we have identified a disease-causing mutation in other projects. This demonstrates the effectiveness of these genome sequences to aid lots of different research investigations, and therefore the premise of the genome bank. We haven’t yet had a disease mutation discovery that was 100% a result of just Give a Dog a Genome work, but hopefully we will this time next year.

You just never know!

What has been the most positive thing about Give a Dog a Genome so far?

Without a doubt the increased 30 | Total Boarding Magazine

interaction and engagement with so many dog breeders, all of whom are so passionate about their breed. We do all of this research to benefit the dogs that so many people care about, so we really do need that dialogue with the breeds to be able to make a difference.

I feel this project has generated a lot more engagement and The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was one of the first 77 breeds to be appreciation amongst sequenced. Credit: AHT a lot of breeds for the work that we do – and not just the breeds directly involved For more information about Give a Dog in the project so far. Dr Cathryn a Genome, go to: www.aht.org.uk/gdg Mellersh and I recently presented at Article credit: Animal Health Trust the Kennel Club’s Annual Breed Health The Animal Health Trust is a veterinary Symposium and I felt that the audience charity, based in Suffolk, which offers there was really engaged with, and clinical referral services and diagnostic grateful for, our work – that is what testing for horses, dogs and cats in East it’s all about for us. Hopefully, once the Anglia, across the UK and internationally. ground work for the genome bank is Through research programmes, the AHT completed in the not too distant future, develops new diagnostic tests, treatments we will reap the benefits with more and vaccines to help thousands of animals. exciting progress!

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