A gestão e a utilização eficiente da energia

DUWLJR WpFQLFR

E KIWXnS I E YXMPM^EpnS I½GMIRXI HE IRIVKME $ ,03257Æ1&,$ '$ (),&,Ç1&,$ (1(5*e7,&$ ( 2 352*5$0$ (&2 $3 ă 3$57( .SnS HI .IWYW *IVVIMVE )RKIRLIMVS )PIXVSXqGRMGS .IWYW*IVVIMVE 'SRWYPXSVIW ¯ IRIVK]GSRWYPXMRK

GSRXMRYEpnS HE IHMpnS ERXIVMSV

'SRWMHIVS GSQS FEWI HI YQE TSPuXMGE HI ETSMS k I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE E SVMIRXEpnS TEVE HSMW YRMZIVWSW JYRHEQIRXEMW 3 GSRWYQMHSV IQ KIVEP IQ XIVQSW HE EXMXYHI GSQTSVXEQIRXEP %W EXMZMHEHIW I WIXSVIW SRHI S MQTEGXS HEW QIHMHEW RE VIHYpnS HS GSRWYQS HI IRIVKME ½REP q WMKRM½GEXMZS I IGSRSQMGEQIRXI ZMjZIP 3W WIXSVIW HE EXMZMHEHI UYI GSRWMHIVS WIVIQ SW QEMW MQTSVXERXIW I TEVE SRHI HIZIQ WIV SVMIRXEHSW SW ETSMSW I IWXuQYPSW TEVE E I½GM sRGME IRIVKqXMGE WnS 8VERWTSVXIW ¯ FEWMGEQIRXI GSQTSVXEQIRXEMW I XIGRSPzKMGSW -RH WXVME ¯ XIGRSPzKMGSW I GSQTSVXEQIRXEMW 7IVZMpSW ¯ XIGRSPzKMGSW I GSQTSVXEQIRXEMW 6IWMHIRGMEP ¯ FEWMGEQIRXI GSQTSVXEQIRXEMW (I VIEPpEV UYI S MRZIWXMQIRXS I E VIPEpnS GYWXS FIRIJuGMS q QYMXS QEMW EXVEXMZE IQFSVE QEMW HMJuGMP TEVE SW TVSNIXSW HI I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE E TVSHYpnS HI 1HJDZDWW KRUD UYERHS GSQTEVEHSW GSQ TVSNIXSW XuTMGSW HI TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME GSRJSVQI TSHI WIV SFWIVZEHS RE *MKYVE

&XVWR GH ,QYHVWLPHQWR € GH

TIPS 4VSJ 'PIQIRXI 4IHVS 2YRIW I )RK 4IHVS 7EQTEMS 2YRIW SRHI WI GSRGPYM UYI S GYWXS XSXEP TEVE SW GSRWYQMHSVIW HI GEHE RSZS 1;L HI IRIVKME IPqXVMGE HI SVMKIQ IzPMGE q HE SVHIQ HI º TEVE EW GSRHMp~IW EXYEPQIRXI TVIZEPIGIRXIW IQ 4SVXYKEP

3 IRUYEHVEQIRXS 5YEP E VE^nS TIPE UYEP LSNI WI JEPE XERXS RE I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE GYNE VIJIVsRGME GSQIpE E IWXEV RE QSHE IQFSVE QYMXSW UYI E YXMPM^EQ REHE WEMFEQ HS UYI IWXnS E JEPEV )RXnS ZINEQSW EPKYRW HEHSW HI IRUYEHVE QIRXS UYI NYWXM½GEQ IWXE RIGIWWMHEHI YVKIRXI 3 TERSVEQE EXYEP HS WIXSV IRIVKqXMGS q YQ HSW TVMRGMTEMW HIWE½SW UYI E RuZIP KPSFEP E WSGMIHEHI QSHIVRE IRJVIRXE GSRWXMXYMRHS RSW HMEW HI LSNI YQ XIQE EQTPEQIRXI HIFEXMHS IRXVI XSHEW EW REp~IW HS QYR HS )WXE HMWGYWWnS XIQ WMHS MRXIRWM½GEHE HIZMHS IWWIRGMEPQIRXI k IRUWH GHSHQGrQFLD GR SHWUyOHR H DR FUHVFLPHQWR GR VHX SUHoR QRV ~OWLPRV DQRV UYI MR¾YIRGME HMVIXEQIRXI SW TVIpSW HE IRIVKME )Q 4SVXYKEP S WIXSV IRIVKqXMGS q WMQYPXERIEQIRXI YQ MQTSVXERXI JEXSV HI GVIWGMQIRXS HE IGSRSQME I YQ IPIQIRXS ZMXEP TEVE S HIWIRZSP ZMQIRXS WYWXIRXjZIP HS TEuW EWWYQMRHS GSRXSVRSW IWXVEXqKMGSW TEVE S EYQIRXS HE GSQTIXMXMZMHEHI HE IGSRSQME REGMSREP WINE EXVEZqW HE VI HYpnS HE JEXYVE IRIVKqXMGE WINE EXVEZqW HI QIHMHEW TEVE E QMXMKEpnS HEW EPXIVEp~IW GPMQjXMGEW WINE EXVEZqW HS GSRXVMFYXS TEVE E QSHIVRM^EpnS XIGRSPzKMGE HSW EKIRXIW IGSRzQMGSW I HEW IQTVIWEW

€

€

º O;

€ € € €

&RQVXPR GH (QHUJLD )LQDO ă 6HWRU GH $WLYLGDGH

€

€

€

6HUYLoRV

QH D ( FL rQ LFL

(I

?OXITA

UJ

pW

pW

LF

U LF

D

D

& UR LG +

%L

RP

DV

Wp HR

HO

UP

VD &

LFR

G

O DU 6R

*

P 7 pU

WR ) R 6R

O DU

OLF (y

LFR

OW D YR

J J D 3

D 3

H

LFR

I SV WL

I SV R

HU OLF

DU OH XF

(y

*

XU DW iV 1

WL

Do

DO $&

&

mR

1

*

&RQVWUXomR H 2EUDV 3~EOLFDV

€

'RPpVWLFR

7UDQVSRUWHV

*MKYVE 'SQTEVEpnS HS GYWXS HI MRZIWXMQIRXS IRXVI EW ZjVMEW XIGRSPSKMEW HI TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME GSQ S GYWXS HE I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE

,QG~VWULD

7I GSRWMHIVEVQSW IWXIW IRGEVKSW S ZEPSV HS GYWXS HI MRZIWXMQIRXS TSV I\IQTPS TEVE E IRIVKME IzPMGE SRWLSVI IQ 4SVXYKEP WIVME QYMXS WY TIVMSV ESW º O; VIJIVMHSW 'SRZqQ PIQFVEV S XVEFEPLS VIEPM^EHS

40

'SRZqQ VIJIVMV UYI SW ZEPSVIW ETVIWIRXEHSW RnS MRGPYIQ SW WSFVI GYWXSW MRIVIRXIW k TVSHYpnS HI IRIVKME IPqXVMGE GSQ VIGYVWS E JSRXIW VI RSZjZIMW HI IRIVKME TVMQjVME MRXIVQMXIRXIW GSQS WnS S GEWS HE IRIVKME IzPMGE I HE IRIVKME WSPEV )WXIW GYWXSW TSHIQ VIWYQMV WI IQ 'YWXSW HI ±FEGOYT TVSHYXMZS² 'YWXSW HI ±FEGOYT IGSRzQMGS² 'YWXSW HI MRZIWXMQIRXS IQ VIHIW

$JULFXOWXUD H 3HVFDV

*MKYVE )ZSPYpnS HSW GSRWYQSW HI IRIVKME ½REP IQ 4SVXYKEP 'SRXMRIRXEP TSV WIXSV HI EXMZMHEHI IGSRzQMGE HI E

4SVXYKEP TSWWYM PSKS ETzW S 0Y\IQFYVKS E QEMSV HITIRHsRGME IRIVKqXMGE HS I\XIVMSV HI XSHE E )YVSTE WIRHS TVSHY^MHE HIRXVS HEW WYEW JVSRXIMVEW ETIREW GIVGE HI HE IRIVKME XSXEP UYI S TEuW GSRWSQI I E VIWXERXI TEVGIPE MQTSVXEHE )WXE WMXYEpnS XIQ GSRWIUYsRGMEW HMVIXEW RE RSWWE IGSRSQME YQE ZI^ UYI S GYWXS HSW GSQFYWXuZIMW JzWWIMW MQ TSVXEHSW IRGEVIGI E TVSHYpnS HI FIRW I WIVZMpSW IQ XIVVMXzVMS REGMSREP

DUWLJR WpFQLFR % +)78«3 ) % 98-0->%e«3 )*-'-)28) (% )2)6+-% ¯ 4%68)

$FRPSDQKDPHQWR 0HQVDO 2uZIP $ERUGDJHP (QHUJpWLFD *OREDO

$FRPSDQKDPHQWR 6HPDQDO 2uZIP $ERUGDJHP (QHUJpWLFD SRU ÈUHD RX 6HWRU 3URGXWLYR

$FRPSDQKDPHQWR 'LiULR RX ,QVWDQWkQHR 2uZIP $ERUGDJHP (QHUJpWLFD 'HWDOKDGD SRU 3URFHVVR 3URGXWLYR RX ÈUHD GH $WLYLGDGH

*MKYVE 2uZIMW HI I\IGYpnS TSWWuZIMW RYQ WMWXIQE HI KIWXnS HI IRIVKME

VEQ WI TSV TVSNIXSW HI IPIZEHS ZEPSV HI MRZIWXMQIRXS I HI JjGMP GSRXVSPS SVpEQIRXEP I GSRXVEXYEP GSQS q S GEWS HE GSKIVEpnS 2E qTSGE JSVEQ MHIRXM½GEHEW YQE WqVMI HI FEVVIMVEW k GSRXVEXEpnS T FPMGE XIRHS TSV FEWI IWXI QSHIPS *MRERGMEQIRXS TSV 8IVGIMVSW 3 VIJIVMHS IWXYHS UYI JSM TSV QMQ GSSVHIREHS TIVQMXMY GSRGPYMV UYI EW TVMRGMTEMW FEVVIMVEW IVEQ I GSRXMRYEQ E WIV TEVE S WIXSV T FPMGS I IQTVIWEVMEP HS )WXEHS IRXVI SYXVEW 3W VIWTSRWjZIMW HSW IHMJuGMSW T FPMGSW RnS IWXnS QSXMZEHSW TEVE SW MRZIWXMQIRXSW IQ I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE YQE ZI^ UYI EW IGSRSQMEW KI VEHEW PLIW WnS VIXMVEHEW HS SVpEQIRXS HI ERSW JYXYVSW %WWMQ IQ REHE FIRI½GMEQ HMVIXEQIRXI HSW VIWYPXEHSW SFXMHSW )WXE WMXYEpnS HIWQSFMPM^E I HIWQSXMZE EUYIPIW VIWTSRWjZIMW 1YMXSW SVKERMWQSW T FPMGSW RnS TEKEQ EXIQTEHEQIRXI E IRIVKME JSVRIGMHE TIPEW IQTVIWEW HE SJIVXE GSQS WINEQ E )(4 E +%04 SY SYXVEW 'EWSW LEZME IQ UYI SW TEKEQIRXSW IWXEZEQ EXVEWEHSW IQ QEMW HI QIWIW )WXE WMXYEpnS q MRGSQTEXuZIP GSQ E GSRXVEXEpnS HI WIVZMpSW EXVEZqW HS GSRGIMXS )7) SY )7'3 % MRI\MWXsRGME HI VIGYVWSW XqGRMGSW GSQ GSQTIXsRGME EHIUYEHE RSW HSQuRMSW HE IRIVKME I HE I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE GSRWXMXYM YQE FEVVIMVE UYIV TEVE S PEHS HEW MRWXMXYMp~IW T FPMGEW UYIV TEVE S PEHS HEW IQTVI WEW UYI WI TVIXIRHIQ GSRWXMXYMV GSQS )7) )XG© 4SHIQSW GSRWXEXEV JEGMPQIRXI UYI TVEXMGEQIRXI XSHEW IWXEW FEV VIMVEW GSRXMRYEQ TVIWIRXIW RSW HMEW HI LSNI % KVERHI QEMSVME HEW IQ TVIWEW UYI WI VIKMWXEVEQ IWXI ERS RS TSVXEP HE (+)+ GSQS )7) RnS WnS HIXIRXSVEW HI GSQTIXsRGME XqGRMGE RIWXIW HSQuRMSW HE I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE I HE KIWXnS HE IRIVKME 4SV SYXVS PEHS SW IHMJuGMSW T FPMGSW HSW ZjVMSW SVKERMWQSW HS )WXEHS RnS TSWWYIQ VIGYVWSW RIGIWWjVMSW TEVE RSQIEVIQ S ±KIWXSV HI IRIVKME² UYI HIZIVj EWWIKYVEV EW QIXEW TVIZMWXEW GSRJSVQI I\MKMHS RE VIWSPYpnS HS 'SRWIPLS HI 1MRMWXVSW R HI HI NERIMVS )Y EVVMWGEVME E E½VQEV UYI Wz TSV IWXIW JEGXSW ETVIWIRXEHSW WI TSHI GSRGPYMV UYI E ETPMGEpnS HE HMVIXMZE RnS MVj XIV WYGIWWS IQ 4SVXYKEP RSW QSPHIW EXYEMW ZINE WI S I\IQTPS HE ETPMGEpnS HS 7') ¯ 7MWXIQE HI 'IVXM½GEpnS )RIVKqXMGE HSW )HMJuGMSW UYI RnS XsQ UYEPUYIV ½WGEPM^EpnS I REHE EGSRXIGI kW IRXMHEHIW T FPMGEW I TVMZEHEW UYI RnS XsQ SW IHMJuGMSW GIVXM½GEHSW TIWI E SFVMKEXSVMIHEHI PIKEP HI S XIVIQ HIWHI S HME HI NERIMVS HI MRGPYMRHS SW IHMJuGMSW HS )WXEHS I HEW %YXEVUYMEW UYI RnS HnS S I\IQTPS 4SVXERXS RnS EGVIHMXS RS WYGIWWS HIWXI TVSKVEQE

44

)'3 %4 RSW QSPHIW EXYEMW Wz TIPS UYI JSM HMXS EXq ES QSQIRXS 1EW Lj QYMXSW QEMW SFWXjGYPSW UYI MVIM HIWIRZSPZIV RS HIGSVVIV HIWXI HS GYQIRXS VIWYQS %W IQTVIWEW HI WIVZMpSW IRIVKqXMGSW I\MWXIRXIW RS QIVGEHS REGMSREP RnS XsQ GETEGMHEHI XqGRMGE I GSRLIGMQIRXS TEVE HIWIQTIRLEV EW JYRp~IW I\MKMHEW TSV SYXVS PEHS WEPZS EPKYQEW I\GIp~IW RnS HIXsQ GETEGMHEHI ½RERGIMVE TEVE EWWYQMVIQ SW MRZIWXMQIRXSW RIGIWWjVMSW I SW GSRWIUYIRXIW VMWGSW HSW TVSNIXSW IQ UYI WI TSHIVnS ZMV E IRZSP ZIV % FERGE TSVXYKYIWE XEQFqQ RnS IWXj EHETXEHE E IWXI XMTS HI RIKzGMS I RnS HMWT~I HI PMRLEW HI ½RERGMEQIRXS EHIUYEHEW E TVSNIXSW HI MRZIWXMQIRXS FEWIEHSW IQ GSRXVEXSW HI HIWIQTIRLS IRIVKqXMGS %WWMQ XIRLS TSYGE IWTIVERpE UYI IJIXMZEQIRXI EW )7) TSWWEQ ZMV E GSRXVMFYMV HI JSVQE I½GE^ TEVE SW SFNIXMZSW IYVSTIYW I REGMSREMW RS lQFMXS HE I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE 2nS XIRLS IJIXMZEQIRXI QYMXE IWTIVERpE RS WYGIWWS HIWXI RIKzGMS IQ 4SVXYKEP WI REHE JSV JIMXS TEVE IPMQMREV FEVVIMVEW I GSVVMKMV EW QI XSHSPSKMEW )WXI TVSKVEQE JSM MHIEPM^EHS I GSRGVIXM^EHS IQ ZjVMSW HMTPSQEW PI KEMW HI JSVQE IVVEHE MRGSQTIXIRXI I QIXSHSPSKMGEQIRXI HIWENYWXEHS HE VIEPMHEHI XqGRMGE I HS GSRLIGMQIRXS WSFVI S UYI WnS TVSNIXSW KPS FEMW HI I½GMsRGME IRIVKqXMGE 3 VIKMQI HI GSRXVEXEpnS T FPMGE VIZMWXS TEVE EHIUYEV EW IWTIGM½GMHEHIW HSW GSRXVEXSW HI HIWIQTIRLS IRIV KqXMGS GSRXMRYE E RnS WEXMWJE^IV EW RIGIWWMHEHIW UYIV XqGRMGEW UYIV QIXSHSPzKMGEW UYIV HI QIVGEHS % QIXSHSPSKME MQTPuGMXE IWXj IVVEHE I RnS KEVERXI S FSQ HIWIQTIRLS HEW )7) UYIV ES RuZIP XqGRMGS UYIV ES RuZIP ½RERGIMVS 2S EXYEP GSRXI\XS XSHSW SW VMWGSW WnS ±TEWWEHSW² TEVE EW )7) WIQ UYEPUYIV GSRXVETEVXMHE 4SV SYXVS PEHS S ±SVKERMWQS HS )WXEHS² UYI TVIXIRHI IWXI XMTS HI WIVZMpS MQT~I k TEVXMHE WIQ UYEPUYIV MRJSVQEpnS XqGRMGE HI WYTSVXI S RuZIP HI IGSRSQMEW UYI TVIXIRHI SFXIV )WXE WMXYEpnS MVVEGMSREP q IUYMZEPIRXI E MRMGMEV E GSRW XVYpnS HI YQ IHMJuGMS TIPS JIGLS HE GSFIVXYVE WIQ XIV GSRWXVYuHS E IWXVYXYVE HI FEWI 2IWXE GSR½KYVEpnS QIXSHSPzKMGE IVVEHE E )7) MRGSVVI IQ GYW XSW MRMGMEMW IPIZEHSW WIQ WEFIV WI Lj GSRHMp~IW XqGRMGEW IGSRzQMGEW I ½RERGIMVEW TEVE WIUYIV GLIKEV E RIKSGMEV YQ IZIRXYEP GSRXVEXS HI HIWIQTIRLS IRIVKqXMGS -WXS RnS q RSVQEP I HIWGVIHMFMPM^E UYIQ VIHMKMY S (IGVIXS 0IM R HI HI JIZIVIMVS 2IWXI IRUYEHVEQIRXS HIWJEZSVjZIP Wz TSHIVnS EGIMXEV XEMW GSR HMp~IW IQTVIWEW GSQ YQE IPIZEHE PMUYMHI^ HI XIWSYVEVME UYI RnS WI MQTSVXI IQ TIVHIV HMRLIMVS GSQ IWXI RIKzGMS SY IQTVIWEW GSQ YQE IPIZEHE GETEGMHEHI HI IRHMZMHEQIRXS E GYWXSW I E TVE^SW EHIUYEHSW E IWXI XMTS HI GSRXVEXSW )Q GSRGPYWnS REHE WI EPXIVSY HIWHI EFVMP HI )WXj XYHS TEVEHS k MQEKIQ HS TEuW )JIXMZEQIRXI I WIQ UYEPUYIV QEVKIQ HI H ZMHE S WIXSV TVMZEHS q QYMXS QEMW I½GMIRXI IQ XYHS I SFZMEQIRXI RE IRIVKME XEQFqQ &EWXE E RSpnS HI UYI UYIQ TEKE E HIWTIWE RS T FPMGS WSQSW XSHSW RzW GSQ SW RSWWSW MQTSWXSW I RMRKYqQ q VIWTSRWEFMPM^EHS TIPE JSVQE GSQS IWXI RSWWS HMRLIMVS q KIVMHS I KEWXS 2S WIXSV TVMZEHS Lj VIWTSRWEFMPM^EpnS TIPE KIWXnS HI VIGYVWSW ½RER GIMVSW TEVE EPqQ HS JEGXS HI UYI IWXIW GSRWXMXYIQ YQ VIGYVWS IWGEWWS I PMQMXEHS 4EVE S )WXEHS EXq Lj FIQ TSYGS XIQTS SW VIGYVWSW ½RER GIMVSW RnS IVEQ IWGEWWSW RIQ PMQMXEHSW )WXE GYPXYVE QERXqQ WI TSMW EW TIWWSEW WnS EW QIWQEW ±%W QEMW QEKRu½GEW MRXIRp~IW TSHIQ VIWYPXEV RSW QEMSVIW EFWYVHSW WI RnS JSVIQ GSRWMHIVEHSW S JEXSV LYQERS SW MR XIVIWWIW IKSuWXEW HI TIUYIRSW KVYTSW I HI QMRSVMEW² 292)7 'PIQIRXI 4IHVS I 292)7 4IHVS 7EQTEMS ° §'SRXVMFYXS TEVE SW 'IRjVMSW HI %ZEPMEpnS )GSRzQMGE 8IGRSPzKMGE 6IPEXMZSW k IZIRXYEP -RWXEPEpnS HI 2SZEW 4SXsRGMEW )zPMGEW IQ 4SVXYKEP¨ VIZMW XE )RIVKME I *YXYVS R .YRLS ¯ 7IXIQFVS TT 3 GVIWGMQIRXS HE MRXIRWMHEHI IRIVKqXMGE WMKRM½GE E VIHYpnS HS RuZIP HE TVSHYXMZMHEHI