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XIGRSPSKMEW QMGVS MRZIVWSVEW UYI SJIVIGIQ WSPYp~IW TEVE S IJIMXS WSQFVE IQ QzHYPSW JSXSZSPXEMGSW )WXEW XIGRSPSKMEW VIE½VQEQ S EYQIRXS HE I½GMsRGME EPGERpEHE TSV QzHYPSW 4: GSQ SVMKIQ RE TVIQMWWE HI UYI S QzHYPS FEWIEHS RS WMWXIQE 1448 TIVQMXI YQE TVS HYpnS HI IRIVKME WYTIVMSV GSQTEVEHS GSQ SW QzHYPSW FEWIEHSW RS QIWQS WMWXIQE %PKYRW TVSHYXSW GLIKEQ QIWQS E VIZIPEV YQ EYQIR XS YRMZIVWEP HI ¯ RS VIRHMQIRXS IRIV KqXMGS 4: -RJIPM^QIRXI HMWGYWW~IW XqGRMGEW VIPEXMZEW ES HIWIQTIRLS HI 1zHYPSW 4: WSQFVIEHSW WnS HMJuGIMW HIZMHS k MR½RMXE ZEVMIHEHI HI WSQ FVEW TSWWuZIMW I HIZMHS k GSQTPMGEHE REXYVI ^E HE UYIWXnS &RPR p TXH RV PyGXORV 39 RSHUDP" 3W QzHYPSW 4: I\TIVMIRGMEQ QYMXEW ZI ^IW WSQFVEW TEVGMEMW UYI VIHY^IQ E IRIVKME IPqXVMGE HMWTSRuZIP % QIHMpnS I\EXE HEW TIV HEW IRIVKqXMGEW MRIVIRXIW E IWXIW WMWXIQEW HITIRHI HEW GEVEXIVuWXMGEW VIWYPXERXIW HI 1z HYPSW - : I HI UYnS I½GMIRXI I GSRXVSPEHE q E EVUYMXIXYVE HSW MRZIVWSVIW 4: RE TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME 2S IRXERXS q RIGIWWjVMS GSRWM HIVEV HIXIVQMREHSW TVSFPIQEW GSQS S JEGXS HEW GYVZEW - : VIWYPXERXIW HSW QzHYPSW 4: WSQFVIEHSW MRXVSHY^MVIQ RSZSW HIWE½SW ESW MRZIVWSVIW HI JSVQE E SXMQM^EV E I½GMsRGME HE TVSHYpnS IRIVKqXMGE
%XYEPQIRXI E TVMRGMTEP JYRpnS HSW MRZIV WSVIW WSPEVIW q E TVSHYpnS HMVIXE HI IRIVKME HE GSVVIRXI IPqXVMGE E TEVXMV HI YQ QzHYPS 4: GSRZIVXs PE TEVE YQE GSVVIRXI EPXIVRE XMP
%' I MRNIXEV E IPIXVMGMHEHI WSPEV TVSHY^MHE RYQE VIHI IPqXVMGE %' 3W MRZIVWSVIW WSPEVIW WnS YQE TEVXI TIUYIRE QEW MQTSVXERXI HI YQ KVERHI MRZIWXMQIRXS RYQ WMWXIQE JSXS ZSPXEMGS HI TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME GSQTSWXS
*MKYVE )\IQTPS HI YQ QzHYPS WSQFVIEHS
HSWWMIV VHUYLoRV HQHUJpWLFRV LQWHJUDQGR UHQRYiYHLV -2:)6736)7 730%6)7 ) 6%786)-3 () 438Ä2'-% 1Å<-13 1448 830)6%28) ª 731&6%
ĂƌĂƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂƐ ĚĂ ƵƌǀĂ /Ͳs ĚĞ ƵŵĂ ĮůĂ ĐŽŵ Ƶŵ ŵſĚƵůŽ ƐŽŵďƌĞĂĚŽ
ƐƋƵĞƌĚĂ Ͳ ŽƌƌĞŶƚĞ ŝƌĞŝƚĂ Ͳ WŽƚġŶĐŝĂ t
dŽůĞƌąŶĐŝĂ ĚĂ ^ŽŵďƌĂ
DWWd dƌĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĂů
Corrente Potência
dĞŶƐĆŽ s
*MKYVE 'YVZE - : HI YQE ½PE GSQ YQ QzHYPS WSQFVIEHS
IRGSRXVEV YQ QzHYPS 4: UYI HIXIRLE ETIREW YQE WSQFVE IQ GEHE QzHYPS 3 WSP IWXj IQ GSRWXERXI QSZMQIRXS XSVRERHS EW WSQFVEW HMRlQMGEW %Xq SW QzHYPSW WYNSW GSQ HIXVMXSW RnS WnS LSQSKqRISW f TSV IWXEW VE^~IW UYI WI XSVRE RIGIWWjVMS GSRXMRYEV E EREPMWEV EW GE VEXIVuWXMGEW HE GYVZE - : HI YQ QzHYPS TEV GMEPQIRXI WSQFVIEHS 3W IJIMXSW HIWXI XMTS HI WSQFVE RE GYVZE HS QzHYPS - : TSHI IRXnS WIV IRXIRHMHE GSRWMHIVERHS ETIREW WYF WIG p~IW MRHMZMHYEMW HS QzHYPS 4IVERXI YQ GPMQE HI MRGIVXI^E SRHI S HM PIQE IRIVKqXMGS EGEFE TSV IWXEV RE SVHIQ HS HME HIWMKRIVW TVSNIXMWXEW I VIWTSRWjZIMW TIPS HIWIRZSPZMQIRXS HI QMGVS MRZIVWSVIW XsQ HI EWWYQMV GSQTVSQMWWSW RS UYI GSRGIVRI k TS XsRGME HI WMWXIQEW 1448 -WXS RS WIRXMHS HI IUYMPMFVEV GYMHEHSWEQIRXI E VIPEpnS I½GMsRGME I GYWXS 1EMW SY QIRSW XIRWnS IQ TEVGIPEW HI WMWXIQEW 1448 XIRHIQ E ETVIWIRXEV YQ GYW XS QEMSV I SY QIRSV RE I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE % QYHERpE HI TEVEHMKQE IRIVKqXMGS q XERXE
UYI XSVRE WI RSXzVMS YQ IWJSVpS EGVIWGMHS TSV TEVXI HSW JEFVMGERXIW UYI TVIWYQMZIPQIRXI JSVEQ SFVMKEHSW E EPXIVEV S HIWMKR WEGVM½GER HS HIWXE JSVQE E FEWI HSW WMWXIQEW 1448 GSQS QIMS TEVE EYQIRXEV E I½GMsRGME IRIV KqXMGE HI GYWXSW I QE\MQM^EV EW QqXVMGEW HI QIHMpnS HE STMRMnS HSW GSRWYQMHSVIW 4SV I\IQTPS WI EWWYQMVQSW UYI E NERIPE HI &EM\E 8IRWnS HI YQ QMGVS MRZIVWSV 1448 XIQ YQ PMQMXI HI Z TSHIQSW ZIVM½GEV UYI S QMGVS MRZIVWSV XIVj HM½GYPHEHI IQ T|V IQ JYR GMSREQIRXS E GYVZE - : RE WYE TSXsRGME Qj\MQE 2IWXI I\IQTPS S PMQMXI QEMW FEM\S HE NERIPE HS WMWXIQE 1448 TVIZMRI UYI S QMGVS MRZIVWSV TSWWE JYRGMSREV RS :QT HIWXI QzHYPS TEVGMEP QIRXI WSQFVIEHS S UYI GSQTVSQIXI WMKRM½GE XMZEQIRXI E I½GMsRGME HE TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME 4SV SYXVS PEHS YQ MRZIVWSV WSPEV XSPIVERXI k WSQFVE GSQ XIGRSPSKME 1448 XIQ YQE GE TEGMHEHI QYMXS QIPLSV TEVE JYRGMSREV RS ZIV HEHIMVS :QT HIZMHS ES EPGERGI I ¾I\MFMPMHEHI I\XVE HE TSXsRGME HS MRZIVWSV
ƵƌǀĂ WĂƌĐŝĂů ĚĂƐ ƵƌǀĂƐ /Ͳs ĚŽ DſĚƵůŽ
ƐƋƵĞƌĚĂ Ͳ ŽƌƌĞŶƚĞ ŝƌĞŝƚĂ Ͳ WŽƚġŶĐŝĂ t
DĂŝŽƌ ƉŽƚġŶĐŝĂ ƉŽƐƐşǀĞů ĂƚƌĂǀĠƐ ĚĞ ƵŵĂ ĮůĂ͕ ϭ DWWd
:ĂŶĞůĂ ĚĞ ŵŝĐƌŽͲŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌ DWWd͘ DſĚƵůŽ Ġ ůŝŵŝƚĂĚŽ ă ƉŽƚġŶĐŝĂ ŵĄdžŝŵĂ͘
Corrente Potência
dĞŶƐĆŽ s
*MKYVE 7SQFVIEQIRXS HI YQE ½PE GSQ YQ QzHYPS SRHI E MVVEHMlRGME WSQFVIEHE q HI GIVGE HI ; Q I YQE MVVE HMlRGME RnS WSQFVIEHE q HI GIVGE HI ; Q
46
'SQTEVEpnS -RZIVWSVIW 7SPEVIW ZIVWYW 1MGVS MRZIVWSVIW HI TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME )QFSVE WINE TSWWuZIP HEV I\IQTPSW HI QzHY PSW WSQFVIEHSW UYI SXMQM^EQ SW FIRIJuGMSW HE XIGRSPSKME QMGVS MRZIVWSVE q MKYEPQIRXI TSW WuZIP JE^IV S QIWQS GSQ MRZIVWSVIW HI WSPEVIW XSPIVERXIW k WSQFVE )\MWXMVnS WIQTVI GMVGYRWXlRGMEW IWTIGu ½GEW REW UYEMW GEHE YQE HEW XIGRSPSKMEW SY EFSVHEKIRW MVj TVSHY^MV IJIMXSW QIPLSVIW SY TMSVIW 5YERHS XVEFEPLEQSW GSQ S XVEHMGMSREP QzHYPS RnS XSPIVERXI k WSQFVE FEWIEHS RS WMWXIQE 1448 S QzHYPS JYRGMSRE E GIVGE HI : I % 'EHE QzHYPS q GSPSGEHS IQ JYRGMSREQIRXS E % I E IRIVKME HI YQ Qz HYPS MRHMZMHYEP TSHI WIV HIXIVQMREHE EXVEZqW HI YQE WMQTPIW VIZMWnS HE GYVZE - : HI GEHE QzHYPS 4SHIQSW GSQ MWXS ZIVM½GEV UYI GEHE ZI^ QEMW SW QzHYPSW WSQFVIEHSW WnS FDUDWH UL]DGRV SRU XPD PHQRU FRQWULEXLomR HQHUJp WLFD % IRIVKME XSXEP RE TVSHYpnS EXMRKI YQE TSXsRGME Qj\MQE HI ; 4SV SYXVS PEHS E EVUYMXIXYVE QMGVS MRZIV WSVE HI TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME TEWWE TIPE TS XsRGME Qj\MQE HMWTSRuZIP RS QMGVS MRZIVWSV TIVQMXMHS TIPE NERIPE HS 1448 HE GYVZE - : TEVE GEHE QzHYPS JSXSZSPXEMGS 2nS TSHI QSW IRXnS HIM\EV HI VIJIVMV UYI WRGRV RV PyGXORV VRPEUHDGRV SURGX]HP R PHVPR QtYHO GH HQHUJLD 2S IRXERXS SW QzHYPSW TEVGMEPQIRXI WSQFVIEHSW EGEFEQ TSV XIV HI JYRGMSREV EGMQE HE NERIPE HS 1448 HI : S UYI RnS TIVQMXI E TSXsRGME Qj\MQE HS Qz HYPS % TSXsRGME XSXEP HI ; HS QMGVS MRZIVWSV q WMKRM½GEXMZEQIRXI QEMSV HS UYI SW ; VIKMWXEHSW RS QzHYPS RnS XSPIVERXI k WSQFVE % TVMRGMTEP HMJIVIRpE IRXVI EW HYEW EFSV HEKIRW q S JEGXS HSW QMGVS MRZIVWSVIW WIVIQ FSRW RE TVSHYpnS HSW ; E TEVXMV HSW Qz HYPSW XSXEPQIRXI WSQFVIEHSW QEW RnS RE TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME HMWTSRuZIP E TEVXMV HSW QzHYPSW TEVGMEPQIRXI WSQFVIEHSW 4SV SYXVS PEHS S QzHYPS EGEFE TSV RnS WIV XnS FSQ RE TVSHYpnS HI UYEPUYIV JSRXI IRIVKqXMGE SVMKM REHE EXVEZqW HEW WIGp~IW HI QzHYPSW XSXEP QIRXI WSQFVIEHSW WIRHS RS IRXERXS QYMXS QIPLSV RE TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME HEW WIGp~IW HS QzHYPS RnS WSQFVIEHS I HSW QzHYPSW TEV GMEPQIRXI WSQFVIEHSW 4SHIQSW I HIZIQSW IRXnS VI¾IXMV WSFVI XSHS S HMPIQE IRIVKqXMGS UYI ZMZIQSW EXYEP QIRXI JSGERHS RSW RnS ETIREW RSW HIWE½SW UYI IRGSRXVEQSW QEW REW WSPYp~IW UYI TS HIQSW ETVIWIRXEV f TSWWuZIP TVSHY^MV IRIVKME VIRSZjZIP ETVSZIMXERHS XSHSW SW VIGYVWSW UYI E REXYVI^E RSW Hj 'SQ SY WIQ WSP EW WSPYp~IW IWXnS Pj I SW QzHYPSW XSPIVERXIW k WSQFVE ZMI VEQ TEVE ½GEV I EYQIRXEV E I½GMsRGME IRIVKq XMGE HEW RSWWEW MRWXEPEp~IW